Russian-Chinese wide-body aircraft. Third place for two. How China and Russia are starting to build a wide-body aircraft. Everything is on schedule

The amount of pensions for employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (calculation formula)

The definition of length of service for a police officer is regulated by Article 14 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 N 4468-1.

When calculating this type of pension the following factors are taken into account:

• the size of the salary;
• salary for a special rank;
• length of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs or mixed length of service;
• seniority allowance.

The formula for calculating the pension of an employee of the internal affairs bodies with a length of service of 20 years and with a mixed length of service of 25 years in 2019 is as follows:

RPO \u003d 1/2 × (OD + OSZ + NVL) × 72.23%,

• RPO- the amount of pension provision;
• OD- salary according to the position;
• OSZ - salary for a special rank;
• NVL- seniority bonus;
• OD + OSZ + NVL- the amount of monetary allowance of a serviceman (DD).

The amount of pension provision may increase for each year of service over 20 years - 3% of the specified DD, but not more than 85% in total, and with a mixed length of service for each year over 25 years - 1% of the DD amounts.

Calculation of the old-age insurance pension for a pensioner of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in accordance with Article 15 of the Federal Law No. 400 of December 28, 2013 "About insurance pensions" produced by the following formula:

SP = IPC × SPK,

• joint venture- insurance old-age pension;
• IPK- the value of the individual pension coefficient;
• SPK- the cost of one PC on the day of the appointment of a pension.

Increase (indexation) of pensions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2019 in Russia for those who are already retired

Since the amount of pensions for police officers depends on the amount of monetary allowance, an increase in the amount of pension provision becomes possible in the event of its increase, which has not been carried out for several years. The indexation planned for October 2016 was not carried out due to lack of funds.

The reason for this situation is the difficult economic situation in our country, which negatively affects the filling of the Federal budget, from which the Ministry of Internal Affairs is financed.

At the end of October 2016, the government of the Russian Federation submitted a bill to the State Duma to extend until January 1, 2018 the "freeze" of the pay of federal employees, the military and employees of other law enforcement agencies, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

However in 2018 military pensions will increase by increasing the amount of money by 4%. At the same time, in 2018 it will be set at 72.23%.

Must be done annually:

• February 1 at the rate of inflation;
• April 1 based on the possibilities of the Pension Fund.

As for the second labor pension, it has been increased by 3.7% since January 1, 2018, which is ahead of schedule and higher than inflation in the previous year.

Will there be a one-time payment of 5,000 rubles to pensioners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2019

In the original version of the draft law on the payment of one-time compensation, there was no mention of pensioners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, whose payments are regulated by a separate law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 No. 4468-1, and only recipients from the Pension Fund were mentioned.

However, after the meeting held on November 8, 2016 in the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the President's order followed to make the appropriate amendments to the pensioners of law enforcement agencies, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs, planned for January 2017.

Police officer pension calculator in 2019

Currently, there are many Internet services with which you can calculate the pension for police officers who retire.

In order to make calculations on the calculator, you need to go to the page of the corresponding site, fill in the information fields and make the calculation.

To carry out this operation the following data is required:

• salary for the last position held;
• the amount of salary for a special rank;
• the amount of the seniority allowance;
• qualification category (if any);
• preferential length of service (in special or combat conditions, etc.);
• district coefficient (if any);
• year of pension.

Using an online calculator, determine the exact amount of the pension, more likely, will not work, because he cannot take into account all the features of the pension case of each employee. It, in fact, is not intended for this, but with its help you can evaluate your capabilities and prospects.

It is worth using calculators, the calculation algorithm of which contains up-to-date data, taking into account the latest changes in legislation.

The procedure for applying and paying pensions to employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

All issues related to the procedure for applying for an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the appointment of pensions and the timing of its payment are regulated by Articles 51-56 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 N 4468-1.

For seniority, a police officer must contact the personnel service of his unit, where he will be provided with the necessary advice and a list of documents and certificates that will need to be submitted to the pension department of the Internal Affairs Directorate is determined.

Applications received by the pension department are considered within 10 days from the date of their submission or from the date of submission of the last required document, and the appointment takes place from the day the employee is dismissed, but not earlier than the day until which he was paid the allowance.

The payment of pensions is made at the place of residence or place of temporary residence of the recipient through:

• post office;
• branch of the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation.

Pensioners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the appointment of an old-age insurance pension apply to the territorial bodies of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on a general basis.

Required documents for registration

To apply for a retirement pension for a police officer the following documents are required:

1. a special application in the form of a form to fill out, which can be found in the personnel service, the pension department of the Office or download it on the Internet on the official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
2. payslip for years of service, which can be taken from the accounting department of your unit;
3. a money certificate can also be found in the accounting department (you only need a spine from it);
4. if there are grounds, it is necessary to take documents on the right to benefits (if any);
5. fill out and sign the form with consent to the processing of personal data.

To appoint a pensioner of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the PFR unit, in addition to the relevant application, you will need to provide next package of documents:

1. passport with the FMS stamp of registration;
2. work book or other documents certifying the length of service;
3. income statement for 5 years before 2002;
4. documents certifying the presence of dependents of the applicant, family members;
5. certificates of ranks and awards (if any).

It is necessary to start collecting the necessary documents for the appointment of an old-age insurance pension in advance in order to exclude a possible delay due to the lack of necessary certificates and waiting for answers to requests from the FIU.

If a pensioner of the Ministry of Internal Affairs works, will he pay a second pension?

Many pensioners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, after retirement, continue their labor activity in civil structures and, upon reaching, under conditions specified by law, they become entitled to receive an old-age insurance pension simultaneously with the departmental pension already assigned to them through the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The payment of pensions assigned to employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in accordance with Article 57 of the Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 No. 4468-1 is made to their recipients, regardless of employment.

If a pensioner of the internal affairs bodies, receiving two pensions, continues to work, then pension payments, both through the Ministry of Internal Affairs, continue to be made in full, but in accordance with Article 26.1 of Federal Law No. 385-FZ, indexation of payments under the line The Pension Fund will be suspended for the period of employment by the recipient of the pension.

Many print and online media have already published information that the country is waiting for an increase in the length of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to 25 years from 2019. Talks about changing the minimum length of service have been going on for a long time - the idea was voiced back in 2013. The bill has already been prepared, but has not yet been approved, now the authorities are considering putting it into effect. In addition, the reasons for extending work until retirement are very serious.

Reasons for an increase in seniority

The Ministry of Internal Affairs employs 15 million citizens, while the popularity of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs is growing every year. There is a rationale for this - benefits, financial assistance, early retirement and other bonuses attract many. Also, do not forget about the growing prestige of the work.

At the same time, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has a certain financial limit, which is spent not only on the needs of working employees, but also on retired people. An increase in the number of employed automatically leads to an increase in the number of future pensioners. In turn, this will lead to the fact that the budget of the Ministry of Internal Affairs will be spent only on pensions and wages.

Annually, payments to employees in the reserve of various state structures reach about 350-400 billion rubles. This is the amount per year we are talking about.

It was possible to go by increasing the funding of the Ministry of the Interior, but in times of crisis this is impossible. If no measures are taken, then the budget will not allow to acquire the necessary equipment, train new employees and provide full protection to the population. Therefore, they began to consider increasing the length of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to 25 years from 2019. Also, the issue of a large amount of paper work of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which requires automation, has already been raised. This will reduce the number of employees who do not earn their real wages, but simply sort through the papers. Such measures will reduce costs without reducing payments to pensioners.

Entry into force of the bill

There is no word yet on an official date for the bill. The imaginary probability of abandoning the strategy of increasing the length of service until retirement should not cause great hopes. The budget cannot fulfill its obligations to support such a huge number of pensioners. Extending the service by increasing the length of service will allow, with the same number of employees, to reduce the number of retirees. Under the new project, it is proposed to increase the length of service from 20 to 25 years.

There is also a more critical scenario. A few years ago, a plan of law was prepared, gradually increasing the length of service to 30 years. Now we are not talking about it - you must first make sure that the chosen direction is effective. It is likely that the extension of the term of work for 5 years until retirement will solve the problem with the budget deficit in this industry.

Now they propose to increase the period of work for a number of the population:

1. Persons in military service.
2. Fire service personnel.
3. Workers of the criminal correctional system.
4. Employees involved in the internal affairs bodies.
5. Working in drug control agencies.

There have been no official announcements yet. So far, this is only first-hand information from people close to the legislature. At the same time, there is no direct connection with the general increase in the retirement age in Russia - the civil service industry has long been in need of changes. It is tentatively planned that the bill will enter into force after the presidential elections in 2018. The exact mechanism for the transition to the new length of service has not been disclosed, although the "sources" made a reservation that those employees who were supposed to retire in 2018 will receive such an opportunity.

Double pension for military personnel and indexation of payments

The calculation of the "military" pension occurs according to a certain algorithm. Official payments, salary for a special and / or military rank, as well as an allowance for seniority, that is, for length of service, are taken as the basis. Based on this, the future size of the pension is formed.

Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov presented the following average data on the amount of pension payments:

• for the military - 23 thousand rubles;
• for employees of security agencies - 30 thousand rubles;
• for law enforcement officers - 17 thousand rubles.

In addition, persons receiving a "military" pension may have one more social payment. We are talking about a civil pension. For this period, employees in the reserve, having a certain length of service, can receive a pension earned in civilian work upon reaching the appropriate age. Now it is the standard 55 years required for women and 60 for men.

For 2017, in order to receive a second pension, it is necessary not only to reach the agreed age, but also to have 8 years of civil work experience. The seniority threshold is constantly increasing - by 2024 it will be 15 years. As part of the increase in length of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to 25 years from 2019, the second pension may lose its relevance. By the time they reach retirement age under the civil code, many employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs will not yet have the necessary length of service to receive civil benefits. At the same time, taking into account the new Pension reform, they may not enjoy the right to receive an old-age pension until they have reached the required number of years of work in a civilian specialty.

Video about increasing seniority in the Ministry of Internal Affairs

The family of Russian-Chinese wide-body long-haul aircraft was officially named CR929. The naming ceremony took place on 29 September at the COMAS headquarters in Shanghai. Latin letters C and R designate participants: С - China, R - Russia. CR is also the first two letters of the name of the Russian-Chinese enterprise China-Russia Commercial Aircraft International Corporation (CRAIC), which is the operator of the new aircraft program.

PJSC "United Aircraft Corporation" and "China Civil Aircraft Corporation" (COMAC) solemnly assigned the name of a wide-body long-haul aircraft of a new generation, and also presented the livery of the liner.

The first flight of the head prototype of the ShFDMS is scheduled for 2021, and the start of serial deliveries of the ShFDMS is expected in 2025-2027.

The memorandum on the joint establishment of the SHFDMS was signed by the Russian and Chinese parties in April 2014. Documents on the program for the creation of a new wide-body long-range passenger aircraft were signed on June 25, 2016 during the official visit of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to China, including an agreement on the creation of a joint venture on a parity basis, necessary for the implementation of the program, which will be registered at the headquarters COMAS apartment in Shanghai Pudong Free Trade Zone.

The first flight of the head prototype of the ShFDMS is scheduled for 2021, and the start of serial deliveries of the ShFDMS is expected in 2025-2027, depending on the expected number of new technological solutions chosen during the development. A joint engineering center will be organized in Russia to design the aircraft. and the mass production itself will have to be carried out at the COMAS plant in Pudong (built for the production of the promising Chinese medium-haul C919 aircraft).

Commenting on the choice of the main figures for the future liner, Yuri Slyusar explained:

"In Chinese culture, the number 9 means eternity. We are strategically building the concept of a single offer of civil aircraft by naming and numbering. Thus, the CR 929 family reflects the opportunity to form an offer for airlines together with the Chinese narrow-body project C 919, and the numbering of each member of the family continues the line of proposals UAC commercial aircraft, from MS-21-200/300/400 to CR 929 - 500/600/700".

Another quote: "Global demand for wide-body aircraft in the period 2023-2041 may be at least 8200 liners."⠀⠀⠀

COMAC Chairman He Dongfeng said: "The next 20 years will be a strategically important period in the development of the global civil aviation industry. We will make every effort to make the CR 929 an example of successful cooperation between Russia and China in the modern world."
⠀⠀⠀

The basic version of the wide-body long-haul aircraft will be designated CR929-600, the junior version CR929-500, and the senior version CR929-700.

The parameters of the aircraft are not completely known. It was planned that the aircraft would be equipped with PD-35 engines, but at the first stage it is planned to install the British Rolls Royce or the American General Electric.

In September of this year, UAC signed a memorandum of cooperation with the Chinese engine building company AECC on joint development of a gas turbine engine.

Joint work on a promising aircraft engine is an exceptional business in the world aircraft industry. Not all countries make engines and try not to share technologies. As expected, the Russian-Chinese engine will have a thrust of at least 35 tons, and in terms of the implementation of scientific and technical reserves in it, it will become one of the most modern.

Russia and China will bear the cost of designing and building the aircraft equally. Experts believe that the global demand for wide-body aircraft in the period 2023-2041 will be at least 8200 units. The largest market will be China with a need for at least 1,500 liners. And Russia, given the size of our country, the CR 929 is very useful.

“The machine being created immediately fits into the global context for a full-fledged presence in the world market. At the same time, we are creating a single project, forming a single positioning of the new aircraft with our Chinese colleagues,” Denis Manturov explained.

Yesterday, July 23, the aerospace show MAKS-2017 ended; its main guest, as always, was Vladimir Putin. He looked at the fifth-generation T-50 fighter, heard about the MS-21 medium-haul passenger aircraft, and even looked at the Boeing booth. It seemed that attention would also be paid to the joint Russian-Chinese aircraft. There is no plane, of course. But over the course of a year, so many events took place within the framework of this project (including with the participation of Putin) that it would be strange to ignore it. Nevertheless, at MAKS, information about a large aircraft that Russia and China should build together appeared quite sporadically. The impressive size of the aircraft model made by the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) did not reach Zhukovsky near Moscow.

The layout was first shown at Airshow China in November 2016 - it was, one might say, a premiere. For the sake of this event, Minister of Industry Denis Manturov and President of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) Yuri Slyusar flew to Zhuhai for one day. Together with their Chinese colleagues, they solemnly pulled off the red cloth from the mock-up under the guns of many cameras.

COMAC also came to the Paris Airshow 2017 with the layout, which marked the international presentation of the project. The mock-up stood at the stand of the Chinese aircraft manufacturer, with footage from the meetings between Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin playing in the background.

A separate intrigue is the name of the aircraft. In the Russian version, it is simply a "wide-body long-haul aircraft" (SHFDMS). In Chinese - C929 (or C9X9), that is, the next in the line after the recently taken off C919.

In Le Bourget, the layout of the aircraft, however, was held as LRWBCA (Long-Range Wide-Body Civil Aircraft; translated into Russian, the same ShFDMS). The hard-to-pronounce abbreviation, both in Russian and in English, raises the question: when will the aircraft have a sonorous official name? Slyusar says that they have not thought about it yet: “The plane does not have a name, and we are not stressing over this topic yet. If you have any fantasies [by name], then I will be grateful to you. The Chinese, like people who are quite consistent, have certain approaches to naming their aircraft. We treat them with respect."

At MAKS, let me remind you, there was no layout. COMAC did not participate in the Moscow air show, which means that their layout did not appear either. UAC has not yet made its own.

Rise on politics

Negotiations on the joint construction of the country's aircraft have been going on for almost ten years. In 2009, Aleksey Fedorov (then president of the UAC) predicted that the third player in the global aviation industry would appear precisely "as a result of joint projects between Russia and China." True, he admitted that everything is very difficult: “For a single country, the creation of a large aircraft can be an extremely difficult task. But I can say what is the main difficulty [of the negotiations]: both Russia and China want to be the leader of the project. Although the best option is a 50/50 risk sharing.”

The project had the status of “consultations underway” for several years. Simply put, no one really did it - the KLA, and Russia as a whole, then pinned more hopes on the West than on the East (which is worth the epic about the promotion of the Sukhoi Superjet 100). China, for sure, also had no time for a large aircraft: the country, without a strong engineering background, was hastily gaining competencies in the aviation industry - in particular, it launched the ARJ21 regional aircraft program.

Putin, at meetings with Chinese leaders, has repeatedly stated the need to unite efforts to create a wide-body aircraft "in order to take its rightful place in world markets." In 2011, in a conversation with Chinese President Hu Jintao, he noted that more and more American and European aircraft are being purchased, while "countries such as Russia and China are able and should have their own production."

Context

Moscow has set the starting price for Irkut aircraft corporation shares at $500 million

The Russian version of the survival of the Ukrainian aircraft industry

MS-21 - an alternative to Airbus and Boeing?

The process noticeably accelerated in 2014, under the influence of both internal and external circumstances. In both countries, large state-owned aircraft manufacturing conglomerates have finally taken shape; Europe and the United States imposed sanctions on Russia, and Xi Jinping, during a visit to the COMAC plant, expressed regret that the lack of its own aircraft makes China dependent on foreign aircraft manufacturers. In May 2014, while Putin was in China, UAC and COMAC signed a memorandum of cooperation. In June 2016, again during Putin's visit to Beijing, the countries reached an intergovernmental agreement. At the same time, there was clarity on the creation of a joint venture (JV): there is no leader in the project, everything is divided equally.

And at the end of 2016, Putin told reporters that part of Rosneftegaz’s dividends would be used to create a powerful aircraft engine (35 tons thrust), which “will allow us to create a wide-body long-range aircraft together with our Chinese friends” (we need to write a separate story about engines, given that and China intends to build its own engine). Rosneftegaz is 100% owned by the state, owns a controlling stake in Rosneft, shares in Gazprom and Inter RAO. According to Putin, Rosneftegaz is another government budget. It is also a source of funding for the regional Il-114 and wide-body Il-96-400 projects, which are actively lobbied by Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin.

By the way, the return to the Il-96-400 is explained by the preservation of competencies just for the Russian-Chinese aircraft. This argument, however, arose quite recently - consider it retroactively (that is, it could not have been a motive). And one more thing: at the dawn of the negotiations, Russia offered to build a wide-body aircraft based on the Il-96, but the Chinese refused, insisting on creating it from scratch.

Judging by the way Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping take care of the plane, this is a political project. Russia and China have big ambitions: they want to be in the few major leagues of states with their own civil aviation industry on a par with the US and Europe. For the sake of these ambitions, the countries are even ready to unite, because one by one they cannot defeat either Airbus or Boeing.

Generic but Chinese

In early 2017, UAC and COMAC established China-Russia Aircraft International Commercial Corporation (CRAIC). “But craic in English is “revelry”. Not a bad name for a joint project!” - evil tongues joke. The project participants, however, are serious - they opened an office, appointed management, distributed work. They try to maintain the set line, when everything is 50 to 50. The office is located in Shanghai, closer to the final assembly line - the COMAC plant. In Moscow an engineering center will be opened.The COMAC manager is appointed as the general director of the joint venture, and the UAC manager is appointed as the chairman of the board of directors.There are eight people on the board of directors, four from each side.

“According to the division of work, which applies exclusively to the airframe, we agreed that the wing, center section, tail unit are production in Russia. The fuselage itself and the final assembly are Shanghai. There is a colossal plant, well equipped, which, in our opinion, allows the implementation of the third project [along with the assembly of ARJ21 and C919],” Slyusar said in Le Bourget. The location chosen for the assembly is explained by the proximity to the target markets. And fears that the aircraft will eventually become Chinese, Slyusar calls unfounded: “We will be able to penetrate the market, which sells ten times more aircraft than in Russia, and we will have guaranteed demand for many years to come, if only in the Chinese market. There are few such opportunities for any manufacturer, they should be cherished.”

Slyusar does not undertake to evaluate the contribution of each of the parties: “We proceed from ideology; despite the fact that this is a project of two companies and even two countries, only one team can create an aircraft. It will not work for two teams to have one plane. Slyusar speaks somewhat philosophically about the financing of the aircraft: “This is a capital-intensive project, of course. You must imagine that an aircraft is developed for 8 to 12 years, then it is produced for about 30-40 years and flies for another 40-50 years. A story about a new aircraft for centuries, for centuries. And here any calculations are rather conditional both in terms of forecasting and the effects that you get. According to preliminary calculations, the project needs 13-20 billion dollars.

The construction of the aircraft should begin with the basic version: a capacity of 280 seats, a range of 12,000 km. Completion of the preliminary design and its protection is scheduled for the end of 2018. The first firm contract is expected in 2019, the first flight - in 2023, the start of deliveries - in 2026, this was stated in the feasibility study of the project (feasibility study), which was prepared by UAC.

In the Russian pro-state media (and in the Chinese, they say, too), the aircraft that did not yet exist was dubbed the "killer" of Airbus and Boeing. There was only confusion about which types of aircraft to be "killed". Based on Slyusar's statements, these are A350 and B787. If you listen to the top manager of COMAC Guo Bozhi, then the A330 and B777.

All listed aircraft belong to the category of long-haul wide-body aircraft. But there is a fundamental difference: the A350 and B787 are novelties of the global aviation industry, more than 50% made of composite materials (which implies a slightly different production cycle). A330 and B777 are aircraft of the so-called previous generation, with the predominant use of aluminum. In general, it is premature to talk about competition: the Russian-Chinese aircraft will enter service in ten years (as the feasibility study says); it is unlikely that all this time Airbus and Boeing will sit idly by.

But long before entering the market, the project may face a large number of pitfalls. And it is not known which he will be able to bypass, and which he will not. The most obvious risks are these. Political - the project is very long in time, what will happen to it when the leaders of the countries change? Economic - the only source of funding is the budget; both Russia and China are not going through the best times in the economy, and the forecasts are not encouraging. Corporate - just remember how difficult it is for Germany and France to get along in Airbus; and these are countries with a common culture. Finally, mental - language barriers, the difference in behavior patterns and other seemingly trifles that can complicate the process, up to its stop.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

Neither China nor Russia can yet offer an engine to their new offspring. Photo from www.uacrussia.ru

Rolls-Royce is going to supply engines for the future Sino-Russian long-haul aircraft CR929. Neither Russia nor China has competitive engines for this liner, which will be assembled in China.

In December 2017, CRAIC, a joint venture between Russia's United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) and China Civil Aircraft Corporation (COMAC), solicited potential aircraft component suppliers who should make an offer by the end of May.

“CR929 is a great aircraft. We want to be an engine supplier,” said Rolls-Royce spokesman Paul Stein.

Russia and China want to create a wide-body long-haul airliner with a capacity of 250-300 passengers, which is supposed to be able to compete with the products of the European Airbus and the American Boeing. The cost of the program is estimated at $16-20 billion. The first flight of the aircraft is expected in 2025.

Experts estimate the market for long-haul aircraft in the next 20 years at $2.3 trillion, with the help of the CR929, Russia and China want to retain part of this market. This can only happen if the Russian-Chinese aircraft proves to be more efficient than the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350.

The UAC calculated that by 2045, air carriers will need over 7,000 such aircraft, and only China will need 15% of them, and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region will buy about 30% more. Demand in the Russian market will not exceed 5%. CR929 is still at the preliminary design stage.

Its biggest problem, perhaps, is the engine. It is known that there are only four countries in the world that can make suitable power plants: the USA, Great Britain, France and the Russian Federation. In addition to domestic companies, only US firms (Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, Honeywell), England (Rolls-Royce) and France (Snecma) own full-cycle technologies for creating modern engines for civil aviation. China's efforts over many years have not yet been successful in this area. Analysts point out, for example, that the Chinese quickly copied and equipped the Russian Su-27 fighter with their own systems, releasing it under the J-11 index, but they failed to copy the engine of this aircraft, so China is still forced to buy this one for a long time the most modern engine in Russia.

In Russia, however, everything is not easy with engines either, 20 years of inactivity in this area are affecting. Only recently, the PD-14, the first new aircraft engine in Russia after the collapse of the USSR, was created for the MS-21 medium-haul aircraft, and it became the first domestic aircraft engine of the 5th generation. The main technical difference from previous generations is the gas temperature: if the first generation engines, which, by the way, appeared in the late 1940s, did not exceed 1150 degrees, then the turbine blades of the 5th generation engines, the first samples of which appeared in the West in the middle of 90 's, operate at a temperature of 1900 degrees. However, in reality, there is no serial PD-14 engine yet. And when it will appear, no one knows for sure. Therefore, the Russian MS-21 flies not on domestic, but on foreign engines.

Modern engines are lighter, cleaner and more economical. As expected, the medium-haul MS-21 equipped with such engines will consume 15 g of fuel to transport one passenger per 1 km. For comparison, for the most common Soviet aircraft Tu-154M, this figure was 27.5 g, it burned 5.3 tons of fuel per hour. The more modern Tu-204-120 needs 19.1 g per passenger-kilometer, while the Airbus A319-100 needs 20.5 g.

However, as often happens, the engine development lags behind the aircraft itself, and the MS-21 is still being certified with Pratt & Whitney engines. According to Ravil Khakimov, a representative of the Aviation Industry Committee of the Russian Engineering Union, the PD-14 will be included in this work from 2019. It is now obvious that the same thing will happen with the CR929, the Russian-Chinese brainchild will most likely fly out of the nest on Rolls-Royce or General Electric. The fact is that the PD-35 is a completely unique task for Russian engineering, its thrust should be over 30 tons (the PD-14 has 14 tons, respectively), and such machines are neither in the USSR nor, of course, in the Russian Federation so far did not.

The total cost of the PD-35 program is estimated at 180 billion rubles. Of these, about 60 billion will be investment costs (in the Perm Territory, in fact, a new enterprise is being built to create an engine, in Russia there are simply no stands for testing engines of this size and such thrust). Thus, 120 billion rubles will be directed directly to the creation of the engine and the work of designers. It is expected that the so-called PD-35 demonstrator will be created in 2023, and the Perm plant will be able to start mass production in 2028. In addition to the CR929, this giant is also planned to be installed on promising military aircraft.

As for the Rolls-Royce proposal, it is most likely that this is the main modern model of this enterprise - the Trent 1000, which can be adapted to a specific aircraft, when the Russian Federation and China decide on its final appearance and technical characteristics. However, the company's lineup already has monsters with a thrust far exceeding 30 tons. For example, the thrust of the basic version of the Trent XWB-84, which is installed on the Airbus A350-900, is 38 tons. And last year, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA ) has certified the most powerful engine in the Trent XWB-97 family of turbofan engines with a thrust of almost 44 tons. This unit is designed for installation on the Airbus A350-1000 wide-body aircraft.