Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast. Italian colonies on the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Presentation on the topic

In the 13th-15th centuries, Italian trading posts appeared in the Black Sea and Azov regions, founded by Genoa, Venice and Pisa. After the crusaders captured Constantinople in 1204, Italian merchants settled in Byzantium, and from Constantinople penetrated into the Crimea and the coast of the Sea of Azov. One of the first trading posts - Porto Pisano (near modern Taganrog) was founded by Pisa in the first half of the 13th century. The process of intensive commercial colonization of the Black Sea region began in the 60s of the XIII century, after in 1261 Genoa concluded the Treaty of Nymphaeum with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, according to which it received the right to sail and duty-free trade on the Black Sea. In 1265, the Venetians also received such a right. The process of colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions was accompanied by a sharp competitive struggle both between Genoa and Venice, and between the factories founded by them.

The Venetians and Genoese also concluded agreements with the khans of the Golden Horde, according to which part of the territory in the Crimea and on the Azov coast was assigned to them in order to create trading colonies (with recognition of the supreme power of the khan). In the 60s of the XIII century, Genoa settled in Kaffa (modern Feodosia), which became the largest port and trade center in the Black Sea region. The Venetians set up trading posts in Soldaya (now the city of Sudak in the Crimea, around 1287) and Trebizond (in the 80s of the 13th century). In total, in the Crimea, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Caucasus, there were about 40 Italian trading posts-colonies.

These colonies were ruled by consuls-bailo, elected in the metropolis for 1-2 years. Together with the consuls, the factories were run by elected city councils of noble merchants (citizens of the metropolis) and citizens of the factories. The citizens of the factories were mainly Italians (who constituted a minority of the townspeople), although the composition of the urban population was extremely diverse: Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Tatars, etc. Non-Italians had certain legal rights, freedom of religion, could carry out military and civil service (except for employment elected positions), participate in joint trading companies. But the Genoese and Venetian colonies, like their mother countries, were constantly at war with each other, although in the same colony (for example, Trebizond or Tana) there could be trading posts of two trading republics. Periodically, the colonies were ruined by the Tatars, but they were destroyed only after the Turkish conquest. In 1453, after the fall of Constantinople, the trading posts were cut off from the metropolises and were gradually conquered by the Ottomans.

According to the agreement of 1332, concluded by the ambassador A. Zeno and Khan Uzbek, Venice received a piece of land on the left bank of the Don, near the city of Azak. Here the most remote Venetian trading post Tana was founded. It was ruled, like other trading posts, by the Venetian consul. Almost simultaneously with the Venetians in Tana, the Genoese also create their trading post. Factories paid Khan Uzbek a three percent duty on goods passing through them. Living conditions in Tana were not easy, the Genoese and Venetians were often at enmity with each other. In addition, the inhabitants of trading posts experienced a constant threat from the nomads, who were both trading partners and enemies.

The competitive struggle between Venice and Genoa for Tana ended with the victory of Genoa. Under Khan Dzhanibek in 1343, Tana was captured by the Tatars, and the Venetians were expelled for five years (the reason for this expulsion was the murder of a Tatar in Tana). Following the expulsion from Tana, Venice was defeated in the war with Genoa and in 1355 access to Tana was closed to her for another 3 years. In 1381, Venice was again defeated by Genoa, after which it lost access to Tana for another 2 years. Thus, the Genoese began to dominate in Tana.

Wheat, fish and caviar, furs, wax, spices and sandalwood (in transit from the East), leather, honey were exported from Tana to Italy. Tana imported fabrics, copper and tin. One of the main sources of income was the slave trade. Representing the continuation of Azak, Tana was also surrounded by stone walls and turned into a fortress. Many interesting monuments remained from the Italian Tana. Among them is a white marble tombstone on the grave of Giacomo Cornaro, envoy and consul of the Republic of Venice, who died in Tana in 1362.

Like Azak, Tana suffered during Timur's campaign against the Horde in 1395. Around 1400, it was rebuilt again. Tana was attacked several more times by the Tatars: in 1410, 1418 and 1442. In the last period of Tana's existence, the Genoese and Venetians were forced to show solidarity and mutual assistance in the face of an external threat. However, it was not the external danger that led to the gradual decline of Tana, but the cessation of transit trade with the countries of the East, as a result of Timur's defeat of Khorezm, one of the main partners in the East. By the time the Ottomans captured Tana in 1475, she had already fallen into disrepair.

The Italians also penetrated into the Caucasus. The most important Genoese colonies were Matrenga, Kopa (on the right bank of the Kuban), Mapa (Anapa), Peshe (at the mouth of the Kuban) and others. Venice had only two significant trading posts here - in Tana and Trebizond.

The largest Italian colony in the Caucasus was Matrenga (former Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula). Until the beginning of the 15th century, Matrenga was under the rule of a Circassian prince. In 1419, after the marriage of the Genoese Gizolfi with the daughter of the Circassian prince Bika-Khanum, Matrenga became the possession of the Gizolfi family. The number of Italians - residents of Matrenga - was insignificant; predominantly Greek and Adyghe population. Matrenga was a trading outpost in the North Caucasus. The basis for trade with Genoa was the export of fish and caviar, furs, skins, bread, wax and honey. One of the most important items of export were slaves, who were captured during military raids. Slaves were supplied to the Genoese by Tatars, Circassians, Alans and other peoples of the Caucasus. Often the Genoese themselves organized expeditions for slaves. The Italians imported to the North Caucasus a variety of fabrics, carpets, raw cotton, Venetian glass, soap, saber blades, spices and other goods.

From Matrenga and other colonies, the Italians moved further into the mountains of the Northwestern Caucasus. This is evidenced by the ruins of castles, towers and churches in the mountains, stone tomb crosses. From here came the missionary activity of the Catholic Church. After the formation of the Crimean Khanate in 1433, the Genoese colonies were forced to pay tribute to him. The end of Matrenga and other colonies was put in the 70s of the XV century by the Ottomans, who captured Kaffa and Tana.

To form students' knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast. To instill a love for history and cultural monuments of world significance. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.

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Development of Chibisova Elena Nikolaevna,

teacher of Kuban studies MBOU secondary school No. 27 of the municipality Temryuk district

Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Target: 1. to form students' knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast.

2. To instill a love for history and cultural monuments of world significance.

3. Form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.

Equipment: map of the medieval Kuban 10-13 centuries, atlas, textbook, contour maps.

During the classes.

Organizing time
Knowledge update
Learning new material.

Almost simultaneously with the establishment of Mongol-Tatar dominion over the tribes and peoples of the Black Sea region, the peaceful penetration of Italian merchants into these territories began. The Italians sought to expand their trading activities, markets for products and extract the maximum profit from this. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between two major cities - Venice and Genoa.

The desire of both maritime republics to establish a trade monopoly in the Black Sea region results in a sharp competitive struggle and direct armed clashes between them. By the middle of the XIV century, the predominance of Genoa becomes clear. The colonial policy of Venice was almost entirely determined by the state, and its trade was largely based on operations with expensive oriental goods, the supply of which was completely dependent on the vicissitudes of the political situation in the region, the state of trade routes along their entire length, including not only the sea route, but and caravan routes. In contrast, Genoa relied more on the activities of individuals, on merchant companies and associations.

At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen and a half scattered trading posts in the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also the flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took the leading place among them. When it was created, the Genoese merchants could not but take into account the experience of the neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a trading center widely known in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia. At the end of the 13th century, its new rise was facilitated, in particular, by the fact that it was much closer than Kherson to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Kerch Strait, through which ships passed. The largest colony was Kaffa, which was a developed center of crafts.

In 1266, the representatives of Genoa agreed with the rulers of the Golden Horde on the transfer of Kafa to them, however, on the basis of an agreement on the division of trade income, clashes arose that ended in predatory raids by the Tatars.

From the Genoese period in the Crimea, the remains of fortress walls, towers and palaces in Kaffa and Chembalo, a fortress and a consular castle in Soldaya built under the guidance of Italian architects have been preserved. In 1951, in Feodosia, on the territory of the Genoese fortress, archaeological excavations were carried out, which provided valuable material for studying the history of the city, its crafts and trade.

Working with text (administration of the Genoese colonies pp. 84-85)

Anchoring

How the Genoese managed to win the trade rivalry with Venice.

With what goals did the Genoese attract the local nobility to the management of the colonies and become related to it.

Show on the map the approximate location of the main Genoese settlements on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas (work in the contour map).

Homework.

§17 pp. 83-85.

Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Target: 1. to form students' knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast.

2. To instill a love for history and cultural monuments of world significance.

3. Form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.

Equipment: map of the medieval Kuban 10-13 centuries, atlas, textbook, contour maps.

During the classes.

Organizing time

Knowledge update

Learning new material.

In 1266, representatives of Genoa agreed with the rulers of the Golden Horde on the transfer of Kafa to them, however, on the basis of an agreement on the division of trade income, clashes arose that ended in predatory raids by the Tatars.

Working with text (administration of the Genoese colonies pp. 84-85)

Anchoring

How the Genoese managed to win the trade rivalry with Venice.

With what goals did the Genoese attract the local nobility to the management of the colonies and become related to it.

Show on the map the approximate location of the main Genoese settlements on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas (work in the contour map).

Homework.

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Lesson type: Learning new material.

Technology problem-based learning, collaboration.

Methods: verbal, visual, interactive, personifying.

The purpose of the lesson: to form the moral and patriotic consciousness of students.

Lesson objectives: achieving the following results:

personal- to develop the ability to evaluate historical events from the standpoint of humanistic moral values, to form an idea of people's lives in the Middle Ages.
subject- develop the ability to extract and critically evaluate information, systematize historical information, develop the creative potential of students.
metasubject- to cultivate a sense of patriotism and pride in their country and people.

Equipment: Microsoft PowerPoint presentation”, interactive whiteboard, photos of Venice, Genoa, Italian merchants.

Preliminary preparation: the children learned poems about their homeland, drew pictures corresponding to the theme.

Organizational structure of the lesson

I. Organizational moment

Greetings.

Guys, let's go with you, define the topic and purpose of our lesson.

II. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

That's right guys.

Today we will talk about the Italian colonies of the Black Sea

Let's get acquainted with the life of medieval colonists.

III. Knowledge update.

Guys, remember from the course of general history the chronological framework of the Middle Ages.

That's right guys.

Teacher/slide 2/

The chronological framework of the Middle Ages is different for different continents and even individual countries. On the territory of the North Caucasus, the beginning of the Middle Ages is associated with the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and, above all, with the aggressive campaigns of the Huns.

But today we will consider the XIII-XV centuries.

What happened at that time on the shores of the Black Sea.

Students (students justify their answers)

Teacher/slide 3/

Here is the name of the colonies that were located on the coast of the Caucasus.

Uch-Xia read

Monlaco, Kopa, Matrega, Mapa, Kafa, Sebastopolis, Bata.

Teacher

How many of you have heard or read about these territories?

See what interesting names of settlements. What do you know about these settlements?

Teacher

Guys, we live with you in the Krasnodar Territory, we have a rest on the shores of the Black Sea, and we should know the history of our region. And today at the lesson we explore and learn a lot of new things about our region.

But in order to continue our lesson, you need to remember such terms as colony and colonization.

Students answer.

The colony is a settlement founded outside the state
Colonization– development and settlement of new territories inside or outside their country

Teacher. /slide 4/

Let's check if you answered correctly

Well done! All right! Let's take a look at the picture before you.

Students look at and comment on the drawing.

Teacher/slide 5/

Italian merchants in the Middle Ages penetrated the Black Sea region. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between two major cities - Venice and Genoa.

Map work./slide 6/

Guys, look at the map. What peninsula are Venice and Genoa on?

What is the name of the country?

Look closely, what thing does the peninsula look like?

Right. Well done (the peninsula is Apennine, the country is Italy, the thing that the peninsula looks like is a boot)

Teacher/slide 7-8/

Trade rivalry between Venice and Genoa lasted until the second half of the 13th century. Well, the Genoese managed to change the situation. In 1260, they helped to restore the Byzantine Empire and Emperor Michael Palaiologos concluded an agreement with the authorities of Genoa, according to which merchants from Genoa received the right to sail and trade in the Black and Azov Seas. Freed from certain taxes, the Genoese increased their income. The process of colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions was accompanied by a sharp competitive struggle both between Genoa and Venice, as well as between trading posts founded by them. In the 60s of the XIII century, Genoa settled in Kaffa, which became the largest port and trade center in the Black Sea region. The Venetians set up trading posts in Soldaya (now the city of Sudak in the Crimea). In total, in the Crimea, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Caucasus, there were about 40 Italian trading posts-colonies.

Who ruled these colonies, and who lived in these territories?

Students.

The colonies were ruled by consuls - bayolos, elected in the metropolis for 1-2 years. With the consuls in trading posts, merchants-nobiles (citizens of the metropolis) and citizens of the trading post and elected city councils ruled. The citizens of the factories were mostly Italians.

The composition of the population was extremely diverse: Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Tatars. They had certain legal rights, were free to practice religion, performed military and civil service, and participated in joint trading companies. Periodically, the colonies were ruined by the Tatars.

The most important Genoese colonies in the Caucasus were Matrega, Kopa, Mapa and others.

Teacher

Why did the Genoese end up on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas?

Brainstorm/Slide 9/

Guys, before you are the goods that the Genoese exported and imported to the Black Sea coast.

Name the goods you brought.

List the goods that were exported from the Black Sea colonies.

And whether all the goods that are in front of you could be purchased in the markets of the medieval Caucasus.

Uch-Xia answer.

Products that imported -

From Germany and Italy - cloth.
From Greece - oil and wine
From Asian countries - spices, musk, precious stones.
From Africa - ivory

exported - grain, salt, leather, furs, wax, honey, timber, fish, caviar, slaves

All goods were delivered only by sea?

Teacher/slide 10/

That's right guys. Goods were delivered not only by sea but also by land. And this way was from China to the Crimea and from the Crimea to China.

Teacher/slide 11/

There is a picture in front of you. Look at it and say what goods the merchants brought for sale.

Among the trading operations of the Genoese, the slave trade occupied a special place. Prisoners of war, victims of sea robbery, the poor who failed to pay off their debts on time became slaves. The slave trade was a very profitable occupation and brought income to everyone who came into contact with it.

Work on the text of the source / slide 12 /

And now the guys will go on a trip / slide 13 /

In front of you is a map - this is our guide that will help you uncover the secrets of the names of the settlements.

Look closely at the map.

Tell me in which settlement all trade routes connect.

What state did Feodosia previously belong to?

Right. And now as part of which state.

Right. Well done!

Fizkultminutka.

Student/slide 13/

Kafa (Feodosia). In 1266, the representatives of Genoa, having agreed with the Golden Horde, received Kafa (modern Feodosia in the Crimea) in possession. It became the center of the Black Sea colonies. The Golden Horde made predatory raids on Kafa and other settlements. From Kafa, other trading settlements were administered through appointed officials - consuls. Consuls were only in the most important trading centers. (Kopa, Tana, Sebastopolis). The consul did not receive a salary and lived on part of the funds coming from the collection of duties and fines. The Genoese involved the Circassian nobility in managing the colonies. To strengthen their position, the colonialists used marriages with representatives.

Student/slide 14/

Matrega (Taman) The largest Genoese colony in the Northwestern Caucasus. It was located on the Taman Peninsula (on the site of the former Tmutarakan). It was an important port in which there was an overload from large ships that were not capable of sailing on the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and rivers. Matrega was a fortified city inhabited by representatives of various tribes and peoples. The Bosphorus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait connect the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Buying wax, fish, furs and other goods from the highlanders, Italian merchants brought Eastern and Western goods to the Caucasus. A Catholic diocese was created in Matrega, which led the process of the transition of the local population, but it did not achieve much success.

Student/ slide 15 / Lo-Kopa or Kopario, and today the city is Slavyansk-on-Kuban

The population of this colony was engaged in fishing, salting fish and cooking caviar. Caviar and delicacy fish species were purchased by foreign merchants. It is also known that the Genoese kept fish rows in the capital of the Byzantine Empire. In the XIV century. Kopa has become the largest center of fish trade in the Northern and Eastern Black Sea region. The Consul of Copa had the right to mint coins. The charter of the colonies determined the basic rules of trade. The price of fish was jointly set by the consul, merchants and local nobility.

Work according to the text of the source / slide 16 / “From the charter of the Genoese colonies”

Questions:

1. What ensured the high profits of the Genoese merchants?

2. What was the reason for the high price of salt and how was it possible to maintain it?

Student/slide 17-18/

On the site of ancient Gorgipia (Anapa) on the steep coast of the Black Sea, the Genoese erected their fortress - the Mapu trading post. It was from her that the then famous Genoese road to the upper reaches of the river went. Kuban. The road at that time was well equipped, had transshipment bases and, obviously, was well guarded. The Genoese were vitally interested in the safety of their merchant caravans, which moved through the Caucasian territory. The Adyghe nobility saw great benefits in trade cooperation with the Genoese

Repetition and consolidation of knowledge./slide 19/

Exercise. You have envelopes with the task on the tables. You now have to correlate the name of the colonies with the name of the cities of modern times. For example, Kafa - Feodosia, etc.

Reflection. /slide 20/

What did I learn in the lesson?
What have I learned
What else would I like to know?

Homework.

Write an essay "The adventure of a trading caravan on the way from Genoa to Cafu."

The assertion of the Italians in the region was accompanied for decades by a sharp struggle between various forces that claimed influence here: Byzantium, the Crimean Khanate, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Amalfi. As a result of fierce rivalry with the Venetian Republic, which founded at the beginning of the XII century. colonies in the form of trading posts on the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula, Genoa became the monopoly owner of the sea trade routes along the Crimean coast. The interest of Italian merchants in the Black Sea was caused primarily by the fact that the traditional trade routes between the East and Europe (passing mainly through the Mediterranean) were disrupted as a result of the Mongol-Tatar conquest of the world. The main importance was acquired by the northern transit routes passing through Central and Central Asia to the Black Sea, which explained the revival of the Black Sea trade.

However, it was necessary to negotiate with the Golden Horde, which was in charge in the Crimea. In the middle of the 1260s. the Genoese founded in Cafe (Feodosia), then a small Greek-Alanian village, their trading post, also acquiring, in agreement with the ulus emir Mangu Khan, the nearby lands in their ownership. So, in the 1260-1270s. active Genoese colonization of the Black Sea coast begins. First, the southern coast of Crimea is colonized. Trading posts appear in Bosporo (Kerch), Chembalo (Balaklava). Several colonies were founded in the North-Eastern Black Sea region - Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban), Matrega (Taman village), Mala (Anapa), Sebastopolis (Sukhumi), Kalolimen (modern Novorossiysk district), Mavrolako (Gelendzhik ). Tana (Azov), which had the richest fish market and was of strategic importance in the system of trade points lying between Europe and Asia, was of the greatest importance for maintaining the position of the Genoese in the Sea of Azov. Bread, salted fish and caviar were massively exported from Tana - mainly to Constantinople and Genoa. Tana was of great economic importance - a transit route to Central Asia and the Far East ran through it.

Kafa became the political and economic center of all the Genoese colonies, the center of all Black Sea (transit) trade. The Genoese behaved like at home on the Black Sea, completely driving out the Greek merchants from there. The title of the Kafa consul - "the head of Kafa and the entire Black Sea" - carried a very real content. Kafa ruled other colonies through its representatives - commandants and consuls. It should be noted that all the colonies of Italians in the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region were multinational in composition. Even in the Cafe, the Genoese were a tiny minority. In Soldai, Cembalo, Matrega, Kop, the Greek and local (Circassian) population predominated. It should also be noted the Slavic, Armenian, Jewish element of the population of the colonies. Over time, the differentiation of the Genoese colonies takes place, among which the following can be distinguished: 1) retaining commercial importance (Kafa, Tana); 2) having the value of fortresses and centers of agricultural districts (Soldaya, Chembalo); 3) colonies, in which power was actually exercised by local (Circassian or Genoese) princes, despite the presence of officials from Kafa (Mala, Barir, Matrega, Kopa). Given the local conditions, the importance and the apparent remoteness of the colonies, Kafa was forced to pursue a flexible policy regarding the recognition in some of them of a large degree of independence. One of the features of some Italian colonies was their dependence not only on Kafa, but also on local rulers - both Italian and local (Circassian) origin. For example, since 1419 Matrega was owned by the noble Genoese Gizolfi. One of them, V. Gizolfi, having become related to the daughter and heiress of the prince from the local (Circassian) family of Biberdi-Biha-Khanum, turned this extremely important colony for Kafa into a semi-independent feudal possession of his family. Kafa, who was aware of the dangerous consequences of the separatism of the local prince, went, however, to the support of Gizolfi. Matrega was of strategic importance to the Italians. Located on the shore of the Kerch Strait, it ensured uninterrupted communication of the colonialists with the Bosporo, located in the Crimea, and from there with other Crimean possessions of Genoa. Bata (Barir) owned in the second half of the 15th century. noble Genoese I. de Marini, and its inhabitants paid tribute to Cafe. Kopa was ruled by a local Circassian prince. When one of its rulers erected a fortress in his possessions, the consul of Kafa was ordered by order from Genoa to take urgent measures to destroy it. The fragility of Kafa’s position in Kopa is also evidenced by the fact that, according to the Charter of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea in 1449, the consul of Kopa had to “bring gifts to sovereign persons from Zikhia” upon arrival there, i.e. noble Circassians. The population of the colony was engaged in salting fish and cooking caviar, as well as selling slaves. Fair trade flourished in Cope (from late April to mid-May). Until the consul of Kopa set the price for fish, none of the merchants had the right to buy it - under the threat of confiscation of the goods.

The administrative apparatus created by the Genoese gradually became more complex and expanded - as their entire colonial system on the Black Sea expanded. Already in 1290, Kafa had its charter, which essentially determined the entire internal organization and structure of the Black Sea colonies, for which Kafa was the administrative center.

The position of the Italians in the region has never been secure. Kafa itself was destroyed several times by the Tatars - in 1298, 1308, and the Genoese were forced to flee. During the reign of Khan Uzbek (1312-1342), the Genoese reappeared on the shores of the Feodosia Gulf. In 1313, an embassy from Genoa was sent to the Horde, agreeing with the khan on the conditions for the return of the Genoese to the ruins of Kafa, and in 1316 the resurgent city received a new Charter. By the middle of the XIV century. Kafa became a powerful fortress, and in the 1380s. the outer line of defense of the city was erected. Despite the complication of relations with the Tatars (since 1434, the Genoese began to pay constant tribute to the Crimean Khan Hadji Giray, their worst enemy), Genoa goes to great expense to restore its presence in the Crimea. After all, it undoubtedly received large incomes from trade with the local population, the export of colonial goods and slaves to Europe. The Genoese made attempts to develop silver mines in the Caucasus mountains. Exploring local lands, they carefully mapped them.

Mid 15th century - a turning point in the history of the Genoese colonies. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. The Byzantine Empire ceased to exist, and the sea route connecting the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea with the mother country was taken under control by the Turks. The Republic of Genoa faced a real threat of losing all its Black Sea possessions, and it hastened to sell the colonies to the bank of San Giorgio with a center in Genoa in the same year. By that time, this powerful financial institution already had the right to mint coins, collect most taxes in the possessions of Genoa, control Genoese customs, and have a monopoly on the operation of salt mines. Having received the right to manage and inalienable possession of the Black Sea colonies for a low price (5500 livres), the bank only completed with this act the process of gradual absorption of the Genoese possessions. Already in June 1454, warships of the Ottoman Turks appeared on the Kafa roadstead. They left only after the Turks, having robbed several settlements on the Crimean and Caucasian coasts, obtained from Kafa a promise to pay them an annual tribute. It was clear that the days of Italian rule on the Black Sea coast were numbered. But the mortal blow to the colonies was delivered only after the Ottoman Turks concluded a truce with Venice (1474). On May 31, 1475, a Turkish squadron approached the Cafe. Kafa, which had powerful fortifications, surrendered a few days later. In the second half of 1475, the Turks made a campaign towards the Don and the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, capturing Matrega, Kopa, Tana, and others. Kafa, where the Sultan's governor was located, became the center of Ottoman possessions in the Black Sea region.

So ingloriously ended the dominion of Genoa in the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. Striving for the fastest enrichment, mercilessly exploiting the population of the colonies, the Genoese failed to create a solid foundation for their presence in the region. Quite often, the reports of the consuls spoke of clashes, strife with local tribes. "Peaceful" or "friendly" treaties, to which the Circassians were forced by force, were almost immediately violated by them. The policy of the Circassian nobility in relation to the Kafsky administration was distinguished by insidiousness. There are separate positive consequences of the long-term presence of Italians in the Caucasus - the Adyghes become known in Europe, since their lands are mapped by the Genoese; the local population of the colonies, including the Adyghe, gets acquainted with the achievements of European culture; the development of trade contributed to the well-being of a certain part of the Adyghe society. In general, however, Italian colonization had negative consequences for the peoples of the North Caucasus. Attempts to convert the local population to Catholicism were often violent. The slave trade bled the Circassians, depressingly affecting their gene pool. Encouraging this "fishery", the Genoese thereby kindled new clashes between the Circassians (since the nobility was interested in capturing prisoners). The predatory nature of trade delayed the growth of the productive forces of the aboriginal population, based on shameless deceit, monopoly and the absence of an alternative choice for the Circassians.