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In February 1613, among the dirt and debris left by foreign invaders in the Grand Kremlin Palace, the long-hidden and persecuted young sixteen-year-old prince Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed the Tsar of Rus'. Mikhail is the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, who occupied the royal throne, after which an amazing family history began and the fate of Russia was determined for the next three centuries.

The line of Romanov rulers has several peak points whose reign has left a mark on history: Tsar Alexei Romanov was the first to raise Russia to positions that were of great importance in Eastern Europe; Tsar Peter the Great created an invincible army and also proclaimed St. Petersburg the new capital of the country; Empresses Anna, Elizabeth and Catherine the Great, who in the 18th century forcibly "pushed" Rus' out of the Middle Ages into the present. Empress Catherine the Great, who became one of the women of the Romanov family who interrupted the tradition of male rule, also brought the ideas of the Enlightenment to the country and became famous in the exquisite decoration of the royal palace. But things didn't always go smoothly, and the Romanovs went through many dark times.

Romanovs: the history of the Russian dynasty

Where did the Romanovs even come from? There are several versions of this, but only one has been approved. The Moscow boyar, from whom the Romanov dynasty descended, was called Roman. It is known that the date of his death is 1543. Over time, two children from the Romanovs broke into the history of the dynasty. One of them was the wife of the Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible - Anastasia, and the second was her brother, named Nikita Romanov, who gave his all in the service, but nevertheless remained uninvolved in the atrocities of his son-in-law.

Tsars Romanovs

Nikita Romanov had a lot of heirs, his son Fyodor especially distinguished himself, who in his declining years was recognized as the patriarch of All Rus', after which he took the church name Filaret. Filaret had a son, Mikhail, and therefore, in the 17th century, when Russia was suffering from a war with Sweden and internecine wars did not stop, sixteen-year-old Mikhail was proclaimed king. His reign lasted as much as thirty-two years! Years of reign of the first Tsar Mikhail Romanov 1613-1645 in 1945, his father was replaced by Alexei, who ruled for a little over thirty years. Alexei's son, Theodore, became tsar in 1676, but he ruled for only 6 years. After his death in 1682, the reign was continued not by his heir, as was customary, but by his brothers Peter I and Ivan V. Peter the First and Ivan the Fifth exercised dual power and ruled Russia for 14 years. But the kings were not so experienced and wise as to competently manage their power, and therefore, through a hole in the double throne, their elder sister Sophia whispered advice to them, who actually solved all issues and was engaged in the country's policy, both external and internal.

The end of underground rule and the power of Peter the Great

When Peter I was seventeen years old, he was tired of listening to Sophia and, having taken power into his own hands, according to the good old tradition of the Romanov dynasty, he sent his sister to a monastery to live out her years behind stone walls. Peter I was a very strong man among the rest of the Romanov family, and he was nicknamed "Peter the Great" - the first emperor of all Russia. Emperor Peter the Great stood out for his cruelty, he became famous as a heartless tyrant. It could well be compared with his predecessor, the husband of Anastasia Romanova - Ivan the Terrible.

Deciding that it was time for Russia to reorganize in a "Western" manner, he was in a hurry to put his idea into practice using clumsy methods, that after his untimely death the country returned to where it started before Peter I. As history shows, it is impossible to change the people quickly, even if you force men to shave their beards, build a newly minted imperial capital from scratch and force people to go to political rallies with threats. Pyotr Romanov's more significant contribution was his reforms, but even those did not last long. Peter the Great ruled for 43 years.

Empress Catherine I

During the reign of Catherine I, the reign of the Romanov dynasty acquired completely different facets. The military dictatorship decided to put a woman on the throne, hoping that it would be easier to manage, but in reality it turned out to be quite the opposite.

After Peter the Great ruled Russia for forty-three years, it was dangerous for a woman to ascend the throne. From the very beginning, the history of the reign of the Romanovs was full of conspiracies, blood, murders and secrets, and all this was done by the family members themselves in order to quickly take the throne themselves or grab a “larger” piece of power

The Romanov dynasty was distinguished by its rulers. And not only by men, but also by women. The ascension to the throne of Catherine I was not easy: Catherine was born into an ordinary peasant family, and she got into the family only as the mistress of Peter I. Her real name is Marta, and after the death of her parents, the poor young girl was forcibly given as a mistress to many powerful men, until did not fall into the hands of Peter the Great. In his letters, Tsar Peter I called the woman Catherine. Even before her marriage, she gives birth to him two lovely daughters, and after the wedding, two sons, who soon die. Catherine legally married the tsar only in 1712, and in 1724 Peter the Great crowned Catherine I and proclaimed her co-ruler of the state. A year later, the tsar dies and Catherine I becomes the sole ruler.

During her reign, the ruler dealt mainly with small state affairs, and the Supreme Council dealt with everything else. Although Catherine reigned for only 2 years, during her reign there were no wars or devastation in the country, and the people adored their queen, since she never refused help.

Emperor Nicholas II

Emperor of All Russia, Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland Nicholas II Romanov ascended the throne in 1884. During his reign, Russia made a rapid leap in the field of economy. At the same time, various social and political contradictions were also rapidly growing in the state, as a result of which a revolutionary movement appeared that rebelled against the ruler in 1905-1907, and a great revolution took place in 1917, when the entire Romanov family was destroyed by the movement.

Nicholas II was a very gentle and kind person, a real brave man and a wise politician. But his disadvantage was his excessive stubbornness, since most often he did not listen to the opinion of experienced dignitaries, but did everything at his own discretion. One of the reasons for his “betrayal of the people” was his love for an unbalanced wife, which discredited the supreme power, because Nikolai’s wife also had the right to vote in public affairs, which was not to the liking of many.

The autocracy of Nicholas the Bloody was shaken when almost all power was in the hands of his wife, who was under the rule of Rasputin. Thus, Nicholas II was unable to implement all the promised reforms, which is why a bloody revolution took place, erasing the entire Romanov family from the earth.

Bloody Revolution of 1917

A terrible tragedy occurred at night in 1917 in Yekaterinburg. The entire Romanov family, including their three faithful servants and the family doctor Botkin, were shot by the revolutionaries. The Great Dynasty was not even buried in a human way: their dead bodies were taken outside the city and simply thrown into an abandoned mine. But the Romanovs did not rest long in the mine, as the new government feared that the royal family would be found by the whites, and therefore carried out a reburial. Immediately on the second day after the execution, the bodies of the parents and children were taken out in a car along an abandoned road, but even then an attack happened: the wheels were mired in a swamp, and it was impossible to go further. A decision was made to burn the bodies, but this apparently failed. Therefore, they were finally buried right on that road, and the ground was leveled so that no one could even think that someone was buried here.

There is a generally accepted fact that the entire royal family was exterminated during an attempt to evacuate them. Nobody could help the last king to escape, since the entire noble ruling circle was “rotten” through and through, and the rest simply managed to escape from the “sinking ship”. Who gave the order to shoot the last of the Romanov family is still unknown, but there are about 164 people involved in their murder. The main reason for the execution was the general assertion that the emperor was an enemy of the people.

Chronology of tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty

• Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov;
• Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov;
• Fedor Alekseevich Romanov;
• Ivan V (John Antonovich);
• Peter I (Peter Alekseevich Romanov).

In 1721, Great Rus' finally became the Russian Empire, as a result of which the sovereign was no longer a tsar, but an emperor. Starting from Peter I, who only recently was the king and only then the emperor, in Russia the rule of 14 Romanov emperors:

• Catherine I (Ekaterina Petrovna);
• Peter II (Peter Alekseevich);
• Anna Ioannovna;
• Ivan VI (John Antonovich);
• Elizabeth (Elizaveta Petrovna);
• Peter III (Peter Fedorovich);
• Catherine II the Great (Ekaterina Alekseevna);
• Pavel I (Pavel Petrovich);
• Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich);
• Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich);
• Alexander II (Alexander Nikolaevich);
• Alexander III (Alexander Alexandrovich);
• Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich).

Romanov dynasty years of government: from 1613 to 1917.

Romanovs. Mystery of the royal dynasty

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The Romanov dynasty, also known as the "House of Romanov" was the second dynasty (after the Rurik dynasty) to rule in Russia. In 1613, representatives of 50 cities and several peasants unanimously elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as the New Tsar. The Romanov dynasty began with him, ruling Russia until 1917.

Since 1721, the Russian tsar was proclaimed emperor. Tsar Peter I became the first emperor of all Russia. He turned Russia into a Great Empire. During the reign of Catherine II the Great, the Russian Empire expanded and improved in administration.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov family had 65 members, 18 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks. The remaining 47 people fled abroad.

The last Romanov tsar, Nicholas II, began his reign in the autumn of 1894, when he ascended the throne. His entry came much sooner than anyone expected. Nicholas's father, Tsar Alexander III, died unexpectedly at the relatively young age of 49.

The Romanov family in the middle of the 19th century: Tsar Alexander II, his heir, the future Alexander III, and the infant Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas II.

Events quickly unfolded after the death of Alexander III. The new king, at the age of 26, quickly married his fiancee of a few months Princess Alix of Hesse, granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England. The couple have known each other since they were teenagers. They were even distantly related and had numerous relatives, being the niece and nephew of the Prince and Princess of Wales, from different sides of the family.

The artist's contemporary depiction of the coronation of the new (and last) Romanov family, Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra.

In the 19th century, many members of European royal families were closely related to each other. Queen Victoria was called the "grandmother of Europe" because her offspring were dispersed throughout the continent through the marriages of her many children. Along with her royal lineage and improved diplomatic relations between the royal houses of Greece, Spain, Germany and Russia, Victoria's descendants received something much less desirable: a tiny defect in a gene that regulates normal blood clotting and causes an incurable disease called hemophilia. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, patients suffering from this disease could literally bleed to death. Even the most benign bruise or blow could be fatal. The Queen's son, Prince Leopold, had hemophilia and died prematurely after a minor car accident.

The hemophilia gene was also passed on to Victoria's grandchildren and great-grandchildren through their mothers in the royal houses of Spain and Germany.

But perhaps the most tragic and significant impact of the hemophilia gene occurred in the ruling Romanov family in Russia. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna learned in 1904 that she was a carrier of hemophilia a few weeks after the birth of her precious son and heir to the Russian throne, Alexei.

In Russia, only men can inherit the throne. If Nicholas II did not have a son, then the crown would have passed to his younger brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. However, after 10 years of marriage and the birth of four healthy grand duchesses, the long-awaited son and heir was stricken with an incurable disease. Few subjects realized that the life of the Tsarevich often hung in the balance due to his deadly genetic disease. Alexei's hemophilia remained a closely guarded secret of the Romanov family.

In the summer of 1913, the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of their dynasty. The dark “time of troubles” of 1905 seemed like a long forgotten and unpleasant dream. To celebrate, the entire Romanov family made a pilgrimage to the ancient historical monuments of the Moscow region, and the people rejoiced. Nicholas and Alexandra were once again convinced that their people love them and that their policy is on the right track.

At that time, it was hard to imagine that just four years after these days of glory, the Russian Revolution would deprive the Romanov family of the imperial throne, and three centuries of the Romanov dynasty would end. The Tsar, enthusiastically supported during the celebrations of 1913, will no longer rule Russia in 1917. Instead, the Romanov family would be arrested and, a little more than a year later, murdered by their own people.

The history of the last reigning Romanov family continues to fascinate scholars and lovers of Russian history alike. It has something for everyone: a great royal romance between a handsome young czar who rules one-eighth of the world and a beautiful German princess who has given up her strong Lutheran faith and familiar life for love.

There were their beautiful children: four beautiful daughters and a long-awaited boy who was born with a fatal disease from which he could die at any moment. There was a controversial "muzhik" - a peasant who seemed to be sneaking into the imperial palace, and who was seen to corrupt and immorally influence the Romanov family: the tsar, empress and even their children.

There were political murders of the powerful, executions of the innocent, intrigues, mass uprisings and world war; assassinations, revolution and bloody civil war. And finally, the secret execution in the middle of the night of the last ruling Romanov family, their servants, even their pets, in the basement of a “special purpose house” in the very heart of the Russian Urals.

The eventual discovery and scientific identification of the remains of the Romanov family in Yekaterinburg should have put an end to all conspiracy theories and tales about the ultimate fate of the first tsar and his family. But surprisingly, the controversy continued, not least because the Russian Orthodox Church, along with one branch of the surviving extended Romanov family, refused to accept the final scientific findings that proved that the remains found near Yekaterinburg were indeed those of murdered members of the last ruling Romanov family. . Fortunately, reason prevailed, and the remains were finally buried in the crypt of the Romanov family.

Romanovs- an ancient Russian noble family. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is considered to be its ancestor, whose father (according to a more accepted view), Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 13th century. from Lithuania or "from Prussia". Among historians, there is also a worldview that the Romanovs came from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had 5 offspring: Semechki Horse, Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai, Gavriil Gavsha and Fedor Koshka, who became the founders of 17 Russian noble houses. The branch that laid the foundation for the Romanov dynasty came from Fyodor Koshka. In the first generation, Andrei Ivanovich and his sons were nicknamed Kobylins, Fedor Andreevich and his offspring Ivan - Koshkins. The children of Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin became the Koshkin-Zakharyins, and the grandchildren became simply the Zakharyins.

From Yuri Zakharyevich came the Zakharyins-Yuryevs, and from his brother Yakov, the Zakharyins-Yakovlevs. The surname of the Romanovs came to the dynasty from the nobleman Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. Thanks to the marriage of his sister Anastasia to Tsar Ivan IV Severe, the Zakharyin-Yuryev family intersected in the 16th century with the Rurik dynasty and approached the royal court. The great-nephew of Anastasia, the offspring of the nobleman Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later - the Metropolitan Patriarch Filaret) Misha Fedorovich was elected by the Zemsky Sobor to the kingdom in 1613, and his offspring (which is usually referred to as the “Romanov House”) ruled Russia until 1917.

Below are the names of all the kings, kings and rulers of the Romanov dynasty.

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The Romanov dynasty was in power for a little over 300 years, and during this time the face of the country changed completely. From a lagging state, constantly suffering from fragmentation and internal dynastic crises, Russia has become the abode of an enlightened intelligentsia. Each ruler from the Romanov dynasty paid attention to those issues that seemed to him the most relevant and important. So, for example, Peter I tried to expand the territory of the country and liken Russian cities to European ones, and Catherine II put her whole soul into promoting the ideas of enlightenment. Gradually, the authority of the ruling dynasty fell, which led to a tragic ending. The royal family was killed, and power passed to the communists for several decades.

The results of the reign of the Romanovs

During the years of the Romanovs' rule, the Russian monarchy experienced an era of prosperity, several periods of painful reforms, and a sudden fall. The Moscow Kingdom, in which Mikhail Romanov was crowned king, in the 17th century annexed vast territories of Eastern Siberia and came to the border with China. At the beginning of the 18th century, Russia became an empire and became one of the most influential states in Europe. The decisive role of Russia in the victories over France and Turkey further strengthened its position. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian Empire, like other empires, collapsed under the influence of the events of the First World War.

In 1917 Nicholas II abdicated and was arrested by the Provisional Government. The monarchy in Russia was abolished. A year and a half later, the last emperor and his entire family were shot by decision of the Soviet government. The surviving distant relatives of Nicholas settled in different countries of Europe. Today, representatives of two branches of the Romanov dynasty: Kirillovichi and Nikolaevichi - claim the right to be considered the locum tenens of the Russian throne.

On February 21, 1613, the most representative Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, which elected the 16-year-old Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613-1645). On July 11, he was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.

Under the young king, his mother was in charge of the affairs of the state Great Elder Martha and her relatives from the Saltykov boyars (1613-1619) , and after returning from Polish captivity Patriarch Filaret, the latter became the de facto ruler of Russia (1619-1633) who held the title great sovereign. In essence, dual power was established in the country: state letters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

The government faced a number of tasks: to improve the financial situation in the country, to restore the economy, to strengthen the state borders.

Financial tasks were solved by further strengthening the tax burden: the “fifth money” was introduced (a tax that amounted to a fifth of the profit), direct taxes on the collection of grain reserves and money for the upkeep of the army (1614).

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the craft began to rise and the first manufactories were formed. IN 1632. near Tula begins its activity the first in the country ironworks.

The situation in foreign policy was complex and ambiguous. In February 1617 between Russia and Sweden was concluded Stolbovsky peace (1617)(in the village of Stolbovo). At the same time, the Polish prince Vladislav tried to confirm his claims to the Russian throne by military actions. Polish troops met fierce resistance and in 1618 it was signed Truce of Deulin (1618) for 14.5 years. Poland departed Smolensk lands (except Vyazma), including Smolensk, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky lands with 29 cities.

In 1632-1634. there was a Russian-Polish war, which is also known as Smolensk War 1632-1634. , caused by the desire of Russia to return their ancestral lands. was soon signed Polyanovsky peace (1634), under the terms of which the pre-war border was preserved, and the King of Poland Vladislav IV officially renounced claims to the Russian throne. For the successful conduct of hostilities during 1631-1634. military reform was carried out and " Shelves of the new system”, i.e. on the model of Western European armies. Reiter (1), dragoon (1) and soldier (8) regiments were created.

3. Prerequisites and features of the formation of Russian absolutism. The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in Russia, the disintegration of feudalism begins. Manufactory begins to develop (more than 20), market relations are established (due to the widespread development of small-scale production), and merchants begin to play an increasingly important role in the country's economy.

Under Alexei Mikhailovich, nicknamed the Quietest, the prerequisites began to take shape for the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia. The first sign of absolutism was Cathedral Code of 1649., which emphasized the sacredness of royal power and its inviolability. The chapter "Court on the Peasants" contains articles that finally formalized serfdom- the eternal hereditary dependence of the peasants was established, the "lesson summer" for the search for runaway peasants was canceled, a high fine was established for harboring the runaways. Peasants were deprived of the right to legal representation in property disputes.

In the same period, the significance of zemstvo sobors began to decline, the last of which was convened in 1653., and immediately after that created Secret Affairs Order (1654-1676) for political investigation.

IN 1653 started Church reform of Patriarch Nikon byzantine style.

WITH 1654 to 1667. between Russia and Poland there was a war for the return of the original Russian lands of Russia and for the annexation of the Left-Bank Ukraine. In 1667 between Russia and Poland was signed Andrusovsky peace (1667), along which the Smolensk and Novgorod-Seversky lands, the left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv (the latter until 1669) returned to Russia.

The accession of Ukraine required the unification of church rites, for which Nikon chose the Byzantine ones as a model. In addition, the government wanted to generally unite the churches not only of Russia and Ukraine, but also of the eastern autocephalous churches.

After the annexation of Ukraine, Alexei Mikhailovich instead of the former “sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Rus'”, became known as “by the grace of God, the great sovereign, tsar and grand prince of all Great and Small and White Russia autocrat”.

Nikon's reforms gave rise to such a phenomenon as split and the movement of the Old Believers, which at the initial stage took exalted forms, namely, baptism by fire, i.e. self-immolation. The movement especially intensified after the church council of 1666-1667, at which they were anathematized for their heresy. The reflection of popular disagreement with the policy of the official church was found in Solovetsky uprising of 1668-1676.

The autocratic policy of the Moscow Patriarch was contrary to the interests of secular power, to the growing elements of absolutism, and could not but arouse royal discontent. At the cathedral in 1666-1667. Nikon was deposed and taken under escort to the Ferapontov Monastery on Beloozero. Nikon died in 1681.

In Russia, the replacement of the estate-representative monarchy by an absolute monarchy has begun: Zemstvo councils are no longer convened, the authority of the Boyar Duma has fallen, the church has been relegated to the background by secular power, the government’s control over the life of the country is increasing, and the government itself is under the supervision of the repressive apparatus (Order of secret affairs ), the importance of the nobility is enhanced (there is an equation of landed property with patrimony). At the same time, the formation of absolutism takes place under the sign of ever-increasing social oppression over the population - the peasantry and the township.

The policy of the government of Alexei Mikhailovich caused a number of popular indignations, the most significant of which were Salt Riot (1648) And Copper Riot (1662).

The salt riot (this is another name for the Moscow uprising) was initiated by the predatory policy of the government of B.I. Morozov after the tax reform: all indirect taxes were replaced by one direct tax on salt, as a result of which the price of salt increased several times.

The Copper Revolt (or the Moscow Uprising of 1662) broke out due to the financial crisis: in 1654 the government introduced copper money at the silver rate, as a result of the mass production of copper money, their depreciation occurred, which led to increased speculation and the issuance of counterfeit coins (often by the ruling tip).