Civil aviation today. Wings of Russia. Domestic civil aviation celebrates its birthday. A matter of national security

Chapter IV. DOMESTIC CIVIL AVIATION

After the completion of the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian air fleet numbered about 1000 aircraft, 35 thousand personnel, the vast majority of which were at the disposal of the military department. There were no planes specifically for transportation. In the countries of the West and in the USA there were then a larger number of military, civil, and transport aircraft than in Soviet Russia. By 1918, England already had more than 22,000 aircraft and about 30,000 pilots. France had about 68 thousand aircraft. Revolutionary transformations in Russia also embraced its air fleet. A new aviation control apparatus began to take shape.

The Soviet government created at the end of October 1917. The Bureau of Commissars of Aviation and Aeronautics at Smolny, which began the formation of new, red air squadrons in Petrograd. December 20, 1917 The bureau was transformed into the All-Russian Collegium for Air Fleet Management of the Republic (Uvoflot). Implementing the policy of the government, the collegium issued an order that demanded that aviation be fully preserved for the working people. It was one of the first official documents on the prospect of using aviation in the interests of socialist construction.

In April 1918 at the All-Russian Collegium for Air Fleet Control of the Republic, which was headed by military pilot K.V. Akashev, a department for the use of aviation in the national economy was created. The department was entrusted with the organization of aerial photography of lands and forests, as well as the creation of an air mail and passenger line between Moscow and Kharkov. (May 1, 1918 this line was opened by the pilot M.D. Lerhe)

In May 1918 Uvoflot was transformed into the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Air Fleet (Glavvozdukhflot), headed by the Soviet. Later, collegiality in Glavvozdukhflot was replaced by a one-man chief, and K.V. was appointed his first head. Akasheva.

The Soviet government took steps to establish a domestic aviation industry for the production of its aircraft and engines. In 1919 the Commission for Heavy Aviation (COMTA) was created, which began its activities with the design of a twin-engine transport aircraft to replace the outdated Muroms and organized the construction of the first domestic aircraft engine.

In March 1919, the III Air Congress of the Russian Republic took place, which paid attention to the use of aviation for peaceful purposes. In the journal Vestnik Vozdukhovoy Fleet, published since 1918, a special department of civil aviation was created to promote the experience of using aircraft in the national economy. Prominent civil aviation organizers I.A. Valentey, V.M. Vishnev, A.I. Lapchinsky, I.S. Peretersky and others.

At the end of the Civil War, aircraft as a means of transport began to be used more widely for the transport of passengers and mail. During this period, special attention was paid to the education of aviation personnel, although gross mistakes were made that did not allow many talented aviators to be saved for Russia. Famous designer I.I. Sikorsky, ace pilot D.N. Prokofiev-Seversky, aircraft pilots V.V. Slyusarenko, A.A. Agafonov, gifted researcher and organizer S.A. Ulyanin, pilot number two N.E. Popov, Colonel E.V. Rudnev and others were forced to emigrate abroad.

The main source of personnel for aviation was the former aviation school of the Moscow Aeronautics Society, renamed the Moscow Aviation School with branches in Yegorievsk and Zaraysk. The head of this school was appointed student N.E. Zhukovsky, an outstanding pilot B.K. Welling. In a difficult time for the country, its cadets mastered flying skills on old, worn-out Farmans, Vdazens, and Morans. Flights were often disrupted due to lack of fuel. Enthusiast instructors of the Moscow Aviation School Yu.A. Bratolyubov, V.B. Agafonov, I.K. Polyakov, A.I. Zhukov, I.M. Vinogradov and others sought to prepare a worthy young replacement of pilots for military and civil aviation. Pilots N.I., who later became famous, came out of the walls of this school. Shebanov, M.M. Gromov, M.P. Dauge and many others.

In connection with the development of aviation flights for peaceful purposes, it became necessary to prepare airfields more suitable for aircraft. In September 1920, the Council of People's Commissars decided to allocate 30 thousand rubles for such construction in Saratov, Rzhev and Kirsanov. Experiments were again being conducted on the use of aerial vehicles for civilian purposes for photographing from the air in the interests of various departments. The very first aerial photographs of Moscow revealed the complete discrepancy between its old plans and reality. In Petrograd, all the ships sunk on the Neva were discovered.

A significant event in the history of the formation of domestic civil aviation was the adoption on January 17, 1921 of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Republic "On Air Movement". The reason for this was the violation in June 1920 of our border by an Estonian aircraft. Laws and rules on the protection of the air borders of the RSFSR did not yet exist, and since Estonia rejected the proposal of the Soviet government to conclude an Air Convention, he decided to develop his own rules on the prohibition of flights of the borders of the Soviet Republic by foreign aircraft. Thus the decree was born.

This document became the first legislative state act regulating the movement of aircraft over the territory of the RSFSR and its waters. The decree established that only persons who had passed the test for the title of pilot were allowed to fly aircraft. The procedure and conditions for the use of aviation, its guidance systems, both in the air and on the ground, were determined. The decree provided for a clear procedure for flights of foreign aircraft over the territory of the Russian state. Takeoff and landing of foreign ships was allowed only at airfields that had customs. Cases of violations of these rules were subject to consideration only in the Soviet judicial authorities. The decree applied to all kinds of ships used to move in the airspace, including automatic (unmanned) aircraft. Later, the provisions of this decree formed the basis of the Air Code of the USSR, approved in 1932.

The importance of these documents was that they contributed to the organizational formation of civil aviation and its multi-purpose use in the national economy.

In November 1921 a mixed "Russian-German Society of Air Communications" - "Deruluft" was formed. Regular flights on the first international postal-passenger line Moscow-Kenigsberg were opened on May 1, 1922. pilot I.F. Voedilo.

At the beginning of December 1922 The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic decided to create an Inspectorate of the Civil Air Fleet (CAF) under the Main Directorate of the Air Fleet. The functions of the Inspectorate of the Civil Air Fleet included: developing measures for the use of civil aviation in the national economy, determining the pace of its development, exercising supervision and general technical control over the air lines being opened. Professor Ivan Sergeevich Peretersky, who taught at aviation educational institutions, was appointed the first Chief Inspector of the Civil Air Fleet. He is credited with developing the problem of the civil use of the air fleet, the basic principles for the development of domestic civil aviation.

February 9, 1923 The Council of Labor and Defense (STO) adopted a resolution on the organization of the Council for Civil Aviation under the Main Directorate of the Air Fleet. The resolution legislated the creation of a new branch of the national economy - civil aviation. The Inspectorate of the Civil Air Fleet was entrusted with the functions of the executive and technical body of the Council, which directed all the activities of the GA in the USSR. February 9, 1923 became the official date of birth of domestic civil aviation.

March 17, 1923 The first air transport enterprise of the RSFSR, Dobrolet, was created. In the same year, similar companies appeared in Transcaucasia - "Zakavia" and in Ukraine - "Ukrvozdukhput". In December 1929 on their basis, a single society "Dobrolet USSR" was formed.

"Dobrolet" played a big role in the training of the first pilots and technicians for civil aviation. For the training of flight personnel, courses were organized to retrain military pilots and technicians to civilians. According to the special program approved by Glavvozdukhflot, the pilots were required to study air law, air line service, meteorology, engine science and the material part of the Junkers aircraft. Upon completion of the courses, aviators received pilot certificates and were allowed to fly on civil aviation lines that were being prepared for opening. A 1st class pilot license gave the right to fly with passengers and cargo, and a 2nd class license to fly without passengers.

At that time, many military pilots participating in the Civil War became civil aviation pilots. Among them, A.D. Alekseev, I.F. Voedilo, I.V. Doronin, M.T. Slepnev, A.I. Tomashevsky, A.K. Tumansky, and others. "Dobrolet" was equipped with the first in the USSR regular air line Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod, which opened on July 15, 1923. The first flight was performed by the pilot Yakov Nikolaevich Moiseev.

A large public organization "Russian Society of Friends of the Air Fleet" (ODVF), which arose in March 1923, played a huge political and mobilizing role in the development of domestic aviation. Members of the society campaigned for the creation of the Red Air Fleet, preliminary aviation training of young volunteers - future aviators and defenders of the Fatherland. The collected money was used to purchase and build aircraft for military and civil aviation units.

On August 2, 1923, everywhere, the holiday of the USSR Air Fleet was held for the first time. On this day, aircraft flew over the Khodynka field in Moscow.

In the circular of the Presidium of the ODVF, which was then sent to all organizations of the country, it was said that "this day, August 2, is now becoming the day of the annual holiday not only of the military air fleet, but also of the civil air fleet, as an organ that unites in its person all the great the task of creating, through the volunteer efforts of workers and peasants, of all citizens of the USSR, a mighty Red Air Fleet.

In 1923, more than 3 million gold rubles of voluntary contributions were received for the development of aviation. This was equal to the first large subsidy of the Soviet government allocated for the development of the air fleet of the republic in 1921.

Since November 1923, the ODVF began to publish the monthly magazine "Airplane". In March 1925, the ODVF merged with the defense society Dobrokhim into a single Society of Friends of the Aviation Chemical Defense and Industry of the USSR (Aviakhim), and on January 23, 1927, as a result of the merger of Aviakhim and the USSR Defense Assistance Society (OSO), a new mass organization, Osoaviakhim, emerged, which played an important role in the development of Soviet military and civil aviation, the training of personnel for it.

In 1923, when civil aviation was organizationally created, three air lines began to operate regularly in the USSR:

Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod (society "Dobrolet");

Moscow-Tiflis (firm "Junkers");

Moscow-Keninsberg (society "Deruluft").

October 19, 1923 The STO approved a tentative plan for the development of air lines for 1924-1926, which became the first experience of state planning of airlines and provided for the opening of new air routes with a length of over 6 thousand km. in industrial regions, as well as in Siberia, the Far East, the Transcaucasus and the Middle

Asia. The development of air routes by Soviet aviators took place in difficult conditions: there were no means of navigation and communication, and meteorological support for flights. Despite these difficulties, the importance of aviation as a means of transport has been growing from year to year. The flights were carried out on passenger metal six-seater Junkers-type aircraft. By the end of the first year of its existence, the Civil Air Fleet had 45 aircraft and 30 pilots, of which 14 were citizens of the USSR, and 16 were foreigners. The Civil Air Fleet performed 863 flights on the lines, transported 2453 passengers, more than 45 tons of cargo and soil, flying 461 thousand km.

Pilots and aircraft technicians were trained in military aviation schools: Moscow, Leningrad, Kachinskaya, Borisoglebskaya, Serpukhov, Orenburg, Volskaya. Engineers for civil aviation were trained by the Faculty of Air Communications of the Leningrad Institute of Communications. Among its graduates was V.B. Shavrov, who later became a well-known designer and scientist.

In 1924 was designed for civil aviation by TsAGI engineers V.L. Alexandrov. V.V. Kalinin and A.M. Cheremukhin, the first Soviet four-seat passenger wooden aircraft AK-1. It had a Salmson engine of 170hp, (speed 145km/h, flight ceiling 2200m). Under the leadership of A.N. Tupolev, the ANT-2 was built, the first in the USSR all-metal two-seat passenger aircraft made of chain aluminum. Domestic aircraft AK-1, U-2, K-5, ANT-4 entered the domestic airlines. Successfully operated since 1925. five-seat passenger aircraft PM-1 on the routes Moscow-Leningrad, Moscow-Berlin and was not inferior to foreign aircraft "Dornier", "Junkers" and "Fokker". For the Civil Air Fleet, 10 such machines were built. In 1926 Soviet flights to the Mongolian People's Republic began. In 1927 Lines Leningrad-Berlin, Tashkent-Kabul were opened.

In October 1928 our civil aviation was presented for the first time at the international exhibition in Berlin, where 26 countries participated. The USSR exhibited ANT-3, K-4 and U-2. The K-4 aircraft (designed by K.A. Kalinin) was produced in passenger, ambulance aerial photography versions. Kalinin's planes turned out to be more economical than other civil aircraft of that time, both ours and foreign ones, and were widely used in the civil aviation of the USSR.

The foreign press spoke approvingly of the Soviet machines exhibited at the Berlin exhibition.

In the second half of 1928, mass production of the first-born of the domestic heavy aircraft industry ANT-4 (TB-1) began. This twin-engine all-metal monoplane surpassed in its data all foreign aircraft of this type. He entered civil aviation under the name "Country of the Soviets". Its take-off weight was more than 7 tons, speed - up to 207 km / h. All subsequent Soviet bombers and American "flying fortresses" became essentially a development of the TB-1 type.

For 1923-1928. The Civil Air Fleet transported over 28 thousand passengers and about 700 tons of cargo. In the 1920s, flights were made with the aim of developing new air routes, checking the quality of domestic aircraft and engines. They were attended by B.K. Welling, M.M. Gromov, A.N. Ekatov, A.I. Tomashevsky, S.A. Shestakov and other pilots.

GVF by the end of 1928. carried out not only transportation, but also found its application in agriculture, aerial photography, forestry, meteorology, scientific research, animal hunting, geological exploration, and the development of vast expanses of the Soviet Union. The absence of a developed aviation industry in the country forced the civilian fleet in its formative years to use imported foreign materiel, engines and spare parts. Since 1925, a number of designs of domestic, aerial photographic ambulance aircraft of the K-1, K-3, ANT-3, ANT-4, U-2 and other types have been created in the USSR, which began to enter service in the Civil Air Fleet, although their mass production is still was not organised.

In order to improve the civil air fleet management system, the STO of the USSR on July 29, 1927 adopted the "Regulations on Civil Aviation", canceling the position of the STO of the RSFSR of February 9, 1923. The status of the Civil Aviation Council was raised, which from that time was subordinate to the People's Commissariat for Military and maritime affairs and was removed from subordination to Glavvozdukhflot. The Council was entrusted with the supervision of civil aviation in the USSR and the management of its development; issuance of permits for the opening of new air lines and consideration of financial and operational reports of air communication companies.

Along with organizational changes, the mode of work of personnel was improved. The Civil Air Fleet Inspectorate established the pilot's flight time limit on overhead lines - 75 hours per month with a flight duration of not more than 8 hours per day and with rest after that 16 hours; with daily rest - after two days of work. In some cases, at the request of the flight crew, a flight time of up to 90 hours was allowed.

For 1923-1928. the material and technical foundations of the domestic civil air fleet were laid. Starting with the organization on a public and commercial basis of the first airlines, which were of an artisanal nature, having neither experience nor sufficient funds, the Civil Air Fleet by the end of 1928. already had permanently operating airlines and a generally positive financial balance. Civil Air Fleet has become a new promising mode of transport. During this period, the organizational formation of civil aviation took place.

CIVIL AVIATION, air transport industry, provides transportation of passengers, mail and cargo; used to protect agricultural plants from pests, for aerial photography of the area, exploration of minerals, protection of forests (including extinguishing fires), for medical and sanitary purposes, etc. G. a. has a fleet of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters), a network of air lines, airports, airfields with a system of technical facilities, radio and weather stations, factories and repair and technical bases, research and educational institutions.

G. a. arose in the countries of Europe and America after the 1st World War. In France and Germany, as a mode of transport, it began to develop from 1920–21. In Russia in November 1921, on the basis of the Decree "On Air Traffic" (dated 17.1.1921), a mixed Russian-German Society of Air Communications ("Deruluft", "Deruluft") was formed. Regular flights on the first international postal and passenger line Moscow - Königsberg opened on May 1, 1922 (in 1926 the line was extended to Berlin). In the USSR, G. a. ("Aeroflot") began its development in 1923 (the Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet "Dobrolyot" was created). The peak of traffic in the country refers to con. 1980s, when Aeroflot carried more than 120 million passengers annually, approx. 3 million tons of cargo, St. 400 thousand tons of mail. The share of air transport accounted for up to 20% of the total passenger traffic, and on long-distance routes (4 thousand km or more) - St. 80%.

December 7, 1944, as a result of the signing in Chicago, the Convention on International Civil Aviation was created International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO), which is a specialized agency of the United Nations. On November 14, 1970, the USSR (the Russian Federation is the successor) joined ICAO. The growth in air traffic intensity, the operation of high-speed multi-seat aircraft and complex ground-based aviation equipment necessitated the implementation of comprehensive measures to ensure safety and increase the regularity of flights. In February 1973, the State Aviation Supervision Authority of the USSR and the State Aviation Register of the USSR were created under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, which were transformed in September 1986 into the State Commission for Supervision of Flight Safety under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In December 1991, on the basis of the Interstate Agreement on Civil Aviation and on the Use of Airspace between 12 states (Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ukraine), the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) was established. The Committee is called upon to maintain unified aviation rules, airworthiness standards, a unified certification system for aviation equipment and its production, international categorized airfields and their equipment, independent investigation of aviation accidents, coordination of civil aviation development issues and harmonization of national programs for the development of air traffic systems. Regulations on the IAC in July 1992 registered with the ICAO and the IAC is included in the list of intergovernmental organizations.

The types of aircraft that have become widespread in aviation are diverse: airplanes, airships, helicopters, gyroplanes, and others. the era of the airship begins. Since 1909, the German joint-stock company DELAG, on the basis of seven airships, performed 1582 regular flights, 34,028 passengers were transported even before the 1st World War. On 24/8/1919 the company resumed regular flights on the airship LZ-120 between Berlin and Friedrichshafen. The airship LZ-127 served transatlantic flights with a range of up to 11,000 km for 10 years. Planes could not fly such a range yet. The UK used the R-100 and R-101 airships on the England-India-Australia route. The tragedy of the airship "LZ-129 Hindenburg" in 1937 questioned the advisability of using airships. The situation was aggravated by successes in the aircraft and helicopter industry. Return to airships (as well as seaplanes) in G. a. we tried many more times, but so far it is more of a transport and excursion task.

Helicopter construction since the 1950s firmly entered a separate page in G. a. both transport and passenger. In the helicopter industry, two interrelated lines of development have been identified: the first - in the direction of increasing load capacity, the second– in improving flight performance. For example, helicopters of the Mil Design Bureau: Mi-1 - 0.5 tons, Mi-4 - 1.67 tons, Mi-6 - 12 tons, Mi-12 - 25 tons; Helicopters manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation» : S-51 - 0.4 t, S-55 - 1.1 t, S-56 - 5 t, S-65 - 8.4 t; helicopters Boeing Vertol Co. » : PV-17 - 0.9 t, V-44 - 1.8 t, V-107 - 3 t, V-114 - 5.8 t. As a rule, an increase in carrying capacity was achieved by increasing the size of the main rotor and the power of the power plant . Helicopters are characterized by multifunctionality, up to the modular replacement of the cabin for the target load (for example, Mi-8 and Mi-17, Ka-15M and Ka-18, Ka-26, Ka-126). Helicopters played a big role in the development of Siberia and the Far East, performing regular passenger and transport flights there.

Ekranoplanes, ekranolet and hovercraft, although they were also used in transport operations, have not yet received proper development. Often, their affiliation with aviation is generally questioned.

A separate page G. a. is postal aviation. On February 18, 1911, 6,600 letters and 250 postcards were transported in India from Allahabad to Naini over a distance of 13 km. The letters were canceled with a special stamp (a biplane is depicted over the mountains of Asia), the cliché of which was destroyed immediately after the end of the flight. The first ever regular postal transportation began on March 31, 1918 on the route Vienna-Krakow-Lviv-Kyiv. And already in May 1918, a route was opened between Washington and New York. In 1924 a transcontinental route was opened from New York to San Francisco. In the 1920s and 30s. the famous writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery was a pilot of international airmail lines, including the French airline Aéropostale. In the 1st floor. 20th century seaplanes were used for postal aviation on transatlantic flights. In the modern world, the postal aviation services market is popular. OK. 20 million parcels are transported around the world every day. 70% of them are accounted for by the largest carrier companies "FedEx" , UPS, DHL and TNT. Cargo aircraft of these postal companies form an essential segment of the logistics chain, where cars and ships are also involved in the express delivery of mail and cargo. For example,"Fedex" has a fleet of 663 aircraft and more than 90,000 vehicles, UPS– 229 jets and an additional 298 charter aircraft.

The main indicators of air transport aircraft (AT) are passenger capacity, take-off weight, flight speed, and so on. According to their purpose, passenger aircraft of local airlines (IL) and mainline aircraft are distinguished. In Russia, depending on the takeoff weight, aircraft are divided into light - category AP-23 and the rest - AP-25. MVL are represented by light aircraft (An-2, L-410, An-28, etc.), as a rule, included in the AP-23 category; are characterized by the ability to take off from unpaved runways (up to 550 m long) and a flight range of up to 1000 km (for the Russian Federation, the network of such airports is more than 50%). The aviation complex of long-haul aircraft includes short-haul, medium- and long-haul aircraft (accordingly, BMS, SMS and DMS). BMS [for example, Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, Il-114, " Sukhoi Superjet 100"("Sukhoi Superjet 100" )] connect regional centers located in the European part of the Russian Federation and located at a distance of 500–1500 km from each other. SMS (Yak-42, Tu-154, Tu-104, Tu-214, A-320, A-319, B737, B757, etc.) with a flight range of up to 5000 km fly between remote regional centers of the Russian Federation, and also carry out inland flights. The DMS includes Tu-114, Il-62, Il-96, B-747, A-340, A-350 and others with a flight range of St. 5000 km (for example, Moscow - Khabarovsk). In accordance with the requirements for flight safety, intercontinental aircraft (modifications of the LCA) are distinguished as an independent class, capable of non-stop flights up to 18,000 km (for example, London-Sydney), based at high-class airports around the world.

An analysis of the distribution of flights reveals three distinct flight zones. The first up to 3000 km corresponds to inland flights. The second in the range from 8,000 to 11,000 km is the transatlantic flight range (the B747 aircraft was designed for this range). The next frontier at 13,000 km is for the development of Asia-Pacific traffic from Europe and America (as a rule, an A-380 aircraft is used). Ultra-long non-stop flights are made over a distance of 17,000 km or more (as a rule, B747, A-380 aircraft are used). This is the so-called. Kangaroo Route (eng. "kangaroo path") - flights from Australia to Europe and America, such as London-Sydney (16,994 km), or Melbourne (16,903 km), or Auckland, New Zealand (18,338 km). Modern airplanes G. a. capable of realizing the maximum possible flight ranges that theoretically can occur on Earth in the equatorial zone. For example, when flying from Buenos Aires to Shanghai (range 19,602 km), Auckland, New Zealand - Madrid (19,628 km), Taipei - Asuncion in an arc (19,918 km). But so far there are no such tasks on the main lines. There are experiments and PR. For example, on December 10, 2005, a Boeing 777-200LR made the longest flight from Hong Kong to London (flight from west to east) with a length of 21,602 km in 22 hours and 40 minutes (with a passenger capacity of 301 people, there were 27 people on board).

Of the long-haul flights, the most popular and massive flight is London - Sydney. Now it is performed with an intermediate landing. The first successful attempt at a non-stop flight from London to Sydney was made by the Australian company Qantas. in 1989 on the B747-400, flying 18,000 km in 20 hours 9 minutes without passengers and luggage.

From Russian companies, Aeroflot performs a long flight on the route Moscow - Cancun (Mexico; 9981 km in 14 hours and 10 minutes) on Airbus 330-200. Of the flights within one country, the longest Sochi - Khabarovsk (6889 km) and Moscow - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (6773 km), as a rule, are carried out on the Il-62 (flight range from 10 to 11 thousand km) and Il-96 (range flight from 9 to 13 thousand km).

Agricultural, medical, training, and other aircraft belong to general aviation (GA). Most of the MVL aircraft after completion (modification) can be used in the GA (An-2, An-28, Yak-40).

Transport aircraft G. a. (created, as a rule, on the basis of military transport aviation) in terms of carrying capacity are divided into light - up to 10 tons (An-26, An-32), medium - up to 50 tons (Il-76, An-70) and heavy - light . 50 tons (An-124, An-225). Sometimes modifications of mainline aircraft are used as transport (postal) aircraft (for example, Tu-214, Il-96).

As an independent division of G. a. firefighting aircraft An-2, An-26P, An-32P, Il-76P, Be-12P-200, Be-200, Bombardier 415 (Bombardier 415, Canada), Martin Mars (Martin Mars, USA) and Bell helicopters 212 (USA), S-64 (USA), Mi-14 PZh, Mi-6 PZH, Mi-26 TP.

The basis of G.'s development and. is the need to continuously reduce the cost of air transportation. The greater the number of passengers placed on the plane, the more economical it is. In G. a. airlines operate aircraft that can accommodate 350–550 passengers: B-747, B-747-200 (Boeing); Il-86, Il-96; L-1011 (Lockheed); DC-10 (McDonnell Douglas). Their appearance opened the era of wide-body jet passenger aircraft. It can be argued that the main trend in civil aircraft construction will be an increase in passenger capacity, as well as a transition to supersonic passenger aircraft (SPS). The first generation of such aircraft has already been created - the Soviet Tu-144 aircraft, the Anglo-French Concorde aircraft ("Concord"). The operation of these aircraft did not give the expected results in reducing the cost of transportation due to low fuel efficiency, as well as due to the unresolved problem of reducing the noise level during supersonic flight. Research aimed at solving these and other problems is being carried out by the leading aviation powers. We should expect the appearance of the 2nd generation SPS with a flight speed corresponding to the cruising number M = 2.2 - 2.5 (M - mach number ); with increased by 40-50% (compared to the SPS of the 1st generation) aerodynamic quality; with a 15–20% reduced dead weight of the aircraft and increased fuel efficiency by 1.5–2 times. It is promising to develop a variable cycle gas turbine ramjet engine, which is 20% or more economical than existing engines that provide supersonic flight. This will make it possible to create a 2nd generation SPS (velocities correspond to M = 4.5) with an intercontinental flight range. Such a task is posed in G. a. based on the flight London - Sydney for 4-5 hours (this is the time during which the passenger in a sitting position feels comfortable).

Industry research institutes in G. a. provide scientific and methodological development of the industry. The parent organization is the State Research Institute of Civil Aviation (GosNII GA). Established in 1930. During its work, the institute provided scientific and methodological support for the implementation of St. 100 types of aircraft. The Institute has 13 scientific centers and one branch, covering a wide range of activities and research in the field of air transport: certification and special tests and the introduction of new aircraft and power plants; maintaining the airworthiness of aircraft and power plants during operation; ensuring flight safety and aviation security; the development of the aviation market, the formation of requirements for new aviation technology and the development of programs for the development of aviation aviation; improvement of flight and technical operation, etc.

The State Design and Survey and Research Institute of Civil Aviation "Aeroproject" has designed almost all airports in Russia and the CIS countries and is responsible for the development of the ground infrastructure of aviation. throughout Russia. The history of the Aeroproject begins on 10/1/1934, when the Central Office for Research and Design of the Main Directorate of Civil Air Fleet was organized. The unified technical policy pursued by Aeroproject in the field of designing aviation infrastructure facilities, solving the problems of developing and reconstructing airports and their infrastructure in a comprehensive manner, promptly introduces scientific achievements into the domestic practice of airport construction.

During the period from 1955 to 1965 in the country, the total volume of air transportation in ton-kilometers increased by 9.5 times, and passenger traffic - by almost 13.6 times. For the operation of jet aircraft, the airports of Vnukovo, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Khabarovsk have been reconstructed. For the first time in domestic practice, from monolithic prestressed reinforced concrete, runways were designed and built at Domodedovo, Kirov, Tyumen airports. In the beginning. 1960s for the airports of the Far East and Siberia, a series of standard designs of air terminals for 200–400 passengers/h were developed using standard solutions. In 1964, the airport terminal complex at Sheremetyevo International Airport with a capacity of 1,500 passengers per hour and the airport terminal complex at Domodedovo with a capacity of 3,000 passengers per hour were designed and built. In con. 1970s–80s new-generation mainline aircraft Il-86, Yak-42, An-26 and An-28 entered the line, which required the modernization of the aviation infrastructure, which was successfully completed by Aeroproject. In 2009–15, Aeroproject specialists upgraded Vnukovo (Terminal A Kaplya), Sheremetyevo (Terminal D), Severny (Grozny), helipads on Russky Island (Vladivostok) and others in Russia and abroad.

Training for G. a. conducted industry educational institutions: Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (branches - in Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Troitsk), St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation (branches– in Vyborg, Krasnoyarsk, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk), Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation (Sasovo, Krasnokutsk and Omsk branches).

The main criterion for the effectiveness of G. a. 21st century - flight safety. The development of civil aircraft construction is aimed at reducing the takeoff weight of aircraft, increasing the aerodynamic quality, as well as reducing the specific fuel consumption.

CIVIL AVIATION, the branch of transport that carries out air transportation. Civil aviation provides transportation of passengers, mail and cargo; used to protect agricultural plants from pests, for aerial photography of the area, exploration of minerals, protection of forests (including fire extinguishing), for medical and sanitary purposes, etc. Civil aviation has a fleet of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters), a network of air lines, airports, airfields with a system of technical facilities, radio and weather stations, factories and repair and technical bases, research and educational institutions.

Civil aviation arose in Europe and America after the 1st World War. In France and Germany, as a mode of transport, it began to develop from 1920-21. In Russia in November 1921, on the basis of the Decree "On Air Traffic" (dated 17.1.1921), a mixed Russian-German Society of Air Communications ("Deruluft", "Deruluft") was formed. Regular flights on the first international postal and passenger line Moscow - Koenigsberg opened on May 1, 1922 (in 1926 the line was extended to Berlin). In the USSR, civil aviation (Aeroflot) began its development in 1923 (the All-Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet Dobrolyot was created). The peak of transportation in the country dates back to the end of the 1980s, when Aeroflot annually transported more than 120 million passengers, about 3 million tons of cargo, over 400 thousand tons of mail. The share of air transport accounted for up to 20% of the total passenger traffic, and on long-distance routes (4 thousand km or more) - over 80%.

The main indicators of civil aviation aircraft engaged in air transportation (AP): passenger capacity, take-off weight, flight speed, etc. By purpose, passenger aircraft of local air lines (IL) and main ones are distinguished. In Russia, depending on the takeoff weight, aircraft are divided into light - category AP-23 and the rest - AP-25. MVL are represented by light aircraft (An-2, L-410, An-28, etc.), as a rule, included in the AP-23 category; are characterized by the ability to take off from unpaved runways (up to 550 m long) and a flight range of up to 1000 km (for the Russian Federation, the network of such airports is more than 50%). The aviation complex of long-haul aircraft includes short-haul, medium- and long-haul aircraft (Navy, SMS and DMS, respectively). Naval Forces (for example, Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, Il-114) connect regional centers located in the European part of the Russian Federation and located at a distance of 500-1500 km from each other. SMS (Yak-42, Tu-154, Tu-104, Tu-214, A-320, A-310, V-731, V-757, etc.), with a flight range of up to 5000 km, fly between remote regional centers Russian Federation, and also carry out intracontinental flights. The DMS includes Tu-114, Il-62, Il-96, V-747, A-340 and others with a flight range of over 5000 km (for example, Moscow - Khabarovsk). In accordance with the requirements for flight safety, intercontinental aircraft (DMS modifications) are distinguished as an independent class, capable of non-stop flights up to 18,000 km (for example, London - Sydney) based at high-class airports in the world.

Agricultural, medical, training and other aircraft belong to general aviation (GA). Most of the MVL aircraft after completion (modification) can be used in GA. Transport aircraft of civil aviation (created, as a rule, on the basis of military transport aviation) according to their carrying capacity are divided into light - up to 10 tons (An-26, An-32), medium - up to 50 tons (Il-76, An-70) and heavy - over 50 tons (An-124, An-225). Sometimes modifications of mainline aircraft are used as transport aircraft (for example, Tu-214, Il-96). Other types of aircraft, which are less common in aviation (airships, helicopters, ekranoplanes, gyroplanes, etc.), are classified similarly.

The basis for the development of civil aviation is the need to continuously reduce the cost of air transportation. The greater the number of passengers placed on the plane, the more economical it is. In civil aviation, airlines operate aircraft that can accommodate 350-550 passengers: B-747, B-747-200 (Boeing); Il-86, Il-96; L-1011 (Lockheed); DC-10 (McDonnell Douglas). Their appearance opened the era of wide-body jet passenger aircraft. It can be argued that the main trend in civil aircraft construction will be an increase in passenger capacity, as well as a transition to supersonic passenger aircraft (SPS). The first generation of such aircraft has already been created (the Soviet Tu-144 aircraft, the Anglo-French Concorde aircraft). The operation of these aircraft did not give the expected results in reducing the cost of transportation due to low fuel efficiency, as well as due to the unresolved problem of reducing the noise level during supersonic flight. Research aimed at solving these and other problems is being carried out by the leading aviation powers. We should expect the appearance of the second generation SPS with a flight speed corresponding to the cruising number M = 2.2-2.5 (M - Mach number); with increased by 40-50% (compared to the first generation SPS) aerodynamic quality; with a 15-20% reduced dead weight of the aircraft and increased fuel efficiency by 1.5-2 times. It is promising to develop a variable cycle gas turbine ramjet engine, which is 20% or more economical than existing engines that provide supersonic flight. This will make it possible to create a second-generation SPS (velocities correspond to M = 4.5) with an intercontinental flight range.

The main criterion for the effectiveness of civil aviation in the 21st century is flight safety. The development of civil aircraft construction is aimed at reducing the takeoff weight of aircraft, increasing the aerodynamic quality, as well as reducing the specific fuel consumption.

Lit .: Eger S. M., Matveenko A. M., Shatalov I. A. Fundamentals of aviation technology. 3rd ed. M., 2003.

In agriculture, oil and gas industry, construction, forest protection, expedition service, etc.;

Civil aviation is based on civilian airfields. The main functional and production unit of civil aviation is the airport.

There is an opinion that commercial civil aviation is currently the safest, this is explained by the absence of the threat of terrorist attacks, good technical equipment and careful operation, storage of VIP class aircraft in hangars, and not in the open.

official interpretation

Extract from the Air Code of the Russian Federation dated 19.03.1997 No. 60-FZ (as amended on 06.12.2011).

Chapter III, Article 21 Civil Aviation

• 1. Aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy refers to civil aviation.
• 2. Civil aviation used to provide services (to carry out air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail) and (or) perform aviation work, refers to commercial civil aviation.
• 3. Civil aviation, not used for commercial air transportation and performance of aviation work, refers to general aviation.

Higher educational institutions of civil aviation in Russia

• Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
• St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation
• Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation

Aviation technical colleges and schools of civil aviation of Russia

• Vyborg Aviation Technical School Marshal Zhavoronkov
• Egorievsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Irkutsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Kirsanov Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Krasnoyarsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Omsk Flight Technical College of Civil Aviation
• Rylsk Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation
• St. Petersburg Aviation and Transport College of Civil Aviation
• Buguruslan Aviation School
• Krasnokutsk Aviation School
• Sasovo Aviation School
• Yakut Aviation Technical College of Civil Aviation

• In 1950, the civil aviation of the USSR carried 3.5 times more passengers than in 1940.
• The total number of civil aircraft in the Russian Federation in 2006 was 5600, in 2008 - 5900.

operated by airlines in 2006 - 2705 units.

see also

Links

• V. Ershov "Thoughts of a sled dog" and other memoirs of the pilot

Notes

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See what "Civil Aviation" is in other dictionaries:

Monthly illustrated mass magazine. Founded in May 1931 as an organ of the All-Union Association of the Civil Air Fleet, since 1932 an organ of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. A break in publication from June 1941 to January 1955. From August 1964, the organ ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

civil Aviation- (English civil air fleet) according to the air legislation of the Russian Federation, aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy. G.a., used for air transportation of passengers, baggage ... Encyclopedia of Law

Used for the transport of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail; performance of aerial work in certain sectors of the economy (in agriculture, construction, for the protection of forests, servicing expeditions, etc.); medical care... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

civil Aviation- type of aviation in the Russian Federation. Civil aviation is used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy of the state in air transportation. Civil aviation, which implements air transportation of passengers, baggage ... Administrative law. Dictionary-reference

I Civil aviation is a branch of the national economy that serves the needs of the national economy and the population in air transportation; used for aeronautical protection c. X. plants from pests, aerial photography of the area, reconnaissance ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Filat. name series of postage, stamps of the USSR 1934 "On the 10th anniversary of the Civil Aviation of the USSR and the Soviet air mail" (No. 444 453). On fig. stamps of the ANT 9 aircraft series over various regions of the country. "Civil Aviation" … Big philatelic dictionary

civil Aviation- 3.4 civil aviation; GA: Aviation used to meet the needs of citizens and the economy. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Monthly mass production magazine, since 1931 (not published in 1941 54), Moscow. Founder (1998) Civil Aviation Edition LLC with the participation of the Federal Aviation Service of the Russian Federation, the Interstate Aviation Committee, the Main ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Civil aviation pilots are specialists who have devoted themselves entirely to life in the skies. These are fearless people who have challenged fate and gone through many trials. Therefore, everyone who dreams of such a profession should be aware that his life path will become just as difficult and thorny.

And if such a fate does not scare, then let's talk about civil aviation in Russia. Where should you go to study? How long will it take, and how then to look for a job?

The start of a long journey

First of all, you should be aware of the fact that it will take quite a long time to study as a civil aviation pilot. Indeed, unlike a car, flying an aircraft requires extensive knowledge: from its structure to the features of flying in bad weather.

Therefore, it is worth preparing for the fact that you will have to study "tons" of educational material. At the same time, it is not just to memorize all the information, but to be able to correctly use it during flights. Especially if in the future you have plans to get a job in a commercial structure.

Flight licenses

Today, all civil aviation pilots are divided into three broad categories. This happens because of the strict licensing system that absolutely all pilots must pass. It is she who subsequently determines what kind of winged machines a person can control.

1. PPL or private pilot. Possession of this document grants the right to fly small aircraft not intended for cargo transportation. Simply put, a person can fly as much as he likes for his pleasure, but at the same time no one will take him to work.
2. CPL or commercial pilot. This type of license allows a person to deliver small loads, make tourist overflights and lift paratroopers into the sky.
3. ATPL or line pilot. What can I say, this is the highest category of pilots, allowing you to fly multi-ton passenger airliners.

civil aviation

As soon as a person decides to embark on this path, he immediately faces a choice: apply to a flight school or limit himself to an aviation school? Oddly enough, both options have their pros and cons, so let's look at them separately.

Let's start with flight schools. here it is higher, since much more time is allocated for pilot training. In addition, students are taught not only piloting, but also other disciplines - physics, advanced mathematics and law. This allows you to educate comprehensively developed pilots who are able to perform their duties with high quality.

As for the minuses, flight schools and academies conduct recruitment based on the state order. This leads to the fact that from 10 to 12 applicants apply for one place. In addition, many accomplished civil aviation pilots say that the technical base of our educational institutions is noticeably outdated. Because of this, their graduates have to take additional courses in order to understand the peculiarities of piloting new aircraft.

But everyone can enter the flight school. Here, more important is whether a person has money for education. The quality of education here is slightly lower, although it largely depends on the school itself and what kind of teachers work there. At the same time, it is worth noting that it is much easier to get a PPL category certificate at an aviation school, since here you can take extracurricular classes.

Moving from one category to another

Both male and female civil aviation pilots in Russia pass the same standards to obtain a license. They are different for each document type, so let's look at them:

1. A PPL type certificate can be obtained by candidates who have reached the age of 16. To do this, they need to learn 155 hours of theoretical material, as well as fly 47 hours on a Cessna 172 aircraft. On average, training in this category takes from several months to one year, depending on the intensity of classes and the type of educational institution.
2. Candidates over the age of 18 can receive a CPL type certificate. To do this, they need to have a PPL type license or complete this training course from scratch. In addition, they will have to study more than 600 hours of theory, as well as fly 152 hours in a single-engine aircraft. And at the end of the training, close another 30 hours of flights on a navigation simulator and 12 hours on a multi-engine airplane.
3. The ATPL type certificate is a more sophisticated version of the CPL license. That is, you will need to learn everything that is in the previous categories, only with a greater depth in practice. In addition, you will have to work out flight simulations on passenger and cargo airliners.

Passage of the medical commission

All civil aviation pilots undergo strict medical checks. At the same time, it is carried out both before the start of training and after its completion. Also, a medical commission will have to be passed annually after getting a job, otherwise the pilot will simply not be allowed to fly.

The difficulty lies in the fact that any defect or illness can become a reason for a negative conclusion. If we talk about commercial flights, then doctors can ban flights even because a person does not have a couple of teeth. This is due to the fact that such a defect distorts speech, and this, in turn, makes it difficult to communicate with the tower controller.

Finding a suitable job

In search of work, of course, all civil aviation pilots in Russia start from what kind of license they have. So, if you have a CPL, you should try to get a job with a small airline that provides travel services. As an option, you can consider the vacancies of instructors in flight schools, but then you will have to complete additional courses.

Much more prospects open up for those who own the ATPL license. In this case, it is likely that a large airline will offer you a job. But there is only one thing - most likely you will have to enroll in special courses that allow you to master the management of an airliner.

The trouble is that their cost is quite high. Consequently, it will be necessary to conclude a special agreement, according to which the pilot will deduct part of his salary in order to pay off the debt to the airline. In addition, initially a novice is allowed only to the position of a 2nd pilot, since the captain's position requires experience in flying large aircraft (over 1.5 thousand hours).

Responsibilities of a Civil Aviation Pilot

Airlines often disagree on the finer points of domestic politics. However, there is something that unites them all - the rigidity of the requirements in relation to their pilots. After all, not only the safety of the aircraft, but also the life of its passengers depends on it.

Therefore, all pilots are required to comply with the following five points:

1. Fly professionally.
2. Always follow the safety regulations.
3. Find out in advance the reports of meteorological services.
4. Check the condition of the vessel before the start of the flight.
5. Obediently use the commands and tips of the air traffic controller.

Women Civil Aviation Pilots in Russia

Most people are used to the fact that the pilot is a man. Therefore, for them, a female civil aviation pilot is something out of the ordinary. However, the reality is that both men and the fairer sex can fly the plane. That's just for some reason, even today they are approached by large airliners with caution. And yet in Russia there are examples of women managing such giants.

So, Olga Kirsanova has been piloting a passenger plane weighing more than a hundred tons for several years. She is sure that everyone can get a seat in the cockpit of a winged car - the main thing is to want it with all your heart. What is true, Olga herself had to sweat a lot to achieve her position, since the leadership of her airline could not decide on this appointment for a very long time.