Manor Yasenevo: new finds - architects I.F. Michurin and I. Vetrov

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The building of the estate, built in the time of the Lopukhins, is closed to the public due to permanent restoration.

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Yasenevo - one of the ancient settlements Moscow region, known since 1339 as the grand ducal, and later - the royal patrimony.

In the 1690s–1790s, Yasenevo belonged to the Lopukhins - in 1718 it was “written to the sovereign”, but in 1728 it was returned to the Lopukhin family: Fyodor Avraamovich Lopukhin (1697–1757) became the owner.

In 1795, its then owner, the daughter of F. A. Lopukhin, General's wife Agrafena Fyodorovna Faminitsyna, sold the estate to Princess Anna Grigorievna Beloselskaya (1767–1846).

In 1800, the estate was acquired by Paul I and donated to his favorite, Anna Petrovna Gagarina. Since 1814, its owners are Ekaterina Sergeevna Gagarina (1794–1835) and her husband, Andrei Pavlovich (1787–1828), whose cousin, Sergei Ivanovich, acquired Yasenevo on November 22, 1818. Under him, a greenhouse economy flourished on the estate, a farm was set up for breeding fine-fleeced sheep, and a garden with a fruit-changing system was laid. After his death, the estate passed to his daughter, Maria Sergeevna Buturlina.

In 1918, Yasenevo was registered with the museum department of the People's Commissariat for Education. Until 1976, the estate was occupied by a state farm, then by the All-Union Research and Production Combine of the USSR Ministry of Culture, now the Resma Research and Production Company.

Complex of buildings

Opposite the estate is the Church of Peter and Paul, the construction of which dates back to the 1750s. Here, on July 9, 1822, Leo Tolstoy's parents got married: Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy and Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya.

Behind the church are the main buildings of the estate, closing the perspective of the entrance: the baroque manor house and perpendicularly placed outbuildings connected by a fence, forming a single ensemble with the house, but decorated more restrained. Architectural historian M. Yu. Korobko attributes them as a work of architect I. F. Michurin and refers to the beginning. 1730s

The house burned down completely in 1924 and was restored (the second floor was rebuilt) in the 1970s. It was supposed that the restored master's house would house the restoration workshops and administrative premises of the All-Union Research and Production Combine of the USSR Ministry of Culture, but due to the fact that the restoration was not completed, the house was at one time turned into a warehouse of restoration materials.

In 1995, the leadership of the research and production company "Resma" presented the "Program for the restoration and adaptation of the Yasenevo estate to modern usage and the creation of a cultural and recreational center in it”, agreed by the Main Directorate for the Protection of Monuments of Moscow and the State Property Administration. According to the program, restoration work on the estate was to be completed in 2007. The result of this program was minor cosmetic work: the house was plastered and painted pink.

The house is currently vacant and unused. Due to the fact that it turned out to be too “heavy”, and the foundation was not strengthened, cracks began to appear in the building. The state of the house was also affected by the lack of waterproofing, which was not provided for by the project of its reconstruction. In 2015, a fire broke out in the right wing of the building: the garbage inside was burning.

From the west, south and east, the main buildings of the estate are surrounded by a regular linden park. It was previously believed that it was founded in the middle of the 18th century. According to M. Yu. Korobko, the park is contemporaneous with the main manor buildings, that is, it was founded in the 1730s.

In the western part of the park, two ponds have been preserved, indicated on the plan of 1766. Another chain of ponds separated the estate from the peasant houses. There were originally four. At present, there are also two of these ponds; they have lost their historical configuration and were rebuilt in the late 1980s.

Photo gallery

Yasenevo is the oldest village known since the 13th century. Until the end of the 16th century, Yasenevo belonged to the descendants of Ivana Kalita, including Ivan the Terrible, who in a fit of anger killed his eldest son, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, to whom the village was bequeathed.
The name of the estate came from the former village, located nearby. Until the end of the XVI century. and in the second half of the 17th century. patrimony of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars, in 1690-1790. the property of the boyars, then the princes Lopukhins, since 1800 the princes Gagarins, when the Gagarins owned the estate, the buildings were processed in the style of classicism. The outbuildings were built on with wooden mezzanines, decorated with wooden four-column porticos to a height of two floors, from which the estate passed to M.S. Buturlina, and in 1902 to her sons.
The manor building itself was built in the Elizabethan Baroque style with its characteristic pomp and external brilliance. In the first third of the 19th century, the ensemble was rebuilt. The wing was supplemented with mezzanines and classicist porticoes with columns, and a belvedere tower appeared on the manor house. In this form, the estate existed until 1924, when the house burned down.
The ruins of the house began to be dismantled in the early 1930s. - in their place it was supposed to build a building of a rest house. But soon this idea came to naught. Partially survived only the first floor and the remains of the stairs. In the second half of the 70s. designed by architects G.K. Ignatiev and L.A. Shitova, on the basis of the preserved foundation, a building was built that imitated the look that the estate had in the middle of the 18th century. In accordance with this plan, the mezzanines and Empire porticos, which previously adorned the outbuildings, were demolished.
Since there were not enough materials to recreate the second floor of the house, analogues were used - manor houses in Glinka, Lopasna and other places. The white-stone decor was replaced with special concrete. In 1995 the building was plastered.
In front of the estate is the Church of Peter and Paul, in which N.I. Tolstoy and M.N. Volkonskaya were married. Although in popular literature its construction is usually attributed to 1733, this dating is incorrect. Then the owner of Yasenev, F.A. Lopukhin, received permission to build a stone church in his estate, but for some reason, most likely financial, the construction did not take place. Only in 1751, F.A. Lopukhin secured the right to build the current church - a very monumental baroque building with risalits with large order pilasters in the lower tier. The date of completion of the work has not yet been found, it must be thought that they lasted several years. Thus, the most old building Yaseneva - the church is conditionally dated to the 1st half of the 1750s."
Behind the church are the main buildings of the estate, closing the perspective of the entrance: the baroque manor house and perpendicularly placed outbuildings connected by a fence, forming a single ensemble with the house, but decorated more restrained.
From the west, south and east, the main buildings of the estate are surrounded by a regular linden park, founded in the middle of the 18th century. In the western part of the park, two ponds have been preserved, marked more
on the plan of 1766. Another chain of ponds separated the estate from the peasant houses. There were originally four. At present, there are also two of these ponds; they have lost their historical configuration and were rebuilt in the late 1980s.
In 1995, the “Program for the restoration and adaptation of the Yasenevo estate to modern use and the creation of a cultural and recreational center in it” was proposed, agreed by the Main Directorate for the Protection of Monuments of Moscow and the State Property Administration. According to the program, restoration work on the estate was to be completed in 2007. The result of this program was minor cosmetic work: the house was plastered and painted pink.
The house is currently vacant and unused. Due to the fact that it turned out to be too “heavy”, and the foundation was not strengthened, cracks began to appear in the building. The state of the house was also affected by the lack of waterproofing, which was not provided for by the project of its reconstruction.
Unfortunately, now the surroundings of the Yasenevo estate are built up from the north, south and west with new panel houses. The overgrown park in the summer almost completely closes the view of the main house.

Owners: Princely, royal possession (XIV-XVI), Protopopov A.M. (early XVII), Lvov A.M. (1646-1655), palace department (1656-1690), Lopukhins (1690-1790), Beloselskaya A.G. (late XVIII), treasury or Paul I (1799-1800), Gagarins (1801-1862), Buturlins (1862-1917)

History of formation
The existing architectural and park complex was created under Prince F.A. Lopukhin in the middle of the 18th century. In the first third of the 19th century, under the princes Gagarins, residential buildings were rebuilt in accordance with the norms of classicism, the regular park was supplemented with landscape compositions. The church was rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century.
In 1924 main house burned, its top floor was demolished. Before that, the Museum fine arts books were taken out, the volost council of deputies took over the furnishings, the living room of the Karelian birch was taken over by the Moscow Extraordinary Commission. In the 1970s the house was recreated in the forms of the middle of the 18th century; appropriate forms are given to the outbuildings.

Estate complex
The front yard of the estate is open towards the Church of Peter and Paul. In a small regular park surrounded by a rampart and a moat, ponds and a dilapidated greenhouse have been preserved. Parterre behind the house and several alleys are readable. To the south of the park, the compositional axis of the estate is emphasized by a long alley, the former road to the mill.
The shapes of the small U-shaped main house and outbuildings correspond to the developed baroque, which is rarely found in the architecture of residential buildings in Moscow and the Moscow region. Their walls are rusticated, the windows with arched lintels are framed with elegant architraves. The monumental baroque Peter and Paul Church (1751) of the "octagon on a quadrangle" type has a refectory and a bell tower (1861-1863), which are made with the stylization of the original forms according to the project of the artist Kalugin. Nearby are the services and the house of the clergy of the 19th century.

The estate was owned only by representatives high society. Turns in her history are connected with women's destinies. She falls into the Lopukhin family thanks to the marriage of Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina as a gift from the emperor to his father-in-law and brother. Later, Tsarina Evdokia was exiled to the Novodevichy Convent, and her brother Avraam Fedorovich was executed for his political views and connection with Tsarevich Alexei. Emperor Peter II (1715-1730) returned in 1727 from exile a crowned nun, who, having settled in Moscow, contributed to the exaltation of relatives. The nephew of the former tsarina, Privy Councilor Fyodor Abramovich Lopukhin, thanks to a brilliant match with the daughter of an associate of Peter I B.P. Sheremetev Vera Borisovna, was finally able in the 1730s-1750s. furnish the home with dignity.
The estate came to the Gagarin family as a gift from Paul I to his former favorite Anna Lopukhina, who became the wife of P.E. Gagarin. Of the Gagarins, the most famous is Sergei Ivanovich (1777-1862) - the president of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, who used the estate for his agronomic experiments. In honor of his heavenly patron, the throne of Sergius of Radonezh was consecrated in the manor church.

The master's house burned down along with all the remnants of the situation that remained in it in 1924. Information about his death did not reach Moscow immediately. So back in 1925, the Glavnauka of the People's Commissariat for Education proposed to the trade union of railway workers of the Moscow-Kursk railway use Yasenevo as a holiday home. Subsequently, the ruins of the Yasenevsky master's house were partially dismantled. Other buildings, incl. closed church, used by the state farm "Yasenevo".

The ruins of the main building began to be dismantled in the early 1930s. - because At that time, the building of a rest house was supposed to be built on this site. Perhaps the presence of a well-known sanatorium located in Uzkoy in the neighborhood played a certain role here. Soon this idea died, as later the construction of a zoo in the vicinity of Yasenev, but only the basement and the basement, which was used as a vegetable store, partially survived from the former master's house. The wing until the demolition of the village of Yasenevo were residential. The fence between them was restored only in the second half of the 1970s.
At the same time, according to the project of architects G.K. appearance at the time of construction, that is, in the middle of the XVIII century. (plastered only in 1995). Since Baroque estates are quite rare, the restorers found it tempting to obtain, i.e. actually rebuild another one. In accordance with this plan, the original mezzanines and porticos of the outbuildings were demolished.
Since there were not enough materials to reliably recreate the second floor of the house, analogues were used: the manor houses in Glinka, Lopasna and other places. The white-stone decor was replaced by special concrete. Similar "extensions" were made when recreating other parts of the building: instead of vaults in the side wings, flat reinforced concrete ceilings were arranged, the shapes of the dormer windows, the parapet over the central risalit and the chimneys were borrowed from St. etc... Nevertheless, this example of a pseudo-restoration "cranberry", typical of our time, has the status of an architectural monument and is under state protection.
There was also a second project, more reliable: to restore the building as it was in the 19th - early 20th centuries, but it was rejected. As a result, the historical and cultural environment of Yasenev of that time was irretrievably lost.

The purpose of recreating the manor house of the Yasenev estate was only to use it as a warehouse for building materials, now owned by the state restoration association "RESMA".

Manor Yasenevo

Owners: Princely, royal possession (XIV-XVI), Protopopov A.M. (early XVII), Lvov A.M. (1646-1655), palace department (1656-1690), Lopukhins (1690-1790), Beloselskaya A.G. (late XVIII), treasury or Paul I (1799-1800), Gagarins (1801-1862), Buturlins (1862-1917)

History of formation

The existing architectural and park complex was created under Prince F.A. Lopukhin in the middle of the 18th century. In the first third of the 19th century, under the princes Gagarins, residential buildings were rebuilt in accordance with the norms of classicism, the regular park was supplemented with landscape compositions. The church was rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century.

In 1924 the main house was on fire, its top floor was demolished. Even before that, books were taken to the Museum of Fine Arts, the volost council took the furnishings, the drawing room of the Karelian birch - the Moscow Extraordinary Commission. In the 1970s the house was recreated in the forms of the middle of the 18th century; appropriate forms are given to the outbuildings.

Estate complex

The front yard of the estate is open towards the Church of Peter and Paul. In a small regular park surrounded by a rampart and a moat, ponds and a dilapidated greenhouse have been preserved. Parterre behind the house and several alleys are readable. To the south of the park, the compositional axis of the estate is emphasized by a long alley, the former road to the mill.

The shapes of the small U-shaped main house and outbuildings correspond to the developed baroque, which is rarely found in the architecture of residential buildings in Moscow and the Moscow region. Their walls are rusticated, the windows with arched lintels are framed with elegant architraves. The monumental baroque Peter and Paul Church (1751) of the "octagon on a quadrangle" type has a refectory and a bell tower (1861-1863), which are made with the stylization of the original forms according to the project of the artist Kalugin. Nearby are the services and the house of the clergy of the 19th century.

The estate was owned only by representatives of high society. Turns in her history are connected with women's destinies. She falls into the Lopukhin family thanks to the marriage of Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina as a gift from the emperor to his father-in-law and brother. Later, Tsarina Evdokia was exiled to the Novodevichy Convent, and her brother Avraam Fedorovich was executed for his political views and connection with Tsarevich Alexei. Emperor Peter II (1715-1730) returned in 1727 from exile a crowned nun, who, having settled in Moscow, contributed to the exaltation of relatives. The nephew of the former tsarina, Privy Councilor Fyodor Abramovich Lopukhin, thanks to a brilliant match with the daughter of an associate of Peter I B.P. Sheremetev Vera Borisovna, was finally able in the 1730s-1750s. furnish the home with dignity.

The estate came to the Gagarin family as a gift from Paul I to his former favorite Anna Lopukhina, who became the wife of P.E. Gagarin. Of the Gagarins, the most famous is Sergei Ivanovich (1777-1862) - the president of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, who used the estate for his agronomic experiments. In honor of his heavenly patron, the throne of Sergius of Radonezh was consecrated in the manor church.

The estate is protected by the state as an object cultural heritage federal significance. The area of ​​the object is 27.6 hectares. The buildings are occupied by the restoration organization, the park is used for recreation by residents of the surrounding areas

Website of the Yasenevo Estate

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