Places of ethnographic tourism in Russia. Folk arts and crafts as an element of the strategy for the development of ethnographic tourism in Russia Folklore tourism
- 69.98 Kb9i-3_ Folk culture as the basis of event tourism
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3
- Event tourism as an integral part of the tourism industry………………………………………………………………………………19
- Examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture…………………………………………………………………..25
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31
References…………………………………………………………………33
Introduction
As a rule, entertainment is inherent in any tourist trip. People go on a journey for new unforgettable impressions, thrills and positive emotions. Leisure combined with entertainment prevails among other travel purposes and forms the most massive tourist flows in the world. Visiting bright and often unique events in cultural, sports or business life on a regional or global scale is the basis of event tourism. Event tour operators associate certain destinations with specific events. There are many reasons to organize event tours. Entertainment on a tourist trip can be associated with visiting various events (sports, festivals, competitions, shows, carnivals, etc.). In the world of culture, various festivals are popular, which are held annually in many countries of the world and are represented by art festivals, classical, jazz and rock, folk music festivals, film festivals, flower festivals, etc. Significant events in the world of music include concerts of world celebrities.
The most spectacular world-class events are carnivals, historically timed to coincide with the beginning of the Catholic Lent. However, along with carnival celebrations, there are a large number of folk holidays, festivals of national cultures, and fairs.
In this regard, the relevance of event tourism studies is of particular importance in connection with the theoretical and practical needs.
The purpose of this course work is to study the role of folk culture as the basis of event tourism.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Consider elements of folk culture in tourism;
To study the recreational essence of folk culture;
Expand the concept of event tourism;
Give examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture.
The work was based on the works of Aleksandrov A.Yu., Babkin A.V., Kvartalnov V.A., Kuskov A.S., Sapozhnikova E.N., Senin V.S. and etc.
1. Folk culture as a factor of human motivation
- Elements of folk culture
Folk culture, being very firmly rooted in the past, now looks rather vague, permeable to the most diverse areas of modern, very multi-layered culture, widely assimilating their elements and traditions and therefore not having an unambiguous, generally accepted understanding.
The concept of "folk culture" (and especially "people") is associated with a variety of everyday associations, mainly value ideas, sometimes of a purely populist kind. In the most general form, we can say that a lot of concepts and objects, in the name of which there is the definition of “folk”, are associated with folk culture in the public mind. In culture and language, they are very widely represented: folk art, folk art, folk wisdom, rumor, folk traditions, legends, beliefs, songs, dances, proverbs, folk craftsmen, healers, etc. 1
Culture is a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bcreated by them. This is a general, philosophical definition of culture. In addition to it, there are several more definitions of the concept of "culture", each of them in its own way has a refraction in tourism and is important for the development of the tourist business. 2
Folkloristics is the science of tradition and its laws among civilized nations; the science of everything that is transmitted orally - knowledge, techniques, recipes, rules and customs, verbal expressions and superstitions, fairy tales, legends, etc. Within the framework of this topic, one aspect of tradition is mainly considered - traditions in artistic culture, the role of traditions in folk art. Folklore or ethnic traditions can be rural (village), urban, bourgeois, aristocratic. For example, the handicraft methods of labor of former times, which are currently used, not prepared by theory, are folklore. Industrial or factory methods of creating outwardly "handicraft" products, developed with the help of technology, theory, are not folklore. Ethnographic traditions are typical of the tribe. This is that part of the artistic culture, which is inseparable from the main carrier - the person. The preservation and transfer of the accumulated experience is carried out directly by the transfer (from senior to junior) of established forms of behavior, skills, concepts. For example, traditional, folk (ethnographic) holidays: economic-calendar, religious, family-personal. The degree of significance of each group is determined by the influence of the tradition underlying them in the cultural life of the ethnic group.
At the same time, the degree of their significance in culture decreases precisely in this sequence. The great role of economic-calendar holidays is due to their eventful nature in the life of the tribe. The modern national and social traditions include the extraterritorialized part of artistic culture (derived outside the person himself), preserved and transmitted through the system of public information media (books, paintings, diagrams, graphics, floppy disks, video cassettes, etc.).
But the most striking, complex and characteristic form of tradition is a mass holiday - this is the rhythm of life, its meaning is not in entertainment and recreation, but in meeting the needs of people in the implementation of collective memory, in participating in co-creation - a dialogue between the past and the future, in other words, the need to be in the thick of life, to feel its pulse and living breath. The formation of certain stereotypes of artistic and ethnic culture proceeded gradually with the development of ethnic groups. Already at the tribal level, people had not only an established clear system of customs, but also rituals and rituals, covering almost all spheres of culture and creative activity.
Further, at the level of the nationality, they developed and became more complex, sometimes acquiring the force of law, determining not only the characteristics of people's culture, but also the place of the individual in society. In this regard, complex ceremonials were created that determined the emergence of special trends or trends in artistic culture, for example, in knightly culture.
Customs, rituals, rituals and ceremonies in modern society (when folk art, art and mass culture coexist at the same time) are changing very quickly.4 Some of them remain unchanged, but only in certain, highly professional areas of activity or in archaic cultures. Although the main form of implementation of traditions is still a holiday in the broadest sense of the word. A feature of holding modern holidays (state, religious, public, domestic and international, including professional, sports, thematic, family and personal) is the inclusion of any other forms of implementation of traditions, primarily shows, in their composition.
Each element of the ethnographic heritage has a pronounced geographical localization. This applies to clothing, household utensils, decorations, dwellings, and ornaments, which allows them to be used as ethnic markers that characterize the features of ethnic culture and the degree of its attractiveness for tourism. The more such ethnic markers exist in a given territory, the more specific and unique they are, the higher the degree of attractiveness of this territory, people, culture for tourism.
All these elements together and each of them separately is the result, or product, of folk art. There are quite a few types of folk art, so it is advisable to start their characterization by listing the main types represented in this territory.
The most important element of folk art and at the same time material production is artistic craft.
Of greatest interest in folk art is the direct creative process of creating or reproducing experience. Therefore, the possibility of meetings, direct contact with folk craftsmen is so important for tourism. But even if we are talking about a specially prepared ethnographic show, it still gives great pleasure to tourists. Specially trained ethnographic teams act out folklore scenes for tourists using various forms of traditional art: ritual songs and dances, elements of holidays, feasts with cooking dishes of folk cuisine. Less often, there is an opportunity to get acquainted with the characteristics of the local traditional religion or belief, or to take part in traditional types of work. Usually, the lack of specific data limits the ability to compile such a characterization. But in most relevant sources of information there are descriptions of dishes of folk (regional or local) cuisine, holidays, clothing, features of residential, religious and outbuildings, interior, etc.; they must be used in full.
Folk art is alive with regional, local traditions, preserved mainly in rural areas. Some sources of information give the names of ethnographic settlements that have preserved the traditional way of life. The presence of such settlements is a favorable prerequisite for the development of tourism. Folk art centers have been set up in large tourist areas. The presence (name and location) and, if possible, the composition of the types of folk art in such centers must be indicated in the description.
Folk art is a process, an act, a phenomenon of creating works that reflect the peculiarities of the worldview and aesthetic ideals of a certain people (ethnos).
Folk creativity reflects the degree, the measure of the organic connection of art with the life of the people. Folk art has two sides: utilitarian and aesthetic. The main property of folk (traditional) creativity is collectivity. 3
Also popular are festivals that widely represent various types and elements of national fine arts. For example, a characteristic feature of the Edinburgh Festival, which takes place regularly in Scotland, is that it introduces not only the works of local artists, but also the work of local composers, folklore and others - everything that arouses interest among tourists.
Music and dancing. The musical potential of the region is one of the attractive elements of the culture. In some "countries, music is the main factor in attracting tourists. Famous music festivals attract thousands of participants every year. Many resort hotels introduce their guests to national music during evening entertainment programs, at folklore evenings and concerts. Audiotapes with recordings of national music, the sale of which is common in most tourist centers, serve as an excellent means of introducing tourists to the culture of the people.
Ethnic dances are a characteristic element of national culture. Almost every region has its own national dance. Tourists can get acquainted with dances at special shows, folklore evenings, during entertainment programs. Vivid examples of dance as an expression of national culture are the dances of the peoples of Africa, Polynesian, Japanese dance "kabuki", Russian ballet, etc.
Folk crafts. The region that receives tourists should offer them a wide range of souvenirs made (factory or handicraft) by local craftsmen and artisans. Souvenirs are a good memory of the country. However, it should be remembered that a memorable souvenir made not in the country of visit, but in another, loses its significance for the tourist and is perceived as a fake.
An outstanding large-scale cultural event was organized in Singapore on the occasion of the beginning of the third millennium. The most sensational Asian holiday "Millenia Mania" was designed for a long period - from June 1999 to August 2000. Tourists participated in fantastic events, festivals, entertainment shows that make the change of millennia unforgettable. The celebration was carried out in accordance with the Tourism Authority of Singapore's "Tourism XXI" plan, which includes a significant expansion of the Chinatown area (Chinatown), the restoration project of which is estimated at almost 57 billion US dollars. According to the project, Chinatown within three years should turn into the liveliest area of Singapore, reflecting its historical past. The Tourism Department has developed a plan for special events unique to Chinatown: celebrating the New Year according to the Chinese calendar, performing the "lion dance", wushu competitions, etc. Ethnic zones will appear near Chinatown, such as "little India". The Millennium Celebration is expected to transform the city from a run-of-the-mill tourist destination to the tourism capital of the 21st century.
Religion. Pilgrimage is the oldest type of travel known to mankind for thousands of years. Up to 80% of objects of tourist display are cult objects, for example, in Paris, cult objects account for 44%. The motives for a pilgrimage are the spiritual desire to visit religious centers and holy places that are especially revered in a particular religion, the performance of religious rites, etc. Motivation comes either from the prescriptions of a religion (for example, every Muslim must make a hajj to Mecca), or from religious aspirations and beliefs of the person. In the world, there are a number of monuments of religious architecture that are outstanding in their significance: Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral in France, St. Peter's Cathedral in Italy, etc., which act as the most important objects of tourist interest and attract tourists from all over the world. 4
Description of work
The purpose of this course work is to study the role of folk culture as the basis of event tourism.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
- consider elements of folk culture in tourism;
- to study the recreational essence of folk culture;
- to reveal the concept of event tourism;
- give examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture.
Content
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3
Folk culture as a factor of human motivation……………5
Elements of folk culture……………………………………….5
Recreational essence of folk culture……………………..11
Event tourism as an integral part of the tourism industry…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
The concept of event tourism……………………………………..19
Examples of event tours based on Russian folk culture…………………………………………………………………..25
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31
References………………………………………………………………33
If you are already quite tired of sea beaches, hot sun, long flights to other countries, then we recommend that you turn your eyes to interesting ethnographic places. In recent years, this type of tourism is only gaining momentum in our country, but it is becoming more and more popular. So, where to go in Russia with an ethnographic tour?
Ethnotourism- a direction that allows you to thoroughly get acquainted with the life and traditions of different peoples. During the tour, you will live in a completely different cultural environment, get acquainted with the traditional dishes of the studied peoples, their ancient holidays, see folk costumes, listen to songs and admire the dances.
Choosing a place for an ethnographic tour in Russia should be based on your cultural needs, location, and financial possibilities. If finances do not allow you to travel far from your place of residence, do not be upset, because there are interesting objects of ethnography in any region of Russia, fortunately, it is large and multinational. But with great financial opportunities, you can go to get acquainted with the peoples of other countries and continents. Trips with ethnographic tours will become incredibly interesting for school-age children, they will broaden their horizons and make friends with geography. Since our topic today is: where to go with an ethnographic tour in Russia? - we will talk about several popular ethnographic destinations today and the ethnographic objects of our country located there.
Perm region- an excellent destination for ethnographic tours, there are many educational places associated with the indigenous peoples, who have lived on these lands for centuries.
Architectural and ethnographic complex "Khokhlovka". In the Perm Territory there is a unique architectural and ethnographic complex "Khokhlovka" - a small wooden town located on a high cape above the Kama River. This is the very first open-air museum of wooden architecture of the Urals, which began its work in 1980. The museum ensemble "Khokhlovka" is located only forty-three kilometers from Perm. Today, there are twenty-three unique monuments of wooden architecture from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. These are the best examples of the traditional architecture of numerous peoples of the Kama region. And yet, here tourists can enjoy rare beauty, local landscapes: calm river surface, wooded hills, rocks standing along the bay, spruce forest, mixed with birch groves and thickets of juniper, mountain ash, bird cherry, viburnum. In winter, it is also very beautiful here: the icy river expanses of the Kama, the domes of churches shining in the sun. In Khokhlovka, ethnotourists are waiting for traditional mass festivities in honor of the holidays of the national calendar: "Seeing off Maslenitsa", "Trinity festivities", "Apple and Honey Spas", interesting folklore holidays, military-historical or art festivals. All thirty-five hectares of the area of this town are divided into cultural and ethnographic zones of the Perm region: 1. Northern Kama region; 2. South Prikamye; 3. Komi-Permyak sector. In one sector you will see the atmosphere of a residential hut of the peoples of the Perm Territory and an exhibition of objects of folk painting, and in the other, examples of peasant estates of the nineteenth - twentieth centuries, in the third, a large wooden church, transported to the territory of the museum from a distant village. There is a bell tower building, a hunting hut, a mill with barns for storing grain, and even a salt factory. The main tourist season is from late May to early October. But, this place of ethnographic tourism in Russia is waiting for visitors at any time of the year.
Krasnodar region- a place where, during your ethnographic tour, you can learn more about the life of the Kuban Cossacks, and also get acquainted with the culture of the largest Armenian diaspora living in the Kuban. Kuban is a multinational region, where there are more than one hundred and twenty nationalities, each of which stands out for its original cultural component.
Ethnographic park "Dobrodeya" in Anapa. This ethnographic complex has a hotel, so you can stop right there to slowly get acquainted with the culture and traditions of the Kuban Cossacks. By the way, the hotel has a children's playground, an authentic tavern specializing in cooking Kuban cuisine. The park reproduces the atmosphere of a nineteenth-century Cossack village. The ethnographic museum exposition "Cossack Compound" introduces the guests of the park to the fascinating history, life, customs, songs, cuisine of the Kuban Cossacks. There is a "Cossack Museum" and a folklore ensemble. On the Cossack farm, everything looks the same as it did in the old days: a wattle fence, a white mud hut with a large stove, traditional decoration: an image on an embroidered towel in the red corner. In the backyard there is a garden, vegetable garden and poultry house. Here it is the life of the Kuban Cossacks. If you walk along the old Cossack road, which is located next to the park in the forest, you will find a well - a spring, before the Cossacks drew water there. This spring is under state protection. Once at the exposition "Cossack Fair", ethnotourists can get acquainted with folk Cossack crafts, see how blacksmiths, potters, furriers worked in ancient times, and purchase the items they like. The Dobrodeya theme park stands fifteen kilometers from the city of Anapa, in the middle of a picturesque forest spread along the spurs of the Greater Caucasus Range. Another ethnographic excursion direction of the Dobrodeya park is called the Kingdom of Berendey, and it is designed for young visitors. This is the “Fairytale Forest”, where the traditional heroes of Russian folk tales live: the Nightingale the Robber, Kikimora, Leshy, Tsar Berendey, the Scientist Cat by the Oak, the Swan Princess and others. An exciting theatrical performance awaits young visitors to the park.
Arin-Berd Armenian Center in Gai Kodzor in the Kuban. By visiting this cultural center of Kuban, you will learn a lot about the rich Armenian culture. Arin-Berd operating in Guy Kodzor is visited not only by residents of the Kuban or Russians, but also by foreign tourists. This most interesting ethnographic place in Russia introduces guests to the culture of the largest Armenian diaspora living in the Krasnodar Territory. In translation "Arin-Berd" means "Fortress of the Aryans". Passing the gates of this ancient fortress, you find yourself in the realm of Armenian culture and history. The first stop is a waterfall, the water from which among the Caucasian peoples is considered holy. The second stop is a gallery with seven wall paintings depicting decisive events in the history of Armenia. You will learn about interesting facts related to this. At the end of the gallery, you will get acquainted with the national Armenian dance with candles performed by young girls, and the fire in their hands symbolizes the connection of generations, the continuity of history. Then the guests who came on an ethnographic tour to the Arin-Berd center will get acquainted with the amazing national Armenian cuisine, treat themselves to wonderful wine, see national dances and listen to drinking songs. After the Armenian feast, you will visit the Armenian market, look at the work of potters, tinsmiths and other craftsmen, buy your favorite products, and again plunge into dances, songs, fun, treats.
Chukotka. The harsh edge of permafrost, a place of extreme climate, the edge of the earth - Chukotka - hides landscapes of incredible beauty and a rich ethnographic culture of the peoples inhabiting it.
Natural and ethnographic park "Beringia". The main place of ethnographic tourism in Russian Chukotka is the easternmost village of our country - "Uelen", where the natural and ethnic park "Beringia" is located, whose visitors have a unique opportunity to get to know the life of the northern peoples of the Eskimos and Chukchi. Here you will visit a bone carving workshop, see the masterpieces that these people make from available materials - walrus bone and whalebone. The Nature and Ethnographic Park "Beringia" was created in 1990 to preserve the unique Bering Sea hunting culture of the indigenous people of Chukotka - the Chukchi and Eskimos, as well as to protect the biological diversity of the territory. The park has more than three million hectares of territory. During your ethnographic tour to Chukotka, you will find yourself in a completely different cultural environment, find out what the true life and traditions of the peoples of the North are like, visit routes specially designed for tourists around the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, on dog and reindeer sleds, see objects located in the park Eskimo culture: "Whale Alley", "Ekven" and "Kivak". Driving along the coast, you will meet hundreds of settlements of local peoples dating back to different time periods, which are built from the bones of whales. What is most interesting is that when scientists did radiocarbon analysis of some of them, they turned out to be more than two and a half thousand years old. Incredibly interesting are the languages of the Eskimos and Chukchis, their religious, hunting, everyday traditions, folklore, knowledge passed down from father to son for thousands of years. Until now, the Eskimos and the Primorsky Chukchi have preserved elements of their ancient hunting trade: a leather boat, a swivel harpoon, a home-made float that they make by inflating the skin of a seal, and a traditional team of sled dogs. For lovers of event tourism, we can recommend going to traditional holidays, where you will witness dog sled races, Chukchi kayak regattas, attend concerts of folklore groups, buy authentic souvenirs, including figurines carved from bone.
In total, seven thousand nationalities live in the world, and one hundred and fifty of them are in our country, so the question is where to go on an ethnographic tour in Russia? - our compatriots and does not arise.
The cultural and historical potential, which forms the basis of recreational resources, is an important element of the country's tourist attractiveness. Cultural and historical resources include objects of excursion display (monuments and memorable places, natural and industrial objects, museum expositions), as well as ethnographic monuments of material and non-material culture, reflecting the national specifics of the life of peoples (customs, traditions, holidays, national cuisine, clothing and etc.).
In the autumn of 2004, Belarus joined the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, thereby our state confirmed its responsibility for the preservation of the intangible cultural heritage.
The culture of Belarus was formed under the influence of various historical, cultural and geopolitical factors, which in turn was reflected in the great diversity and richness of folk crafts, crafts, traditions and is a resource basis for the development of folklore and ethnographic tourism in the republic.
The territory of the Polessky-Turov cultural and tourist zone bordered on the Ukrainian and Russian ethno-cultural areas, which affected many features of the traditional culture of this part of Belarus.
An innovative direction in the development of the Belarusian ecotourism market is the organization of event programs that can specifically attract target segments of consumers and at the same time ensure mass popularization of the ideas and principles of ecotourism. It should be noted that in modern conditions, event marketing is one of the most important tools for promoting a regional tourism product.
The characteristic features of event tourism are:
- irregularity, discreteness in time and space (event events are organized at a certain time in specific destinations). The organization of many event programs of ecotourism is determined by the seasonality of natural processes (seasonal opportunities for observing bird migrations, tours for lovers of photography, etc.);
– a relatively short period of events (the time of environmental festivals, thematic field camps, seasonal eco-tours and other programs is limited to specific dates);
- purposefully planned nature of the programs (the content of the programs of event events is developed in advance by the organizers and brought to the attention of potential participants in advance);
- increased motivation to visit destinations, the attractiveness of which during the period of event events increases significantly;
– the uniqueness of the event, which gives unique value to event tours.
Receiving satisfaction from a sense of belonging to a unique event, tour participants, as a rule, are ready to bear the increased costs of paying for accommodation, meals, souvenirs and other goods and services, the equivalent amount of which can be purchased at a much lower price before or after the event.
Examples of event-driven forms of ecotourism include:
- ecological tours introducing seasonal or rare natural phenomena: showing seasonal migrations of birds, plants during the flowering period, photo hunting for animals, taking into account the seasonality of their behavior (spring mating season of birds, autumn rutting season of ungulates, etc.);
– forums, festivals, symposiums on environmental topics (the annual Republican Environmental Forum, the Forum of Public Environmental Organizations of Belarus);
– festivals of rural tourism, ethno-cultural and culinary traditions;
– regional ecological holidays dedicated to natural heritage, such as the Wader Festival (Turov, Zhitkovichi district);
– excursion, environmental and other thematic events within the dates of the international and national eco-calendar. For example, autumn birdwatching days have been held in Belarus since 1999 under the auspices of the public organization “Akhova Birdie Batskaushchyny”, the number of participants in the action is constantly increasing: in 2007 - about 600 people, in 2011 - over 5 thousand;
– competitions, tournaments in the field of natural history knowledge (Open Championship of Belarus in sports ornithology);
– participation in seasonal volunteer projects, nature protection and natural history camps.
Folklore and ethnographic tourism is one of the types of educational tourism, which involves visiting objects and centers of the material and spiritual culture of peoples. The dynamism of its development is due to the search for national identity, the preservation of national culture, which is increasingly influenced by mass standards in the period of globalization of social development.
Folklore and ethnographic tourism is based on the interest of the people in their history and ethnic culture: the ancient way of life, folk traditions and rituals, culture, i.e. to everything that distinguishes one ethnic group from another. The resource base for folklore and ethnographic tourism is folklore, rituals, customs and traditions, folk holidays and festivals, crafts and crafts. An important element of tourist attraction is the festivals, holidays and other events held in the republic, which form the resource base of event tourism and enrich the programs of stay of foreign guests in Belarus.
The assessment of the folklore and ethnographic potential of the territory, the study of its specificity and structure in the context of ethnographic regions shows objective opportunities for the development of this type of tourism. The Belarusian people have preserved traditional folklore, rituals, holidays, customs and crafts, thereby creating a modern resource and infrastructure base for the development of folklore and ethnographic tourism on the territory of the Polessky-Turov zone.
On May 1, 2015, the city of Turov hosted the annual wader festival, the sixth in a row. This is the only festival dedicated to waders not only in Belarus, but also in Europe. This is also evidenced by the world's only monument to waders, located in the center of the city of Turov.
The inhabitants of the city, no doubt, also fell in love and got used to the wonderful festival. Therefore, each time, special attention is paid to the points of traditional creative workshops on the Red Square of the city: felting birds from wool, modeling waders from dough, flickers in the form of waders, face painting, children's and sports playgrounds, as well as much more.
It is also noteworthy that in 2015 a fascinating presentation of environmental projects of the European Union was organized: the projects “Energy Efficiency in Schools”, “Small Rivers – Big Problems” of the Integration Foundation, “Building the Capacity of Environmental Oil and Gas Optimizations of the Republic of Belarus to participate in the development and implementation of the waste management policy” organized by the organization “Ecopartnership”, the project “Improving the level of waste management of electrical and electronic equipment at the local level in the Republic of Belarus” of the Center for Environmental Solutions.
In parallel, an excursion was held for those who wished along the Turov meadow under the guidance of ornithologists. The Turov Meadow is an important territory for its inhabitants, for their migratory stopovers and nesting. Due to the specific ecological conditions in this area, more than 50 species of waders, gulls and other species of water birds nest, many of which have national and pan-European protection status. This became the basis for giving the Turov Meadow the status of a territory important for birds of international importance. In order to preserve bird species in the Turov Meadow, a biological reserve of local importance was also created in 2008. It is here that the largest stable settlement in Belarus, listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, is located - the oystercatcher, in honor of which in 2009 the only monument in the world was erected in Turov. And in March 2014, on the Turov Meadow, ornithologists set an absolute record for counting birds: experts counted 200,000 birds per square kilometer. This is the maximum value for the entire period of observations in Belarus, starting from 1994. And this year, 80 thousand turukhtans were registered. And that's just in one day!
September 17, 2012 in the agricultural town of Lyaskovichi, Petrikovsky district, Gomel region, the first Festival of ethnocultural traditions "Call of Polesie" was opened (Figure 17).
The start of the festival was given by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus Sergei Sidorsky. In his opinion, the festival of ethno-cultural traditions "Call of Polesie" is not only evidence of great respect for the traditional culture of Belarusians, but also a confirmation of our desire to preserve the heritage of Polesie in all its originality and diversity, Sergei Sidorsky emphasized.
Everything that was presented to numerous spectators and guests of the festival by the work of professional and amateur artists, craftsmen is another special and inimitable, unique and memorable page of this grandiose event. What a rare opportunity everyone had to see the performances of the National Academic Choir of the Republic of Belarus named after Tsitovich, the State Ensemble "Pesnyary", the folk ensemble of folk music "Radunitsa", etc. Everyone received no less pleasure from the refined skill of amateur artists.
The festival program includes concert performances by creative groups, a fair of Polissya crafts, competitions of regional farmsteads and national cuisine, exhibitions and presentations of the most interesting social and cultural projects, presentation of films and video materials that reflect the nature, life and culture of Pripyat Polissya, a youth disco on Pripyat.
Figure 17 - The emblem of the festival "Call of Polesie"
For participants and guests of the holiday, riding on motor ships, motor and rowing boats, horses harnessed to carriages, canoes, fishing, Belarusian safari was provided. In the evening, those who wished had the opportunity to ride on a barge and participate in a three-hour dance and entertainment program.
The largest festival of folk humor in Belarus (Figure 18) takes place every few years in the villages of Bolshie and Malye Avtyuki, Kalinkovichi district. For almost two decades, the title of the most witty Belarusians has been confidently held by residents of two Polissya villages of Bolshoi and Maly Avtyukov. Books are written about them, their oral works are collected in collections, and every few years they arrange, perhaps, the largest feast in the country.
The last festival held in 2012, the seventh in a row, became international. Together with Belarusian comedians, Ukrainians and Russians performed on the big stage.
Figure 18 - the emblem of the festival of folk humor 2012
The official drink of the festival is Ragatuha. They drink it exclusively "according to a good anecdote." They say that at the first festival back in 1995, a whole milk truck was prepared for it. Instead of the planned two days, the holiday then lasted a week. Also in 2012, the country's first museum of folk humor was opened in Avtyuki.
The All-Belarusian Humor Festival has been held in Avtyuki since 1995 and during this time has put the name of the village near Kalinkovichi on a par with such recognized centers of humor as Gabrovo, Odessa, Sorochintsy.
Belarusian Polissya is distinguished by a rich ethnographic heritage and is the most attractive historical and cultural zone of the republic for domestic and foreign tourists.
Villages that have preserved their archaic way of life, traditional wooden household and residential buildings with regional decorative elements are unique and exotic objects of the excursion show on the territory of the Belarusian Polesie. Residential houses with roofs covered with reeds and straw have been preserved in the villages, some houses have earthen floors. Such places are of considerable interest to domestic and foreign tourists and are perceived as a kind of open-air ethnographic museums. It should be taken into account that the local population in each of the similar villages is several dozen people, among whom the elderly predominate. It is obvious that in the near future these settlements may become non-residential and disappear from the face of the earth if measures are not taken to museumify them and actively include them in excursion programs.
Of great interest to tourists are traditional folk holidays and ceremonies: “Kalyady”, “Kupalle”, “Gukanne vyasny”, “Dazhynki”, “Shchodryki”, “Vadzhenne bushes”, etc. Also, for example, 34 amateur groups operate in the Zhitkovichi region folk music, song, dance, including 17 groups have the high title of "folk amateur group". In addition to the recognized leader - the folk ensemble "Yarok" of the Turov House of Culture, the most famous are: folklore groups "Mizhrechcha" (village of Pogost), "Strachanne" (village of Grabovka), "Dubravitsa" (village of Rychov), . Semuradtsy), "Abibok" (v. Zapesochye), folk song ensemble "Zhytnitsa" (Zhitkovichi).
The popularization of folk cultural traditions and the development of educational tourism contributes to the holding of village holidays and ethnographic festivals such as "Spyavay, mae Palesse" - Zhitkovichi district.
An assessment of the folklore and ethnographic potential of the regions of the Polessky-Turov cultural and tourist zone indicates that the resources of the material and spiritual culture of the Belarusian people are an objective basis for the development of domestic and outbound tourism, and allow developing thematic tourist routes to the main cultural centers of the region.
Thus, folklore and ethnographic tourism can be considered as one of the areas of cultural tourism, based on a person's interest in the ancient way of life, folk traditions, rituals and culture, both of one's own and other peoples and ethnic groups.
O.V. Pushkareva
On the specificity and diversity of the folklore of tourists
It is impossible to imagine the true picture of the current state of folklore traditions without studying the oral creativity of the townspeople. However, its collection, especially in large cities, is hampered by a number of circumstances. Therefore, the study of oral traditions of primary contact groups is of particular interest.
In particular, articles by K.E. Shumov and Yu.A. Korabelnikova about the demonological stories of climbers and speleologists, where it is quite convincingly proved that tourist folklore is typologically similar to traditional. The authors give many vivid examples of the modern myth-making of tourists.
A deeper and more comprehensive study of the oral traditions of tourist groups is needed. We will try to present tourist folklore as broadly and fully as possible, in its genre diversity, since it includes not only mythological stories and riddles mentioned by Perm scientists.
The material for this work was about 170 texts recorded by the author in the 80-90s from tourists in Moscow, Dnepropetrovsk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and other cities. Our informants were representatives of almost all technical types of tourism - mountain, water, ski, speleotourism, as well as hang gliders and scuba divers. The most complete and interesting stories, as a rule, can be written down either from old acquaintances or in a field situation. At the same time, unlike Permian folklorists, it seems to us more important to note in the passport of the recording not so much the place where it was made, but the age and tourist experience of the performer.
There is a kind of "belief": if, after returning from his first trip, a person wants to go back, then he will be a real tourist. Such a "teapot" (novice) gradually turns into either a "serious tourist" or a "mattress" (vacationer) over time. However, it can combine both, or it can remain a "teapot" for a long time. Becoming a tourist, a person finds himself not only in a new social and landscape environment, but also in a special communication system. It develops due to periodic contacts of tourists both within groups and between groups, as a rule, from different cities: on routes, at railway stations and stations, in tourist clubs, etc. An important role in this process is played by meetings and festivals of the KSP. The existence of this communication system is especially evident when experienced, "burnt" tourists "teach life" to beginners, as well as in some extreme situations. The description and development of the system is served by numerous texts, both plot and short paroemia formulas, as well as rich and colorful tourist slang. Let us turn to the consideration of predominantly prose texts.
Some of them mark the border between the usual "civilized" life and hiking exotic:
What is tourism?
During the campaign, the tourist's occupational disease, the pit of the stomach, is exacerbated.
The signature forest drink is "smoky" tea: pour tea leaves into boiling water and stir in the smut taken out of the fire.
Each mote of the belly is a vitamin.
The microbe is a delicate creature, it dies from dirt.
On earth, all microbes are crushed.
Only lazy people who are too lazy to itch are washed.
A layer less than a centimeter is not yet dirt, but more will fall off by itself.
More mud wider muzzle. (The wider the snout, the tighter our ranks).
It is not this dirt that should be feared, but the soul should be taken care of.
In addition to playful reminders of the purely everyday side, in a number of stories, for example, behavioral and local oppositions are actualized. `tourist / ordinary person`, `inhabited / non-inhabited` (i.e. area):
Training output of skiers in the suburbs. They run all over the place. Naturally, when you walk, you walk slowly, "turning the carousel": the one in front takes fifty steps, after which a step to the side, and stands at the tail of the group. Well, it turns out a normal, good ski track. Suddenly a cry is heard from behind: "I'm skiing! I'm skiing!" And when there is a heavy trail, you just go crazy there. The people completely mechanically take a step to the side from the track. A man at full speed flies past them and flops into the virgin soil.
We walked along the Desna. By nightfall they entered the city. Well, what to do, we land on some shore. It turned out that the landfill at the pioneer camp had some boards, mattresses ... The weather was clear, without tents they put sleeping bags on carpets, chewed something, without a fire. Everything is fine, everything is fine. middle of the night Steps. Whether the watchman, or the bum, apparently decided to see what kind of new bales were lying around. And a flashlight in the face ... A very good shock: "What are you doing here?" "And we live here!"
Hang gliders told how in the Crimea they went to the vineyard under cover: while they were picking grapes, a man on a hang glider on a lookout was hovering over them and looking for watchmen nearby.
The ironically conditional opposition of different types of tourism is structurally and semantically very similar to traditional proverbs and anecdotes about the inhabitants of different localities. For example, cavers are jokingly called " cavers", climbers "alpinoids", watermen "wet-assed". The miners say that "Watermen eat immoderately, because they have no weight restrictions, and carry all sorts of delicacies with them, up to cucumbers in jars." "Certainly, watermen agree. Miners even saw off the cuttings of spoons to make them easier. And the kayak, although heavy, is good: at first you carry it a little, but then it takes you a long time. Experienced kayakers in the parking lot after passing the threshold show the beginners the famous "vodnik poses number one and number two" for drying certain parts of the body over a fire. Such humor sometimes reaches the grotesque:
The ideal catamaran sailor should have one arm shorter than the other to make it easier to row. The legs should be unfastened so that they do not become numb and so that it is more convenient to sit in the stops. At the request of the supply manager, one stomach per group. And you don't need brains. Only the leader should have brains.
Climbers and mountaineers are occasionally reminded of the old proverb: "Smart will not go uphill."
The stories about how mountaineers went on a water trip are typologically similar to traditional jokes about fools:
Mining section<турклуба>I decided to go to the water to relax, relax. The river, excuse me, is flat, flat, there is no flatter, from a technical point of view it does not represent anything. We are coming. I am collecting a kayak. I see people haven't gathered yet. I think we need to help the gentlemen of the miners. I notice a noise there, a rattle. People sawing some pieces of wood. I say: "Guys, do you need a rem?" "Yes, we have everything. "I go up, I look. The people naturally do not saw wood, but saw a set from an erzetka ...: "Guys, what are you doing?" “Yes, we, he says, assembled the frame, put the skin next to it, and put the skin next to it, and the skin is shorter than the frame. We shorten the frame ...” Well, of course, a skin not stretched is really shorter than the frame.
How people forgot the ax. I understand, okay, they have no water experience, but why an ax without a case, just throw it into a kayak? There is a head, albeit a miner maybe a stone was hit on the head, but still something should remain there ... They throw an ax into the kayak and find it there only after the keel, when water is poured out of the canoe like this<перевернув ее>and an ax falls out of it, which is stuck behind an inflatable side.
Such stories, among other things, perform one of the important functions of tourist folklore - the formulation of norms and laws of camp life, from technical to ethical and everyday. Also, for example, the saying "A tourist is a forest orderly", paraphrasing a well-known statement about an ant, jokingly recalls one of the vital activities of a tourist - collecting dead wood and deadwood for a fire. The rules for using a camping autoclave can be recalled in the popular sadistic rhyme genre:
The group took the Gumachi pass.
Vitya slaughtered grub in the can.
It's hard to get the gauge out of your eye...
Tighten the valve, infection!
Plots that perform this function (it can be defined as normative) usually describe a vivid, memorable incident, demonstrating the importance of observing a rule.
One instructor took the kids to the mountains. He had a favorite place and a favorite joke there. He leads the group to such a wonderful clearing, a small plateau, sets up a camp and lines everyone up on a ruler: “Here, you see, what a beauty. Don’t spoil anything here, don’t pick flowers, if you need to go there, to the gorge.-- I’ll make everything I’ve spoiled eat.” Everyone disperses. In the evening, they and an assistant open a can of squash caviar, dump it under a bush and cover it with a piece of paper.-- again a general gathering: "So. I warned you yesterday? And whose is this?-- And to this guy-- yours?" "No, yes I, but what are you ..." A man in front of the whole group approaches this pile,<обмакивает в нее палец и пробует на вкус>: "You're lying. Yours ..." The effect is one hundred percent: after that, the clearing always remained pristine.
How the cold woman took the girl. Cold fatigue - this is such a disease, not from the cold itself, but purely psychological, from unaccustomed. A quiet shift begins, the person becomes terribly irritable, and so on. On average, this occurs about two weeks later, for experienced skiers-- Later. To one degree or another, all people are subject to this fatigue. Sometimes it can come on the first or second day, with absolutely fantastic reactions.
In one of the training exits, such an incident occurred. We are sitting in a tent, the stove is hot, who is in what - in T-shirts, in swimsuits, to relieve tension ... The girl sits and sits, suddenly announces thoughtfully that she does not want to live anymore, and with the words: "I'll go, I'll drown myself," she gets up and goes to the exit. They sat down, calmed down. After a while, she says: "That's right, I'm wrong, I understood everything ... It's okay, I'll go out, I want to wee." And there is a joyful clatter. I'm jumping out. The tracks lead towards the river... Then the situation is as follows. Evening. Some skiers are returning home along the shore. And he sees how a girl in a training suit runs out from behind a river turn and runs across the ice (there is not a single hole there). Behind her appears a man in his shorts and rushes to catch up with her. Both are hiding behind another bend in the river. After a while, they see the man heading back, carrying the girl on his shoulder and periodically slapping her on the pope. The girl kicks her legs and tries to escape... There is not a single settlement near her. It's minus twenty outside. Such is the picture.
The stories, reminiscent of the moral precepts of tourism, are more serious, up to tragedy. As a rule, these are legends about dead tourists and stories about mythological characters.
Among the characters of tourist demonology, the most famous are the Black Climber and the White Speleologist, around whom quite extensive circles of plots have developed. Many of them are presented in the publications of K.E. Shumov and Yu.A. Korabelnikova (see above). One more "myth" about the origin of Bely can be added to them:
The name of the White Speleologist was Albest. Frenchman. His mother's name was Eva.
The cave in the Alps, one of the most powerful, is quite long. Frost figured that our Snezhnaya was still longer. (Frost is a man who died under unclear circumstances: he was either washed away or flooded with an avalanche in the offseason. Everyone knew him). And so four speleologists went to this cave. We got to the siphon. The first siphon was shallow, they passed the first, then the second. And there was a third siphon. And so Albest dived into the third siphon, terrible, very deep. And diving in a cave is raising the turbidity from the bottom, you can’t see anything and you don’t know when you emerge. And so his colleague pulled out the cut rope. The people are scared. And they got out of there. They couldn't find a way out.
Albest's mother, Eva (an old woman of about forty) entered this cave and said: "You left him. You must find him." And then she reached this siphon, turned around and they saw that it was not that beautiful woman, but a terrible gray-haired old woman, completely creepy ... One did not get out of this cave. Another died in the same year in the same place, in the Alps. The third was not a Frenchman, his name was Ludwig, Ludovic, a Swede. I know the person who saw him. It was not so long ago, in the year 64-65. Louis died in our Caucasus, on Shkhelde, not in a cave, in the mountains.
Since then, the Speleologist has appeared in the caves in a snow-white jumpsuit. Someone displays, someone does not, solely for moral reasons. Those who can potentially quit, as they threw him, he turns them on.
It happened to me, and not in the Caucasus somewhere, but in the nasty Nikitsky caves. We are sitting. the dude came without introducing himself, whistled, talked, that's all. From where he came, he went there ... But after that there was a whole chain of deaths.
And Eva is two-faced. Whoever goes into caves, if he does not leave anyone, always feels responsible for another, such a beautiful woman can appear to him. Accordingly, vice versa. Traitors have no faith. She always just shows up and leads. But some lead in one direction, and others in the other. And turns to them with one of his two faces.
In an atmosphere of prolonged emotional and physical stress, a sense of increased danger, many stories about supernatural phenomena and unusual incidents are born, which are often associated in the minds of performers with famous characters.
Bzyb river in Abkhazia. The canyon is no weaker than the American Great. Climbing World Championship. A man in black overalls participates in the individual competition. There are, as usual, two belayers... And in rock climbing, there is such a rule: you can rely only on the tips of your fingers and feet. And here is this man leaning on his knee. A whistle blew: a violation, there was another point of support. This guy, not at all embarrassed, got up and walked perpendicular to the sheer cliff. A lot of people have seen this.
Strange things were happening at the same time on Shkheld (this is somewhere between the 58th and 72nd year). One of the eccentrics dropped his backpack on the letter "m", the guys walked along the ledge, quite high. (This also happened to me once a week without grub.) So he climbed for a backpack. They attached a safety harness to him, went down ... After some time, he pulls the safety torso, they lift him up, he is all gray-haired and cannot say a word. He saw something there. The second climbed up there: curiosity and, then, not for the first time in the mountains, the desire to know everything ... Breakage of the rope. the rope was cut like a knife. And so, instead of slipping away from this place, the third photographer climbed up. This one returned safely. They raised him to speak, but he said: “I didn’t understand something, what it was there. We need to develop the films.” We've arrived. Everything is fine. He develops films at home. The guys are breaking into him, looking at him hanging on a hook. And there's a bunch of films burned in an ashtray... Maybe I've dumped two stories in a bunch, but that's all to the question of the black Alpinist.
Many climbers and mountaineers claim that meeting Bigfoot is a fairly common occurrence and usually portends trouble.
Like the bearers of ancient traditions, tourists inhabit the uninhabited space with wonderful and terrible creatures that may have certain relatively stable characteristics: habitat (mountains, caves, rivers, etc.), certain functions (help, punishment, warning, etc.). ), sometimes appearance (often reduced to one color, which brings them closer to the characters of children's horror stories). For example, there is a belief among watermen about the Midnight Waterman:
I don’t remember exactly how it all started. There were several versions of this story, but all of them are somehow connected with the theme of love and stupidity. In short, the guy got into an empty kayak in the middle of the night and set off to no one knows where.
Nobody saw him again. But since then, they say, in various places you can hear the splash of oars at night, this is the Midnight Vodnik floating. In this case, in no case should you approach the water and even look in that direction. You need to run away from the water and be especially careful the next day.
The author also had to hear indirect information about the Blue Vodnik, which is somehow mysteriously connected with river "pockets" (these are characteristic roughnesses of the coast, representing an increased danger in strong currents: it can be "dragged" there).
the serious pathos of such stories is contrasted with the comedy of numerous parodies in the genre form of anecdotes, “anti-bilichkas”, “anti-beliefs”, etc.
In the Caucasus, they somehow walked: it took a long time to go around the gorge, and on top of it a high-voltage line passes across, through the gorge. And I went along it, right along the wires. The height is quite decent... The next day at the shelter, they told how a black one flew over them.
All sorts of climbers and mountaineers consider it their duty to tell about the Bigfoot .... Here the guys once decided to walk on several peaks in one day. The weather is good, we jumped out of the base camp light: swimming trunks, sneakers, an ice ax and ran. And here one was impatient. He hid behind a pebble, sitting. And then a group of young people passed by, and is heading towards him. And he sits behind a pebble, he understands that he has nowhere to go. Jumps out and says: "Ah-ah-ah!" And they ran back. And the next day, at the shelter, they told how Bigfoot threw stones, screamed, almost ate someone.
In the A ... Gorge, the Bear eats throws from university tourists every two years. Capitally, from report to report. He ate ours. moreover, they warn: hide well, otherwise the Bear will eat it. And they hide it on a tree, or fill it up with stones. Still eats. We arrive, everything is dug out, and a bunch of candy wrappers from chocolates.
The author also had to hear at different times at least two songs about the White Speleologist. One of them sang about how a group of slobs descended underground, and as they violated the elementary rules of caving, Bely, following, aggravated the consequences of their negligence: he took away abandoned ropes, pulled out loosely fastened hooks, etc. Another song (it is known that its author is M. Volkov) is about how one man pretended to be White, how he was caught and beaten for a long time ... Hang gliders also talk about the black Hang Glider and the Flying Iron. Common plots of modern jokes are timed to mythological characters:
When jokes start to be told in the cave, there is such laughter there! Half an hour later, some ingenious phrase like: "Natasha Rostova is crawling along the drift ..." is enough, and the people simply fall.
Climbers sleep at night. Suddenly one wakes up: at the tent "top-top, top-top", then something furry climbs into the tent, eyes glow:
ѕ Man, do you have ink?
ѕ No.
It crawls out and back: "top-top, top-top"...
The man sighed, crossed himself, lay down. Just fell asleep again: "top-top, top-top." Again It breaks in, eyes burn in the dark. Well, the man thinks everything.
ѕ Man, do you have ink?
ѕ No...
ѕ Well, here you go. I brought.
Gathered cave witches, sitting. One:
ѕ And speleologists came to us.
ѕ So what?
ѕ And I went to them.
ѕ So what?
ѕ Imagine me being raped.
ѕ So what?
ѕ And I will go again.
So do tourists take all this "evil" seriously? It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously. But it should be noted that with age, many of them become more superstitious and, unlike young people, already 27-30-year-old informants can quite clearly formulate many beliefs:
If you meet Bigfoot, then the main thing is not to tell anyone anything. As you know, if you remember the devil, he will appear.
When you are sitting in the forest, it is better to talk about love, about work, about anything. Until then, neither witches nor goblin will come to you until you remember about them. As soon as you open a window into that world, get it, everyone will welcome it. By morning, they will not even find your corpse, but a crazy shadow that rushes around in a panic throughout the forest.
When Garis took the children to the grotto of Viti Chagall, he always first asked if there were people among them with the initials "V.Sh." He refused to do such things. Because there have already been coincidences: people with these initials do not return from the grotto.
There are also known beliefs of a practical nature, closer to signs. For example, hang gliders are largely dependent on the vagaries of the weather: flying requires a wind of a certain strength and direction. Here are just a few of the many signs of "hang gliders":
You can't drink to the weather, it's a forbidden toast.
Friday, the thirteenth non-flying day.
If the long-awaited wind rises, one cannot violently express joy on this occasion so as not to frighten it away.
To be lucky with the weather, on the day of arrival, be sure to climb to the top of the mountain and have a drink there.
There is always weather on the day of arrival and on the day of departure.
As collecting practice shows, many of those who consider themselves serious tourists do not talk about supernatural events so easily and superficially. Some of them prefer not to touch on such topics at all, especially in conversations with unfamiliar people:
I have been going for 35 years and I don’t know anything about any evil spirits ... Yes, stories are being told about both Black and White, who have nothing more to say. I never listened to them. For me, the main thing is order, technique ...
Others treat "forest" superstitions with peculiar respect:
The older generation is still more superstitious than we are. When, climbing into the unit, we jokingly said: “Well, guys, we’re climbing into a mass grave,” (and there were avalanches just there), the man was terribly scared: “That’s impossible, that’s impossible.”
When we were still walking with the old people, we were sitting around the fire one night, suddenly: "Oh, someone is rowing there." They listened so carefully<очень настороженно>: "Oh, no, just imagined"<с явным облегчением>. Then followed the story of the Midnight Vodnik<см. выше>.
Many of our informants note that tourists of the older generation ("sixties") "knew more interesting things", "in general, they were somehow more romantic." The oral tradition of tourism itself can be traced back to about the 1950s. However, in some cases it can be argued that some of its roots go much deeper. Tourism as a mass phenomenon did not arise from scratch: people have always traveled, especially in our vast country. And sometimes in the stories of modern tourists there are echoes of rather archaic traditions. So, once a former mountaineer recalled a proverb once heard on a campaign: "the black Alpinist grabs the last one," but he could not remember why and why it was said so. This was followed by the answer:
ѕ Yes, just like before. At the end of the last - the beginning of this century in the village, when unmarried girls went to the river to swim, they came out of the water and chanted: "Grandfather, grandfather, grab the last one!" And the last girl left in the water, in a panic, rushed to the shore ... It was my late grandmother who told me, from the Ryazan region ... Such things sometimes pop up in my memory just like that, you never remember, for no reason.
Even when I was little, I heard from an old tourist, somewhere in the camp site, in the forest, that when you walk along the road, you can’t drink from the source that is on the left hand. Or rather, you can drink, of course, but you will never get drunk, in a few minutes you will want to drink again.
For several years in a row we went on winter trips to Pomorie, Arkhangelsk region. And somehow I got into a conversation with one local village grandfather. He asks: "Why are you actually walking, why did you get carried here, into such a distance?" “Yes, I say, sometimes you want to somehow understand yourself, to understand yourself. When you walk through such open spaces, something becomes clearer, easier ...” “Ah, he says, it’s understandable. We have been doing this for a long time, too. It’s not like these here ... "And in those parts in the summer, watermen walk along the river. moreover, it looks like this: the people are dragging, straining, a bunch of heavy backpacks and kayaks to the upper reaches of the river, so that later they can float from there. So: "This, he says, everything is clear, these are athletes. And you are wanderers."
In the last story, we are talking, apparently, about the tradition of pilgrimage, common in the Russian North.
Much more often there are examples of the active use of modern folklore trends by tourists. Tourist folklore intensively absorbs and transforms them in a peculiar way, as a rule, in a parodic form. So, for example, tourist paraphernalia looks comical in plots about famous characters of modern jokes or, conversely, jokes about unexpected collisions of tourists with everyday reality:
Sherlock Holmes asks Watson:
ѕ Watson, what do you see above us above?
ѕ Well, stars.
ѕ And what can you assume by applying the deductive method?
ѕ Well, the weather is clear and warm. By morning it will probably get colder. What else?
ѕ I would say more: apparently, our tent was stolen.
Suitable speleologist to the cave. Looked there:
ѕ Woo!
He is there again:
ѕ Woo!
He again:
And then there is the train.
Stirlitz walked towards Bormann. "Isaev," thought Bormann. "Vizbor," thought Stirlitz.
Such a widespread principle of creating a comic, as a parody of a language, style, is also popular in tourist anecdotes:
Spelik descends into the hole and the one at the top shouts:
ѕ Insure!
He is silent. He again:
ѕ Hey, you there, belay!
He is silent again. This one below again to him:
ѕ Yes, insure!
ѕ I hear from insurance.
walks down the woods. Look, the tent is up. Well, he untied one stretch, untied another, untied a third. The tent stands and stands. Well, he generally untied everything, but the tent stands and stands. Well, it got interesting. Peeps and there Do not care sits.
Among the parodies we recorded, both prose and song, the comic "prayer before meals" stands somewhat apart. it is pronounced by men with a very serious look, standing, holding a raised spoon in front of them:
Lord, who art in heaven,
Don't take a spoon past your mouth
Help the unshaven
Not quite washed
Don't get into trouble
While eating,
To meat and fat
Not stuck in the mouth
So that any food
fish and vegetable,
Went to no harm.
In conclusion, let us make some preliminary remarks about the richest song layer of tourist folklore. Its serious analysis is an extremely difficult task, primarily because it is too closely intertwined with literary creativity, and it is almost impossible to distinguish between such concepts as a tourist song and an art song. The circle of these songs is very diverse in terms of genre and thematically. In particular, stylizations of Russian folk songs and parodies of them are quite popular.
The watermen of the Earth, Mars and Jupiter gathered on Venus. We sat by the fire, drank, took out the guitars:
Guys, do you know this one?
But this one?
No. Do you know this one?
Well, okay, let's "rolls"!
It should be noted that the well-known song of A. Gorodnitsky "Shoots" is sung not only by water workers, but also by representatives of other types of tourism.
In general, the nature of most tourist songs can be defined as lyrical-epic: the plot and the description of feelings, as a rule, coexist in them and are inextricably intertwined.
It is also interesting to note the use of the ditty, couplet principle in the tourist song:
If the ears turned blue in the cold,
Don't pay any attention to:
In a few minutes
The ears will fall off.
Never, ever be discouraged.
If you're stuck deep in a cave
Don't pay any attention to:
In a few minutes
Or the years will find you.
Never, ever be discouraged.
If you fell from the kata on the threshold,
Don't pay any attention to:
In a few minutes
Rescuers will find the body.
Never, ever be discouraged.
There are other similar verses, but the earliest of them, the performers refer to the post-war years:
If they kicked you out of the institute,
Don't pay any attention to:
Like a worker, you will eat
"R-4" to receive.
Never, ever be discouraged.
The informant explained that "P-4" is a worker's card for receiving 400 g of bread. The connection between tourist traditions and student traditions is obvious not only in this case. In general, such an "ancient", by tourist standards, song is a rather rare phenomenon.
Even a brief review of the oral art of tourists allows us to assess it as a vast and complex set of traditions and trends, typologically and genetically related to all-Russian urban folklore, as well as to the literary process and partly to the activities of the media. Individual cases allow us to trace its continuity with older traditions. Tourist folklore is diverse in terms of genre: it includes songs, legends, beliefs, bylichki, anecdotes, proverbs, signs, proverbs, sayings, poems, etc. These texts perform both aesthetic and mnemonic, normative functions, in some of them there is an element of ritual.
For a serious and in-depth study of this layer of modern folklore, it is necessary, first of all, to further collect it, which is interesting and useful not only in scientific terms.
What was Belarus like hundreds of years ago? What is unique and distinctive about its culture? What traditions of Belarusians are known all over the world and what surprises our country of connoisseurs of authentic heritage?
Throughout its centuries-old Belarusian people have created a unique one. Traditional folk rituals, unique folklore, national costume - all this rich heritage is carefully preserved in our country. And of course, guests are invited to meet him.
Today in Belarus there are many places where you can touch ancient Belarusian culture and at least for a few hours to be transported from the 21st century to a gray-haired history. Among them:
ethnographic and local history museums
ethnographic complexes (villages) open air
farmsteads in the countryside with a national Belarusian flavor
centers of folk art, traditional culture and life
houses of folklore
crafts houses
Guests museums and complexes see ancient household items and works of arts and crafts, hear authentic Belarusian songs and get acquainted with ancient dances, try national cuisine dishes.
Those who wish will have the opportunity to plunge into life of the old Belarusian hinterland. Here they offer walks to the apiary, haymaking, to the forest; culinary master classes in baking, weaving baskets or knitting brooms; , archery, and much more.
Folk rituals and holidays in Belarus
Belarus has preserved amazing folk rituals and holidays, which are still celebrated in villages and cities today. Among the most famous: 
carols
Yuriev day
"Zazhynki" (beginning of the harvest) and "Dazhynki" (harvest festival)
On these holidays in different parts of the country are arranged festivities, festivals.
You can truly plunge into the history and life of Belarusians by seeing unique folk rituals that have been preserved only in one area:
children's carol ritual "Chickens"(Klichevsky district)
old rite "Yuraўskі Karagod"("Yurievsky round dance") (v. Pogost, Zhitkovichi district)
old spring ritual "Arrow"(v. Bezdezh, Drogichinsky district)
One of the most significant holidays of modern Belarus has become festival-fair of village workers "Dazhynki", which takes place every autumn in every region of the country. It combines the modern tradition of honoring the best workers with folk rituals for the end of the harvest, the harvest.
On this bright festival folklore groups and folk dance ensembles, craftsmen who conduct master classes and present exclusive ones to guests gather.
Belarusian crafts
Soul of the Belarusian people is also embodied in his artistic crafts, the skillful craftsmanship of artisans, which was passed down from generation to generation.
In our country and today flourish: 
blacksmith craft
pottery and ceramics
weaving and embroidery
straw and basket weaving
carpentry and cooperage
carving on wood and birch bark
vytinanka
Products of masters are kept in museums as historical value and great examples arts and crafts Belarus.
Many creations of Belarusian masters have become a real asset, a symbol of our country. These are the famous towels from the villages of Neglyubka and Semezhevo, aprons from the village of Bezdezh, linen amulets, a straw spider ...
For example, neglyubsky towels, made by weavers on wooden crosses, are known all over the world. At international exhibitions in New York, Montreal, Tokyo, Paris, Brussels, they were awarded gold medals. One of the offices of Belarus in the UN building is decorated with this towel, and museum "Metropolitan" Bought them for my collection.
In 2012, in the village of Neglyubka (Vetkovsky district) for the first time holiday of the Belarusian towel which has become an annual event.
The pride of Belarusian culture - National Costume with a characteristic white and red color, symbolic embroidery and, of course, special wearing traditions. In Belarus there are more than 30 varieties folk costumes that existed in different parts of the country.
In the Belarusian village Bezdezh(Drogichinsky district) is located the only one in the world, which contains a unique collection of costume items that have become a real brand of this area.
Today, practically in every region of Belarus there are craft houses, where they study the techniques and technologies of the old masters of arts and crafts, hold exhibitions and master classes, and make souvenirs.
"Cities" And farmsteads of masters open at all festivals and street parties held in Belarus. The "City of Masters" won special love and popularity among the guests at the International Festival of Arts .
There are also specialized craft fairs:
exhibition-fair of folk crafts "Mlyn" (Minsk)
exhibition-fair of national crafts "Komarovo - circle of days" (v. Komarovo, Myadel district)
international plein air on ceramics "Art-Zhyzhal"
holiday of artisans and craftsmen "Kazyuki" (Grodno)
Belarusian flax holidays
Festivals of traditional culture and cuisine
At different times of the year in the regions Belarus interesting and in many ways unique festivals of traditional culture, which every year are gaining more and more interest from numerous guests and participants.
