Crew cabins on cargo ships. Lassification of ship premises. service premises

There are specially equipped rooms in the hull and superstructures of any vessel. The number, size and location of the premises, as well as their equipment, are determined by the purpose and operating conditions of the vessels. There is no strict division of such premises, however, for example, the following groups can be distinguished: residential, service, household, sanitary-hygienic, public, special, auxiliary.

Living quarters for passengers are divided into luxury cabins, I, II and III classes or tourist class. The crew cabins consist of command and crew cabins.

Office premises include: administrative, main, auxiliary and deck mechanisms, various workshops, etc.

Cosmetic and hairdressing salons, left-luggage offices, shops, kiosks, etc. are considered to be household premises.

Sanitary and hygienic premises combine an outpatient clinic, an operating room, an infirmary, showers, etc.

Music salons, cinema halls, discos, restaurants, cafes, buffets, etc. are considered public premises.

Special premises are cabins for various purposes, propeller motors, accumulators, transformers, air conditioning, etc.

Ancillary facilities include linen, carpentry, laundries, drying rooms, pantries, provisions, and holds.

Fig. 1.3 and 1.4. These vessels have: cargo spaces for the transportation of general, bulk or liquid cargo. Such premises include tween decks, holds, tanks. Storerooms for storing various inventory: painting, lantern, skipper, electrical equipment, etc.

Rice. 1.3. Location of premises on a dry cargo ship. 1 - tiller compartment; 2 - fresh water tank; 3 - afterpeak; 4 - engine room; 5 - refrigerator room; 6 - tween deck; 7 - chain box; 8 - pantry; 9 - forepeak; 10, 12, 13 - deep tanks, 11, 14 - cargo holds; 15 - ballast tank; 16, 17 - fuel tanks; 18 - lubricating oil tank; 19 - feed water tank.

Rice. 1.4. Location of premises on an oil tanker.

1,2 - pantries; 3 - dry cargo hold; 4 - forepeak; 5 - deep tank; 6, 10 - rubber dams; 7 - pumping room; 8 - cargo tanks; 9 - cargo pump room; 11 - fuel tank; 12 - engine room; 13 - feed water tank; 14 - afterpeak; 15 - stern tank; 16 - boiler room; 17 - tiller compartment; 18 - tanks of the second bottom.

Machine and boiler rooms are used to accommodate the main power plants, auxiliary mechanisms, boilers, compressors, pumps, batteries, current converters, power plants, etc. Control posts include a radio room, a steering wheel, a gyrocompass room, a navigational room, etc. They are located navigation devices , equipment, ship radio installations, fire extinguishing stations, etc.

Much more complicated is the internal structure of powerful icebreaking ships, which are the largest structures (Fig. 1.5). It provides everything you need to work in difficult polar conditions. Their coloring is discussed in Chap. 7.

Rice. 1.5. The internal structure of a large icebreaker.

1, 2 - bow and stern engine rooms, 3 - compartment of propeller motors; 4 - swimming pool; 5 - cargo hold; b - aft wheelhouse; 7 - helicopter hangar; 8 - painting; 9 - wheelhouse; 10 - dining room; 11 - provisional; 12 - anchor capstan.

In connection with the intensive development of the North, a large number of barges, pushers, cargo ships, towing ships, core drilling ships, research ships, tankers, etc., designed for operation in Arctic conditions, have been built.

Gas carriers carrying liquefied gases are equipped with four to six spherical tanks. Their upper part protrudes above the deck, giving the vessel a peculiar profile (Fig. 1.6). Service, living and auxiliary premises are concentrated in the aft superstructure, where the crew cabins are also located.

Rice. 1. 6. Location of premises on the gas carrier. 1 - chain box; 2 - forepeak; 3 - separation of drive motors; 4 - department of cargo pumps and compressors; 5 - intermediate tank; 6 - spherical cargo tanks; 7 - engine room.

A characteristic feature of vessels with horizontal cargo handling (ro-ro) is the presence of outboard ramps, lazports (side cutouts), through which loading and unloading operations are carried out, as well as wide decks, convenient for quick placement of wheeled vehicles - vehicles, trailers and other goods moved knurling (Fig. 1.7).

Rice. 1.7. Location of cargo spaces on a ro-ro ship: a - along the ship; b - on decks.

Admiral hour - lunch break during which seafarers are allowed to sleep.
Tank - the bow of the ship (vessel).
combat post - a place with military weapons and technical equipment.
Warhead - a unit of the ship's crew that performs certain tasks.
combat service - a form of daily operational activity of the forces of the fleet in peacetime.
"Battle Leaf" - a type of handwritten wall leaflet, which contains an information about the successes in the combat and political training of the personnel of the ship (unit).
"Battle number" - a pocket book in which the duties of a sailor (foreman) are recorded in accordance with all ship schedules.
"Big Gathering" - the formation of the ship's personnel when the flag is raised, during naval parades, at meetings of officials, etc.
brigade - tactical connection of homogeneous ships.
"Bull" - the commander of the combat unit of the ship.
"Govnodavy" - blunt big shoes.
Gaff - an inclined rail, fixed at the top of the mast, used to lift and carry the St. Andrew's flag on the move.
Lip - guardhouse.
Ship division - the lowest tactical formation of homogeneous ships of the third and fourth ranks.
Division of ships - a tactical formation consisting of ships of the first rank or brigades and divisions of ships of lower ranks.
Doc doctor (ship's doctor).
Oak trees - an ornament on the peaks of the caps of senior officers of the fleet.
Zhvaka-gals - attachment point of the end of the anchor chain to the ship's hull. The phrase "poison to the gum-tack" means - to release the anchor chain to the end.
IDA-59 - individual breathing apparatus.
Katorang - Captain 2nd rank.
Galley - kitchen on the ship (vessel).
Kaperang - captain of the 1st rank.
Cook - a cook on a ship (vessel).
Coaming - the protection of doors, hatches, mouths protecting from hit in the internal premise of water.
Stern - the back of the ship (vessel).
"Reds" - in red on the plan of the exercise they indicate the actions of their forces.
Cockpit - accommodation for sailors on the ship (vessel).
Cap - Commander of the ship.
"Linden" - Deliberate deception.
Binnacle - magnetic compass stand.
"Ocean" - an electronic simulator designed to visually display the situation during an operational-tactical game.
Periscope - an optical device for monitoring the surface and air situation from a submerged submarine.
Forecastle - elevation of the hull above the upper deck in the bow of the ship.
PJ - post energy and survivability.
Sliding stop - a device for reinforcing bulkheads or tightly pressing the patch when sealing a hole in the side of the ship.
Locker - a chest (locker) on the ship, where the team's personal belongings are stored.
"Blue" - blue color on the exercise plan indicates the actions of the enemy forces.
Submarine - Submarine.
"Shilo" - alcohol.

Vessels of the civil fleet or warships, regardless of their purpose, size and type, they all have many essentially the same structural elements, shapes and interiors.
So, the hull of any vessel or ship is limited to the bottom, sides and decks. In the bow, it closes with a strong curly beam - stem, and in the stern - stern.
Since there can be several decks, the first one from the top is called the upper deck. On large mining vessels, it is called the fishing deck.
This deck has a smooth rise from the midship frame to the bow and stern, called sheer, which provides the vessel with less flooding when sailing on rough seas. A structurally arranged transverse camber ensures a quick runoff of water that falls on the deck during a storm.
The sheer of the upper deck, together with the configuration of the bow and stern extremities, characterize the external shape of the main hull of the vessel.
The nasal tip is closed by a stem. For ordinary sea vessels, it is straight with an inclination forward, which gives the surface part of the hull swiftness and improves the germination of the vessel on the wave. On high-speed transport vessels, the underwater part of the stem has the shape of a bulb, carried forward, and above the water it has the so-called clipper formation, which makes it possible to obtain a forward-flying form. In addition to a purely architectural and aesthetic appearance, this shape of the bow reduces the wave formation and flooding of the upper deck during the course of the vessel.

The aft ends most often have a rounded, so-called cruising shape. But on many fishing vessels, as well as dry-cargo transport vessels, a flat stern is arranged in the surface part (transom) and round-cruising in the underwater part of the stern.
The external architecture of the vessel, in addition to the shape of the main hull, depends on the number, shape and location of superstructures and deckhouses located on the upper deck. At the same time, the superstructures are a continuation of the sides of the vessel, and the deckhouses have a smaller width and there are passages between their side walls and the sides of the hull.
According to the number and location of superstructures, three-, two- and one-row architectural types of ships are distinguished, as well as ships with a solid superstructure along the entire length of the vessel and smooth-deck ships without superstructures, which have only deckhouses.
Superstructures of three-island vessels: in the bow - a forecastle, in the stern - a poop and a middle superstructure.
Two-island vessels most often have forecastle and poop superstructures. They may also have an extended forecastle or an extended poop when the middle superstructure merges with the forecastle or poop.
Single island ships have only a forecastle or poop.
The ship architecture is significantly influenced by the location of the engine room along the length of the ship, as this determines the location of the accommodation and chimney. At present, almost all oil tankers, bulk carriers and most dry cargo ships have an aft location of the engine room and a residential superstructure.
Details such as the shape and dimensions of the chimney, the type, number and location of masts and their rigging, cargo devices and other less essential structures have a significant impact on the appearance of the vessel.
The transformation of the external architectural form of the vessel is well traced in fig. 1.1.
If in the 60s superstructures, deckhouses and a chimney had streamlined shapes, which were distinguished by the complexity of their manufacture, then in recent years they have been replaced by simplified flat structures, technologically more rational. This allows for their design and manufacture to widely use new, more advanced planning solutions, automation in the construction of individual structures and a modular method for the formation and saturation of individual blocks of ship spaces with equipment.
Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, office, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical purposes, workshops, ship supplies, containers (tanks, tanks, deep tanks) for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water and water ballast.

Rice. 1.1. Aft end of the tanker: a - built in the 30s; b - buildings of the 60s; c - buildings of the 90s

Placement of ship premises is carried out both in the main hull, in superstructures and wheelhouses.
In the bow superstructure - the tank, the main purpose of which is to protect the ship from being flooded with water when sailing on a rough sea, ship supply rooms (skipper's property, cable storeroom), as well as a paint storeroom and a lamp room are usually located.
In the aft superstructure - poop, the main purpose of which is to protect the stern from the effects of sea waves, sanitary and medical facilities and living quarters are usually located.
In the middle superstructure, which protects the engine room from being flooded with water in storm conditions, residential, service, public premises and catering facilities are located.
Loggings arranged on ships are designed to increase the volume and area of ​​residential and service premises. Usually they are built in several floors (tiers).
Superstructure and deckhouse decks have their own names: forecastle deck, poop deck, middle superstructure deck, navigation bridge deck.
The internal volume of the ship's hull is divided into compartments using decks, platforms, transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
Decks from top to bottom are called second, third, and the last - bottom. On double-deck ships, the lower one is called tween-deck. Platforms are horizontal ceilings, unlike decks, extending only over the length of the ship.
Transverse bulkheads are arranged to ensure the floodability and transverse strength of the hull.
Longitudinal bulkheads play a separating role and provide the overall longitudinal strength of the hull.
On ships of all types, the following transverse bulkheads are mandatory:
- fore peak (ram) - the first stem; - after peak - the first from the stern;
- bulkheads limiting the engine room.
The bow compartment, formed by the forepeak bulkhead, upper deck and stem, is called the forepeak, and the extreme aft, formed by the afterpeak bulkhead, upper deck and sternpost, is called the ah-terpeak. These compartments are used to store fresh water supplies and receive seawater ballast.
In front of the forepeak bulkhead there is a chain box, where anchor chains are laid along the march.
Above the afterpeak, a room is arranged, called the steering compartment, which serves to place the mechanisms of the steering device in it.
In addition to the main premises considered, a number of other premises are arranged on ships, depending on their types and purpose.

An idea about them can be obtained by considering the most common types of vessels, such as dry cargo, tankers and large fishing vessels.
Dry cargo ships (see Fig. 1.2, a).
On these vessels, as well as on mining ones, with the exception of the smallest ones, a second bottom is arranged, which extends from the fore peak to the after peak bulkhead and is designed to protect the vessel when it receives a hole in the bottom. If the flooring of the second bottom at the sides ends with an inclined sheet, then spaces are formed along the sides, called bilges, which serve to collect water that forms when the sides sweat and when the holds are washed.
Compartments (tanks) of the double-bottom space are used for storing ship fuel, lubricating oil and fresh water, as well as for receiving sea water ballast when sailing without cargo (in ballast). To protect fresh water from contamination by fuel or oil from adjacent compartments, they are separated by special narrow, always empty rooms called cofferdams.
It often turns out that the volumes of double-bottom tanks, fore- and afterpeak are not enough for ballast when the ship is sailing without cargo. In such cases, additional deep tanks are arranged, called deep tanks. They are placed either horizontally or vertically.
On ships where the engine room is located in their middle part, in order to pass the shafting that transmits rotation from the main engine to the propeller, a special room is arranged, called the tunnel (corridor) of the propeller shaft, which has an extension at the afterpeak bulkhead, called the aft recession.
With the aft location of the engine room, a tunnel device is not required. This placement has a number of advantages. Firstly, the length of the shafting line is reduced, which greatly simplifies its design and maintenance. Secondly, volumes are released in the middle part of the hull, convenient for the transport of goods. Thirdly, the absence of a tunnel passing through the aft holds increases their useful cubic capacity and improves the conditions for carrying out cargo operations in them.
Above the flooring of the second bottom there are cargo compartments, the length of which is limited by transverse bulkheads. Their number and installation locations are determined from the conditions for ensuring the unsinkability of the vessel.
At the same time, if the transported goods are not afraid of stacking any height, or are transported in bulk (timber carriers, grain carriers, ore carriers), then the height of the cargo compartments is not limited by the arrangement of decks and platforms and they are called holds. In all other cases, it is necessary to take into account the strength of the packaging and part of the cargo is accepted into the inter-deck space-premises, called wind decks.

Rice. 1.2. Schemes of ship premises: a - dry cargo vessel; b - tanker; c - fishing

In order to make it possible to conveniently and quickly receive cargo in the holds and tween decks, cutouts for cargo hatches are arranged in the decks, which are securely closed with watertight closures.
Tankers (bulk vessels) (see Fig. 1.2, b)
These vessels are designed specifically for the transport of liquid cargo (crude oil, petroleum products, fresh water, vegetable oils, acids).
Due to the high mobility of such cargoes, it is necessary to take a number of measures in advance to protect the vessel from capsizing when liquids are poured during the roll, as well as to ensure the preservation of the strength of hull structures during hydraulic shocks.
The main measures are to limit the length and width of cargo tanks by setting up transverse and longitudinal bulkheads.
The engine room of tankers is always arranged in the stern, and directly in front of it there is a pump (pump) room for carrying out cargo operations for pumping cargo.
To facilitate and improve trimming in the bow of the hull, a deep tank is provided, and sometimes a dry cargo hold of small sizes.
For fire safety, cargo tanks are limited to vertical rubber dams.
Until recently, the presence of a double bottom was required only under the engine compartment.
However, the intensive development of world oil transportation by sea, which led to an increase in the number of accidents with pollution of large water areas, forced a review of the requirements for the design of ships of this type. And at present, all oil tankers with a deadweight of more than 5,000 tons must have a double bottom and double sides throughout the entire length from the forepicado to the afterpeak.
Tankers are ships of two- or one-island type with a residential poop superstructure and three or four tiers of deckhouses above.
Fishing vessels (see Fig. 1.2, c)
On large mining vessels, tween decks and sometimes holds are used to accommodate processing shops and other technological equipment, as well as living quarters for production personnel.
In an elongated middle superstructure with deckhouses in several tiers, there are living quarters for the crew, office, medical, public, catering and a number of others.
As a rule, the engine room on such vessels is located in the middle part, which ensures the availability of free space in the aft part of the fishing deck for working with fishing equipment.

Due to the lack of volumes of the double bottom compartments and peaks, deep tanks are provided to ensure normal ballasting.
On production and receiving-transport refrigerators, and not infrequently on mother ships, the engine room is located in the stern.
Since large mother ships and canning factories perform the functions of industrial, dry-cargo and refrigerated transport ships, passenger and oil tankers, the composition and location of their ship premises differ significantly from the ships discussed above. Typically, these vessels have 3…4 decks, which are necessary to accommodate multifaceted technological equipment and production personnel of about 400…500 people. To accommodate engineering and technical services and the control apparatus, the mother ship has developed superstructures and multi-tiered cabins.

The main hull includes all spaces formed by the shell plating, the upper continuous deck, as well as decks, platforms, main transverse and longitudinal bulkheads and enclosures located inside the hull. There are spaces formed by the main bulkheads, decks and platforms - compartments and other ship spaces formed by partitions and platforms in superstructures, deckhouses, as well as in the main hull.

The most important compartments of the main body include: forepeak- extreme nasal compartment; afterpeak- extreme aft compartment; bottom space- the space between the outer skin and the second bottom; hold- the space between the second bottom and the nearest deck; tween decks- spaces between adjacent decks of the main hull; deep tanks- deep tanks located above the second bottom; rubber dams- narrow oil- and gas-tight dry compartments located between compartments or tanks for oil products and adjacent rooms; main and auxiliary machinery compartments, propeller shaft tunnel- on ships with MCO in the middle part of the ship, etc.

The presence of one or another of the compartments listed above on specific ships is determined by the purpose and design of the ship.

Superstructures are located on the upper continuous deck of the main hull. They extend across the width of the ship, or from side to side, or so that their side walls are somewhat spaced from the sides, but not more than 0.04 of the ship's width (otherwise they are called deckhouses). Superstructures serve not only to accommodate premises in them, but also to improve the seaworthiness of the vessel.

Bow superstructure– tank- reduces deck flooding, aft superstructure– ut- by increasing the freeboard in the stern, it increases the margin of buoyancy and unsinkability of the vessel in case of damage to the aft end and the trim of the vessel to the stern, middle superstructure increases buoyancy.

Cabins are smaller than superstructures in width. They are installed on the upper deck of the main hull or on superstructures.

Classification of ship spaces

Depending on the purpose, all ship premises are divided into special, office, residential, public, consumer services, catering, sanitary, medical purposes, workshops, ship stores and supplies, and compartments for fuel, water, oil and water ballast.

Special premises depending on the purpose of the ship, they serve: for cargo placement (cargo holds) - on cargo and cargo-passenger ships; for special technological equipment for processing fish - on fishing vessels; for laboratories - on research vessels.

Among the special ones are also hangars for placing helicopters on the ship and premises for their maintenance.

Service premises designed to ensure the normal operation of the ship as a floating structure. These include: premises of the main and auxiliary mechanisms; rooms for placing deck mechanisms and mechanisms of ship systems- tiller compartment, stations for carbon dioxide fire extinguishing, remote measurement of the level of cargo and control of cargo operations, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, fan rooms, air conditioners, etc.; cabins, navigation rooms and posts- steering, navigation, radio room, log and echo sounder room, gyrocompass, fire and emergency posts, automatic telephone exchange, broadcasting, battery, aggregate, etc.; workshops- mechanical, plumbing, electrical and radio engineering, welding post, workshop for the repair of fishing equipment, watercraft, instrumentation, etc.; administrative premises- ship, machine, cargo office, administrator's office, ship archive, cash desk, dispatching office, printing house, etc.

Living quarters (cabins) designed for permanent residence of the ship's crew and accommodation of passengers.

Crew cabins are divided into cabins for officers, crew and maintenance personnel, which differ in location, area and equipment. Crew cabins designed to accommodate more than four people are commonly referred to as cubicles. Passenger cabins, depending on their location, area, number of seats and equipment, are divided into deluxe cabins, cabins of I, II and III classes. On most modern liners, classes II and III are usually replaced by one, the so-called tourist class. Seating areas are provided on passenger ships of local lines.

public spaces serve to organize and conduct various cultural events, collective recreation and meals for the crew and passengers. This includes public quarters for the crew and separate public quarters for passengers, as well as open deck areas and walk-through spaces.

TO crew quarters include a wardroom, saloons for command personnel and teams, canteens for command personnel and teams, smoking rooms, a gym, a swimming pool, a study room, a red corner, a library, and cabins for public organizations. There are cinema halls on large fishing and research vessels; on ships with a small crew, films are usually shown in canteens.

TO public areas of passengers include restaurants, canteens, buffets, bars, cafes, salons (music, smoking, for games, for relaxation), a cinema and concert hall, a gym, a swimming pool, a library with a reading room, and children's rooms.

Areas on open decks include verandas, promenade decks, solariums, outdoor swimming pools (for adults and children), sports fields, dance floors, etc.

TO walk-through rooms include corridors, vestibules, vestibules, foyers, closed promenade decks.

They are equipped on passenger, expeditionary ships and large fishing bases. These include: consumer service studios, hairdressers, beauty salons, photo studios, ship shops, kiosks, storage rooms, etc.

Catering premises serve for preparing and distributing food to the crew and passengers, as well as for washing and storing tableware. Distinguish galleys premises (passenger galley, crew galley, bakery, consumable storerooms for galley and bakery) and preparatory(cutting meat, fish, vegetables, bread slicer, pantry, dishwasher, pantry utensils and table linen).

Sanitary facilities subdivided into sanitary(laundries, drying rooms, ironing rooms, pantries for clean and dirty linen, disinfection chamber, work dress rooms, etc.) and sanitary and hygienic(men's and women's washrooms, showers, baths, baths, sanitary checkpoints, toilets, etc.).

Medical premises include an outpatient clinic, a doctor's waiting room, an operating room, X-ray, dental and other rooms (on ships with a large number of people), an infirmary, an isolation ward, a pharmacy, medical and sanitary storerooms, etc. Usually, a complex of medical service premises on ships is called a medical unit.

They serve to store provisions, skipper, navigational and other ship supplies. These include: provisional pantries- unrefrigerated (for dry provisions, bread, flour) and refrigerated (for wet provisions, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products, fats, canned food), as well as refrigerating chambers; household pantries- for storing carpets, paths, covers, sports and cultural equipment, films, cleaning equipment, etc.; skipper's storerooms- skipper, painting, lantern, carpentry, rigging, awnings and tarpaulins, sailing, chemical, etc.; navigational and navigation storerooms - navigational and navigation equipment, maps, etc.; linen and clothing pantries.

Compartments and tanks serve to accommodate liquid cargo: oil, water, oil and water ballast. In addition to the compartments formed by the structures of the main hull and designed to accommodate the bulk of liquid cargo, ships also provide tanks for storing small expendable supplies of fuel, water and oil (the so-called inserts tanks).

general position of the ship

Under general location ships understand the general layout in the hull, superstructures and wheelhouses of all rooms intended for placement on the ship of the main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship equipment, stores, transported goods, crew and passengers, as well as all service, amenity, utility and sanitary premises. Their mutual arrangement, layout and equipment depend mainly on the type and purpose of the vessel, its dimensions and the requirements imposed on it. For example, the layout of the rooms inside the hull is influenced by the division of the hull into watertight compartments, and the layout of the rooms in the superstructures depends on the location of the engine installation, etc. On ships of the same type and similar in size, their general location may vary depending on the tastes and requirements of customers. However, in recent years, a lot of work has been done in shipbuilding on the typification of ship premises, primarily residential, public and service rooms (helmsman and radio cabins, galley, storerooms, bathrooms, etc.) and cabins in general. Therefore, we consider only the basic principles of their planning.

Location of ship premises. To orient the location of a particular room on the ship, the following names of decks and interdeck spaces are adopted (Fig. 4.6).

In the hull (from top to bottom): upper deck, second deck, third deck (on multi-deck ships, the last deck is called the lower deck), second bottom.

In superstructures and deckhouses (from bottom to top): deck of the 1st tier of the superstructure (forecastle, poop, middle superstructure), deck of the 2nd tier of the deckhouse, deck of the 3rd tier of the deckhouse, etc. , saloon deck, boat deck, sports deck, lower (navigation) bridge, upper (navigation) bridge, etc.

The space between the outer shell of the bottom and the second bottom is called bottom space or double bottom. The space between the second bottom and the nearest deck is called hold, other interdeck spaces - tween decks. The position of the room along the length and width of the vessel is indicated, respectively, by the numbers of the frames that limit the room along the length, and the name of the side on which the room is located (right and left sides - PrB and LB). All rooms on the ship are assigned serial numbers (on the starboard side - odd, on the port side - even).

On fig. Figure 4.7 shows the location of the main groups of premises on dry cargo and passenger ships, and Figure 4.8 shows the general arrangement of premises on the Pobeda tanker.

Special premises- cargo holds, premises for processing and storing catch, etc. - occupy the bulk of the hull volumes on cargo and fishing vessels. The layout of these premises is determined

requirements for the performance of cargo operations, storage and placement of cargo, acceptance, processing and storage of catch, etc.

The position of all other ship spaces depends on the location of special premises that determine the operational and economic indicators of the vessel.

Service premises distributed throughout the ship, mostly in the hold, at the ends of the ship, in the wheelhouses on the upper deck, in the forecastle rooms, poop, etc., sometimes where it is not allowed to place living quarters, for example, above the fore and after peak and below the waterline . Part of the navigation rooms - steering, navigation, radio room - are located on the bridge; the location of the log and echo sounder - on the second day.

Workshops are usually located in the MCO area.

Crew quarters on cargo ships, as a rule, they are located in the superstructure or under the upper deck of the main hull, but not below the waterline, mostly closer to the middle part of the ship, where the pitching and vibration from the working propellers is less felt. The exception is most types of cargo ships with a purely aft location of the MCO: on them, all the living quarters of the crew are placed in the aft superstructure (on some types of cargo ships, for example, lighter carriers with an aft location of the MCO, the residential superstructure is located in the bow). To reduce noise in the cabins located in the area of ​​the MKO mine, the latter is equipped with auxiliary premises (pantries, switchboards, etc.), which create a kind of noise barrier. on large tankers and

Captions for fig. 4.8: A - side view; b - view from above; V - upper deck; G - deckhouse of the 1st tier; d - deckhouse II tier; e - deckhouse III tier; and - deckhouse IV tier; h - deckhouse V tier; And - upper bridge; To- hold.

1 - afterpeak; 2 - engine room; 3 - cargo pump room; 4 - fuel tanks; 5 - settling tanks; 6 - sludge collection tank; 7 - cargo tank; 8 - ballast tanks (double bottom and double sides); 9 - deep tank; 10 - bow pump room; 11 - forepeak; 12 - emergency diesel generator; 13 - air conditioners; 14 - shower room with steam room; 15 - laundry room with pantries of dirty and clean linen; 16 - outpatient clinic; 17, 29 - volumetric foam extinguishing station; 18 - provisional pantries; 19 - incinerator; 20 - inert gas station; 21 - welding workshop; 22 - sports cabin; 23 - dining room and salon; 24 - smoking room; 25 - cargo operations control post (PUGO); 26 - cabin II assistant captain; 27 - wardroom and saloon; 28 - galley; 30 - pool; 31 - trainee cabins (double); 32 - crew cabins (single); 33 – electromechanical cabin; 34 - doctor's cabin; 35 - cabin I assistant captain; 36 - cabin of the senior assistant to the captain; 37 - cabin IV mechanic; 38 – cabin III mechanic; 39 - cabin II mechanic; 40 - elevator; 41 - cabin of the senior mechanic; 42 - pilot's cabin; 43 - captain's cabin; 44 - cabin chief of the radio station; 45 - cabin III assistant captain; 46 - cabin IV assistant captain; 47 – radio operator's cabin; 48 - boatswain's cabin; 49 - Donkerman's cabin; 50 - operator; 51 - steering; 52 - hardware; 53 - broadcast

ships for the transport of bulk cargoes practice the complete separation of the residential cabin from the MKO mine, the residential cabin is placed separately, in front of the mine, in the form of a structure resembling a point house. On passenger ships, crew cabins are placed forward, aft and below the passenger cabins, and commanders' cabins are located on one of the upper tiers of the superstructure, usually in the wheelhouse area (a tier below).

The captain's cabin is usually located on the starboard side, a tier below the wheelhouse. All cabins of assistant captains (navigators) are placed here or below in a tier; the cabins of the senior (chief) mechanic, mechanics and other personnel of the ship's technical operation service are located, if possible, closer to the MKO; the cabin of the head of the radio station - closer to the wheelhouse; the cabins of the personnel of the maintenance service (deck crew) are placed on the starboard side, the personnel of the maintenance service (engine crew) - on the port side.

Passenger accommodation on passenger ships, they are located, if possible, in the middle part of the ship, mainly in superstructures and in the upper tween decks of the main hull. Locating passenger cabins below the bulkhead deck is not recommended, and below the waterline is not allowed. Passenger cabins usually have natural light, but large ships carrying a large number of passengers have cabins without natural light.

Under public spaces divert the best areas of superstructures and decks with good visibility. Some public spaces - restaurants, cinema and concert hall, indoor swimming pool, gym, etc. - equip in rooms that do not have natural light.

Premises for consumer services are equipped in the area of ​​​​public premises, but they, as a rule, do not have natural lighting.

Catering premises should be located near the facilities they serve. Thus, a galley, a bakery, etc., are located near the team's dining room, saloon or restaurant, usually on the same deck, or below them, with the equipment of a special elevator for serving food. In turn, provisional pantries are located next to or one or two tiers below the galley. When placing provisional storerooms, the convenience of loading provisions onto the ship using ship's facilities must be taken into account.

Sanitary and hygienic premises located in close proximity to living quarters or in the same block with them (for example, toilets in cabins). The bath and laundry block is placed in the aft part of the hull below the upper deck, in an area not used for permanent residence of people.

Medical premises located in the superstructure, usually in the middle part of the vessel, away from the main main corridors and places of accumulation of crew and passengers.

Ship stores and supplies located in the area of ​​​​residential and public premises (storerooms for cleaning equipment, carpets, paths, covers, religious and sports equipment), as well as in the area of ​​​​open decks (storerooms for rescue, diving equipment, etc.).

Stocks of fuel, boiler feed water, oil, and ballast water placed in compartments double bottom and in deep tanks, which are equipped in the MKO area, forepeak, as well as in double boards, if they are available. The forepeak and afterpeak are usually used as ballast tanks. Expendable fuel tanks are located in the MCO area. Fresh water reserves are stored in loose tanks.

Planning and equipment of ship premises.

As noted above, at present, the unification and typification of planning solutions for the same type of rooms and blocks is widely practiced (cabins for various purposes, a catering unit, a medical unit, storerooms, utility rooms, a helmsman's, navigator's and other posts, etc.), and work is also underway to development of whole type fellings based on the modular method. This progressive direction creates the prerequisites for the use of electronic computing technology in the development of general arrangement drawings and for the introduction of advanced technology for the manufacture of ship's fellings at all stages. When planning and equipping ship spaces, the requirements for them, depending on the purpose, are taken into account.

Residential and public premises of the crew and passengers must be comfortable for people to live. These requirements are regulated in our country by the Sanitary Rules for Marine Vessels of the Russian Federation, the provisions of the 1970 International Convention on Crew Accommodation, the Rules of the RMRS, and are also established by the departments operating ships. They determine the minimum area, cubic capacity and height of residential and public premises, as well as the range of equipment necessary to create normal living conditions. The width of the aisles, the slope and width of the ladders, fire design measures and other safety requirements are also regulated.

The command staff is usually placed in single cabins, and the cabins of the senior command staff - the captain, the senior navigator and the senior (chief) mechanic - consist of an office, a bedroom and a toilet with a bath (shower). On large ships, the captain's block also has a salon, and all command cabins have a toilet with a shower.

The crew (rank and file) is accommodated in single and double cabins equipped with everything necessary (on ships where it is impossible to provide a bathroom in each crew cabin, it is provided for no more than every six people). In addition to soft single and double bunk beds (the minimum internal dimensions of a bunk are 1900x800 mm), each cabin has a sofa, chairs (armchair), wardrobes, a desk, shelves for books and a decanter with glasses, a washbasin with hot and cold water (on modern supertankers - a toilet with a shower).

All crew cabins are equipped with air conditioning systems, well lit, have natural light through the porthole.

The ship equipment of the premises is manufactured in a marine version, i.e. it can function normally in conditions of rolling. To do this, all ship furniture, which can be moved under normal conditions, has storm fasteners that securely hold it during a storm. Ship berths have a small shoulder that prevents falling from the berth during rolling. Low collars are also placed on the tables around the perimeter. On the shelves, especially with utensils, for each item, fastening nests are made. All other equipment - radios, televisions, telephones, table lamps, etc. - are also provided with a storm mount. For safe passage along the corridors, storm rails are installed along the bulkheads. Provide reliable fastening of cabin doors in both closed and open positions.

The public quarters of the crew, located near the cabins, are equipped in such a way as to create good conditions for rest and eating.

Living and public spaces for passengers on passenger ships are even more comfortable. Ocean liners, which have recently been increasingly used to make long sea voyages, are being equipped as the best modern hotels. Passengers are accommodated in single and double (rarely quadruple) cabins with all amenities. They provide lounges, music and dance halls, smoking rooms, restaurants, cafes, bars, games rooms, a swimming pool, a gym, a children's room, a library, a cinema hall, etc.

Plastics and new synthetic materials are widely used for decoration and equipment of residential and public premises. Particular attention is paid to the placement of open verandas, solariums, swimming pools, sports grounds, occupying a significant area on the upper deck and decks of the superstructure in the stern part, protected from the wind.

On passenger ships, the living and public quarters of the passengers are separated from the corresponding quarters of the crew. Therefore, great importance is attached to communications, i.e., the ways of moving passengers and crew around the ship. Both should have isolated access to "their" public premises, and the crew, in addition, to the workplace. For this, special main corridors and ladders are equipped - separately for passengers and crew.

Of the utility rooms, the catering unit with provisional pantries is of the greatest interest.

When planning medical block especially take into account, first of all, the convenience of transporting patients to and from the infirmary. There must be an entrance to the isolation ward from the open deck through the vestibule. The bed in the isolation room must be approached from three sides.

Special cargo spaces on cargo ships - cargo holds, occupying about 60% of the cubic capacity of the main hull, are equipped in accordance with their purpose. The length of the cargo holds is taken as large as possible (within the limits of the requirements for ensuring unsinkability when one compartment is flooded). From the inside, the cargo hold of a dry-cargo vessel is sheathed with wood: along the decking of the second bottom from side to side - with a continuous flooring - payol- from boards with a thickness of about 50 mm, laid on bars (logs) running in the transverse direction with a thickness of about 40 mm; along the sides - with removable wooden beams with a section of 50 x 200 mm - fish, installed along the hold on top of the side kit at a distance of 200-300 mm from one another.

Rybins not only isolate the cargo from contact with the wet side, but also protect the cargo and the side from accidental damage. Cargo tweendecks are equipped similarly to the holds.

On ships carrying cargo unloaded by a grab, the wooden floor in the holds is replaced with a second bottom deck reinforced by at least 4 mm.

On ships carrying grain, in the upper part of the cargo holds, temporary removable longitudinal bulkheads are installed in the DP, with a height equal to approximately 1/3 of the height of the hold. These bulkheads, called shifting boards, prevent spillage of grain on one side when the vessel is rocking, which can lead to the capsizing of the vessel. Shifting boards are made from metal racks and embedded boards, or they are provided as regular ones and are made in the form of folding boards.

The inner surfaces of refrigerated holds are covered with heat-insulating material and sewn up with light alloy sheets. Such holds are equipped with good ventilation and devices for placing and securing cargo: cages - on refrigerated fishing vessels, whatnots - on banana carriers, hooks under the ceiling - on ships for transporting meat, etc.

The holds of specialized container ships have a cellular structure, i.e., they consist of vertical racks formed by special guide cells, into which containers are inserted. On ro-ro ships, car ferries and other ships carrying wheeled vehicles, cargo holds and tween decks are equipped with special fasteners for securing cargo in them - cars, trailers, containers, and also provide for good ventilation (up to 20 air changes per hour ), which prevents the formation of explosive concentrations of gasoline vapors from transported vehicles.

Service premises

Service premises on the vessel - premises in which the crew permanently or temporarily performs work on the operation of the vessel: engine room, navigation bridge, as well as service and utility rooms (lantern, paint, skipper's, carpentry and some others).

Fig 70 Navigation bridge o - half-closed, b - closed

Office space associated with the management of the ship, located mainly on the deck of the navigation bridge.

Navigation bridge (Fig. 70). On it are located the navigation and wheelhouses - the place of control of the vessel and keeping watch by the navigating staff. Modern ships usually have a closed bridge. Its open areas on each side are called wings.

An upper bridge is arranged on the roof of the navigation bridge. This high-lying and completely open bridge provides good visibility over the entire horizon and is used for maneuvering in narrow places, in ice, for navigational and astronomical observations.

The wheelhouse (Fig. 71) is a small enclosed space with a glazed front bulkhead. The wheelhouse is equipped with a steering column, a traveling magnetic compass, gyrocompass repeaters, radar, engine telegraph and other necessary equipment.

Next to the helmsman there is a navigational cabin, equipped with a large table for storing and laying out maps, as well as several cabinets and shelves for storing navigational tools and manuals. On ships with a large closed bridge, the charthouse and wheelhouse are often placed in the same room, separating the charthouse with a curtain.

Quite often now, the wheelhouse has a glassed-in and aft bulkhead to provide a view of the stern.

A variation of the ship's bridge is a bridge located above the upper deck for communication between superstructures or for moving from one side to another. Such bridges are installed on tankers due to the increased flooding of the deck and on fishing vessels, in which the upper deck is occupied by a large number of deck and fishing mechanisms.

Rice. 72. Drawings of the general arrangement: 1- radio room; 2- wheelhouse; 3- navigation cabin; 4- cabin of the fourth navigator; 5- cabin of the third navigator; b, 7 - office and bedroom of the senior assistant; 8- cabin chief of the radio station; 9- radio operator's cabin; 10, 11, 12 - study, bedroom and captain's bathroom; 13- pilot's cabin; 14- insulator; 15- bathroom; 16- dispensary; 17- cabin of the first assistant; 18 - doctor's cabin; 19-cabin electromechanics; 20, 21, 22 - senior mechanic's office, bedroom and shower room; 23- cabin of the second mechanic; 24- office; 25- reserve cabin; 26 - cabin of the fourth mechanic; 27- cabin of the third mechanic; 28- cabin of the second navigator; 29- office of the second navigator; 30- buffet; 31- wardroom; 32- saloon for the team; 33 - team canteen; 34- tiller compartment; 35 - laundry, 36 - tween deck No. 4; 37 cabins for sailors; 38-painting; 39-lantern; 40 skipper; 41 - carpentry; 42 minders cabins; 43-ironing; 44- hold No. 4; 45 - drinking water tank; 46- mechanical workshop; 47-electroshop; 48-tween deck No. 3, 49-tween deck No. 2, 50 - tween deck No. 1; 51-room of electrical appliances; 52-department of refrigeration units; 53 provision storerooms; 54 - lubricating oil tank; 55 - ballast tank; 56 - engine room; 57 - auxiliary boiler baffle; 58- fuel tanks; 59- hold No. 3; 60- hold No. 2; 61- hold No. 1; 62 - propeller shaft tunnel

The radio room, if possible, is located on the navigation bridge deck, which ensures a quick and reliable transmission of all received correspondence to the watch officer.

Service premises. They are most often located in tank superstructures, which allows them to be isolated from other rooms.

In the skipper's pantry, items of ship's equipment (cables, hooks, brackets, blocks, etc.) are stored. In cases where the skipper's room is small, the upper part of the forepeak, separated from the ballast tank by a waterproof platform, is used to store equipment.

Lantern and paint rooms are designed to store lanterns and paints, as well as painting tools and a small supply of fuel for ship lights. These rooms are dangerous in terms of fire and therefore must have access to the open deck.

Metal bulkheads of service premises are made of refractory material. In addition, structurally these rooms must always meet the highest fire safety requirements.

The arrangement and layout of office space equipment should ensure maximum serviceability and the possibility of using general ship systems (fire extinguishing, irrigation, etc.).

The service premises also include the tiller compartment, in which the steering gear is located. It is located in the stern.

General layout diagrams (Fig. 72) help to understand in detail the location of the ship's premises.