Electric submarine dolphin. Submarine "Dolphin": the creation of the project, construction, purpose, performance of tasks, design and history of the submarine. Submarines in the Russian Empire

For almost 30 years, Soviet nuclear missile carriers successfully countered the nuclear potential of the Western countries, playing the role of a reliable element of deterrence. The nuclear submarine armed with ballistic missiles was, is and will be the most powerful weapon in the modern era. Thanks to their great destructive power and sophisticated equipment, missile submarines are the most advanced warships that have ever rolled off the stocks. The Soviet Union could be proud of its achievements in the field of nuclear submarine construction. Today, the rich traditions of Soviet submariners, all the vast experience accumulated in the construction of ships of this class, are successfully used in practice by Russian submariners. The combat service of Project 667bdrm submarines of the Dolphin type is a vivid confirmation of this. Missile submarine cruisers Novomoskovsk, Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye continue to carry out regular combat duty as part of the Northern Fleet.

Seven nuclear submarines of the Dolphin type are the basis of the marine component of the Russian nuclear triad at the moment. These ships are direct descendants of the Project 667 nuclear-powered submarines, which were the most massive in the Soviet fleet.

Old, new project 667BRDM type "Dolphin"

The collapse of the Soviet Union left the Russian Navy a rich legacy. A huge nuclear submarine fleet stood in bays in the Northern Fleet and was based in the Far East. Soviet nuclear submarines had different ages and were ready for further service in different ways. Of all types and classes of submarines, the Dolphin-type nuclear-powered ships of Project 667BRDM are the best preserved. It was on these ships that a bet was made for the future maintenance of the combat readiness of the Russian naval nuclear forces.

It should be said right away that this project was a hodgepodge, which included the best design developments in the process of building Project 667 ships. As before, the Rubin Central Design Bureau, the flagship of the domestic nuclear submarine shipbuilding, was involved in the development of an improved project.

The Dolphin-class ships were supposed to be the final version of Project 667, marking the transition from 2nd generation nuclear submarines to 3rd generation submarines. According to the Soviet classification, boats of this type belonged to the class of missile submarines, respectively, and the type of ships was designated as SSBN (strategic missile submarine cruiser). The development of an improved project began back in 1975, when the US Navy began to develop the design of a new nuclear submarine of the Ohio type. It was planned to place 24 Trident-II ballistic missiles in the new American submarine.

The nuclear missile carriers that were at that time part of the Soviet Navy were armed with a smaller number of strategic missiles. In view of the current situation and in order to create parity with the Americans in terms of the number of nuclear carriers, it was decided to create a more powerful ship for the fleet. The basic basis for the new Soviet submarines was the submarine of project 667BDR "Kalmar". In the design of the new submarine, it was decided to increase everything and significantly improve the navigational characteristics of the submarine. The ships were designed for the installation of new Soviet strategic missiles R-29RM, so it was necessary to increase the size of the ship. Accordingly, the bow and stern ends of the submarine increased.

During the design process, attempts were made to reduce the noise of the ship and make the submarine's hydroacoustic picture less noticeable. Many systems on the Project 667BDRM submarine were used for the first time, including new sonar equipment. The result of the work of the designers was a practically new project, which marked the beginning of a new final series of Soviet nuclear missile carriers, consisting of 7 ships.

The design of the nuclear submarine project 667 BDRM

The lead ship of the series - the nuclear submarine B-51 "Verkhoturye" - was laid down for the holiday, February 23, 1981. For the construction of ships of this project, the main enterprise of the Soviet nuclear shipbuilding, the Severodvinsk Machine-Building Plant Sevmash, was chosen. Within 9 years, from 1981 to 1990, the enterprise launched and put into operation 7 ships of project 667BDRM. The last ship of this series was the SSBN K-407 Novomoskovsk.

Underwater missile carrier "Verkhoturye" received a pronounced hump, which housed 16 ballistic missiles. In the NATO classification, the ship received the code "Delta-IV", thus continuing a number of combat ships under the code Delta. The size of the submarine was impressive. The length of the hull of the boat was 167 m, and the displacement increased to 11,740 tons. The nuclear submarine had a double-hull design, which has become traditional for ships of previous series. The strong main hull of the ship and bulkheads were made of durable steel, capable of withstanding long-term intense loads and having anti-corrosion properties. The design of the ship and the strength characteristics of the materials allowed the boat to sink to a depth of 600 m.

The main components and assemblies of the submarine were placed on special shock-absorbing platforms that reduce vibration and acoustic noise. The compartments with the power plant had local sound absorbers. The light hull was covered with a masking material specially designed for this purpose, providing a smaller hydroacoustic background of the ship. A distinctive feature of the project 667BDRM submarines was the propellers, which had five blades and had an improved hydroacoustic picture.

Such measures and innovations significantly increased the stealth of the ship, bringing the sonar parameters of the Soviet submarine closer to those of the American Ohio-class missile carrier.

During combat campaigns, the Soviet missile submarines Ekaterinburg and Podmoskovye managed to remain at sea unnoticed by NATO ships for more than a week. This was the reason that American submarines were forced to approach the places of permanent deployment of Soviet submarines, exposing themselves to a great risk of being detected.

All ships of the project received an automated weapons control system "Omnibus-BDRM", with the help of which the analysis of incoming information was carried out, the parameters of the combat use of tactical weapons were determined. In addition, the boats were equipped with the new Skat hydroacoustic equipment, which has two antennas. One antenna was located in the nose cone, the second was used in the towed version. The missile armament had an improved navigation complex "Sluice", which allows to determine the location of the boat with high accuracy during the launch of missiles.

The main power plant for all submarines was the VM-4SG nuclear reactor, which provided steam for two OK-700A turbine units. The total power of the propulsion system was 60 thousand liters. With. As backup engines on ships, electric motors of 225 hp were used. every. The nuclear installation provided the ships with an underwater course at a speed of 24 knots.

In contrast to the ships of the early series, the conditions of the personnel on the "dolphins" have significantly improved, ensuring comfortable service during long and distant military campaigns. The crew of the submarine in the state consisted of 140 people.

Firepower of project 667BDRM missile carriers

The ships were originally designed for the R-29RM ballistic missile. The D-9RM missile system, installed on submarines, was a launch pad for 16 strategic intercontinental missiles. The Soviet missile had a significant technological advantage over its American counterparts. In terms of firing range and accuracy of hitting with warheads, the R-29RM was unmatched. Having smaller dimensions and take-off weight, the Soviet rocket could deliver nuclear charges over a distance of over 8,000 km.

This type of missile was the last to use liquid propellant rocket engines. Further, all types of missile weapons installed on domestic submarines worked on solid fuel. Within five years, from 1996 to 2001, all ballistic missiles in service with Project 667BDRM submarines were replaced with an upgraded version, the R-29RMU2 missile. Subsequently, Russian Dolphin-class missile carriers were re-equipped to launch R-29RMU2.1 Liner missiles. In 2011, the first underwater launch of a new modernized missile was made from the Ekaterinburg SSBN. Following these tests in the same year, the second intercontinental missile of this type was launched from the K-114 Tula nuclear submarine. Project 667BDRM boats could carry out a rocket salvo while at a working depth of 55 m.

The tactical armament of the nuclear-powered submarines of the Dolphin type was represented by four 533 mm torpedo tubes and the Vodopad anti-submarine torpedo-missile system.

Project 667BDRM nuclear missile submarines in the Russian Navy

All seven ships of this project were commissioned back in the Soviet Union. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, these submarines remained the most modern and formed the backbone of the nuclear forces of the Russian Navy. All ships were assigned to the Northern Fleet and were based at the Gadzhiyevo naval base. In the early 1990s, a government decision was made to maintain the Project 667BDRM missile carriers in combat condition, and, with sufficient funding, to carry out scheduled repairs and modernization. The lead boat of the series was the first in 1993 to undergo a scheduled overhaul and modernization, having again entered service with the Northern Fleet. On the remaining ships, starting in 1996, scheduled repairs and modernization were alternately carried out.

The nuclear submarine K-64 Podmoskovye was decommissioned in 1999. The modernization of the ship continued for a long 16 years. As a result, the boat was converted into a test ship capable of delivering ultra-small submarines. The ship received a new number BS-64. The commissioning of the ship by the Northern Fleet took place in 2019. Missile silos were removed from the former missile carrier Podmoskovye and a new compartment was installed for transporting ultra-small submarines.

To date, all ships are in service. A new stage of restoring the technical readiness of all ships is expected to begin. Submarine K-117 "Bryansk" - the first of the ships of this class launched an intercontinental missile at a short distance. In recent years, the ship has repeatedly performed training and combat launches of ballistic missiles in the Barents Sea.

A strategic missile submarine, the K-18 submarine, surfaced at the North Pole, setting the state flag of Russia and the Navy. In 1996, by decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the submarine received a new name "Karelia".

Eventually

All Project 667BDRM ships are currently part of the Northern Fleet and are the most modern and combat-ready ships of the Russian fleet. Ships of this class have the necessary combat power, being an important component of the Russian nuclear triad. Six missile carriers are alternately on combat duty, while the Podmoskovye boat is involved in research programs and projects.

Being on combat duty, Russian missile carriers create a lot of problems for the search teams of NATO countries. Good stealth and great autonomy provide these submarines with convenient starting positions in the world's oceans. Project 667BDRM missile carriers operate mainly in the polar latitudes, where Russian submarines pose a constant real threat to a potential enemy.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Or R-29RMU2.1 "Liner"

Submarines of project 667BDRM "Dolphin"- a series of Soviet nuclear submarines, initially armed with R-29RM ballistic missiles, and subsequently re-equipped with R-29RMU2 Sineva, R-29RMU2.1 Liner missiles.

Project history

Project 667BDRM lead missile carrier - K-51 "Verkhoturye"- was laid down in February 1981 at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise in Severodvinsk, launched in January 1984, and put into operation in December 1984. In total, in the period from to 1990, 7 submarines of this project were built, 5 of them are part of the Russian Navy, one - K-84 "Yekaterinburg"- in December 2014, it was transferred to the fleet after a major overhaul, and one more - for conversion into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles. All ships were built at the Sevmash plant. K-407 Novomoskovsk was the last to leave the stocks.

Design

The project has a classic layout for this class of submarines: a twin-screw power plant, missile silos behind the wheelhouse in a special fence protruding from the hull, horizontal rudders are located on the wheelhouse, torpedo tubes - in the bow.

Frame

Military application

Project 667BDRM cruisers relatively regularly make trips and participate in firing practice. As a rule, launches are carried out from the waters of the Barents Sea, and the special Kura test site in Kamchatka, located several hundred kilometers north of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, serves as the target.

Peaceful application

Project 667BDRM boats carried out two launches (in 1998 and 2006) of artificial Earth satellites into low earth orbits. From "Novomoskovsk" launch vehicle "Shtil-1", created on the basis of the R-29RM combat missile, in July 1998, for the first time in the world, the Tubsat-N satellite, developed in Germany, was launched (the launch was made from a submerged position). Work is underway to create a more powerful Shtil-2 marine launch vehicle with a payload mass increased from 100 to 350 kg.

Representatives

Current state

prospects

To maintain their combat potential at the required level, the military-industrial commission in September 1999 decided to start production of modernized R-29RMU2 missiles. In this regard, work is underway to equip the Dolphins with the new D-9RMU2 Sineva missile system.

Comparative evaluation

The noise level of Project 667BDRM Dolphin submarines at a speed of 4-8 knots in the frequency range of 5-1000 Hz is 65-85 dB per 1 Pa at a distance of 1 m.

When patrolling in the Barents Sea, the 667BDRM submarine is detected by a Los Angeles-type boat at a distance of up to 30 km (in complete calm (8% of the year)), under normal conditions (92% of the year), the AN / BQQ-5 station detects the Dolphin » at distances of no more than 10 km

see also

Previous modification:

Write a review on the article "Submarines of project 667BDRM "Dolphin""

Notes

5. . Press Service of the Zvyozdochka Ship Repair Center (December 19, 2014).
7. , makeyev.msk.ru
9. . Dmitry Litovkin, Nezavisimaya Gazeta. nvo.ru (05/12/2000). Retrieved December 18, 2011. .
10. . RIA Novosti (28.10.2010). .
13. . star.ru Retrieved February 22, 2010. .
14. . star.ru Retrieved February 22, 2010. .
19. . www.tass-ural.ru (March 19, 2012). Retrieved March 19, 2012. .
22. . lenta.ru (March 26, 2012). Retrieved March 26, 2012. .
25. (Russian). Lenta.ru (February 9, 2012). - All Russian strategic nuclear submarines will be re-equipped with Liner missiles. Retrieved February 9, 2012. .
27. Ilyin V., Kolesnikov A.(Russian) // Equipment and weapons. Yesterday, today, tomorrow .... - M ., 2000. - No. 5-6, May-June. - S. 69.

Links

• //tsubmarinaa.narod.ru
• // atrinaflot.narod.ru
• on ship.bsu.by
• // submarine.id.ru
• // TRK "ZVEZDA", October 28, 2016

An excerpt characterizing the Submarines of project 667BDRM "Dolphin"

Iogel had the funniest balls in Moscow. This was said by mothers, looking at their adolescentes, [girls] doing their newly learned steps; this was said by the adolescentes and adolescents themselves, [girls and boys] dancing until they dropped; these grown girls and young people who came to these balls with the idea of ​​descending to them and finding the best fun in them. In the same year, two marriages took place at these balls. Two pretty princesses Gorchakovs found suitors and got married, and all the more they let these balls into glory. What was special at these balls was that there was no host and hostess: there was, like fluff flying, bowing according to the rules of art, good-natured Yogel, who accepted tickets for lessons from all his guests; was that these balls were still attended only by those who wanted to dance and have fun, as 13 and 14 year old girls want this, putting on long dresses for the first time. All, with rare exceptions, were or seemed pretty: they all smiled so enthusiastically and their eyes lit up so much. Sometimes the best students even danced pas de chale, of which the best was Natasha, distinguished by her grace; but at this, the last ball, only ecossaises, anglaises and the mazurka, which was just coming into fashion, danced. The hall was taken by Yogel to Bezukhov's house, and the ball was a great success, as everyone said. There were many pretty girls, and the Rostov young ladies were among the best. Both of them were especially happy and cheerful. That evening, Sonya, proud of Dolokhov's proposal, her refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still circling at home, not allowing the girl to comb her braids, and now shone through with impetuous joy.
Natasha, no less proud that she was in a long dress for the first time, at a real ball, was even happier. Both were in white, muslin dresses with pink ribbons.
Natasha became in love from the very moment she entered the ball. She was not in love with anyone in particular, but she was in love with everyone. In the one she looked at at the moment she looked, she was in love with him.
- Oh, how good! she kept saying, running up to Sonya.
Nikolai and Denisov walked through the halls, looking affectionately and patronizingly at the dancers.
- How sweet she is, she will be, - said Denisov.
- Who?
“Mr. Athena Natasha,” answered Denisov.
“And how she dances, what a g"ation! - after a pause, he said again.
- Who are you talking about?
“About your sister,” Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov chuckled.
– Mon cher comte; vous etes l "un de mes meilleurs ecoliers, il faut que vous dansiez," said little Yogel, approaching Nikolai. "Voyez combien de jolies demoiselles. [Dear count, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much pretty girls!] - He turned with the same request to Denisov, also his former student.
- Non, mon cher, je fe "ai tapisse" ie, [No, my dear, I'll sit by the wall,] said Denisov. "Don't you remember how badly I used your lessons?"
- Oh no! – hastily comforting him, said Yogel. - You were only inattentive, but you had the ability, yes, you had the ability.
The newly introduced mazurka began to play; Nikolai could not refuse Yogel and invited Sonya. Denisov sat down next to the old women and leaned on his saber, stomping to the beat, telling something merrily and making the old ladies laugh, looking at the dancing youth. Yogel in the first pair danced with Natasha, his pride and best student. Softly, gently moving his feet in his shoes, Yogel was the first to fly across the hall with Natasha, who was timid, but diligently doing her steps. Denisov did not take his eyes off her and tapped time with his saber, with an air that clearly said that he himself did not dance only because he did not want to, and not because he could not. In the middle of the figure, he called to him Rostov, who was passing by.
“That's not it at all,” he said. - Is this a Polish mazu "ka? And she dances well." Knowing that Denisov was even famous in Poland for his skill in dancing the Polish mazurka, Nikolai ran up to Natasha:
- Go ahead, choose Denisov. Here she is dancing! Miracle! - he said.
When it was Natasha's turn again, she stood up and quickly fingering her shoes with bows, timidly, ran alone through the hall to the corner where Denisov was sitting. She saw that everyone was looking at her and waiting. Nikolai saw that Denisov and Natasha were arguing with a smile, and that Denisov refused, but smiled happily. He ran.
“Please, Vasily Dmitritch,” Natasha said, “let’s go, please.”
“Yes, thank you, Mrs. Athena,” said Denisov.
“Well, that’s enough, Vasya,” said Nikolai.
“It’s like Vaska is being persuaded,” Denisov said jokingly.
“I will sing to you all evening,” said Natasha.
- The sorceress will do everything with me! - said Denisov and unfastened his saber. He stepped out from behind the chairs, firmly took his lady by the hand, raised his head and put his foot aside, expecting tact. Only on horseback and in a mazurka was Denisov's small stature not visible, and he seemed to be the same fine fellow as he himself felt. After waiting for a beat, he looked at his lady from the side, victoriously and jokingly, unexpectedly tapped with one foot and, like a ball, rebounded resiliently from the floor and flew along in a circle, dragging his lady with him. He silently flew half the hall on one leg, and seemed not to see the chairs standing in front of him and rushed straight at them; but suddenly, snapping his spurs and spreading his legs, he stopped on his heels, stood like that for a second, with a roar of spurs, his feet tapped in one place, quickly turned around and, snapping his left foot with his right, again flew in a circle. Natasha guessed what he intended to do, and, not knowing how herself, followed him - surrendering to him. Now he circled her, now on his right, then on his left hand, then falling to his knees, circled her around him, and again jumped up and rushed forward with such swiftness, as if he intended, without taking a breath, to run across all the rooms; then he would suddenly stop again and make another new and unexpected knee. When he, briskly circling the lady in front of her seat, clicked his spur, bowing in front of her, Natasha did not even sit down to him. She fixed her eyes on him in bewilderment, smiling as if she did not recognize him. – What is it? she said.
Despite the fact that Yogel did not recognize this mazurka as real, everyone was delighted with the skill of Denisov, they incessantly began to choose him, and the old people, smiling, began to talk about Poland and about the good old days. Denisov, flushed from the mazurka and wiping himself with a handkerchief, sat down next to Natasha and did not leave her the whole ball.

Two days after this, Rostov did not see Dolokhov at his home and did not find him at home; on the third day he received a note from him. “Since I no longer intend to visit your house for reasons known to you and I’m going to the army, this evening I give my friends a farewell feast - come to an English hotel.” Rostov at 10 o'clock, from the theater, where he was with his friends and Denisov, arrived on the appointed day at the English hotel. He was immediately taken to the best room in the hotel, occupied by Dolokhov that night. About twenty people crowded around the table, in front of which Dolokhov sat between two candles. Gold and banknotes lay on the table, and Dolokhov threw the bank. After the proposal and refusal of Sonya, Nikolai had not yet seen him and was confused at the thought of how they would meet.
Dolokhov's bright, cold gaze met Rostov at the door, as if he had been waiting for him for a long time.
“Long time no see,” he said, “thank you for coming.” That's just home, and Ilyushka will appear with the choir.
“I stopped by to see you,” Rostov said, blushing.
Dolokhov did not answer him. “You can bet,” he said.
Rostov remembered at that moment a strange conversation he had once had with Dolokhov. “Only fools can play for luck,” Dolokhov said then.
Or are you afraid to play with me? Dolokhov said now, as if he had guessed Rostov's thought, and smiled. Because of his smile, Rostov saw in him that mood of spirit that he had during dinner at the club and in general at those times when, as if bored with everyday life, Dolokhov felt the need to get out of it by some strange, mostly cruel act. .
Rostov felt uncomfortable; he searched and did not find in his mind a joke that would answer Dolokhov's words. But before he could do this, Dolokhov, looking straight into Rostov's face, slowly and deliberately, so that everyone could hear, said to him:
- Do you remember, we talked about the game with you ... a fool who wants to play for luck; I should probably play, but I want to try.
"Try for luck, or perhaps?" thought Rostov.
“Besides, don’t play,” he added, and cracking a torn deck, he added: “A bank, gentlemen!
Pushing the money forward, Dolokhov prepared to throw. Rostov sat down beside him and at first did not play. Dolokhov looked at him.
Why don't you play? Dolokhov said. And strangely, Nikolai felt the need to take a card, put a small sum on it and start the game.
“I don’t have any money with me,” Rostov said.
- I believe!
Rostov put 5 rubles on the card and lost, put another and lost again. Dolokhov killed, that is, he won ten cards in a row from Rostov.
“Gentlemen,” he said after a few moments, “please put money on cards, otherwise I might get confused in the accounts.”
One of the players said that he hoped he could be trusted.
- You can believe, but I'm afraid to get confused; I ask you to put money on cards, - Dolokhov answered. "Don't be shy, we'll deal with you," he added to Rostov.
The game went on: the footman, without ceasing, served champagne.
All the cards of Rostov were beaten, and up to 800 tons of rubles were written on it. He wrote 800 tons of rubles over one card, but while he was being served champagne, he changed his mind and wrote again an ordinary kush, twenty rubles.
- Leave it, - said Dolokhov, although he did not seem to be looking at Rostov, - you will soon win back. I give to others, but I beat you. Or are you afraid of me? he repeated.
Rostov obeyed, left the written 800 and placed a seven of hearts with a corner torn off, which he picked up from the ground. He remembered her well afterwards. He placed the seven of hearts, writing 800 above it in broken off chalk, in round, straight numbers; drank the served glass of warmed champagne, smiled at Dolokhov's words, and with bated breath, waiting for the seven, began to look at Dolokhov's hands, holding the deck. Winning or losing this seven of hearts meant a lot to Rostov. On Sunday last week, Count Ilya Andreich gave his son 2,000 rubles, and he, who never liked to talk about financial difficulties, told him that this money was the last until May, and that therefore he asked his son to be more economical this time. Nikolai said that this was too much for him, and that he gave his word of honor not to take more money until spring. Now 1,200 rubles remained of this money. Therefore, the seven of hearts meant not only the loss of 1,600 rubles, but also the need to change this word. With bated breath, he looked at Dolokhov’s hands and thought: “Well, hurry up, give me this card, and I’ll take my cap, go home to dinner with Denisov, Natasha and Sonya, and surely there will never be a card in my hands.” At that moment, his home life, jokes with Petya, conversations with Sonya, duets with Natasha, a picket with his father, and even a quiet bed in the Cook's House, presented themselves to him with such force, clarity and charm, as if all this had long passed, lost and invaluable happiness. He could not allow that a stupid accident, forcing the seven to lie first on the right than on the left, could deprive him of all this newly understood, newly illuminated happiness and plunge him into the abyss of an as yet unexperienced and indefinite misfortune. It could not be, but he still waited with bated breath for the movement of Dolokhov's hands. These broad-boned, reddish hands, with hair visible from under their shirts, laid down a deck of cards and took up the glass and pipe being served.
"So you're not afraid to play with me?" repeated Dolokhov, and, as if to tell a merry story, he laid down his cards, leaned over on the back of his chair, and slowly began to tell with a smile:
- Yes, gentlemen, I was told that there was a rumor spread in Moscow that I was a cheater, so I advise you to be more careful with me.
Well, swords! Rostov said.
- Oh, Moscow aunts! - Dolokhov said and took up the cards with a smile.

SUBMARINE DOLPHIN TYPE 800 (ISRAEL)

SUBMARINE DOLPHIN TYPE 800 (ISRAEL)

31.01.2019


According to Navyrecognition.com, the German government recently agreed to supply the Israeli Navy with another batch of three additional Dolphin-class submarines from ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS).
The new submarines are designed to replace three first-generation NNSs, which will ensure that the size of the Israeli Navy's submarine fleet remains at the level of 6 units. The cost of additional submarines for Israel is estimated at 2 billion euros.
Currently, the Israeli Navy has five Dolphin-class submarines, including three that entered service in 1999-2000. multi-purpose diesel submarines of the Dolphin class Batch.1, (Dolphin, Leviathan and Tecuma), which are a modified version of the German diesel-electric submarine of the Type 209 project, and two improved versions with an air-independent power plant (Tanin and "Rahav"), which were put into service in 2014 and 2016. It is expected that the third NNS of the second batch, which is being built in Germany, will be put into service in 2019.
TsAMTO

DOLPHIN TYPE 800 SUBMARINE

Dolphin (German Dolphin) is a series of German diesel-electric submarines, also known as the Type 800.
Submarines of the Dolphin type are a modification of the Type 209 (Type 214) submarines and are designed specifically for Israel. The boats are built at the German shipyards in the city of Kiel.
In April 1991, a contract was signed with HDW and TNSW for the construction of boats. Work began in October 1994. They are in service with the Israeli Navy. The submarines are based in Haifa.
The first two were donated by the German government in 1997 as compensation after the German role in arming Saddam was revealed. Israel bought the third in 2000. Israel also signed an agreement with Germany for the supply of two more boats - improved Dolphins. They will cost 1.3 billion euros, of which the German government will pay a third.
Dolphin-class submarines are equipped with autonomous oxygen supply systems (Air-independent propulsion, AIP), thanks to which the boat can stay in autonomous navigation for a long time and not float to periscope depth. The range of autonomous navigation is one of the biggest secrets associated with the Dolphins, but, according to some sources, the boat can sail up to 8,000 nautical miles on the surface, and 4,500 nautical miles or 8,500 km underwater.

The submarines are equipped with the best Israeli-made electronic systems - Elta radars, Elbit electronic intelligence systems, as well as German Atlas Electronik sonar and Kollmorgen periscope.
Submarines "Dolphin" have three decks, the lower one is used for batteries. The control compartment is located in the central part of the middle deck. Boats of the Dolphin type have an airlock for the exit of combat swimmers. The torpedo tubes are equipped with hydromechanical ejection devices for the forced ejection of the Sub-Garpoon anti-ship missiles and mines (the torpedoes exit the TA on their own). In the forward part of the upper deck there are 3 cockpits and 3 cabins. Submarines are equipped with on-board computers and a centralized alarm and control system.
Dolphin-class submarines are the most expensive combat systems in the Israeli armed forces and are valued at over $700 million each.
The commissioning of modern submarines of the Dolphin class, equipped with cruise missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, significantly increases the strategic potential of the Jewish state and significantly expands the operational capabilities of the Israeli Navy, consolidating its superiority over the naval forces of the Islamic states of the Middle East.

SERIES
Dolphin
Leviathan
Tekuma
Tannin
Rahav

CHARACTERISTICS

Displacement, t:
- surface 1450
- underwater 1840
Length, m 56.3
Width, m 6.8
Draft, m 6
The main power plant is diesel-electric, consisting of a 4245 hp diesel engine. and underwater electric motors with a capacity of 3875 hp.
Travel speed, knots:
- surface 12
– underwater up to 20
Immersion depth, m:
- working 200
Limit 300 - 350
Cruising range, miles 8000
Crew, pers. 35

WEAPONS

4х650-mm (25.6″)
6x533-mm (21″) TA
(according to the official website of the Israeli Navy - 10x533 mm TA). The standard ammunition load consists of 16 torpedoes and 5 missiles.
Surface target detection radar "Elta", I-band
BIUS STN/Atlas Electronik ISUS 90-1 TCS
Timnex 4CH (V) 2 radio intelligence equipment from Elbit
GAS - Atlas Electronik CSU 90, built into the case, passive / active, low-frequency, search and attack; Atlas Electronik PRS-3, passive, rangefinder (ranging); onboard antennas FAS-3, passive, search; noise analysis system
Periscopes - 2, Kollmorgen

The last ship of the "667 family" and the last Soviet submarine missile carrier of the 2nd generation (in fact, smoothly passed into the third generation) was the strategic missile submarine cruiser (RPKSN) of project 667-BRDM (code "Dolphin"). Like its predecessors, it was created at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering under the leadership of the General Designer, Academician S.N. Kovalev. (the chief observer from the navy is captain of the first rank Yu.F. Piligin). A government decree on the development of an underwater nuclear submarine was issued on 09/10/1975.

The main submarine was to be the D-9RM missile system, which has 16 R-29RM intercontinental liquid-propellant missiles (RSM-54 - contract designation, SS-N-23 "Skiff" - NATO designation), which had increased firing range, divorce radius and accuracy combat blocks. The development of the missile system began in 1979 at the KBM. The creators of the complex were focused on achieving the maximum technical level and performance characteristics with limited changes in the submarine project. In terms of combat capabilities, the new missiles surpassed all modifications of the most powerful American Trident naval missile systems, while having much smaller dimensions and weight. Depending on the number of warheads, as well as their mass, the range of fire of ballistic missiles could significantly exceed 8.3 thousand km. The R-29RM was the last missile developed under the leadership of Makeev V.P., as well as the last Soviet liquid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile - all subsequent domestic ballistic missiles were designed as solid-propellant ones.

The design of the new submarine was a further development of the 667-BDR project. Due to the increased dimensions of the missiles and the need to introduce structural solutions to reduce hydroacoustic visibility, the submarine had to increase the height of the missile silo fencing. The length of the stern and bow ends of the ship was also increased, the diameter of the strong hull also increased, the contours of the light hull in the area of ​​​​the first - third compartments were somewhat "filled". In the strong hull, as well as in the design of the inter-compartment and end bulkheads of the submarine, steel was used, which was obtained by electroslag remelting. This steel had high ductility.

When creating the submarine, measures were taken to significantly reduce the noise of the vessel, as well as to reduce interference with the operation of hydroacoustic onboard equipment. The principle of aggregation of equipment and mechanisms was widely used, which was placed on a common shock-absorbed, relatively strong frame of the ship's hull. Local sound absorbers were installed in the area of ​​the power compartments, and the efficiency of acoustic coatings of durable and lightweight hulls was increased. As a result, the nuclear submarine, in terms of sonar visibility characteristics, approached the level of the American nuclear submarine with third-generation Ohio ballistic missiles.

The main power plant of the submarine consists of two VM-4SG pressurized water reactors (each with a capacity of 90 MW) and two OK-700A steam turbines. The rated power of the power plant is 60 thousand liters. With. On board the submarine there are two diesel generators DG-460, two turbogenerators TG-3000, two economy electric motors. stroke (power of each 225 hp) the nuclear submarine is equipped with five-bladed low-noise propellers with improved hydroacoustic characteristics. A hydrodynamic special is installed on a lightweight body to ensure a favorable operating mode for the propellers. a device that equalizes the oncoming flow of water.

In the project of the submarine project 667-BDRM, measures were taken to improve habitability conditions. The crew of the cruiser had at their disposal a sauna, a solarium, a gym and the like. An improved system of electrochemical air regeneration due to the electrolysis of water and the absorption of carbon dioxide by a solid regenerating absorber ensures an oxygen concentration within 25 percent and carbon dioxide no more than 0.8 percent.

For centralized control of combat activities, Project 667-BDRM SSBNs are equipped with the Omnibus-BDRM CIUS, which collects and processes information, solves the tasks of tactical maneuvering and combat use of rocket-torpedo and torpedo weapons.

A new SJSC Skat-BDRM has been installed on a nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles, which, in terms of its characteristics, is not inferior to its American counterparts. The hydroacoustic complex has a large antenna 4.5 meters high and 8.1 meters in diameter. For the first time in the practice of Soviet shipbuilding, a fiberglass antenna radome was used on the ships of project 667-BDRM, which has a ribless design (this made it possible to significantly reduce hydroacoustic interference that affects the antenna device of the complex). There is also a towed sonar antenna, which in the non-working position was retracted into the hull of the nuclear submarine.

The navigation complex "Sluice" provides the boat with the necessary accuracy in the use of missile weapons. Clarification of the submarine's location by means of astro-correction is carried out upon ascent to the periscope depth with a frequency of once every 48 hours.

The submarine missile carrier 667-BDRM is equipped with the Molniya-N radio communication system. There are two pop-up buoy-type antennas that allow you to receive radio messages, target designation signals and space navigation systems at great depths.

The D-9RM missile system, adopted in 1986 (after the death of Viktor Petrovich Makeev, its creator), is a further development of the D-9R complex. The D-9R complex consists of 16 liquid three-stage ampouled R-29RM missiles (ind. ZM37) with a maximum range of 9.3 thousand km. The R-29RM rocket even today has the highest energy-mass perfection in the world. The missile has a launch weight of 40.3 tons and a throw weight of 2.8 tons, which is almost equal to the throw weight of the much heavier US Trident II missile. The R-29RM is equipped with a multiple reentry vehicle designed for four or ten warheads with a total capacity of 100 kt. Today, all project 667-BDRM nuclear submarines have deployed missiles, the warhead of which is equipped with four warheads. High accuracy (circular probable deviation is 250 meters), commensurate with the accuracy of the Trident D-5 (USA) missiles, which, according to various estimates, is 170-250 meters, allows the D-9RM complex to hit small-sized highly protected targets (mine launchers of ICBMs, command posts and other facilities). The launch of the entire ammunition load can be carried out in one salvo. The maximum launch depth is 55 meters without restrictions in the launch area due to weather conditions.

The new torpedo-missile system, which is installed on the Project 667-BDRM submarine, consists of 4 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber with a quick-loading system, which ensure the use of almost all types of modern torpedoes, PLUR (anti-submarine rocket-torpedo), sonar countermeasures.

Modifications

In 1988, the D-9RM missile system, which is installed on Project 667-BDRM boats, was modernized: warheads were replaced with more advanced ones, the navigation system was supplemented with space navigation equipment (GLONASS), they made it possible to launch missiles along flat trajectories, which makes it possible to more to reliably overcome the promising missile defense systems of a potential adversary. They increased the resistance of missiles to the damaging factors of nuclear weapons. According to some experts, the modernized D-9RM is superior to the Trident D-5, the American counterpart, in such important indicators as the ability to overcome enemy missile defenses and the accuracy of hitting targets.

In 1990-2000, the K-64 missile carrier was converted into an experimental vessel and renamed BS-64.

Construction program

K-51, the lead missile carrier of project 667-BDRM, was laid down in Severodvinsk at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise in February 1984, launched in January of the following year, and put into operation in December. In total, in the period from 1985 to 1990, 7 SSBNs of this project were built at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise.

Status for 2007

At present, nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles (according to our classification, the Strategic Missile Submarine) of project 667-BDRM (known in the West as the “Delta IV class”) are the basis of the naval component of the Russian strategic nuclear triad. All of them are part of the third flotilla of strategic submarines of the Northern Fleet based in Yagelnaya Bay. To accommodate individual submarines, there are special. Shelter bases, which are underground well-protected structures intended for parking and ensuring the reloading of reactors with nuclear fuel and repairs.

Submarines of project 667-BDRM became one of the first Soviet nuclear submarines, almost completely invulnerable in the area of ​​their combat duty. Carrying out combat patrols in the Arctic seas, which are adjacent directly to the Russian coast, submarines, even under the most favorable hydrological conditions for the enemy (complete calm, which is observed in only 8 percent of “natural situations” in the Barents Sea), can be detected by the latest multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the "Improved Los Angeles" of the US Navy at distances of no more than 30 km. But under conditions that are typical for the remaining 92 percent of the year, in the presence of wind at a speed of 10-15 m / s and waves, nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles of project 667-BDRM are not detected by the enemy at all or can be detected by a BQQ-5 hydroacoustic system at a distance of up to 10 km. In addition, in the polar seas of the north, there are vast shallow areas in which the detection range of project 667-BDRM boats, even in complete calm, is reduced to less than 10 thousand meters (that is, almost absolute survival of submarines is ensured). At the same time, it must be borne in mind that Russian missile submarines actually carry out their combat duty in inland waters, which are quite well covered by the fleet's anti-submarine weapons.

In 1990, one of the cruisers of project 667-BDRM conducted a special. tests with the preparation and subsequent launch of the entire ammunition load consisting of 16 missiles in a salvo (as in a real combat situation). This experience was unique not only for our country, but for the whole world.

SSGN pr.949-A and SSBN "Novomoskovsk" pr.677-BDRM in the database

Project 667-BDRM submarines are currently also used to launch artificial earth satellites into low earth orbits. From one of the nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles of the 667-BDRM project in July 1998, the Shtil-1 launch vehicle, developed on the basis of the R-29RM rocket, for the first time in the world launched the Tubsat-N artificial satellite of the Earth, of German design (launch performed from a submerged position). Also, work is underway to develop a marine launch vehicle "Shtil-2" of greater power with the weight of the output load, which is increased to 350 kilograms.

Probably, the service of the project 667-BDRM missile carriers will continue until 2015. In order to maintain the combat potential of these ships at the required level, the military-industrial commission in September 1999 decided to resume the production of R-29RM missiles.

The main performance characteristics of the project 667-BDRM:
Surface displacement - 11740 tons;
Underwater displacement - 18200 tons;
Main dimensions:
- the greatest length (on design waterline) - 167.4 m (160 m);
- maximum width - 11.7 m;
- DWL draft - 8.8 m;
Main power plant:
- 2 pressurized water reactors VM-4SG with a total capacity of 180 MW;
- 2 PPU OK-700A, 2 GTZA-635
- 2 steam turbines with a total capacity of 60,000 hp (44100 kW);
- 2 turbogenerators TG-3000, power of each 3000 kW;
- 2 diesel generators DG-460, power of each 460 kW;
- 2 electric motors of the economic course, the power of each is 225 hp;
- 2 shafts;
- 2 five-bladed propellers;
Surface speed - 14 knots;
Underwater speed - 24 knots;
Working depth of immersion - 320...400 m;
Maximum immersion depth - 550 ... 650 m;
Autonomy - 80 ... 90 days;
Crew - 135 ... 140 people;
Strategic missile weapons:
- launchers of SLBMs R-29RM (SS-N-23 "Skiff") of the D-9RM complex - 16 pcs.;
Anti-aircraft missile weapons:
- launchers MANPADS 9K310 "Igla-1" / 9K38 "Igla" (SA-14 "Gremlin" / SA-16 "Gimlet") - 4 ... 8 pieces;
Torpedo and rocket-torpedo weapons:
- torpedo tubes of caliber 533 mm - 4 (bow);
- torpedoes SAET-60M, 53-65M, PLUR RPK-6 "Waterfall" (SS-N-16 "Stallion") caliber 533 mm - 12 pcs;
Mine armament:
- can carry instead of part of the torpedoes up to 24 minutes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - "Omnibus-BDRM";
Radar system of general detection - MRK-50 "Cascade" (Snoop Tray);
Hydroacoustic system:
- hydroacoustic complex MGK-500 Skat-BDRM (Shark Gill; Mouse Roar);
Electronic warfare means:
- "Zaliv-P" RTR;
- "Veza-P" radio direction finder (Brick Pulp/Group; Park Lamp D/F);
GPA means - 533 mm GPA;
Navigation complex:
- "Gateway";
- KNS GLONASS;
- radio sextant (Code Eye);
- INS;
Radio communication complex:
- "Lightning-N" (Pert Spring), CCC "Tsunami-BM";
- buoy towed antennas "Paravan" or "Swallow" (VLF);
- microwave and HF antennas;
- station of sound underwater communication;
Radar state recognition - "Nichrome-M".

"Dolphin" is the first combat submarine of the Russian fleet, which served as a prototype for the subsequent development of domestic ships of this class until 1917. The project was developed by a special commission consisting of I.G. Bubnova, M.N. Beklemisheva and I.S. Goryunov. The main ballast tanks were placed in the light extremities and ventilated inside the PC.

Submarine "Dolphin" - video

The construction of the submarine was clearly experimental in nature, and it did not have much combat value. The design and construction of the first combat submarine in Russia was the beginning of the development of the domestic type of submarines.
On the proposal of the Marine Technical Committee, on December 19, 1900, a commission was appointed to develop the project, consisting of ship engineer I. G. Bubnov (assistant head of the Experimental Pool), M. N. Beklemishev (teacher of the mine officer class in Kronstadt) and I. S. Goryunov (assistant fleet mechanical engineer). For the work of the commission, a room was allocated at the Experimental Basin in St. Petersburg; all available diving materials were placed at her disposal.
The outstanding engineer and scientist Ivan Grigoryevich Bubnov (1872-1919) is known in the history of domestic shipbuilding as the founder of the structural mechanics of the ship, the creator of the first combat submarine and the hulls of the largest battleships. His classic works in these areas are now the most valuable aids for shipbuilders.

Fifteen-year-old I. Bubnov in 1887 entered the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Technical School of the Naval Department (as the Higher Naval Engineering School was called in those days). In 1891, he graduated with honors from the course of study and his name was entered on a marble plaque among the names of the best graduates. To gain practical experience, I. G. Bubnov worked for three years at the state-owned shipyard “New Admiralty” in St. Petersburg.
In 1896 he graduated from the Naval Academy with the highest score in all disciplines. The talented engineer was left at the Academy, where he taught structural mechanics of the ship and supervised graduation design. Bubnov devoted all his free time to studying the problems of scuba diving.
In 1901, Ivan Grigorievich was appointed chief builder of submarines at the Baltic Shipyard.
In 1909, he was appointed professor of the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, and the following year he became a professor at the Naval Academy.
In 1915, at a competition announced by the Russian government, his project for a submarine with a displacement of 971 tons was accepted, although it was inferior to the Dutch project (952): it was decided to develop a Russian type of submarine.
A premature death from typhus cut short the busy life of a talented person - the creator of the first Russian combat submarines.

N. N. Beklemishev was Bubnov's co-author when creating the projects of the first boats "Dolphin" and "Kasatka"; the third member of the commission, I. S. Goryunov, worked only until October 1901. The commission for the design of a submarine was well informed about the state of diving abroad and the designs of submarines built there. First of all, the commission was aware of the projects submitted to the International Competition in 1898 in Paris, where the projects of Dzhevetsky (“water-fiber destroyer”) and Lobef (double-hulled submarine “Narwhal”) were demonstrated. Based on this project, Lobef created a new project for a one and a half hull submarine, according to which in France in 1901-1903. 4 submarines were built.
Bubnov and Beklemishev knew well the features of the device and other foreign submarines. Beklemishev repeatedly traveled abroad to get acquainted with the designs of the boats being built there. So from the report of Beklemishev on a business trip to the USA in 1901, it can be seen that he managed to visit the last boat of Holland and get acquainted with its device. It turned out that on Holland's boats, the main ballast tanks are located inside a strong hull. On the submarine "Protector", built in America according to the Lack project, part of the water ballast was placed differently - in a superstructure above a strong hull. Beklemishev was present during one of the dives of Holland's boat. Beklemishev also visited England, Germany and Italy.

Having collected and summarized this information, Bubnov and Beklemishev developed their own project, which differed from foreign ones. They placed the main ballast in the end light tanks, outside the pressure hull. Such an arrangement of the main ballast tanks allowed Russian-type boats to dive to the maximum depths for a strong hull, without fear that if these tanks were damaged, outboard water would get inside the strong hull of the boat.
For the design of the submarine, the following tasks were developed.

The strength and simplicity of the device with a significant, highest technically achievable engine power (based on the principle of least cost, it was proposed to build a boat of the smallest possible displacement, but with the scarcity of information about submarines in relation to the specific value of weights by systems and devices and finding these data by their own calculations, the displacement of the boat about 100-150t were offered);

The surface speed of the boat should only be sufficient to attack ships passing by, since in the first experiment, according to the authors, it was impossible to achieve a speed sufficient to attack ships, catching up with them. The boat must make independent transitions on the surface of the water, as well as dives from the surface to the underwater position and ascents. In view of the doubts of the authors of the project about the possibility of satisfactory control of the boat under water at high speed, the latter was not considered particularly important for this boat;

The main object of the attack of the boat was assumed to be ships anchored or keeping at the entrance to the harbor at low speed;

The hull of the boat must, in its strength, provide the crew under water with complete safety; while the boat must be supplied with provisions, water and air;

The armament was supposed to be exclusively torpedo, and the boat should have been able to quickly

float to the surface (due to the assumption of the authors about the dangerous effect of the explosion on the hull of the boat under water). Based on these tasks, the following tactical and technical data of the boats were determined:

Displacement on the surface 113 and underwater 123 g;

Operating immersion depth 50 m; the body is sheathed with wood to protect it when it hits the ground; the destruction of the ends of the boat will not affect its combat capability;

Cruising range on the surface of the water with a gasoline engine running 700 miles at 11 knots and 2500 miles at an average speed;

For underwater travel, it is proposed to install a battery of 50 cells with a capacity of 5000 Ah, providing the boat with an electric motor running at a speed of 8 knots for 3 hours (130 HP), 7 knots for 5 hours (100 HP) and 6 knots for 10 hours (65 hp);

For firing torpedoes, it is proposed to install two deck grating devices (with a possible increase in the number of devices, after preliminary tests of the boat, to four);

The boat must have: a supply of 1 l3 compressed air up to 100 atm; high pressure compressor; fans capable of ventilating the entire boat volume for 12 minutes; magnetic compass; an electric galley and a supply of provisions (exclusively in canned form).

The project of this first combat boat of the Russian fleet was based on the basic principles of the Russian type of boats that developed in Russia until 1915. In their project, Bubnov and Beklemishev moved away from foreign types of boats, especially with regard to diving systems and torpedo weapons, and applied many new design solutions .
Subsequently, it turned out that the method of ventilating ballast tanks used by them inside the pressure hull with an insufficient cross section of the valves leads to a significant increase in the immersion time.
The method of filling and draining the tanks with the help of special “main ballast pumps” also turned out to be unsuccessful. By the spring of 1901, the project was developed and submitted to the Marine Technical Committee, "and on July 5, 1901, the Baltic Shipyard was ordered to build a boat according to this project. The design bureau of the plant, under the leadership of the commission, immediately began to draw up working drawings.
During the winter of 1901-1902. Baltiysky Zavod completed the main hull work. The construction of the boat was delayed by the fact that the mechanisms for it were not yet ready. In particular, the delivery of air guards, which were manufactured at the Obukhov plant, was late. But the petrol engine had to wait the longest. Motor tests at the Daimler factory were unsuccessful. Seeing the impracticability of the terms of delivery, the Daimler plant was ready to refuse to supply the engine altogether. A commission was appointed (Beklemishev, Dolgolenko, Vernander); after examining the motor, the commission drew up an act, listing in it all the shortcomings that the company undertook to eliminate in a short time. The condition was set that the motor would be accepted if it passed the required tests. A month later, the motor passed the test, developing a power of 315 liters. With. But according to the contract, the motor was to be tested a second time at the Baltic Shipyard.

Submarine "Dolphin" before modernization, Baltic Sea 1904.

The commission decided not to wait for the installation of the motor and began testing the boat without it, since the rest of the mechanisms and devices had already been mounted on the boat by the spring of 1903. The boat, built first under the name "Destroyer No. 113", and then "Destroyer No. 150", received the name "Dolphin". A team of surface fleet specialists (non-commissioned officer rank) was assigned to it, who agreed to voluntarily serve on a submarine. Captain 2nd rank M.N. Beklemishev, a member of the commission, was appointed commander of the Dolphin. Only at the end of June 1903 did the motor finally arrive, the installation of which was immediately started. The tests of the boat took place under the constant supervision of the members of the commission.
At the same time, the American firm of Holland built submarines according to its project both for the US Navy and for sale to other states. Boats of this type were acquired by the tsarist government during the Russo-Japanese War.
Successful tests of "Dolphin" proved the possibility of independent construction of submarines at domestic factories. In this regard, on August 13, 1903, the Naval Ministry instructed to start developing a project for a submarine with an increased displacement (up to 140 g). The draft design of the new boat was prepared by a commission led by Bubnov, and on December 20 of the same year, the Marine Technical Committee approved this project.
According to the ten-year shipbuilding program adopted in 1903, the Naval Ministry planned to build 10 submarines by 1914. In accordance with this program, on January 2, 1904, an order was issued to the Baltic Shipyard for the construction of the first Kasatka-type submarine with a displacement of 140 tons according to the project of Bubnov and Beklemishev.
The problem of training teams and officers for submarines under construction arose with particular urgency. In those years, there was no organization in Russia for the training of submarine specialists. Beklemishev was considered the only authority on this issue; he was entrusted with the task of training personnel for submarines under construction.

Beklemishev had the only way - to train teams from specialists taken from surface ships, in a practical way, in the process of building and testing boats. In the meantime, there were none yet, it was decided to use the Dolphin submarine for this purpose, which, despite the requirement of the Viceroy of the Far East Alekseev to urgently send it to Port Arthur, was left in St. Petersburg.
Excessive haste in training teams on the Dolphin led to an accident and the death of a significant number of people trained on it. June 16, 1904 at 9.30 am "Dolphin" sank at the western wall of the Baltic Shipyard, having on board, in addition to its main team (10 sailors and 3 officers), 24 sailors from other boats "in order to accustom them to being on a boat in an underwater position."
Prior to this, the "Dolphin" had already made 17 training dives, and the number of excess people (in addition to its regular team) sometimes reached 45. Despite such a large overload (about 4 g), all previous dives of the boat went smoothly thanks to the experience of its commander - captain 2 Beklemishev rank. He had three assistants: Lieutenants Cherkasov and Elagin and Admiralty Lieutenant Gorazeev. Lieutenant Cherkasov stood out for his composure, diligence and knowledge of the matter, participated in all previous dives and repeatedly controlled the dive of the boat under the leadership of Beklemishev. On June 16, Beklemishev was sent to Kronstadt on business and, as usual, Cherkasov remained to replace him. On this day, he dived for the first time on his own. The boat had an overload of about 2 tons. The weather was calm, there was no excitement on the Neva; ships did not pass on the river.

It should be noted that the submarine "Dolphin" had a significant design flaw: during the dive, it was necessary to keep the hatch ajar to release air pressure. The mentioned disadvantage of the boat was caused by the fact that the tanks of the main ballast, located at the ends of the boat, filled by gravity very slowly; the boat took about 10 minutes to sink. To speed up the filling of the end tanks, special “suckers” were adapted in the form of connecting the internal ventilation of these tanks with the intake pipes of ship fans that suck air from the tanks; due to the rarefaction of the tank filled faster. The air from the fans entered the boat, the pressure in it increased, which was released when immersed through the wheelhouse hatch. At the very end of filling the end tanks of the main ballast, it was necessary to close the wheelhouse hatch. Cherkasov missed this moment, water gushed into the hatch, and the boat sank.
When water poured into the wheelhouse, one of the sailors tried to close the hatchway cover, but he was pinched between the cover and the coaming. Other sailors pulled a dead comrade out of the hatch. Three sailors managed to get out of the boat first. After them, 7 more sailors and 2 officers (Elagin and Gorazeev) surfaced. Lieutenant Cherkasov and 24 sailors were killed.
It is characteristic that in the act of the commission drawn up on June 21, 1904, nothing was said about the design flaws of the boat, and all the blame for the accident was placed on Lieutenant Cherkasov, who temporarily commanded the boat; Cherkasov's body was found not in the cabin, but in the stern of the boat. The departure of Cherkasov from his post when the boat was sunk was condemned by the commission in the above-mentioned act.

MN Beklemishev illuminates Cherkasov's behavior differently. When questioned during the investigation, he testified: “according to one of the surviving lower ranks of the ship’s crew, he himself (i.e. Cherkasov, -G.T.) during the death of the latter did not want to be saved, but retired to the stern.” From the testimony of Beklemishev, it is clear that Cherkasov, being under the hatchway and having the full opportunity to emerge from the boat, was one of the first, did not take advantage of this opportunity. He showed exceptional courage, following the tradition of sailors: in the event of a ship sinking, the commander leaves it last. When the boat was immersed, officers Elagin (in the bow) and Gorazeev (in the stern) were at the end tanks. They were farther from the hatch than many sailors. However, the sailors helped the officers get to the wheelhouse hatch and emerge to the surface (as can be seen from Yelagin's testimony at the investigation about the causes of the boat accident).
The boat was raised and restored, after which it underwent verification tests, and in the fall of 1904 it was sent to Vladivostok.
15.11 to 23.12.1904 was transported by rail. from St. Petersburg. to Vladivostok and enrolled in the Siberian Flotilla. During the Russo-Japanese War, she carried positional and sentinel services on the approaches to the hall. Peter the Great. 05/05/1905 she sank in the port of Vladivostok from explosions of gasoline vapors, but was raised, restored and re-commissioned. Overhaul in 1909 in the port of Vladivostok. 06/9/1916 was delivered by rail. from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk and on 10/8/1916 was enlisted in the Arctic Ocean flotilla. 04/26/1917 was thrown onto the shore of the Kola Bay. during a strong storm. On August 2, 1917, it was handed over to the Murmansk military port for storage and on August 23, 1917, it was excluded from the Arctic Ocean flotilla. After the civil war, it was transferred to the State Shipbuilding Department, then to the White Sea Party EPRON under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, excluded from the lists of watercraft of the People's Commissariat for Water Transport and handed over to Rudmetalltorg for disassembly.

Submarine "Dolphin" (1901 - 1904.)

The performance characteristics of the submarine "Dolphin"