Nizhny Novgorod architecture of the 16th-19th centuries. The unique abandoned architecture of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Nizhny Novgorod Legislative Assembly

At the beginning of the 17th century, most of the urban population lived outside the Kremlin, in the Upper and Lower Posad, which were protected by wooden walls and earthen ramparts. Nizhny Novgorod, which played an important role in the liberation of the country from foreign intervention at the beginning of the 17th century, was at that time one of the most important cities in the Muscovite state. However, despite this, there were very few monumental buildings in the city.

In the scribe book of 1662 in Nizhny Novgorod, in addition to the Kremlin walls and towers, only two stone buildings were indicated: the Spassky Cathedral and the church in the Annunciation Monastery. Other buildings erected in the 14th century turned into ruins by the 17th century.

New monumental construction began with the restoration of the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin. It was at this time that the cathedral tent, which has survived to this day, was erected.

It was no coincidence that the Cathedral of Michael the Archangel became the first major building after the expulsion of the invaders. And although the choice of the saint could be determined by dynastic considerations, the construction of the cathedral dedicated to the patron saint of the army, first of all, marked the victorious end of the war of liberation.

The work on the construction of the cathedral was carried out under the guidance of master Lavreny Vazoulin and his stepson Antipas and was completed in 1631. The tent of the cathedral is open inside. The tripartite division of the cubic base is repeated by three kokoshniks, completing each of the faces of the figure eight. Heavy and crushed details of cornices, deep niches and wide profiled frames of zakomar and kokoshniks are very typical details of Russian architecture of the 17th century.

Assumption Church

Among the monuments of the 17th century, which were affected by the influence of wooden architecture, a special place is occupied by the Assumption Church, built on a hill above the Postal (former Assumption) congress.

The stone building of the church was built in 1672. Based on the surviving remains and old photographs, the original appearance of this heavily rebuilt structure was partially restored.

The main part of the church consisted of a quarter, the walls of which ended in barrel-shaped pediments. Near the central dome, four smaller ones were placed in a cruciform manner, each of which rested on kokoshniks cut into the ridge of an eight-slope roof. Thus, in the church, the type of ceiling "cross barrel, four faces" was repeated, a type very common in wooden architecture, especially for the completion of porches.

Reproduction of barrel shapes in brick is known in the monuments of ancient Russian architecture only in the porches and above the entrance. The only example of the use of the so-called "barrel" in a stone building is the Assumption Church in Nizhny Novgorod.

Annunciation Monastery

In addition to separate works of old architecture scattered in different parts of the city, two ensembles of the 17th century have been preserved in Nizhny Novgorod - the Annunciation and Pechersky monasteries. A characteristic feature of both monasteries is their location on the slope of the river bank, thanks to which the buildings stand out with a white three-dimensional pattern against the background of green slopes and trees of a high bank. Groups of monastic buildings stretched along the river are inextricably linked with the nature around them. Architectural forms are organically combined with the majestic panorama of a wide, powerful river.

The foundation of the Annunciation Monastery goes back to ancient times. The first news about him refers to 1229. However, to date, not a single building older than the 17th century has survived.

The central place is occupied by the five-domed cathedral, built in 1649. The low, once open gallery surrounding it brings the cathedral closer to the Upper Volga churches. The covering by zakomaras, the shape of the domes and domes are archaic for this time. Living quarters close the monastery courtyard from the west. Some of them with a built-in graceful bell tower have been preserved from the 17th century.

The most interesting building of the monastery is the two-hipped Assumption Church. It is remarkable for its silhouette, elegance, elegance of skillfully executed brick details.

Pechersky Monastery

The Caves Monastery was founded in 1328-1330 by the monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery Dionysius, who later became one of the most prominent figures in the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy. In the XVI-XVII centuries the influence of the monastery spread far beyond the Nizhny Novgorod region.

In 1597, a very large landslide occurred, which destroyed the monastery and the six stone churches that were attached to it. The masters called from Moscow came to the conclusion that it was impossible to restore the buildings in their original place, and the monastery was moved a kilometer closer to the city, to a more stable site, where the buildings are still located.

It is possible that the architecture of the monastery complex owes its simplicity to the desire to repeat the nature and forms of buildings that existed before the catastrophe and consecrated by time. This was especially true in the bell tower (1632). Its rectangular main array only under the tent itself passes into an octahedron. The Ascension Cathedral, completed in the same 1632 by the master Antipas Vazoulin, is distinguished by the same rigor. A covered arched passage connects the cathedral with the Assumption Church (1648), whose closed vault ends with a small decorative tent.

In front of the western entrance to the Ascension Cathedral, above the gates of the old monastery fence (the existing walls were built in 1765), there is the tent church of Euthymius (1642 - 1645). By its similarity with the architecture of the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin, it can be assumed that Vasoulin was also the author of the building.

Bishops' chambers were built according to the type usual for residential buildings of the 17th century. In the 18th century, a second floor was added above the central part of the building, surrounded by a gallery on stone columns.

"Strogon" churches

Church in Gordeevka. The Strogonovs, whose surname gave the name to several architectural monuments of the late 17th - early 18th centuries in Nizhny Novgorod and Solvychegodsk, got rich on salt mining in Solvychegodsk and the Perm Territory. At the end of the 17th century, all the possessions of the Strogon family were united in the hands of Grigory Dmitrievich Strogonov. He was close to Peter I, who was in correspondence with him and baptized his son.

Since the 16th century, Nizhny Novgorod has been the center of the salt trade, and the Strogonovs, like other salt producers, had lands, houses, offices and warehouses in it. Until 1703, Grigory Stroganov lived in the village of Gordeevka, now included in the city, in his suburban estate. Here in 1694-1697 the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk was built. The architect achieved in it a great integrity of the architectural image. The main volume, completed with five domes, is much higher than the bell tower and the chapel attached from the north (the height of the chapel is equal to the height of the lower order of the main temple).

All domes of the church and the chapel are made in two tiers, as is also the case in Moscow churches of the nineties of the 17th century. The domes of the Gordeevskaya Church are distinguished by the organicity with which the upper tier grows out of the lower one. The old helmet-shaped domes covered with scaly green tiles are well preserved.

The walls end with stepped pediments of a complex pattern. They are displayed as decorative walls rising above the roof. The shape of the pediments is determined only by the architectural design of the facades and is not connected either with the vault that covers the main volume, or with the constitution of the roof.

The top of the pediments ends with a white-stone finish, decorated with a flat “applied” ornament. Along with details of white stone, patterned bricks are also widely used in the construction of the church. Columns, twisted columns on the bell tower, architraves and friezes of both entablature and various profiles, often made of stone, are laid out of brick. The bell tower is distinguished by the Baroque character, especially its upper tiers.

Entirely from the methods of wooden carving go through slots of the volutes of stone Corinthian capitals; holes between individual acanthus leaves seem to be drilled with a brace. The craftsmen who built the Gordeevskaya Church discovered an familiarity with the order system based on engraved tables or carved samples of wood. Corinthian columns entwined with grapes, used in Gordeevka and decorating the Nativity Stronovskaya Church in even greater numbers, become at this time a characteristic feature that distinguishes the work of Russian masters.

Christmas Church

The beginning of the construction of the Nativity Church dates back to the end of the 17th century. The building was very rich. The construction and decoration of the temple, almost entirely covered with busy stone carvings, took a lot of time, so during the fire of 1715 the church was still unfinished. After the fire, the temple was put in order for four years. In 1719 it was consecrated.

The white-stone details almost supplanted the patterned brick, which was used in the decoration of Gordeevka. The walls of the Nativity Church are full of various reliefs and decorations. Twisted vines wrap around twisted columns framed by windows and in the order of the third tier. Pomegranates, pears, apples and other fruits, surrounded by flowers, protrude from the ornament.

Garlands of flowers border the window openings. Numerous cartouches, shells and scrolls create a transition from pictorial to purely architectural elements. The whole appearance of this church building is saturated with motifs of joyful abundance, sharply distinguishing it from the harsh simplicity of churches of the 16th century. Covered with a vault, with windows in lunettes, the top of the Nativity Church resembles a wooden structure with its external forms.

Stroganovskaya Nativity Church rises on the slope of a steep mountain. Initially, there were one or two staircases leading from the ground to the open gallery of the porch, later laid down and connected to the same room with the refectory.

Outside, the church is a two-tiered building with a pronounced number of storeys: one half is built on with a third tier, with a center elevated by one more tier. Such a composition gives the side facade a kind of smooth movement, corresponding to the location of the building along the river bank. The entire façade seems to be assembled from almost identical rectangles arranged in rows horizontally or stacked on top of each other. The core of each element is a rich window frame.

The whole composition gives a gradual complication and refinement of the forms as you move upward. Narrow protrusions of the loosened frieze of the lower tiers support the pedestals under the upper columns, the width of which is the entire extension of the cornice. The drawing combines beauty, as well as a sober consideration of harsh climatic conditions and the desire to protect the white stone finish from rain and melting snow.

One can only judge what the interior of the church was like from two iconostases: a stone one located in the refectory and a wooden one located in a cold temple. The existing stucco ornaments and paintings were made during repairs in the 19th century.

Historical monuments of the XVIII century

Despite the decree of 1714, which prohibited stone construction everywhere, except for St. Petersburg, the construction of stone churches continued in Nizhny Novgorod. So, in 1700-1715, 3 churches were built, and from 1715 to 1725, 6 churches were built. Most of them did not last long and were rebuilt at the end of the 18th or 19th century.

In Nizhny Novgorod, the church architecture of the early 18th century was quite diverse. Along with the Stroganov churches, five-domed or small single-domed churches were erected with details that differed little from the style of the 17th century. No less favorite type of temples of this time were tiered ones, the St. George Church, built in 1702, belonged to the best of them.

The church was decorated with details made of white stone; the main element of the ornament was numerous shells, similar to the stone shells of Strogonov's churches.

The tiered type of churches, having lost their original patterned decoration, lasted in Nizhny Novgorod throughout the 18th century and was supplanted by empire-style domed buildings. In addition to St. George's, the Spiritual Church (1703), Odigitrievskaya on the Gryada (1715 - 1719) and all 7 churches built in the period from 1725 to the beginning of the 19th century were tiered.

Classicism was not reflected in Nizhny Novgorod churches. Built in 1782, the Peter and Paul Church, as well as the Kazan cemetery (1794 - 1798), retain baroque features in details.

Historical monuments of the XIX century. In 1817, the largest fair in Russia was moved to the left bank of the Oka from the city of Makariev. In 1825, the population of Nizhny Novgorod was 16,000. After the transfer of the fair, the economic development of the city began faster, it began to grow faster, and by 1841 the number of inhabitants doubled, reaching 32 thousand people. Arrangement of a fair town on the low bank of the Oka became an outstanding urban development project: an artificial canal was dug and a sewer system was created.

In 1824, a new planning project was approved, supplementing and correcting the draft of 1770. The entire residential building is finally taken out of the Kremlin. The largest of the city's buildings - government offices - turns into barracks, and the city square - into a parade ground (1834 - 1835). The integrity of its architectural and planning concept was violated even earlier, in 1827, when the single-domed Assumption Church (1827) was built instead of the second building. In addition to it, several other Empire churches were built in the 1820s, of which the bell tower of the Intercession Church (1824) was the most successful.

In 1825, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky (architect Melnikov) was erected in the Kremlin in the form of an obelisk made of pink granite. In the lower part of the monument there were gilded bronze plaques with busts of the leaders of the Nizhny Novgorod militia and winged goddesses of victory. In the same period, the building of the Noble Assembly (architect Korinfsky) and the Lutheran Church (1828) were built.

In the first half of the 19th century, such well-known buildings were built in Nizhny Novgorod as the tea house "Pillars" (architect Kizevetter), associated with the social activities of M. Gorky. According to the Kizevetter project, the former Niklaus house (1841) was built, where V.I. lived in 1900. Lenin, as well as the house on the Lykova dam (1838), in which the parents of N.A. Dobrolyubova.

On the outskirts of the modern city, which used to be suburbs and settlements, villages, houses decorated with carvings and paintings are still preserved. Carved details penetrate the architecture of city houses, sometimes covering the walls with rich carvings.

Fair. At the end of the 16th - 17th, the planning structure of Nizhny Novgorod consisted in the Nagorny part of the City (i.e. the Kremlin), surrounding its Upper and Lower (under the high bank) settlements, scattered settlements on the neighboring hills (Kanavinskaya settlement was included in Zaochye). The line of defensive walls of the Kremlin (1500 - 1512) with numerous towers (there were originally 13; large square towers with gates alternate with smaller round ones; restoration - 1960-1970 under the leadership of S.A. Agafonov), outlines the territory in the form of an irregular triangle; in the Kremlin - a cubic, completed with an 8-sided tent on a low octagon, the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral (built in 1631, in honor of the victory of the Nizhny Novgorod militia in 1612, architects L. Vozoulin and L. Konstantinov; since 1962, the ashes of Kuzma Minin have been in the cathedral) .

Above the bank of the Oka, between the Kremlin and the Pokhvalinsky ravine, the buildings of the settlement have been preserved. Churches: Myrrh-bearing women (1649, five-domed on a high basement, the appearance was changed by alterations of the 20th century, the roof is 4-pitched, devoid of chapters); Assumption on Ilyinskaya Gora (1672), crowned with 5 tiled domes on high drums, with kokoshniks at the base), as well as the famous architectural monument of Nizhny Novgorod - the Nativity Church at the Stroganovs' estate in the so-called Stroganov style, completed with 5 domes with patterned crosses, with an extensive 2-tier refectory, on the facades - a rich decoration of bricks in the form of motifs of fruits, cartouches, scrolls (1719); in the interior of the refectory - white-stone carving, in the interior of the church - an iconostasis with fine wooden carvings, icons of the 18th century, picturesque panels; now a museum).

Preserved houses of the 17th - early 18th centuries, mostly 2-story, made of brick, with windows decorated with figured frames, kokoshniks, with wooden outbuildings, porches, high roofs: Chatygin (the so-called house of Peter I, who stopped here in 1695, heading in the Azov campaign), Pushnikov's chambers, consisting of two connected buildings built at different times, Olisov's house. On the left bank of the Oka there is a five-domed church of Our Lady of Smolensk with a rich decor in the Stroganov style at the estate in the Stroganovs in Gordeevka (1697).

For the Nagornaya part of the city in 1770, a radial-circular plan was developed with a system of streets radiating from the trapezoidal square at the outer gates of the Kremlin. According to the revised plan, along with the Kanavinskaya Sloboda, the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair was included in the city on the left bank of the Oka.

According to the plan of 1838, the Verkhnevolzhskaya embankment was built (Georgievsky and Kazan congresses from both ends of it), on the slope - the Alexander Garden.

At the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries, buildings here were built in the style of classicism, in the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries - in the style of eclecticism, stylization and modernity. In the Nagornaya part, the former house of the vice-governor (1788), the house of the pharmacist G. Evenius (1799 - 1792, architect I. Nemeyer), the building of the seminary (1823 - 1829), architects I.I. Mezhetsky, A.L. Leer), the Nobility Assembly (1826, architect I.E. Efimov; in the interior - a small columned hall; an additional building was built in the 1860s - 1870s, the Noble Institute (1840s, architect A.A. Pakhomov; on the main on the facade - a frieze in the form of a floral ornament depicting the coats of arms of the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod province, now the regional library) with a house for living (1836, architect I.E. Efimov), the house of Z. Dobrolyubova (1840s, architect G.I. Kizevetter, now - the House-Museum of N.A. Dobrolyubov), the governor's house in the Kremlin (1841, architect P.D. Gotman), the house of S. Niklaus (1841, architect Kizevetter), the Drama Theater (1896, architect V.A. Schreter) ; the building of the City Duma (1902), architect V.P. Zeidler; the main facade with three small windows, completed with a parapet with the Nizhny Novgorod coat of arms and a steep spherical roof), the State Bank in the neo-Russian style (1913, architect V.A. Pokrovsky; consists of several volumes, covered with roofs of various shapes, in the interior - paintings on the walls and vaults according to the sketches of I.Ya. Bilibin, chandeliers, lanterns, iron gratings, majolica railings on the stairs), the church at the New (now Old) Cemetery (1916, architect Pokrovsky).

Below, along the banks of the Volga and Oka, the estates of the Stroganovs (since the 1870s - the Golitsyns; 1827, architect P. Ivanov) and the Golitsyns (1821 - 1837), the former Blinovsky passage in the spirit of Russian architecture of the 17th century (the last third XIX century), the Volga-Kama Bank in the eclectic style (1894 - 1898, architect V.P. Zeidler), the bank of the Rukavishnikov brothers in the Art Nouveau style (1908 - 1912, architect F.O. Shekhtel; sculptures above the entrance, personifying industry and agriculture , sculptor S.T. Konenkov).

On the Verkhnevolzhskaya embankment is the former house of S.M. Rukavishnikov in the spirit of neo-baroque (1877, architect P.S. Boitsov; at the entrance - a sculpture of Atlanteans and caryatids, sculptor M.O. Mikeshin); house of D. V. Sirotkin in the neoclassical style (1914 - 1916, architects - brothers L. A. and V. A. Vesnin Museum).

On the left bank of the Oka, on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, the centric 5-domed Spassky Old Fair Cathedral (1817 - 1822, architect O. Montferrand) has not been lost, on the Strelka - the Alexander Nevsky Fair Cathedral (1881, architect R.Ya. Kilevein, L.V. Dal; restoration work has been going on since the beginning of 1990), the Main House of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair (1890; since the beginning of the 1990s - the center of renewed exchange and fair activities.

The architecture of the Nizhny Novgorod region is unique and distinctive; it has preserved features of various eras of Russian architecture. Unfortunately, many objects are now destroyed and are in a catastrophic state. We hope that our selection will draw public attention to architectural monuments that may be lost in the very near future.

In the old days, the settlement of Bolshoe Teryushevo, located in the Dalne-Konstantinovsky district, was the center of settlement of the Tyurekhan Mordovians. In 1743, the famous Teryushev uprising began in this area - local residents thus tried to protest against forced baptism. But the rebellion was crushed two years later. It was from that time that worship services and the construction of Orthodox churches began here.

The three-altar Ascension Church was built in 1819 in the style of classicism, stone was used for construction. The parishioners of the Ascension Church were residents not only of Bolshoy Teryushevo, but also of four nearby villages, in particular, in 1888, 4616 parishioners were recorded, who were descendants of the pagan Mordovians. In the first half of the twentieth century, the church was closed, as there was strong pressure on the clergy, the temple did not receive more parishioners within its walls.

At the moment, the building is almost destroyed: the dome has been torn off, there are holes in the ceiling, bricks are crumbling, trees grow outside and inside. More recently, a new wooden church was built near the old church, the appearance of which is similar to the old church.

The abandoned church of Peter and Paul, built in 1785, is located in the village of Kovrovo, which is part of the Lindovsky village council. The building of two floors with an already rickety bell tower and with an almost collapsed roof was built from log cabins, painted in red-brick color. The building is in a deplorable state, which is deteriorating every year. In some places, elements of church painting and carved architraves have been preserved, but the walls in many places are covered with holes and dirt.

In historical documents, the settlement of Doschatoe (in those times Rudnya) is mentioned in the 16th century - then iron production was organized on the territory of the present village. Plank until 1929 was part of the Melenkovsky district of the Vladimir province, now it is part of the Vyksa district.

In the 18th century, on the territory of the settlement, according to the idea of ​​the famous steel industrialist Ivan Rodionovich Batashev, a two-story country house was built of red brick. It is located near the Oka floodplain - a place ideal for hunting and fishing. The appearance of the building resembles a rounded small castle with sculptural patterns and a gazebo. In our time, the building housed the village hospital until 2009, at the moment the house is empty and requires urgent reconstruction.

In 1786, there were two churches on the territory of the village of Kiryushkino, both dilapidated. From 1888 to 1897, a new brick church was built in the village in the pseudo-Russian style, closer to exemplary projects. The two-storey building, the roof of which is completed by a dome, is connected with a three-tiered bell tower and a two-aisled refectory. Decorative details are noticeable on the brickwork of the facade.

The church was closed in the first third of the last century, now it is also empty. During the work of the church, the walls were plastered - traces of numerous whitewashing have remained on the facade to this day. The church building is now in disrepair, the hipped ceiling of the bell tower is destroyed, the roofing is damaged. Details of the carved iconostasis and elements of church painting remained inside the building. The building is also damaged by birch trees that have begun to grow inside, and in some places bricks have crumbled.

On the territory of the village of Voronino in the Gorodetsky district is located the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, which is now inactive. The church was erected in 1882. According to local residents, the merchant Markich financed the construction of the temple, they built it on the site of the burned-out church of St. Macarius - there the merchant found the icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The building was created in the Russian-Byzantine style, red brick was used for construction.

The church was closed at the beginning of the last century, at the moment the building is under reconstruction. The plaster partly crumbled from the facade, the brickwork on the outer walls and the roofing were damaged. In addition, the church lost the hipped dome completion. Inside the temple, elements of decor made of wood and church painting have been partially preserved.

The village of Simbiley is located on the territory of the Dalne-Konstantinovsky district. The settlement in 1791 was bought by the youngest of the five Orlov brothers - Vladimir Grigorievich. A little later, the estate was transferred to Orlov's daughter, Natalya Vladimirovna, as a dowry, and after her death, her husband (Pyotr Lvovich Davydov) and children became the owners of the village.

In Simbilei, a huge amount of evidence of the life of the Orlov-Davydov dynasty has survived to this day, for example, a manor house erected in the first half of the nineteenth century, which became part of a huge manor complex.

The appearance of the building is quite modest: a two-story building with a minimum number of decorative elements. The main entrance was decorated with four wooden columns. The interior decoration of the house has been changed several times, but the building still retains elements of the original interior, such as arched doorways and ceiling stucco.

The estate until recently served as a subsidiary farm for the State Factory Stables, but is now completely abandoned.

The church was erected in the middle of the nineteenth century, in those days it was a manor church and part of the estate of the famous noble family of Orlov-Demidov. For these places, the style of the building is quite unusual, as it is designed in the Romanesque, European rules of architecture. The appearance of the belfries is more reminiscent of the construction of fortress medieval towers; you can also see the Gothic style in the door and window openings.

Unfortunately, in our time the church building is in a catastrophic state - the floor and roof are destroyed, the interior decoration is lost. The church came to such a state after a fire that occurred in 1970 due to the fault of rural boys. But this place has still retained an amazing aura that takes you back to ancient times.

The construction of a single-altar church dates back to 1917, it is located in the village of Kazhleika on the territory of the Dalne-Konstantinovsky district. Immediately after the construction was part of the Trinity parish. During the repressions in the thirties of the last century, the priest John Malinovsky was sentenced to death, and the temple was closed. Now the building in some places has damaged brickwork, the domes are very lopsided.

A few years ago, restoration work began by volunteers and local residents, until that moment the church was dominated by vegetation and debris.

The construction of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin in the village of Stupino in the Gorodetsky district lasted from 1857 to 1867. In 1913, the building was slightly modernized, in particular, the side walls of the refectory were built on and the side volumes of the bell tower were added.

Architecturally, the church building is designed in the Russian style, reminiscent of the exemplary projects of Ton Konstantin Andreevich. Decorative decoration is more characteristic of the eclectic period, combined with traditional Russian architecture and baroque elements.

At the moment, the temple is dilapidated and abandoned, gradually overgrown with trees and grass. The roof collapsed in places, the outer masonry crumbled, and the interior decoration was completely destroyed. The building has architectural value as an example of a rural parish church of the nineteenth century, but the current state of the temple indicates that in the near future the architectural monument will be completely destroyed.

The Church of the Ascension of the Lord on the territory of the village of Semet was erected in 1804, it had a hipped bell tower and a three-part altar. The temple was closed at the beginning of the last century. Now the building is in disrepair - the roofing is destroyed, crosses are torn off, trees and grass grow inside, plaster crumbled.

The settlement of Bogomolov on the territory of the current Gorodetsky district was founded in 1621, when during the period of unrest a man Ivan, nicknamed after his native city - Kostroma, settled here, organizing his household in the uninhabited territories near the Volga.

Until the first half of the eighteenth century, there was only a decrepit church in the village, but in 1733 the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was built instead. In 1839 the temple was rebuilt.

The building is a log frame, sheathed with boards, imitating a stone structure in the style of classicism. Now the church building is in disrepair: the iconostases and floors are completely destroyed, the façade cladding is damaged. The covering of the domes was damaged in some places, and the emergency entrance was blocked by the fragments of the collapsed bell tower.

The building of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is a unique monument of wooden architecture, which was erected in the second half of the nineteenth century. Now the church is dilapidated - the dome of the bell tower collapsed, the floors were destroyed, the interior decoration was hidden behind the destruction. But on the walls inside the building, you can see paintings and frescoed structures. In addition, wooden decorations on the outside are partially preserved - a painted frieze on the dome and cornice of the church.

Not far from the Trinity Church there is another wooden summer church, but in terms of architecture it is not so interesting.

Stormy and disturbing for Russia was the beginning of the 19th century. The people's liberation war with the Napoleonic army, the emerging progressive moods in the midst of the masses and among the nobility, Russia's desire to exalt its position, the development of economic and cultural ties with countries around the world; - all this gave a dynamic movement towards the development of architecture, construction from more durable materials.

But, before talking about architecture, a few words about the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod province. The dominant form of industry in the first half of the 19th century was manufactory, but it is gradually turning into a factory.

Nizhny Novgorod - 19th century.

The industrial revolution begins in the country. In 1827, more than 2,000 industrial establishments were operating in the province, including 74 manufactories (metallurgical, rope-spinning, hat-felting, leather, and many others). Nizhny Novgorod remained the most significant industrial and commercial city of the province. In the first half of the 19th century, crafts were further developed in the city. 3000 people are engaged in the craft. Blacksmithing is done by residents of the Kunavinskaya Sloboda. They make small nails of various grades, they sell iron at the fair. Among the Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen there were many whose products were highly appreciated at Russian and foreign exhibitions. Pupils of I. P. Kulibin: - F. Volkov, F. Vyesovshchikov, I. Tikhanovsky - demonstrated tower clocks, clocks with a monthly winding, turning and drilling machines. Rope and spinning production was a traditional branch of Nizhny Novgorod industrialists at the beginning of the 19th century, but by the fifties it was gradually declining. With the development of the steam fleet, metallurgical plants are growing in Nizhny Novgorod and its environs. Merchants of the first guild: Shepelev, Pyatov, Rukavishnikov, who smelted high-quality steel; sold it to Persia, to Bukhara. In 1849, workshops were built on the banks of the Volga, called at that time the "Factory of the Towing and Import Shipping Company", where new ships were repaired and even built. From these workshops, the famous Sormovo plant grew. But the largest enterprises of the Nizhny Novgorod province continued to be the Vyksa ironworks and iron foundries. The production of factories is expanding, the Sormovo plant becomes the largest in Russia, tugboats, tanker barges, sea schooners are built here, cars, ship boilers are manufactured. In 1870, the first open-hearth furnace in Russia was launched at the Sormovo plant, and the following year, the first double-deck passenger steamer was launched from the stocks.

Nizhny Novgorod becomes a "flour-grinding" city - at the end of the century, mills belonging to the Bashkirovs, Bugrov and Degtyarev operate in it. thoughts.

Trade played an important role in the city's economy. The general economic recovery in the country was reflected in all aspects of the life of Nizhny Novgorod.

Plan of Nizhny Novgorod, 19th century.

The disintegration of the feudal-serf system in Russia in the 30s-40s of the 19th century contributed to the growth of cities and their economic specialization. At this time, the views of the city changed. If earlier urban planners focused on its size and problems of architectural style, now the city was considered taking into account a complex of social and natural factors. The first regular plan of Nizhny Novgorod was made in the traditions of Russian classicism of the 18th century and was approved by the highest in 1770. However, at that time there were neither material means nor qualified specialists for its implementation.

Subsequently, it was repeatedly remade, approaching the real needs of the city's development. In 1779 - 1796, large allocations were allocated for the construction of administrative buildings and dwellings for dignitaries, which made it possible to reconstruct and build up the central part of the city.

An even larger event was the construction in the 1820s under the leadership of A.A. Betancourt of a huge fair complex, reconstruction of the Lower Bazaar area and development of Kanavin. This required the creation and approval of a new plan in 1824, which included beyond the river territories in the city limits. The city developed rapidly, but its appearance and landscaping left much to be desired, almost all the buildings were wooden, there were no convenient roads, which was caused by insufficient consideration of the complex terrain in the plans. To carry out measures for the reconstruction of Nizhny Novgorod in 1836, a Special Committee was created, the activities of which were regulated by the “Regulations on the organization of the provincial city of Nizhny Novgorod”. It, in particular, stated that “.. all newly built buildings should be erected on stone foundations so that the facades for decorating the external views of these buildings are consistent with the general Highly approved plans ... and that they are beautiful, durable and their decorations are not polysyllabic ... Build stone structures within five years…”.

Along the outer side of the Kremlin walls, a recreation area for citizens was arranged with walking paths lined with trees and shrubs. In the north-eastern part of the Kremlin, it was planned to build a vast complex of the military-governor's house - a palace with services and an arsenal. The Zelensky congress was dug near the Kremlin. For the convoys arriving in the city along the Kazan pillar road, the Kazan and Georgievsky congresses were created. The Moscow-Murom ancient tract connected with the bridge across the Pokhvalinsky congress, which was laid along the bottom of the monastery ravine. The main streets of the city were improved. The ravines that crossed them were filled in, rivers and channels were enclosed in collectors, and dams were built over them: Pokrovskaya, A.M. Gorky Square, Varvarskaya, Svoboda Square.

Along the Oka and the Volga, embankments were designed with slopes to the piers, paving them with cobblestones. The Volga slope was transformed. It leveled off, in its central part a public Alexander Garden was laid out with a picturesque layout, which in the middle of the 19th century became a favorite vacation spot for Nizhny Novgorod residents, the Upper - Volzhskaya embankment was formed.

The development of trade contributed to the rapid growth of the city and its improvement. Engineer A.I. Delvig in 1847, thanks to research, identified the most powerful currents of groundwater, collected them in a huge concrete pool and, with the help of steam engines, raised them to the square in front of the Kremlin - in the autumn he scored the first fountain in the city, then on Markin Square, in front of the pontoon bridge, and on fair. A page was opened in the history of the city - water supply.

In the period 1841-1855 the population of the city was 30,790 people. Of the 2,343 residential buildings - 254 (more than - 10%) were already made of stone, there were 8 large and several small squares in the city, 128 streets, 41 of them were paved with cobblestones. They were illuminated by about 400 kerosene lanterns.

The development of capitalist relations led to further social transformations, which were reflected in urban construction. Large buildings of industrial enterprises, banks, hotels, clubs are being built. Technological progress required the development of education, and consequently, the construction of special educational institutions. In 1885, telephone communication appeared in the city.

Widow's House (Lyadova Square).

Despite the rapid development of Nizhny Novgorod, the problem of communication between the upland and riverside parts of the city was solved only in 1934 - a bridge was built across the Oka.

Plow bridge across the Oka.

City Council building. State Bank on the street. Pokrovka.

The architecture of the administrative center of the Volga Federal District, located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers, is represented mainly by masterpieces of Russian architecture. Nizhny Novgorod is famous for its numerous cathedrals, but modern complexes are being built in the city today. And in our material - the first part of the review about 25 Stunning Architecture in Nizhny Novgorod.

2. Nizhny Novgorod Legislative Assembly

8. Rukavishnikov Estate Museum

Nizhny Novgorod is not only a historical city in Russia, but also one of its modern technological and innovation centers, as evidenced by the yfif article. You can learn about how things are with architecture in neighboring Kazan from a recent material.

• Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (early 16th century)
  One of the oldest monuments of architecture, the historical center, the place from which the history of Nizhny Novgorod began. The Kremlin system includes thirteen towers - five square ones with gates and eight round ones. The height of the towers is from 18 to 30 meters. The towers are connected by powerful (up to 5 meters wide) walls with battlements from 12 to 22 meters high.
• Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky Cathedral (1631)
  One of the unique monuments of tent architecture of the early 17th century is the heart of an ancient Russian city. The cathedral was built to commemorate the victory of the people's militia led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. In 1962, after the restoration, the ashes of the great patriot Kozma Minin were transferred to the cathedral.
• Governor's Palace (1841)
  The building is associated with the name of famous people: A.N. Muravieva, I.A. Annenkov, A. Dumas and others. After the revolution, the governor's palace became known as the Palace of Freedom, later this building became the city committee of the Communist Party. Today it houses the Nizhny Novgorod Art Museum, which has a rich collection of works of art - more than 12 thousand exhibits.
• The building of the former City Duma - the Palace of Labor (1899 - 1904)
  The building was designed by the academician of architecture Zeidler. Stylized as Ancient Rus' and is a vivid example of Art Nouveau style; located on the main square of the city of Nizhny Novgorod - Minin and Pozharsky Square.
• D. Sirotkin's mansion (1914 - 1916)
  The building is located on the Upper Volga embankment. This is the first independent work of the subsequently famous masters - the architects of the Vesnin brothers. The building was built in the traditions of Russian classicism, although the lightness of proportions and the rationality of the plans are reminiscent of both Art Nouveau and constructivism. Here is a museum of one painting - "The Appeal of K. Minin" by K. Makovsky.
• The Rukavishnikov Mansion - Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve (1877)
  The building, located on the Upper Volga embankment, was built by Moscow masters - architect P. Boitsov and sculptor A. Mikeshin. The richly decorated building was supposed to resemble an Italian palazzo and speak of the wealth and artistic predilections of S. Rukavishnikov, the largest Nizhny Novgorod industrialist and trader. It was one of the first residential buildings in the city to be lit by electricity and equipped with an elevator.
• Church of the Mother of God of All Who Sorrow Joy (1894 - 1896)
  The church is located at the intersection of Minin and Nesterov streets. Architect V. Bryukhatov. The architecture of the church is unusual - the three-domed instead of the five-domed completion of the temple and the same completion of the bell tower. The facades are stylized as ancient Russian architecture.
• Nativity (Stroganov) Church (1719)
  The main attraction of Rozhdestvenskaya Street is the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The temple is the best embodiment of the Russian Baroque style. The church was erected by serf masters G.D. Stroganov. Particularly impressive is the light-filled interior of the church with an iconostasis richly decorated with carvings and paintings by Stroganov's iconographers.
• Passage of merchants Blinovs (70s of the 19th century)
  Architects L. Dahl and D. Eshevsky stylized an impressive building with hewn brick decor and wrought-iron weathercocks on spiers, located on Rozhdestvenskaya Street, under wooden Rus'. There were once hotels, restaurants, shops, post office, telegraph. Opposite the building there is a square, which is still called the Blinovsky garden.
• The building of the Rukavishnikovs' bank (1908 - 1916)
  The building belonged to a famous merchant dynasty and is one of the most remarkable architectural complexes of the city. Large Gothic forms of one of the facades face the river. Another façade is designed in a calm spirit of rational modernity.
• Caves Monastery (XIV-XVII centuries)
  The monastery was founded by a native of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Dionysius and was located on the top of the coastal slope. The monastery played a significant role in the cultural life of Rus'; it was here that the famous Laurentian Chronicle was written. The ensemble of the monastery is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful in the Volga region. The center of the ensemble is the Ascension Cathedral. At present, it is a functioning monastery, there is also a museum of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese.
• Annunciation Monastery (XIII-XX centuries)
  The monastery was built on the slope of the Dyatlovs at the same time as the city was founded; it protected the crossing over the Oka. The heart of the monastery ensemble is the Cathedral of the Annunciation. Currently, there is a functioning male monastery.
• Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1881)
  The temple, erected on the Strelka, at the confluence of the Oka with the Volga, is designed in emphasized enlarged forms, as it is designed for viewing from afar, from the open spaces of the river or from the hills of the upper part of the city. It defines the view of the river part of the city. The building was built in the forms of ancient Russian architecture at the expense of the Nizhny Novgorod merchants.
• Main Fair House (1889)
  The building is very reminiscent of the New Gostiny Dvor on Red Square in Moscow. The house had to meet the then new artistic taste. Hipped roofs and a stepped three-dimensional solution resemble an ancient Russian city, where the main entrance with a large arched window played the role of city gates. Separate interiors of the building have been preserved, including the Armorial Hall (decorated in the French Renaissance style), designed for the arrival of Nicholas II in 1896.
• Spassky (Old Fair) Cathedral (1817 - 1822)
  The Spassky (Staroyarmarochny) Cathedral was built according to the design of the famous architect O. Montferrand, who is the architect of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, which led to the similarity of the Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg cathedrals.
• Church of the Holy Myrrh-bearing Women (1649)
  The first of the city's stone churches is located on Dobrolyubov Street. The temple occupies a special place in the history of Russian architecture. It is an example of a “ship” type temple, where above the main entrance, strictly along the east-west axis, an altar, a prayer hall, a refectory and a hipped bell tower are united by an internal space. A particle of the relics of St. Macarius is kept here.
• The house of the merchant Chatygin - the house of Peter I (XVII century)
  The building is located at the beginning of Pochainskaya Street, it is an example of a stone residential building of the 17th century. According to legend, Peter I stayed here in 1695. At the end of the 19th century, the first historical museum in the city was located in this building.
• Assumption Church (1672)
  The temple, built at the expense of the merchant Olisov, is located next to his house (an architectural monument of the 17th-18th centuries) on Ilyinskaya Hill. A unique monument of ancient Russian architecture.
• Chambers of Pushnikov (1698)
  In Gogol Lane, the only industrial building of the 17th century has been preserved. According to legend, here in 1722, going on a Persian campaign, Peter I celebrated his 50th birthday.
• Resurrection Church (1875)
  The temple is located on Ilyinskaya Street, is a typical example of the official Russian-Byzantine style. Silent volumes and inexpressive domes - all this characterizes the Tonovsky (K. Ton, famous architect of the capital) architecture.
• Chapel of the Ascension Church (XIX century)
  The chapel is stylized in the spirit of the ancient Russian Novgorod-Pskov school. The building is located on Ilinskaya Street on the site of a wooden chapel that existed since ancient times and marked the border of the city.
• Drama theater building A.M. Gorky (1894 - 1896)
  The construction of the building on B. Pokrovskaya Street was timed to coincide with the All-Russian Trade, Industrial and Art Exhibition. The theater opened with the premiere of M. Glinka's opera, the main part in the performance was performed by F. Chaliapin. The building is richly decorated with stucco and artistic casting (in the forms of the late revival).
• The building of the former district court (1889 - 1896)
  The building is stylized as Russian classicism and fits well into the development of the main street of the city. In October 1902, the trial of the leader of the labor movement and the prototype of the hero of the novel, A.M. Gorky "Mother" - Zalomov.
• House of the noble assembly (1822 - 1826)
  A characteristic monument of Russian classicism. The building is decorated with a four-column portico of the Ionic order at the main entrance and a six-column loggia along B. Pokrovskaya Street. The columned hall with choirs and the main staircase have been preserved to this day.
• Building of the State Bank (1911-1913)
  A grandiose architectural and artistic ensemble, which is one of the symbols of the city. The architecture of the building has no analogues in the history of Russian architecture. Semicircular towers, a ledge on the northern facade are associated with a defensive structure such as a fortress or a castle, and the main volume of the building is associated with huge boyar chambers. The interiors are painted with frescoes based on sketches by I. Bilibin.
• Church of the Savior (1888-1902)
  The temple is located on Gorky Street. The reason for the construction of the church was the rescue of the royal family during a train crash on the Kursk-Kharkov railway in 1888. The building was built in the forms of pre-Petrine architecture.
• Ensemble of the peasant land bank (1913 - 1916)
  The building is located on Piskunova Street on the site of a 18th-century building. ramparts of the Small Fort. The bank has been operating since 1897, serving not only the Nizhny Novgorod, but also the Vladimir provinces.