Major exporters and importers of oil. Leading countries in oil production on the planet: Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA Main oil producers by country

Despite the popularization of the green economy, oil remains the most valuable resource on Earth. Those who have access to it are building artificial islands in the Persian Gulf, buying football clubs and hosting large-scale cultural events in their countries.

In the future, energy will definitely change, the world will move towards renewable sources. It will be necessary to resolve the issue of disposal of thousands of oil rigs. But for now they are “pulling” entire states and regions, bringing in more than 90 million barrels daily. Below we have presented a ranking of which countries produce the most oil.

10. Kuwait

Kuwait's oil fields became the main prize for the country following the Gulf War (1990-1991). Today they make up 3% of the world's total oil production. The first wells were launched in 1938. According to a rough estimate, Kuwait has reserves of about 104 billion barrels, and the introduction of modern technologies will increase this figure. At the current pace, the country can “pump” oil for another 100 years, guaranteeing its well-being.

9. Brazil

Brazil collects 3.15% of all oil produced daily. In 2006, Petrobras (a Brazilian oil and gas company) announced the discovery of the largest field in the Western Hemisphere, which was named Lula (after the president). Also, another deposits were recently discovered in the Santos oil and gas basin - Jupiter. Analysts estimate its reserves at 12.86 billion barrels.

Thus, the oil industry has become one of the main directions of the Brazilian economy. According to many experts, Lula, which will reach peak production in 2020-2021, has the potential to completely meet the world's oil needs.

8. Mexico

When asked which countries produce the most oil, Mexico is almost never mentioned. The media rarely positions this state as “sitting on an oil well,” but nevertheless it accounts for 3% of the world’s daily production.

A significant part of the volume is exported to the USA. This is an important segment of the economy - 10% of all export income comes from oil sales to America. But experts do not see much prospects in Mexico. The deposits are almost exhausted. The country will soon give way to Brazil.

7. UAE

The United Arab Emirates is a federation that includes seven territories (emirates). The most famous of them are Abu Dhabi and Dubai. They are in the southern part of the Persian Gulf, a very rich oil region. The UAE's share in daily global production is about 3.6%. The country has about 98 billion barrels in reserves.

But you need to pay attention that 92 billion are in Abu Dhabi. This could cause international political problems. True, Abu Dhabi was previously quite generous with its sister cities, and literally saved Dubai from financial problems several years ago. With current prices and the ability to produce up to 4 million barrels per day, the UAE will be in an excellent position for many years to come.

6. Canada

The country of moose and maple leaves ranks sixth in the ranking of the most active oil producers. With a population of 37 million people (4 times less than in Russia), Canada accounts for 4% of the daily production of “black gold” in the world. The situation is good in the long term. Most of the current reserves are in tar sands (a fossil fuel, one of the unconventional oil).

As technology improves, Canada will benefit from these reserves, not to mention what may be discovered as sea ice declines in the Arctic. Canada now has 180 billion barrels in reserve, and is in third place in the world in terms of this indicator.

5. Iran

Iran produces 4.5% of oil per day from global production. Most of it is pure, that is, it does not require complex technologies for extraction. Additionally, Iran is a member of OPEC, which gives it some power to control prices. At the moment, Iranian reserves are enough for 90 years of active production.

4. China

China is steadily increasing its pace. Over the past half century, it has contributed 4.7% of the world’s total production every day. However, this is not enough for rapid economic development and provision for a gigantic population. Like the US, China consumes more than it produces. China's reserves are quite modest - 20.35 billion barrels. But with the introduction of hydraulic fracturing and other technologies, they are likely to increase in the future.

3. Russia

If you ask a Russian about which countries produce the most oil, he will definitely mention the state in which he lives. Russia accounts for 11.6% of daily global oil production. And this is not surprising, considering that our homeland occupies 1/9 of the land on Earth.

But “thanks to” geographical difficulties, the Russian Federation has not yet managed to use all the reserves that are concentrated in the Far East, Eastern Siberia and the Arctic territories. According to general estimates, Russian oil reserves exceed 100 billion barrels, including Arctic sources.

2. USA

Unfortunately for Americans who want to be first in everything, the United States is only in second place in terms of daily production. A stable investment climate and a high degree of technological development allow the country to introduce unconventional sources such as tar sands and shale.

Currently, American reserves are estimated at 1,442 billion barrels, but consumption is higher than production. This is why the country imports a lot of raw materials from Mexico and Canada.

1. Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia receives 13.2% of the planet's daily oil production. With the country sitting on the 260 billion barrel oil throne, its position for the coming decades is beyond doubt.

True, the crown of world championship in the energy industry will most likely be taken away. The United States of America has gained serious momentum in the production of biofuels and natural gas, and has already overtaken the Saudis in total energy productivity.

Below is a list of the ten largest oil-producing countries in the world. The states listed in this ranking account for more than 64% of global oil production. We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the list of the ten largest oil-consuming countries in the world.

2.93 million barrels of oil/day – 3.56% of the total barrels of oil produced per day.

3.02 million barrels of oil/day – 4.74% of world oil production.

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

3.09 million barrels of oil/day – 3.32% of the total daily oil production in the world.

Iraq is also among the top ten oil-producing countries with an indicator of 3.4 million barrels of oil / day - 3.75%

3.59 million barrels of oil/day – 3.90% of world production.

4.073 million barrels of oil/day – 4.56%

4.23 million barrels of oil/day – 4.77% of total daily oil production.

8.45 million barrels of oil/day – 9.97%

9.9 million barrels of oil/day, – 12.65% of the total daily barrels of oil produced in the world.

Russia

10.9 million barrels of oil/day – 13.28% of world oil production.

We were able to develop our economy thanks to the sale of our main resource. But the dynamic growth of indicators would not have been possible if developing countries had not united.

Groups of oil-producing countries

Before finding out what organizations exist that regulate the production of crude oil and the conditions for its sale, it is necessary to understand which states are included in them. Thus, the main exporters of oil are those countries where it is produced. At the same time, world leading countries produce more than a billion barrels annually.

Experts from all countries are divided into several groups:

OPEC members;

USA and Canada;

North Sea countries;

Other large states.

World leadership belongs to the first group.

History of the creation of OPEC

The international organization that unites the main oil exporters is often called a cartel. It was created by several countries to stabilize prices for the main raw material resource. This organization is called OPEC (English OPEC - The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries).

The main oil exporting countries, which were classified as developing countries, united back in 1960. This historical event took place at the September conference in Baghdad. The initiative was supported by five countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Venezuela. This happened after the 7 largest transnational oil companies, also called the “Seven Sisters,” unilaterally reduced purchase prices for oil. After all, depending on its value, they were forced to pay rent for the right to develop deposits and taxes.

But the newly independent states wanted to control oil production on their territory and monitor the exploitation of resources. And taking into account the fact that in the 1960s the supply of this raw material exceeded demand, one of the goals of creating OPEC was to prevent further price declines.

Beginning of work

After the creation of the international organization, oil exporting countries began to join it. Thus, during the 1960s, the number of states included in OPEC doubled. Indonesia, Qatar, Libya, Algeria joined the organization. At the same time, a declaration was adopted that consolidated the oil policy. It stated that countries have the right to exercise constant control over their resources and ensure that they are used in the interests of their development.

The world's main oil exporters took complete control of the production of flammable liquids in the 1970s. The prices set for raw materials began to depend on the activities of OPEC. During this period, other oil exporting countries also joined the organization. The list expanded to 13 participants: it also included Ecuador, Nigeria and Gabon.

Reforms needed

The 1980s were a rather difficult period. After all, at the beginning of this decade, prices increased unprecedentedly. But by 1986 they had dropped, and the price settled at about $10 per barrel. This was a significant blow and all oil exporting countries suffered. OPEC managed to stabilize the cost of raw materials. At the same time, a dialogue was established with states that are not members of this organization. Oil production quotas were also established for OPEC members. The cartels agreed on a pricing mechanism.

The importance of OPEC

To understand trends in the global oil market, it is important to know how OPEC’s influence on the situation has changed. Thus, at the beginning of the 1970s, the participating countries controlled only 2% of the national production of this raw material. Already in 1973, states achieved that 20% of oil production came under their control, and by the 1980s they controlled more than 86% of all resource production. Taking this into account, oil exporting countries that joined OPEC have become an independent determining force in the market. by that time they had already lost their strength, because states, if possible, nationalized the entire oil industry.

General trends

But not all oil exporting countries were part of the specialized organization. For example, in the 1990s, the government of Gabon decided on the need to leave OPEC; during the same period, Ecuador temporarily suspended participation in the affairs of the organization (from 1992 to 2007 ). Russia, which occupies a leading position in terms of production of this resource, became an observer in the cartel in 1998.

Currently, OPEC members collectively account for 40% of global oil production. At the same time, they own 80% of the proven reserves of this raw material. The organization can change the required level by increasing or decreasing it at its discretion. At the same time, most states involved in the development of deposits of this resource are working at full capacity.

Main exporters

Currently, 12 countries are members of OPEC. Some states involved in the development of raw materials operate independently. For example, these are the largest oil exporters such as Russia and the USA. They are not under the influence of OPEC; the organization does not dictate the terms of production and sale of these raw materials to them. But they are forced to come to terms with global trends set by the cartel member countries. At the moment, Russia and the United States occupy leading positions in the world market along with Saudi Arabia. In terms of flammable liquid production, each state accounts for more than 10%.

But this is not all the main oil exporting countries. The list of top ten also includes China, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Kuwait, and the UAE.

Now there are oil deposits in more than 100 different countries, and fields are being developed in them. But the volumes of extracted resources, of course, are incomparably small compared to those owned by the largest oil exporting countries.

Other organizations

OPEC is the most significant association of oil-producing countries, but not the only one. For example, in the 1970s the International Energy Agency was founded. 26 countries immediately became its members. The IEA regulates the activities not of exporters, but of the main importers of raw materials. The task of this agency is to develop interaction mechanisms that are necessary in crisis situations. Thus, it was the strategies he developed that made it possible to somewhat reduce the influence of OPEC on the market. The IEA's main recommendations were for countries to create optimal routes for moving raw materials in the event of an embargo and carry out other necessary organizational measures. This has contributed to the fact that not only the largest oil exporters can now dictate market conditions.

The world's proven oil reserves amount to about 140 billion tons. The largest part of the world's reserves - about 64% - is located in the Near and Middle East. America ranks second, accounting for about 15%.

The richest countries in oil are Saudi Arabia (25% of proven world reserves), Iraq (10.8%), UAE (9.3%), Kuwait (9.2%), Iran (8.6%) and Venezuela ( 7.3%) - all of them are members of OPEC, which accounts for about 78% of world reserves. Proven reserves of the CIS countries, including Russia, are about 6% of the world, the USA - about 3%, Norway - about 1%.

However, it is worth remembering that the figures given relate only to proven oil reserves, and do not include forecast and estimated data on their value. In addition, with the development of oil exploration and oil production technologies, geological exploration makes it possible to provide an increasingly accurate assessment of even the most inaccessible oil deposits, etc. Inventory levels are constantly being adjusted.

Largest oil producers

Norway

Saudi Arabia

In 2000, world oil production amounted to about 3.56 billion tons, which is almost 4% more than the same figure for 1999. The largest increases in production from major oil producing countries were observed in Russia (7.1%), Norway (6.6%), Iraq (6.2%) and Saudi Arabia (7.2%). At the same time, oil production in the United States decreased by 1%.

Iran's proven oil reserves account for about 9% of the world's total, or 12 billion tons. Currently, the country produces about 3.7 million barrels of oil per day with a daily consumption of about 1.1 million barrels. The main importers of Iranian oil are Japan, South Korea, Great Britain and China.

The main oil fields in Iran are Ghajaran, Marun, Awaz Banjistan, Agha Jhari, Raj-e Safid and Pars. About 1 million bpd is extracted from offshore oil fields, the largest of which are Dorud-1, Dorud-2, Salman, Abuzar and Forozan. In the future, the Iranian Ministry of Oil plans large-scale development and development of existing offshore fields.

Iran occupies an exceptionally advantageous position from a geopolitical and strategic point of view for laying out oil transportation routes, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of delivering raw materials to world markets.

The country's oil refining capacity is about 200 thousand tons of oil per day. The main oil refineries are Abadan (65 thousand t/d), Isfahan (34 thousand t/d), Bandar Abbas (30 thousand t/d) and Tehran (29 thousand t/d).

Iran's oil and gas industries are under complete state control. The state oil company - National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC - National Iranian Oil Company) conducts exploration and development of oil and gas fields, processes and transports raw materials and petroleum products. The resolution of petrochemical production issues is entrusted to the National Petrochemical Company (NPC - National Petrochemical Company).

Iraq ranks second in the world in terms of proven oil reserves, second only to Saudi Arabia. The volume of proven oil reserves in Iraq is about 15 billion tons, and predicted - 29.5 billion.

Iraq currently does not have a production quota. Its oil exports are regulated by UN sanctions that were imposed after the Gulf War in 1991. The UN Oil for Food program aims to provide the country with food and medicine, as well as pay reparations. Currently, Iraq's oil production is 1.5-2 million bpd. However, if UN sanctions are lifted, it can reach a production level of 3 million bpd within one year, and in 3-5 years - to 3.5 million bpd. The level of daily oil consumption in the country is about 600 thousand bpd. When its pipelines are fully loaded, Iraq is capable of exporting 1.4-2.4 million bpd.

The country's main fields are Majnun with proven reserves of about 2.7 billion tons of oil and West Qurna - 2 billion. The most promising reserves are also found in the East Baghdad (1.5 billion tons) and Kirkuk (1.4 billion tons) fields.

The main oil producing company in the country is the Iraqi State Oil Company (Irag National Oil Company), and autonomously operating companies are subordinate to it:

State Company for Oil Projects (SCOP), responsible for work related to the development of upstream (oil exploration and production) and downstream (transportation, marketing and sales) projects;

Oil Exploration Company (OEC), responsible for exploration and geophysical work;

State Organization for Oil Marketing (SOMO), engaged in oil trading, in particular, responsible for relations with OPEC;

Iragi Oil Tankers Company (IOTC) is a tanker transport company;

Northern (Northern Oil Company - NOC) and Southern (Southern Oil Company - SOC) oil companies.

Mexico is one of the largest oil producers in the world, its proven oil reserves are estimated at 4 billion tons. In terms of production volume, which is now about 3.5 million b/d, Mexico has overtaken Venezuela and rightfully occupies a leading position in Latin America. About half of the country's oil production is exported, primarily to the United States.

More than half of the oil is produced offshore in the Bay of Campeche.

An important achievement of the oil industry was the rapid development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, which today are the main branches of the Mexican manufacturing industry. The main refineries are located on the Gulf Coast. In recent years, along with the old centers - Reynosa, Ciudad Madero, Poza Rica, Minatitlan - new ones have been put into operation - Monterrey, Salina Cruz, Tula, Cadereyta.

According to the 1993 Foreign Investment Law, exclusive rights to explore and develop oil fields in the country are retained by the state, and primarily by the state-owned company Pemex. Pemex operates the Mexican Petroleum Institute, which conducts research and development work.

Norway

Norway's proven oil reserves are estimated at 1.4 billion tons and are the largest among Western European countries. The daily level of oil production reaches 3.4 million barrels. Of these, about 3 million b/d are exported.

Most of Norway's oil is produced from offshore fields in the North Sea.

The country's largest fields are Statfjord, Oseberg, Galfax and Ekofisk. The last major discoveries by geologists were the Norn field, discovered in 1991 in the Norwegian Sea, and the Donatello field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.

The dominant oil company in the country is state-owned Statoil, founded in 1973. In November 1998, Statoil signed a cooperation agreement (NOBALES) with companies such as Saga Petroleum, Elf Aquitaine, Agip, Norsk Hidro and Mobil, providing for joint work in the Barents Sea. In addition, the country has a private oil and gas group, Saga Petroleum, with Saga currently operating in fields such as Snorr, Vigdis, Thordis and Varg. In early September, Saga signed an agreement with the National Iranian Oil Company to conduct exploration work in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. In addition, Saga is working in Libya (Mabrouk field) and Namibia (Lüderitz basin).

The United Arab Emirates' proven oil reserves account for about 10% of the world's - about 13.5 billion tons. Daily oil production exceeds 2.3 million barrels, of which about 2.2 million are exported. The UAE's main oil importers are Southeast Asian countries, with Japan accounting for about 60% of the UAE's oil exports.

Most of the country's reserves are concentrated in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. The main oil fields are: in Abu Dhabi - Asab, Beb, Bu Hasa; to Dubai - Fallah, Fateh, Southwestern Fateh; to Rashid Sharjah - Mubarak. The UAE's oil refining capacity is about 39.3 thousand tons per day. The country's main oil refineries are Ruwayz and Um al-Nar 2.

The UAE oil industry is controlled by the country's government. The state-owned oil company Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) includes oil production, service and transportation companies.

Proven oil reserves in Russia amount to about 6.6 billion tons, or 5% of world reserves.

The volume of oil production in the Russian Federation in 2001 amounted to 348 million tons or 10% of the world production level, of which 147 million tons were exported. It should be noted that now Russia, together with the CIS countries, is restoring oil production volumes to the extent that existed in the former Soviet Union. In 1987, oil production in the USSR reached 12.6 million b/d (about 540 million tons per year), which accounted for almost 20% of world production, with a daily export volume of 3.7 million b/d (159 million t per year) - 15% of total exports from OPEC. Between 1990 and 1996, oil production in Russia decreased by 40%, and in 1998 it reached its minimum - 6.2 million bpd (266 million tons per year), which amounted to 8.3 % of global production level. Oil exports in 1998 amounted to 2.3 million bpd (about 100 million tons per year) - 7.5% of total exports from OPEC. The restoration of the domestic oil industry began in 1999. As a result of the economic crisis that occurred in Russia in 1998 and the subsequent devaluation of the ruble, oil production costs significantly decreased, which, coupled with high prices on the world oil market, sharply increased the attractiveness of investments in the oil business: only in 2000, the volume of capital investments in the industry amounted to 129.1 billion rubles, which is 2.6 times higher than in 1999. Today, Russia is one of the largest oil producers in the world; in terms of production volumes, it ranks third after Saudi Arabia and the United States. Together with other CIS countries, Russia provides about 10% of the total volume of oil supplies to the world market. However, Russia is still far from reaching the production levels of 1990: it now produces about 7 million bpd versus 10 million bpd in 1990. At the current rate of production growth, by 2005 Russia can increase its level to 8.5 million. b/d, which will amount to 11% of all oil production in the world, and the export volume will be up to 5 million b/d, or 15% of the total supply volume with OPEC countries.

The level of oil consumption in Russia is extremely low: its per capita rate is 1.8 times lower than in the countries of the European Union, 3 times lower than in Canada, and 3.5 times lower than in the United States. In terms of oil consumption, Russia is now at the level of Western Europe in the early 60s or the USA in the 20s. In quantitative terms, oil consumption in Russia is about 2.5 million b/d; by 2005 it may increase to 2.6 million b/d.

About 2,000 oil and oil and gas fields have been discovered on Russian territory, the largest of which are located on the shelf of Sakhalin, Barents, Kara and Caspian seas. Most of the proven oil reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia and the Ural Federal District. There is virtually no oil production in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The oldest and most depleted oil production areas in Russia are the Ural-Volga region, the North Caucasus and Sakhalin Island. The deposits of Western Siberia and the Timan-Pechora region were discovered relatively recently and are at the very peak of their development. The fields of Eastern Siberia and the Far East (with the exception of Sakhalin Island), as well as the shelves of the Russian seas, are in the initial stages of development. The most promising in terms of production are the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (Yurubcheno-Takhomskaya oil and gas zone), the Republic of Sakha (Sredneobinskoye and Talakanskoye oil and gas fields), the Irkutsk region (Verkhnechonskoye oil and gas field) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Total oil production at these facilities by 2020 could reach 60 million tons per year. However, large capital investments are required to develop these resources.

Despite the decline in oil production and refining over the past decade, Russia remains one of the leading exporters of oil and petroleum products. It accounts for about 7% of global oil refining capacity. Unfortunately, this potential is not being fully realized: Russia's share in the volume of refined oil has decreased from 9% of the world volume in 1990 to 5% currently. In terms of the scale of actual oil refining, Russia has moved from second place after the United States to fourth, behind Japan and China. And in terms of consumption of petroleum products per capita, Russia is now in 14th place in the world, behind, in addition to developed countries, countries such as Nigeria. In addition, domestic refineries are very worn out, their equipment is outdated. In terms of wear and tear on fixed assets, oil refining is the leader in the domestic fuel and energy complex, with an average wear rate of 80%.

A significant obstacle for Russia to increasing its share of oil supplies to the world market is limited transportation capacity. The main main pipelines in Russia are focused on old production areas, and the transport scheme connecting new promising fields with consumers is insufficiently provided. However, as a result of the commissioning of two new pipeline systems in 2001 - the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) and the Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) - additional export routes will appear across the Baltic and Black Seas.

The Russian oil complex includes 11 large oil companies, which account for 90.8% of the total oil production in the country, and 113 small companies, whose production accounts for 9.2%. Russian oil companies carry out a full range of oil operations - from exploration, production and refining of oil to its transportation and marketing of petroleum products. The largest Russian oil companies are LUKOIL, Yukos, TNK, Surgutneftegaz, Sibneft, Tatneft, Rosneft, Slavneft and Sidanko.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia ranks first in the world in terms of oil production, its daily level exceeds 8 million barrels. Saudi Arabia's proven oil reserves are about 35 billion tons, which is almost a quarter of the world's proven oil reserves. At the same time, oil and oil products are the country’s main export item, making it highly dependent on the main consumers (developed countries) and world oil prices. Revenues from oil exports account for about 90% of budget revenues. Saudi Arabia is the main importer of oil to the United States and Japan.

In total, there are about 77 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. The largest fields are Ghawar - the world's largest onshore oil field, with reserves estimated at 9.6 billion tons of oil - and Safaniya - the world's largest offshore field with proven reserves of about 2.6 billion tons. In addition, the country is home to such large deposits as Najd, Berri, Manifa, Zuluf and Shaybakh.

The country has large oil refining capacities - about 300 thousand tons of oil per day. Major oil refineries: Aramco-Ras Tanura (41 thousand t/d), Rabigh (44.5 thousand t/d), Aramco-Mobil-Yanbu (45.5 thousand t/d), and Petromin/Shell- al-Jubail (40 thousand t/s).

The country's oil industry has been nationalized and the oil industry is governed by the Supreme Petroleum Council. The largest oil company is Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), petrochemical - Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC).

The US is the largest consumer of oil in the world. The country's daily oil consumption is about 23 million barrels (or almost a quarter of the global total), with about half of the country's oil consumption coming from motor vehicles.

Over the past 20 years, the level of oil production in the United States has decreased: for example, in 1972 it was 528 million tons, in 1995 - 368 million tons, and in 2000 - only 350 million tons, which is a consequence of increased competition between American producers and importers of cheaper foreign oil. Of the 23 million b/d consumed in the United States, only 8 million b/d are produced, and the rest is imported. At the same time, the United States still ranks second in the world in terms of oil production (after Saudi Arabia). Proven oil reserves of the United States amount to about 4 billion tons (3% of world reserves).

Most of the country's explored deposits are located on the shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as off the Pacific coast (California) and the shores of the Arctic Ocean (Alaska). The main mining areas are Alaska, Texas, California, Louisiana and Oklahoma. Recently, the share of oil produced on the offshore shelf, primarily in the Gulf of Mexico, has increased.

The country's largest oil corporations are Exxon Mobil and Chevron Texaco.

The main importers of oil to the United States are Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Canada, and Venezuela. The United States is heavily dependent on OPEC policies, and that is why it is interested in an alternative source of oil, which Russia can become for them.

Largest oil consumers

U The level of world oil consumption in 2001 was about 75.8 million bpd, which is only 100 thousand bpd higher than the same figure for 2000. The low growth in consumption is associated with the economic downturn in a number of the most developed countries in the world: the USA, the Eurozone countries and Japan. The growth in consumption in 2002, according to various estimates, will be from 600 to 1,200 thousand b/d, which directly depends on the improvement of the climate in the world economy, and by 2020, according to forecasts of the American Department of Energy, global consumption will increase to 120 million b/d /With.

The main consumers of oil are developed countries, among which the United States is the undisputed leader: they account for about a quarter of world oil consumption or 24 million bpd. The USA is followed by European countries, which account for about 20% or 15.1 million b/d, and countries of the Asia-Pacific region - 11% or 8.7 million b/d. At the same time, the level of consumption in the Asia-Pacific region has grown over the past 14 years by about 3%, and in North America and Europe - by an average of only 1%. The highest consumption growth rates were observed in South Korea, Thailand, China, Indonesia and India.

The share of the countries of the former USSR in world oil consumption has decreased over the past 12 years from 13% in 1988 to 5% currently. At the same time, the former social republics turned out to be the only region of the planet where oil consumption decreased during this period: in general, over the past 12 years, its growth in the world has been recorded by 16%.

The ratio of the level of oil production and consumption in the world is a determining factor for the level of oil prices. Obviously, if oil production (supply) exceeds consumption (demand), oil prices fall, and vice versa: if consumption exceeds production, prices rise.

Below is a chart showing the dynamics of growth in oil consumption and production over the past 12 years.

Oil exporters and importers

The countries on whose territory the largest part of oil reserves are located and which are the main producers of oil (with the exception of the United States) are for the most part underdeveloped, with low levels of energy consumption. That. They can export the surplus of extracted raw materials. Developed countries, whose oil needs significantly exceed its production, are the main importers of oil.

OPEC countries account for about 40% of world supplies to the oil market. The share of CIS countries (including Russia) of the total volume of supplies by independent manufacturers is about 17%. The total volume of oil supplies to the world market is about 1.9 billion tons.

World petroleum products market

The main producers of petroleum products are the USA (about 24% of the total oil refining volume in the world), Japan (6%), China (5.2%) and Russia (4.8%). The global volume of petroleum products produced annually reaches 3.4 billion tons.

The largest exporters of petroleum products are Holland, Russia, Singapore, USA, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Venezuela and Kuwait, and importers are the USA, Japan, Germany, Holland, Singapore and France. The volume of the petroleum products market is about 700 million tons per year.

It is interesting that countries such as the USA, Holland, Singapore and China are both exporters and importers of raw materials: they import products of primary oil refining and then carry out deeper processing, the products of which are exported.

In terms of oil refining capacity, the leaders are the USA (about 2.27 million tons of oil per day), the countries of the former USSR (1.15 million tons/day), Japan (660 thousand tons/day) and China (595 thousand tons/day). With).

Oil cartels

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960. Currently, 11 countries are members of OPEC: Algeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia. OPEC headquarters is Vienna, Austria. OPEC countries supply about 40% of the total global oil supply to the world market. Currently, the post of OPEC President is occupied by the Adviser to the President of Nigeria on energy issues, Rilwanu Lukman, and the post of Secretary General is held by the Minister of Energy and Mining of Venezuela, former OPEC President Ali Rodriguez.

Today's OPEC charter was approved in 1965, and subsequently numerous changes and additions were made to it. The goals declared by OPEC are: coordination and unification of the oil policies of member states, determining the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests and ensuring price stability on world oil markets.

Only the founding states and those countries whose applications for admission were approved by OPEC's highest body, the Conference, can be full members of OPEC. Any other country with a significant crude oil exploitation and interests fundamentally similar to those of OPEC member countries may become a full member, provided its admission is approved by a three-quarters majority vote.

The structure of OPEC consists of a Conference, committees, a board of governors, a secretariat, a secretary general and an OPEC economic commission. The conference is the highest body of OPEC and consists of delegations representing member states of the cartel. Typically, delegations are led by ministers of oil, mining or energy. Meetings are held twice a year, usually at the headquarters in Vienna. The conference determines the main directions of OPEC policy, makes decisions on the budget and is the electoral body of the organization. To make decisions, they must be approved by all full members. The cartel president is elected annually.

In 1976, OPEC created the OPEC Fund for International Development. It is a multilateral development financial institution that promotes cooperation between OPEC member states and other developing countries. The Fund's assistance can be used by international financial institutions providing assistance to developing countries, and by all non-OPEC developing countries. The OPEC Fund provides loans on concessional terms mainly of three types: for projects, programs and balance of payments support. The Fund's financial resources are generated from voluntary contributions from member states and profits generated through the Fund's lending and investment operations.

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) was formed in 1968 based on an agreement signed between the governments of Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia. Headquarters - Safat, Kuwait. OAPEC includes 11 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia. Any Arab state whose source of a significant part of its national income is oil can become a member of OAPEC, subject to the consent of 75% of the organization's members, including the three founders of OAPEC. The main goals of OAPEC are cooperation in various types of economic activities in the field of the oil industry, identifying ways and means of protecting the legitimate interests of member states in this industry, both individually and collectively, joining efforts to ensure oil supplies on equal and fair terms, creating a favorable climate for investment in the transfer of technical expertise for the development of the oil industry of member states. The structure of OAPEC includes the Ministerial Council, the Executive Bureau, the Arbitration Court and the Secretariat.

World Petroleum Congress

The World Petroleum Congress is an international organization that unites countries producing and consuming oil and gas. It includes both OPEC member countries and independent oil producers. In total, the organization includes 59 countries.

547.6 ml. tons of “black bit” produced in 2016 by Russian oil producing enterprises put the Russian Federation at the top of the list of largest oil producers. 66.5% of them were produced by three mining companies. Russia's position as the largest exporter of this resource also remained unchanged.

Oil has always served as a source of power for any country, its national wealth. Oil production in Russia has allowed the country to rank among the largest producers of this important fuel resource, and at the end of 2016, even the largest.

Modern Russia is considered one of the world's largest producers of “black gold”. More than 12% of world production is mined here. The main competitor is Saudi Arabia.

In October, Russia surpassed Saudi Arabia's average daily production. On average, our country produced 10.754 million barrels per day. "Russian newspaper"

Sources: Rosstat according to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, BP Statistical Review of World Energy

At the end of 2016, Russia reached a record production level of 547.6 million tons, of which 46.5% was exported to other countries. And during the year, 59,013.8 million US dollars were received into the foreign currency accounts of enterprises and organizations.

The average producer price at the end of 2016 was 12,607 rubles per 1 ton of raw materials, the purchase price was 1.4 times higher, or 18,180 rubles.

Sources: Rosstat

Rosstat provides a comparative assessment of changes in average daily oil production over the past three years in the Russian Federation, OPEC countries and Saudi Arabia.

Source: Rosstat

Russia owes the recognition of the country as an oil power, first of all, to Azerbaijani oil. Huge inexhaustible developed reserves and their development on its territory will appear only later, by the second half of the 20th century.

And it began...

About three centuries ago, Peter the Great ordered “...to go to Baka as quickly as possible and strive to get it with God’s help, of course... This Baka is rich in oil of excellent quality...”. By imperial decree, General Matyushkin captured Baku in 1723, and with it 48 oil wells, from which they pumped black oil and several more with white oil.

Baku acquired a special status; its mayor was appointed personally by the emperor. This was the case under Alexander III and Nicholas II. Russia with Azerbaijani oil by 1901 was the recognized leader in world production, 1.5 million tons against the background of 1 million from the United States inspired respect. The Azerbaijani region remained the main oil production area of ​​the Soviet Union until World War II.

Source: “Collection of statistical data on the mining and metallurgical industry of Russia” (1912)

By 1940, of the 31.1 million tons produced in the USSR, Azerbaijani accounted for 71%; in 1945 it had already dropped to 59% (11.5 million tons out of 19.4).

And 1950 is notable for the fact that the vast Russian territory between the Volga and the Urals, as the main oil-producing region of the country, was called the “second Baku” and included oil production areas in Russia: the richest fields of the Bashkir and Tatar Autonomous Republics. Its production has finally reached pre-war levels. And with the start of industrial exploitation of the West Siberian fields in 1964, constantly increasing volumes, the USSR became the first in the world in oil production.

There were downs and there were ups. The graph clearly demonstrates oil production indicators in Russia by year.

Rice. 2. Oil production (including condensate) in Russia in 1901 - 2016
Source: Rosstat

Oil exports in the Russian Federation

Many industrialized countries are fully self-sufficient in this important fuel resource. Among them is Russia. But none of them export it to such a significant extent. According to operational data from Rosstat, out of 547.6 million tons, 254.8 (which is 47%) were exported to countries near and far abroad. Moreover, this level remains virtually unchanged for many years.

Source: Rosstat

Rice. 3. Change in crude oil exports in physical and monetary terms
Source: Rosstat

The share of crude oil exports in the country’s foreign exchange earnings at the end of 2016 was 26%. The decline in export prices had its impact.

The actual average oil export price in December 2016 was US$339.1 per tonne, higher than it was in January (230.2), but never reaching the January 2015 level of 399.9. And the world price for the Urals brand in December already exceeded the level at the beginning of the previous year (340.0 in January 2015, 209.9 in January 2016 and 380.2 dollars per ton in December 2016). The graph will show how both of these prices have changed over the past two years.

Rice. 4. Change in the average actual export price of the Russian Federation and world oil prices in 2015-2016, dollars per ton
Sources: Rosstat, Ministry of Finance of Russia

This state of affairs explains why, with the continued level of supplies of “black gold” abroad, foreign exchange earnings from its sales are declining.

Source: Rosstat

Russian oil is exported mainly to Far Abroad countries. Their share accounted for 90.6% at the end of 2015. The main importer among the CIS countries is Belarus.

Rice. 5. Structure of oil exports from the Russian Federation, in%
Source: Rosstat according to the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

According to Forbes, the largest buyers of Russian raw materials include: China, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Finland, and Slovakia.

Largest oil fields in Russia

Not every fossil deposit is considered a deposit. More often, this is a group of deposits located in a certain territory, the area of ​​which can reach hundreds of kilometers.

By Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 298 dated November 1, 2005. a new “Classification of reserves and forecast resources of oil and combustible gases” has been introduced, according to which all deposits are divided into groups and depend on the amount of deposited minerals (million tons):

• very small - up to 1;
• small - 1-5;
• medium - 5-30;
• large - 30-300;
• unique - 300 or more.

According to the Interfax Agency, Russia has become the first in the world in oil production. This was made possible by the explored reserves of the largest deposits.

Saudi Arabia in December reduced oil production and exports from historical highs recorded in the previous month, according to data from the Joint Organization Data Initiative (JODI). This allowed Russia to take first place in the world in terms of oil production, although it also reduced production.
INTERFAX.RU Moscow. February 20, 2017

Western Siberia, with its Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts, remains the central mining areas in Russia. It is on a par with such major oil and gas basins as the Persian and Mexican Gulfs, the Sahara and Alaska. Most of the deposits began to be developed back in Soviet times.

The prospective recoverable reserves of this mineral in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2015 amounted to 18,340.1 million tons.

Source: State report of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation “On the state and use of mineral resources of the Russian Federation in 2014”

Sources: vestifinance.ru

At the same time, exploration work continues, new promising places are being developed, including Sakhalin-5, the active development of which dates back to the present century, and oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion tons, as well as “Great”, which is on the Arkhangelsk lands with reserves estimated at 300 million tons.

Almost half of all recoverable Russian oil reserves fall on the first five largest fields:

• Samotlor;
• Romashkinskoe;
• Priobskoe;
• Arlanskoe;
• Vankorskoe.

Sources: vestifinance.ru, State report of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation “On the state and use of mineral resources of the Russian Federation in 2014”

Largest companies

For the Russian Federation, which has huge oil reserves, oil producing companies serve as a real source of budget replenishment, which can safely be classified as strategic. The largest oil producers remain profitable even as global prices fall.

Russneft in 2013, excluding retired assets of enterprises of the Ural block

Sources: data used for the assessment: RNS news agencies, as well as official websites of companies: Rosneft, Lukoil and others.

Since 2011, more than half of all oil in the country has been produced by three:

1. LUKOIL company;
2. OJSC "Surgutneftegas".

Taking into account the contribution of the Gazprom Neft and Tatneft groups of companies, their share increases and, according to operational data for 2016, reaches 82.2%.

Sources: Official websites of companies, for 2016 - RNS news agency

Sources: Data for Russia - Rosstat, for companies - RNS Information Agency

RBC cites the forecasts of Fitch Ratings experts:

“2016 may be the last year of growth in oil production in Russia... New projects will be slowed down due to a sharp drop in oil prices, and production at developed fields in Western Siberia will continue to fall by 3-4%.”

Results and conclusions

The influence of this resource on the development of the Russian economy will remain decisive for many years to come.

The country remains the undisputed world leader in the production and export of “black gold”.

The West Siberian region and its oil producing companies are a real source of replenishment of the state budget of the Russian Federation.