What are the names of the ropes that the sailors stand on. Sail (classification, details and names of ship sails). Canvas for making sails

Outrigger- a float attached by transverse beams to the hull of a sailing vessel of the proa type on the leeward side, or a balancer-counterweight, installed in the same way on the windward side, serving to ensure stability and tilting.

backstay- a cable of standing rigging, which unfastens the mast in the longitudinal direction from the stern.

Akhtershteven- a structural detail of a vessel with a pointed (whaleboat) stern, on which the ends of the hull plating belts are connected.

Backstay-1. The course of a sailing ship, in which the wind blows from the stern at an angle of 15-85 ° to the DP. - 2. Standing rigging cable, unfastening the mast from the stern at an angle to the DP.

Baller- the rudder axle to which the rudder blade and tiller are attached.

Jar- a transverse board that serves as a reinforcement for the hull of the boat, as well as a seat.

Buttocks- lines on the "side" projection of the theoretical drawing, obtained by sectioning the ship's hull with vertical planes parallel to the DP.

beidewind- the course of a sailing ship, in which the wind blows from the bow at an angle of 30 ° (steep wind) to 80 ° (full wind).

Mizzen- sail on the aft mast (mizzen mast).

Beam- transverse horizontal connection of the set of the hull of the vessel, which serves to support the deck and perceive transverse loads that compress the hull from the sides.

boat- a sail-strengthening overlay sewn in its corners.

Bras - tackle attached to the butts of the yards and used to turn a straight sail in a horizontal plane.

Breshtuk- a triangular horizontal knee connecting the fenders and the stringer with the stem in the bow of the boat.

brief- direct auxiliary sail, installed with a fair wind on motor and rowing vessels.

brukanets- a piece of canvas that is tied around the mast at the partner to prevent water from entering the wheelhouse.

Bowline- tackle for tightening the leech of an oblique sail or the windward side leech of a straight sail.

Bowsprit- a horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel, which serves to carry forward the bow sails.

Guy- standing rigging tackle, with which the mast is unfastened from the sides.

van't putens- parts by means of which the shrouds are attached to the sides or deck.

Waterline - a projection of the section of the ship's hull by a horizontal plane. Structural pressure is given by the surface of the water at the ship's design load.

Windsurfer- see Sailing board.

Tack.- 1. The position of the sailing vessel relative to the wind (starboard tack - the wind blows to starboard, port tack - to port). - 2. Sail tacking. - 3. The path traveled by a sailing vessel between turns when tacking. A short tack with the aim of going into the wind or avoiding an obstacle is called a countertack.

gulfwind- the course of a sailing vessel, at which the wind blows at an angle of approximately 90 ° to its DP.

Gaff- an inclined pole of the spars, raised up the mast and used to fasten the upper luff of the sail.

Geek- spar tree, pivotally fastened with the heel to the mast; serves for fastening the luff of a slanting sail.

Sail hump- the back part of the panel of the oblique sail, protruding beyond the line between the head and clew angles.

Mainsail - with oblique armament, a sail placed by the luff on the main mast.

Grota-fal- tackle running rigging, which serves to lift the mainsail.

Diametral plane (DP) - a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the ship's hull into two symmetrical parts.

dirik-fal- running rigging tackle, with the help of which the hafel is raised and held in the desired position.

Trim- the angle of longitudinal inclination of the vessel.

Drifting- demolition of the vessel under the influence of wind and current.

Bookmark- 1. When building a small vessel - the main unit assembled from the keel, stem and stern. - 2. A tuck on the sail in order to give it the required shape (the size and location of the belly).

wind setting- change in wind direction in the direction opposite to the ship's course.

Kabolka- a thread from which a strand of rope is twisted.

Carlings- a longitudinal underdeck beam, which, together with the beams, provides the rigidity of the deck.

Catamaran- a ship consisting of two identical hulls connected by a transverse connection - a bridge.

Keel- the main longitudinal beam of the ship's hull set, installed in the DP from the stem to the sternpost or transom.

Finned keel- a vertical plate installed under the bottom in the DP to reduce the drift of a sailing vessel downwind.

Keels zygomatic- a kind of fin keel; are installed in pairs on the cheekbones; provide less draft than the fin, but are inferior to it in terms of efficiency.

kilson- a longitudinal beam of the ship's hull set, which is installed over the frames and connected to the keel through bolts.

Knica- a detail of a set that serves to connect the hull connections.

Koush- a metal rim with an oval, triangular or round groove, which is embedded in the fire to protect the cable from chafing.

Kraspitsa- a spacer installed between the mast and the rhomboids.

Grommet- a ring twisted from strands of a thin cable and embedded in the luff of the sail for attaching gear - sheet, tack, etc.

Lavrovka- movement under sail against the wind along a broken line with tacks.

Leventik- non-working position of the sails when the ship is facing the wind.

Face- the edge of the sail.

Likpaz- a recess in the mast or boom, into which the luff of the sail with the lyktros is inserted.

Lyktros- a cable sewn to the luff (face) of the sail.

Malka- the angle given by the theoretical drawing of the ship's hull between the plane of the hull and the surface of the part of the set adjacent to it.

midship frame- cross-section of the ship's hull in a vertical plane in the middle part or at the widest point.

Vessel set- Longitudinal and transverse bonds forming the skeleton of the vessel, defining the shape of its hull, ensuring the strength and rigidity of the structure.

Knock- the outer end of a horizontal or inclined spar tree (boom, hafel).

Butt- a bolt with a ring.

fire- a loop braided on tackle.

Main line (OL)- the line of the theoretical drawing of the vessel passing through the lower point of the keel parallel to the waterline plane; the heights of all other lines of the theoretical drawing are counted from the OL.

Stability- the ability of the ship to return to its original position - on an even keel or with a constant list after the termination of the external forces.

Payol- Removable wooden flooring.

sail board- a sports equipment for sailing, consisting of a flat float (board) with a mast hinged to it; standing on the board and holding on to the boom - whish, the athlete controls the movement of the mast with a sail and the center of gravity of his own body.

Stanchion- a vertical post supporting the beam.

Plaza- a flat area (floor or shield), on which a life-size theoretical drawing of the vessel is drawn or sails are marked.

Plaza ordinates- dimensions presented in tabular form characterizing the position (distance from the DP and OL) of the points of intersection of the Longitudinal lines of the theoretical drawing with the frames.

gunwale- a board or beam covering the edge of the side of a deckless boat or the upper edge of the bulwark.

Podlegars- a connection passing along the side of the boat, on which the banks rely.

Fender- a strong bar installed along the side from the outside to protect the skin from impacts or (on boats) inside the hull along the upper ends of the frames to reinforce the set.

Proa- a sailing vessel, the stability of which is provided by an outrigger.

Bunt- the bulge of the sailcloth, the shape of which is characterized by the ratio of the deflection arrow to the chord.

Partners- a hole in the deck, bank, through which the mast passes.

Raks- metal rings with which the luff of the sail is attached to the stay.

spars- the general name of the masts, booms, yards and other trees on the ship ..

Resenkil- timber, which is placed on the keel inside the ship; flora are attached to R..

Reek- spar tree for stretching the sail around the corners.

Ray- a spar tree suspended by the middle to the mast to stretch the luff of a direct sail.

reef bow- a strip of fabric sewn onto the sail parallel to the luff to increase the strength of the panel in the place where it is tied to the boom when taking reefs.

Reefs to take- reduce the area of ​​the sail when the wind intensifies, tying or winding its lower part onto the boom.

reef season- tips with which the sail is laced to the boom when taking reefs.

reef shters- short ties for tying the lower part of the sail to the boom when taking reefs.

Tiller- the lever with which the steering wheel is turned.

scour- deviate from the course due to unskilled control or poor stability of the vessel.

Stopper- a device for holding a selected tight cable, for example, a sheet.

Stringer- a detail of a longitudinal set, a bar installed along the sides and bottom. Zygomatic S is placed on the cheekbone.

Running rigging- movable sailing gear.

Standing rigging- ropes with which the spars are fastened.

Lanyard- a device for fitting standing rigging. Screw T. are mainly used. On sailing boats and kayaks, they use the held in. several falls of the cable.

Theoretical drawing- projections of sections of the ship's hull in three mutually perpendicular planes, defining its shape. In conjunction with the table of plaza ordinates, it serves as the basis for marking the details of the hull and skin.

Top- the top of the mast.

Topenant- tackle of running rigging, which serves to support the no-kov of booms, yards, etc.

toptimbers- the side part of the frame, made up of separate parts - futoks.

Springboard- a soft deck for racing and light tourist catamarans, stretched from fabric between the beams of the transverse bridge.

Transom- flat aft end of the ship's hull.

trimaran- a vessel consisting of a middle (main) hull and side floats attached to it by transverse beams, which serve to ensure stability and reduce roll.

Throw away into the wind- change the course of the sailing vessel to a fuller one.

Controllability- the speed of the reaction of the vessel to the rudder shift.

Course stability- the property of the vessel to maintain its direction of movement.

wishbaum- a boom in the form of two arcs covering the sail. Received distribution on sailing boards.

Fal- tackle running rigging for lifting sails or yards.

Falin- a rope tied in the bow or at the stern of the boat for mooring and towing.

halyard board- a rigid plate (usually made of plywood) attached to the head of the sail to increase its rigidity and strength.

Head angle of the sail- the upper corner of the sail, for which it is raised with a halyard.

Bulwark- a rail or metal profile placed rib along the edge of the deck to prevent people from slipping overboard.

False keel- a longitudinal bar attached outside the hull to the keel. On yachts, the F. has a significant height and serves to counteract drift.

false- a fold on the sail to strengthen the panel.

floor- a transverse connection of the bottom set, connecting the parts of the frame frame and serving for its attachment to the keel.

floortimbers- the bottom part of the composite frame.

jibe- the course of the sailing ship is directly downwind.

Forepeak- bow compartment, highlighted by a ram bulkhead.

Forspiegel- bow transom; mainly used on small sailboats.

stem- an inclined or curved bar forming the bow of the ship; the bow ends of the plating belts are attached to the f.

Footstock- a pole with divisions for measuring shallow depths.

Running end (lopar)- the end of the tackle for which it is chosen.

moorings- rope used for mooring.

Daggerboard- lifting keel; Distinguish dagger Sh., lowered vertically, and folding, rotating on an axis.

Dinghy- a sailboat with a daggerboard.

Centerboard well- the device in which the centerboard is placed.

Schwerttal- a cable carried in several falls to lift the centerboard.

Shvertsy- daggerboards hung from the sides.

Shkatorina- the edge of the sail.

Squall- a sudden strong gust of wind.

Sheet-1. Running rigging tackle attached to the foot of a boom or yardarm and used to steer the sail. - 2. Tackle tied into the clew of an oblique sail to stretch it along the boom.

clew- the lower rear corner of the sail.

frame- detail of the transverse set of the vessel; on the theoretical drawing - projections of the cross section of the body by vertical planes.

Sprit- rails, bursting a quadrangular sail diagonally.

Stage- standing rigging that supports the mast from the front.

Shturtros- a flexible cable that transmits force from the control to the tiller or sector on the rudder stock.

Yal- seaworthy row-and-sail ship's boat; according to the number of oars they are called "twos", "fours", "sixes".

Yacht- in a broad sense - a motor or sailing vessel for tourism; more narrowly - a sailing vessel for sports or tourism, having a ballast false keel.

Letter from the redneck family to their son. (Redneck is a resident of the southern states of the United States).
My favorite redneck son!
I write very slowly because I know you can't read fast. We no longer live where we lived before you left us. Your dad read in the paper that most accidents happen within 20 miles of home, so we moved further away.
And I can't send you my address because the last family from Arkansas who lived here before us took all the house numbers with them so they wouldn't change addresses.
Our house is good. There is even a washing machine. However, I'm not sure that it works properly: last week I put the laundry in the wash and pulled the chain. Since then, we have not seen any more linen.
The weather here is nothing. It only rained twice last week; the first time he walked for three days, and the second for four.
Yes, about that coat you wanted me to send you: your uncle Billy Bob said that with buttons it would be very heavy to mail, so we ripped off the buttons and put them in the pockets of the coat.
Bubba locked his keys in the car yesterday; we were very worried because it took him two hours to get me and dad out of the car.
Your sister gave birth this morning, but I still don't know who she is, so I can't tell you if you're an uncle or an aunt now.
Uncle Bobby Ray fell into a barrel of whiskey last week. The men tried to pull him out, but he fought them off and drowned. We cremated him: he burned for three days.
Three of your friends fell off the bridge in their truck. Butch was driving. He opened the window and swam out. The other two were in the back. They drowned because they were unable to lower the tailgate to get out.
There is nothing more to write about. Nothing special, as you can see, we did not happen.
Your beloved aunt, Mom.

sails called connected panels of canvas, which perceive the pressure of the wind and are used to propel the ship. The totality of all sails is called sailing equipment. ship. By sail is understood both the total area of ​​\u200b\u200ball sails, and the types of sails carried by a given vessel or a boat (Latin, straight, storm, etc.). Distinguish bow sail, the area of ​​the sails that are to the bow from the vertical axis of rotation ship, and aft - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located aft of this axis. These terms are used in the study of the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and agility of the ship.

sail classification

Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment point.
The shape distinguishes between rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the place of attachment:
sails upper edge, which is attached to the yard;
sails one of the sides, which is attached to the mast;
sails, in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the diametrical plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into latin, gaff, jib and staysails.

Straight sails

Straight sails have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the rail with their upper side. The underside, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship with the help of sheets and tacks. Straight sails are easy to mount and set, it is easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient for a vessel to maneuver with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the wind direction and the diametrical plane of the bow of the vessel is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails - a five-masted vessel " Royal Clipper”, four-mast barque "Kruzenshtern". Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: fock, fore-marseilles (lower and upper), fore-bramsels (lower and upper), main-bramsels (lower and upper) and main-bom-bramsel; mizzen, cruiselles (lower and upper), cruises-bramsleys (lower and upper) and cruises-bom-bramssels. (Fig. 1)

1 - headmast-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - bom-jib; 5 - fork; 6 - lower fore-Marseille; 7 - upper fore-Marseille; 8 - lower fore - brahmsel; 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - for-trumsel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower main-bramsel; 14 - upper mainsail; 15 - lower main-bramsel; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - main-bom-bramsel; 18 - mainsail; 19 - main munsel (a small sail that was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower kruysel; 22 - upper kruysel; 23 - lower cruise-bramsel; 24 - upper cruise-bramsel; 25 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise-trumsel; 27 - counter mizzen; 28 - for-under-fox; 29 - for-mars-lisel; 30 - for-bram-lisel; 31 - for-bom-brahm-lisel;

Straight sails earlier they were also installed on a blinda-topmast (bom-blinda-boven), as well as on blinda- and bom-blinda-yards (blind under a bowsprit and bom-blind under a jib). Their feature was made two or three holes for the drainage of water that fell on the sail. Forecast, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm sails, while the rest - marseilles, bramsels and bom-bramsels - are upper. (Fig. 2)

set of direct sails

I - ordinary with one topsail: 1 - mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - bramsail, 4 - upper bramsail;
II - with lower and upper marseilles: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower marseille, 3 - upper marseille, 4 - lower marseille, 5 - upper bramsel, 6 - bom-bramsel;

latin sails

latin sails these are triangular sails, tied to the yard with a long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are oblique. They allow the ship to sail at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's course and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on belonging to a particular mast, namely: Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called "bastardo", the middle one - "borda", the smallest "marabotto". Each of the sails was set depending on the strength of the wind. In bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the "fortune yard". Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, two forms of mizzen began to be used: traditional triangular (the so-called French-type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yardarm, and the front, vertical, on the mast (English-type mizzen). The mizzen of this form was similar to a gaff sail - a trysel. (Fig. 3)

hafel sails

hafel sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into proper gaff sails (trisails), gulf topsails, Luger or rake And sprint. Trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which is attached with its upper edge to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast. Gulf topsail - a triangular sail, which is attached to the mizzen gaff with its lower side, and to the topmast with its vertical side. Triseli they are placed on the mizzen-masts of ships with direct sails and on all the masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trisail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by a single triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In the UK, it was called Bermuda.

Luger or rake sails are a kind of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front kick. They are called “tretyaks”. The front lower corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern. There is also a quarter. This is the name of the luger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is one quarter of the length of the rake, counting from the front kick. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set stock - sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with a hafel and a boom (brigantine); gaff sails without a boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called "livarda" - after the name of the sprint; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, are also similar to the Tretyaks. Billander was the main sail of the ships that the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yardarm. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, mounted on the bow with a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used with a fair wind. This sail is considered optional. (Fig. 4)

Staysails

These triangular sails go along the stays, from which they got the name staysails (German stag - headstay, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the fore and main masts, are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (used extremely rarely), mainsten staysail (called “coal”, so the smoke from the galley pipe polluted it), mainsail-bram-staysail and mainsail -bom-brahm-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts they put an apsel, or “mizzen staysail”; cruise-wall-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, “second” or “small” mainsail, staysail (middle staysail); main-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or "cruise-jib"; cruise-wall-staysail, cruise-bram-staysail and the “second” cruise-bram-staysail (rarely used).

Cleaver

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on the stays or lifelines specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing ships, which have a long jib, can carry the following jib: on the forestay - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, a double sail or “storm jib” was set in these cases); on the fore-stan-stay - fore-topmast-staysail; on rails - middle jib, jib or bom-jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which goes along the for-bom-bram-stay. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: fore-topmast-staysail, middle jib and bom-jib (Fig. 6 b). On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jib called "Genoa" (Genoese staysail). Military ships, as a rule, had four jibs: fore-topmast-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom-jib, or "third jib".

Additional sails

Sails that are added to the ship's main square sails to increase speed in light winds are called additional sails. These include: trapezoidal foxes and bram-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the topsails and brahmselves, triangular or quadrangular under-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the foreground and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).

Previously, canvas was also called additional, which was attached to direct sails from the sides, and sometimes from below. These are foxes or bonnets. Distinguished: fore- and grotto-bonnets (under-foxels), fore- and grotto-mars-bonnets, fore- and grotto-bram-bonnets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were also placed near the mizzen and the kruysel. During the XIV-XVI centuries, the bonnets were fastened from below directly to the lower sails, including the Latin mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they fell out of use (Fig. 6).

Storm sails

In stormy conditions, it is common to reduce the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe sails in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sails include fore topmast staysail, storm fore topmast staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail staysail and reefed mizzen.

sail details

Details of straight sails

The sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, overlapped and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable, called a lyktros, is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yard, is called the upper luff or “head”, the lateral vertical edges are called the lateral luffs and the lower edge is the luff or “sole” (Fig. 9).

The upper corners of the sail are called knots, the lower corners are called clews. (Fig. 10). To strengthen the sail in the most stressed places, strips of canvas are sewn. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows, if - obliquely, then - bows. The clew and nok angles and the lyktros are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are called a horizontal row of ties - reef seasons, threaded through the sail, which allow, if necessary, to reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas between the yard and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef seasons. This method of taking reefs has been preserved to this day.

Eyelets pass along the upper luff of the sail, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revants, which serve to fasten the sail to the yard rail. (Fig. 11) The sail is superimposed on the yard and fastened with small tips, the so-called spanning seasons, which are tied to the rail of the yard. The shirt of the laid sail is fixed with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.

vintage sails

Details vintage sails had the same distinguishing features and the same designations as the details of modern sails. So, on a straight sail, they distinguished: panels or upper luff, “sides” (side luffs), “legs” (lower luff), clew and nock corners. There were "head", "side" and "foot" lyktros. To reinforce the sail, they sewed bows, stop plates, reef bows with reef gata for reef seasons, etc.

Sail details

I - lower sail or storm; II - Marseille; III - brahmsel;
1 - lyktros of the upper luff; 2 - lyktros of lateral luffs; 3 - reef-roll-gels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revengers; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - krengels boats; 10 - filing; 11 - stop pay; 12 - revants of the new angle; 13 - upper luff; 14 - side luffs; 15 - luff lyktros; 16 - krengels spruyta bowline; (Fig. 12)

full sailing armament of a three-masted vessel of the 17th - 18th centuries

armament of direct sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(Fig. 14)

The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revants, which passed through the grommets of the luff. On the revenge, so that he did not jump out of the grommet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were fixed in the reef gates. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then their ends were tied together. (Fig. 15)

Details of latin sails

latin sails are sewn from a canvas cloth, and have folded edges sheathed with lyktros. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called oblique, the stern is the back and the last is the bottom (Fig. 16)

Jib details

1 - cloth; 2 - filing; 3 - lyktros; 4 - boots; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - lower luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - kick angle; 10 - clew; 11 - eyelets for attaching raxes; 12 - krengels;

The upper corner of the sail is called the halyard, the lower front corner is the tack, and the lower rear corner is the clew. Also called details of staysails and jibs. (Fig. 17)

latin sails fastened to the yards with the help of a running end - a slack line that passes through the eyelets of the sail and around the yard with tightening the loops with a special knot. (Fig. 18)

Details of gaff sails

hafel sails also sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter. Sheathed with lyktros with appropriate reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The leech, which is attached to the gaff, is called the upper or oblique, the leech, which is attached to the mast, is called the front (standing), rear (clew) and last (lower). gaff sail joins the mast with wooden or iron hoops - segars. (Fig. 19)

Trisel details

1 - cloth; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - clew reef-krengels; 7 - tack reef krengels; 8 - upper luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - lower luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slack line;

Canvas for making sails

Sail sewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. The latter have only transverse threads of cotton, longitudinal (warp) - hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “katun” (for shebek sails and small ships), double “katun” for topsails and ship awnings, ordinary “katun” for boats, simple “katun” for shebek and “katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes canvas "melistukh" was used. It was made in Beaufort and Augers in the departments of Mayenne and Loire. There were two types of fabric: thin and lighter for topsails, staysails and jibs, and coarser and more durable for topsails, lower staysails, etc. Canvas always had a light gray color. For sewing sails, special sailing threads are used.

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