What are sailors. The most famous travelers in the world. Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich

four months in the ocean.

Launched "Gypsy Mot IV" was not stable enough, had to

add one and a half tons of ballast.

Despite all the improvements made before the start of the voyage, the management of the yacht

in strong winds, it required considerable effort. In a storm, Chichester had to

rest your back against the cockpit wall and press the tiller with both feet to

keep the yacht on the desired course. Gypsy Mot IV, which cost the syndicate so much

expensive, was formally rented to Chichester for the symbolic sum of one

Rose decided to set out three weeks ahead of Chichester.

It took almost 30,000 miles to sail around the world from the UK.

Large sailing ships were heading from England to the southwest. Using trade winds, they

passed several hundred miles from the coast of Europe and Africa, south of Cape

Good Hope, and then passed into the region of the "Roaring Forties". so figuratively

sailors call the southern zones of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, where

stormy westerly winds prevail. Thanks to these winds, the path in the south

hemisphere sailing around the globe is the fastest.

a shipyard worker came running with incredible news: at low tide, the Minx

broke off the mooring lines. There was an accident, which resulted in fragmentation

several frames and caused a number of other damage.

The voyage to Australia and the rivalry with Chichester became impossible. Rose

I had to postpone the flight for a whole year. He had no other choice

how to wish a friend a happy trip around the world.

dangerous Bay of Biscay. At the end of the first week, he spotted Madeira - beyond

for the next 12 weeks he won't see sushi again. On the 21st day of his journey, he

celebrated his birthday.

100 GREAT MARINATORS

Francis Chichester

After 37 days sailing across the Atlantic Ocean at 25 degrees south latitude

Chichester changed course to east, and on the fiftieth day of

several hundred miles from the Cape of Good Hope.

Most of the Indian Ocean was already behind when the yacht went bad

automatic steering device. It was impossible to repair it, and since then

it took Chichester the next 27 days to keep the Gypsy on course

adapt a small staysail by connecting its sheets to the tiller. Australian

the seafarer saw the coast on the 97th day of the journey, but the storm in Bassovoi

sailing, Chichester anchored in the port of Sydney. He failed to meet 100

days, that is, the time that high-speed clippers spent on average on

way from Europe to Australia.

However, he became the first person to complete a solo circumnavigation of the world. IN

May of the following year, for his feat, he was promoted to Queen of Great Britain

Knighted by Elizabeth II with the title of Sir. Queen at the same time

used the same sword and stood in about the same place as her

predecessor Elizabeth I, when she knighted the famous pirate and

traveler Sir Francis Drake.

"Gypsy Mot IV" has become a museum piece and is in dry dock next to the world

famous clipper ship "Cutty Sark" and Nelson's flagship "Victoria", and

Francis Chichester turned 69 in September 1970. It seemed now

you can rest on your laurels, nurse your grandchildren and be an honorary judge in sailing races

the highest rank. But peace was not Chichester's lot. At own expense

he built (at a cost of about £30,000) the Gypsy Mot V, a yacht

of your dreams to take another solo flight and set on

transatlantic route average daily mileage of about 200 miles.

"Gypsy Mot V" was somewhat larger than its predecessor. Its length in

the waterline was 12.8 meters, the windage was 214 square meters. In theory

"Gypsy" could reach speeds of about 200-217 miles per day. Of course, in

ideal sailing conditions and under the control of a top class yachtsman.

To implement the plan, Chichester chose the most advantageous route from

Portuguese Guinea on the west coast of Africa to the port of San Juan del Norte in

Republic of Nicaragua.

The distance along the great circle from the port of Bissau to San Juan del Norte is exactly

4000 miles. With an average daily speed of a yacht of 200 miles to overcome the route

it took 20 days, which Chichester declared to be his sporting goal. Having received

of the year. However

navigation conditions at the mouth of the Gebe River and between the Biyagos Islands turned out to be very

difficult. Only on the third day "Gypsy Mot V" managed to move away from the African

coast and reach the area of ​​the trade winds, where its speed has increased significantly, and

The South Tradewind current shortened her path by 15-20 miles daily. Despite

all efforts and maximum use of sails and weather conditions, the yacht entered

great circle exactly 4000 miles. Instead of the estimated 20 days, the voyage lasted 36

hours longer, instead of 200 miles, Chichester traveled only 186 miles per day.

Thus, his average speed over the entire track was 7.75 knots. And yet it

was a magnificent achievement for a yacht piloted by a 70-year-old solo yachtsman.

TIM SEVERIN

TIM SEVERIN

This man can be attributed to the newest generation of sailors and

sea ​​explorers. By the end of the 20th century, practically

all corners of the globe, with the help of satellites, all reefs, atolls are mapped

and islets. And yet the sea has not ceased to beckon man, he enters into

single combat with him on the most exotic courts.

Tim Severin was not the first navigator to set sail on

exotic ship of past eras. At the end of the last century, young Norwegians on

An exact copy of the Norman Drakkar reached the shores of North America. Anniversary

Columba set off and a copy of the "Santa Maria", but to start swimming on a leather

In the Irish epic there are sagas that tell about ocean voyages, about

discovery of new lands. Thus, the famous Irish poet Eid the Light, who lived in X

century, composed the saga of the sailor Mayl-Duina sailing in the Atlantic Ocean.

A gust of wind carried the ship away from the Irish coast. Driven by the wind, they sailed

Mile Duin and its satellites from island to island, inhabited by fantastic

creatures, such as ants the size of a foal. True, among those born

imagination of creatures and phenomena in the saga there are also details related to real

events and observations. So, the way back was indicated to the travelers by the sea

a bird common to Irish coastal waters.

Undoubtedly, Irish sailors, observing the behavior of sea birds, knew that

some of them, hunting in the open ocean, returned to land in the evening. IN

Irish epic has an earlier

a story that is specific to reality. This is a Latin text.

"Navigazio Sancti Brendan, Abbess" ("The Swimming of Saint Brendan, Abbot"),

telling about a voyage to a distant western overseas country.

Some historians and geographers believed that the text referred to

transatlantic voyage, led by Brendan, to the shores of the New World in

6th century AD e. Other experts considered this version of the purest fiction.

Perhaps the question of the ancient Irish voyages to the New World would have remained

unresolved, do not take care of them Irish geographer and writer Tim Severin.

Analyzing the text about Brendan, he saw in it a reflection of reality, and

specific geographical descriptions brought the text closer to the direction. It was said in detail

there and about the course of the voyage, the time and distance traveled were indicated. Tim Severin also

found out that Abbot Brendan is a historical person. Belief in the reality of events,

occurred almost one and a half thousand years ago, gave rise to a daring plan: to repeat

on an exact model of an antique Irish leather boat sailing St. Brendan and

his companions. This would be the first link, without which it would be difficult in the future

build a hypothesis about the ancient Irish contacts of the Old and New Worlds.

Tim Severin sought out all the information that allowed him to reproduce the model of ships,

that existed during Brendan's time.

It was not easy to solve the issue of the leather lining of the boat. Even experts

leather business doubted the strength and durability of bovine skins when

constant contact with sea water. Was in a similar position

the famous Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl, when he was told that the logs

the balses will be saturated with water and the Kon-Tiki, built from them, will go to the bottom. How many

there were disputes about the fragility and fragility of the papyrus "Ra" and "Ra-N", as well as reeds

"Tigris". But both Thor Heyerdahl and Tim Severin were deeply convinced that

unreliable, from the point of view of a modern person, materials are not in vain

were used by ancient shipbuilders, who had many centuries of experience behind them

sailing in the oceans.

And yet, sheathing is made of bull skins, treated, as in the old days, with oak

extract and smeared with animal wax, did not let Severin down,

guided by technological recipes contained in the text about

Brendan.

Also, in accordance with this text, a "stepped route" was laid through

The Atlantic Ocean in the harsh fifties-sixties latitudes of the North

Atlantic.

Such a route, although with stops in the Faroe Islands and Iceland,

seems to be the route of the highest difficulty for well-

100 GREAT MARINATORS

lined modern sports yachts with steel hulls, and even for open

a leather boat with two straight sails and even more so. Suffice it to say that this

the water area along the entire length of the Atlantic Ocean is considered the most

subject to storms. During them, waves were registered off the coast of Ireland

18.5 meters high, and the highest wave height measured southwest of

Iceland, is 14 meters. How much courage, composure and resourcefulness

it took Tim Severin and his comrades to show!

How many critical situations met sailors on the way!

Of course, hydrometeorological conditions in Brendan's time were more

lighter than modern ones. Science has established that in the early Middle Ages, when

Irish voyages were made, the climate in the North Atlantic was warmer. So,

the air temperature in southern Greenland was 2-4° higher than now, and the ice

environment is much better. Floating sea pack ice ancient

Irish sailors in the summer months practically did not meet on their way.

"Stepped route" Irish sailors passed for seven years. waiting out

bad weather, they settled on the islands and went on their way only in

good weather. It is quite another matter when, neglecting bad weather, the crew

"Brendana" sought to go this way as quickly as possible. Im for this

it only took two summers.

Tim Severin set as his goal not only to prove that Old Irish leather

boats had high seaworthiness, but also become like the ancient

sailors. In particular, do without modern nautical instruments. Quite

it is possible that the ancient Irish sailors had some kind of adaptations

for orientation in the open ocean, but we do not know anything about this now. Was

it is not entirely clear how they navigated without a magnetic compass.

However, a few decades ago, Danish archaeologists discovered during

excavations of the monastery of the Greenlandic Normans, part of the solar compass, which replaced

Vikings magnetic. It is possible that the ancient Irish navigators had

something similar.

At the same time, it is known that, for example, ancient Polynesian navigators could

navigate in the center of the Pacific Ocean by the starry sky, the direction of the waves and

currents. They also knew about the behavior of marine animals and birds.

Why not assume that the Irish sailors were also quite versed in

astronomy; after all, even in ancient times in the British Isles, the Celts were

observatories were built.

Shortly after the completion of the expedition on the Brendan, Tim Severin took possession of

a new idea associated with medieval Arab navigation. In the 7th-14th centuries

Arab maritime trade routes covered

TIM SEVERIN

large part of the Indian Ocean. Already in the 8th century, Arab merchants appeared in

China, in Java, on the east coast of Africa, in Madagascar A little later

in parallel with the famous overland "silk road" linking the Middle and

Far East, the Arabs also laid the sea "Silk Road" from the Persian

Gulf to South China.

Historians believe that sailing along this second "silk road" found

reflections in the Arabian tales "Thousand and One Nights", an integral part of which

are the tales of the seven journeys of Sinbad.

"The Travels of Sinbad", based on the stories of Arab sailors and merchants,

existed independently, before they became part of the "Thousand and One Nights"

Academician I.Yu. Krachkovsky notes that to consider "The Travels of Sinbad"

only as a fairy tale, the action of which develops outside of time and

space is no longer possible. Sharing this opinion, Tim Severin spent

geographical analysis of this tale, found deep connections with real events,

occurring a millennium ago. He traced his route

Sinbad the Sailor from the coast of Arabia through India, Ceylon, Sumatra and Malaysia.

The route was scheduled to end in Guangzhou, at the mouth of the Xijiang River. Having studied

ancient manuscripts containing drawings and descriptions of the Arab courts of the millennium

years ago, Tim Severin started building the Sohar sailboat, named after

honor of the once bustling ancient Arab port on the coast of the Arabian

peninsulas where medieval merchants hired ship carpenters. Nowadays

Sohar is part of Oman, the sultanate at the southern tip of the peninsula.

In order to find the right material for the hull and masts of a sailboat, Severin

goes to India, in the southwestern state of Kerala. There, in the depths of the jungle,

lumberjacks felled several trunks for him and delivered them on elephants to the coast.

Massive hewn logs were loaded onto a ship bound for an Omani port.

Sur, they did not forget to capture bamboo, from which Arab shipbuilders

made ship nails.

In November 1981, Sohar, with sails sewn in the old fashion, was ready for

set sail. The basis of the Sohar crew were Omani sailors. On board the Arabic

the sailboat was also a few scientists from European countries.

Swimming in the "sea of ​​monsoons", as the northern part of the Indian

ocean, if it were not for the suffocating heat, it would be incomparably more favorable than in

North Atlantic.

It happened that "Sohar" went to busy sea lanes, met with

supertankers, liners, ore carriers. I had to constantly keep watch in order to

do not fall under the keel of a giant ship. In my

100 GREAT MARINATORS

turn, navigators and watchmen of passing vessels from the height of the wheelhouse with

looked with surprise at the triangular sails of the ship from the "Thousand and One Nights"

The planned route was changed only once, and then only slightly: "Sohar" did not

visit Sumatra proper, limited to nearby Singapore. seven s

half a month passed the voyage of "Sohara".

From Arabic sources it follows that medieval Arab merchants passed the way

for three years. But that's why they are merchants, because in every port city they were engaged in

trade.

Severin's last venture was to travel in a replica

ancient Greek ship along the route of the ancient Argonauts. The ship "Argo"

international crew showed excellent nautical data and reached

coasts of ancient Colchis, coasts of modern Georgia. This visit has become

a real holiday for the whole Georgian land.

Tim Severin, explorer and geographer dedicated to reconstructing ancient

sea ​​routes of various peoples and in different parts of the world, again took up the pen.

Where will he go next?

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Abramov I'm in Columbus. 1891 Amundsen. Collection of Op. T. 1-5. L., 1936 -1939

English travelers in Muscovy in the 16th century. SPb., 1865

Ausveit L. How the globe was discovered. M., 1939

Badigin K.S. Three winterings in the Arctic ice. M., 1960

BeckerJ. History of geographical discoveries. M., 1950

Berg L.S. History of Russian geographical discoveries. M., 1962

Bombard Alain Overboard of his own free will M., 1964

Bougainville L A. Round the world trip on the frigate "Budez". M.,

Varshavsky A.S. Travel of Dumont-Durville. M., 1977

Byrne Jules. History of great travels M., 1993

Byrne Jules. Opening of the mainland. SPb., 1907

Vladimirov V.N. J. Cook. M., 1938

Universe and humanity. Ed. Kramner. T. No. 3,4. St. Petersburg, 1904

Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic. M., 1955

Gekhtman G.N. Outstanding geographers and travelers. Tbilisi,

Gilder U.G. In ice and snow. SPb., 1898

Glovatsky V. Fascinating world of sails. M., 1981

Gunther 3. Age of great discoveries. SPb., 1903

De Fer G. Swimming of the Barents. M., 1936

Dmitriev V.I. Butakov A.I. M., 1955

Dyakonov M. A. Amundsen. M., 1937

Dumont-Durville. Traveling across the world. SPb., 1843

Kotzebue O.E. Journey around the world 1823-26 St. Petersburg, 1828

Kunin K. Vasco da Gama. M., 1932

Cousteau J-Yves. Brilliant Pirate. M., 1996

Litke F.P. Journey around the world 1826-1829 St. Petersburg, 1836

Lyalina M. Russian navigators arctic and round the world. SPb., 1904

Magidovich IP History of discovery and exploration of Central and South America. M,

Magidovich I.P. History of discovery and exploration of North America. M., 1965

Magidovich I.P. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. M., 1967

Malakhovskiy K.V. Three times around the world. M., 1989

100 GREAT MARINATORS

Malakhovskiy K.V. The life story of Captain Flinders. M., 1985

Mellery T.E. Fitzroy is the captain of the Beagle. L., 1975

Mitchell Meyrin. El Cano. First circumnavigator. M., 1977

Sea. M., 1960

Muller V.K. Pirate of Queen Elizabeth. St. Petersburg, 1993

Travels around the world, compiled from the travels of Magellan, Tasman,

Dampier and others. St. Petersburg, 1836

Voyage to the North and Pacific Ocean under the command of Captains Cook, Clerk and

Mountain. SPb., 1805

Journey to the South Sea of ​​the French fleet of Captain Jean Surville. SPb., 1797

Journey around the world 1803-1806 by Yuri Lisyansky. SPb.,

Charles Darwin's journey around the world and South America.

SPb., 1895

Travels of Christopher Columbus. M., 1950

Rovinsky V.I. Rebel ship. M., 1957

Rusakov B.C. Russian Columbuses and Robinsons. M., 1903

Russian sailors in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. L-M., 1952

Light Ya.M. History of the discovery and exploration of Australia and Oceania. M., 1966

Light Ya.M. Columbus. M., 1973

Severin Tim. Journey on the Brendan. M., 1983

Senkevich Yu.A. The horizon called them. M., 1987

Simpson K. Chichester - the voyage of the century. M., 1969

Strabo. Geography. M., 1994

ThomsonD.O. History of ancient geography. M., 1953

Treshnikov L.F. Roald Amundsen. L., 1976

300 travelers and explorers. M., 1966

Fiske John. Discovery of America. In 2 volumes. M., 1892-1893

Hart G. Sea Route to India. M., 1959

HenningR. Unknown lands. M., 1961 - 1963

Zweig S. Amerigo. The Tale of a Geographical Mistake. M.,

Chernov A.A. Plans and accomplishments of Captain Cousteau. Nature. 1965 Jacobi Arnold.

Senor Kon-Tiki. M., 1970

AND THERE WILL BE NO MORE WATER A FLOOD... DISCOVERIES OF ANCIENT TIMES

Jason, Odysseus, Aeneas; EGYPTIAN HANNU; Hanno the Carthaginian; PITHEUS; NEARCH; EUDOKS;

MEDIEVAL DISCOVERIES (PRIOR TO COLUMBUS)

ST. BRENDAN'S JOURNEY; ERIK THE RED AND TORFIN CARLSEFNI; BROTHERS VIVALDI;

HEINRICH THE NAVIGator; ALVISE CADAMOSTO; DIOGOKAN; BARTOLOM UDIASH;

THE AGE OF GREAT DISCOVERIES (UP TO THE MIDDLE OF THE XVI CENTURY)

VASCO DA GAMA; PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL; CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS; AMERIGO VESPUCCI; ALONSO

DE OCHEDA; VICENTE PINSON JR; GASHPAR AND MIGUEL CORTIRIAL; FERNANDO MAGELLAN;

EL CANO; JOHN CABOT AND SEBASTIAN CABOT; ANTON ALAMINOS AND PONCET DE LEON;

THE EXPEDITION OF WIL LAWBY AND CHANCELOR; GIOVANNI DE VERAZZANO; JACQUES CARTIER; JOHN DAVIS;

MARTIN FGOBISCHER; ALVARO MENDAGNA; PEDRO FERNANDES DE QUIROS; LUIS DE TORRES;

FRANCIS DRAKE; BILLEM BARENTS; HENRY HUDSON; THOMAS BUTTON; ROBERT BYLOT AND WILLIAM

BUFFIN; WILLIAM BUFFIN. JACOB LEMER AND BILLEM SHOUTEN;

DISCOVERIES OF THE NEW TIME (MIDDLE XVII - END OF XVIII CENTURY)

SEMYON DEZHNYOV; WILLIAM DAMPIR; JACOB GOGGEVEN; PETER I; VITUS BERING; ALEXEI

CHIRIKOV; STEPAN MALYGIN; IVAN FYODOROV AND MIKHAIL GVOZDEV; VASILY PRONCHISHCHEV AND

SEMYON CHELYUSKIN; KHARITON LAPTEV; DMITRY LAPTEV; JOHN BYRON; SAM EWALLIS;

PHILIP CARTERET; ROBERT GRAY; JAMES COOK; JEAN SURVILLE; VASILY CHICHAGOV; LOUIS DE

BOugainville; WILLIAM BLY; GEORGE VANCOUVER; JEAN FRANCOIS LAPEROUZE; JOSEPH D "ANTRCASTO;

ETHIEN MARCHANT; PETER KRENITSYN AND MIKHAIL LEVASHEV; GAVRIIL SARYCHEV; MATTHEW FLINDERS;

NICOLA BODIN;

DISCOVERIES OF THE NEW TIME (XIX CENTURY)

JULES DUMONT-DURVIL; WILLIAM BEACHEY; IVAN KRUZENSHTERN AND YURI LISYANSKY. BASIL

GOLOVIN; FADDEUS BELLINGSHAUSEN; MIKHAIL LAZAREV; OTTO KOTZEBU; FYODOR LITKE; PETER

PAKHTUSOV; GENNADY NEVELSKY; FITZROY AND DARWIN; JAMES WEDDELL; JOHN BISCO; JOHN

AND JAMES ROSS; JOHN FRANKLIN; ROBERT MACCLUR; EDWARD BELCHER; ALEXEY BUTAKOV;

OTTO SVERDRUP; NILS NORDENSKIELD; GEORGE DE-LONG; STEPAN MAKAROV; FRITHIOF

LATEST DISCOVERIES (XX CENTURY)

RUAL AMUNDSEN; VLADIMIR RUSANOV; KONSTANTIN SERGEEVICH BADIGIN; HENRY LARSEN;

OTTO YULIEVICH SCHMIDT; Alain BOMBARD; HEIERDAL; Jacques-Yves Cousteau; FRANCIS CHICCHESTER; TIM

They are always attracted by the horizon line, stretching into the distance as an endless strip. Their faithful friends are ribbons of roads leading to the unknown, mysterious and mysterious. They were the first to push the boundaries, opening up new lands to humanity and the amazing beauty of metrics. These people are the most famous travelers.

Travelers who made the most important discoveries

Three-quarters of Columbus' life was spent sailing. He traveled on Portuguese ships, managed to live in Lisbon and the British Isles. Stopping for a short time in a foreign land, he constantly drew geographical maps, made new travel plans.

It still remains a mystery how he managed to plan the shortest route from Europe to India. His calculations were based on the discoveries of the 15th century and on the fact that the Earth is spherical.

Gathering 90 volunteers in 1492-1493, on three ships he set off on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. He became the discoverer of the central part of the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. He owns the discovery of the northeast coast of Cuba.

The second expedition, which lasted from 1493 to 1496, already consisted of 17 ships and 2.5 thousand people. He discovered the islands of Dominica, the Lesser Antilles, the island of Puerto Rico. After 40 days of sailing, having arrived in Castile, he notified the government of the opening of a new route to Asia.

After 3 years, having collected 6 ships, he led an expedition across the Atlantic. In Haiti, because of the denunciation of the envious of his successes, Columbus was arrested and shackled. He received liberation, but he kept the chains all his life, as a symbol of betrayal.

He was the discoverer of America. Until the end of his life, he mistakenly believed that it was connected to Asia by a thin isthmus. He believed that it was he who opened the sea route to India, although history later showed the fallacy of his delusions.

Vasco da Gama. He was lucky to live in the era of the great geographical discoveries. Perhaps that is why he dreamed of traveling and dreamed of becoming a discoverer of uncharted lands.

He was a nobleman. The family was not the most noble, but had ancient roots. As a young man, he became interested in mathematics, navigation and astronomy. Since childhood, he hated secular society, playing the piano and French, which noble nobles tried to "shine".

Decisiveness and organizational skills made Vasco da Gama close to Emperor Charles VIII, who, having decided to create an expedition to open a sea route to India, appointed him the main one.

At his disposal were provided 4 new ships specially built for the voyage. Vasco da Gama was supplied with the latest navigational instruments and provided naval artillery.

A year later, the expedition reached the shores of India, stopping in the first city of Calicut (Kozhikode). Despite the cold meeting of the natives and even military clashes, the goal was achieved. Vasco da Gama became the discoverer of the sea route to India.

They discovered the mountainous and desert regions of Asia, made bold expeditions to the Far North, they "wrote" history, glorifying the Russian land.

Great Russian travelers

The famous naturalist Ernst Haeckel became interested in the 19-year-old guy, inviting him to his expedition to study marine fauna.

In 1869, having returned to St. Petersburg, he enlisted the support of the Russian Geographical Society and went to study New Guinea. It took a year to prepare the expedition. He sailed to the shore of the Coral Sea, and when he stepped on the ground he did not even guess that the descendants of this place would call his name.

Having lived for more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives how to grow corn, pumpkin, beans and fruit trees. He studied the life of the natives in Java, the Louisiades and the Solomon Islands. He spent 3 years in Australia.

He died at 42. Doctors diagnosed him with severe deterioration of the body.

Afanasy Nikitin is the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Somalia, Turkey and Muscat. His notes "Journey Beyond Three Seas" have become valuable historical and literary aids. He simply and truthfully outlined medieval India in his notes.

A native of a peasant family proved that even a poor person can make a trip to India. The main thing is to set a goal.

The world has not revealed all its secrets to man. Until now, there are people who dream of opening the veil of unknown worlds.

Notable modern travelers

And let the era of great discoveries be long behind us. It doesn't matter that the Earth has been photographed thousands of times from space. Let travelers and discoverers discover all the places of the globe. He, like a child, believes that there is still a lot of unknown things in the world.

He has 40 expeditions and ascents to his credit. He crossed the seas and oceans, was at the North and South Poles, made 4 round-the-world voyages, crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, once on a rowboat. He made most of his travels alone.

Everyone knows his name. His programs had millions of viewers. He is the great man who gave this world the unusual beauty of nature, hidden from view in the bottomless depths. Fedor Konyukhov visited different places on our planet, including the hottest place in Russia, which is located in Kalmykia. The site has Jacques-Yves Cousteau, perhaps the most famous traveler in the world

Even during the war, he continued his experiments and studies of the underwater world. He decided to devote the first film to sunken ships. And the Germans, who occupied France, allowed him to engage in research activities and filming.

He dreamed of a ship that would be equipped with modern technology for filming and observation. He was helped by a complete stranger who gave Cousteau a small military minesweeper. After repair work, it turned into the famous ship "Calypso".

The crew of the ship were researchers: a journalist, a navigator, a geologist, a volcanologist. His assistant and companion was his wife. Later, 2 of his sons also took part in all expeditions.

Cousteau is recognized as the best specialist in underwater research. He received an offer to head the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. He not only studied the underwater world, but also engaged in activities to protect the marine and ocean habitats.
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Mariners

Names and surnames of the great navigators

Navigator is a profession for romantics, dreamers, strong-willed people. Since ancient times sailors paved new sea routes, discovered new lands. The love of the sea is indicated by the position of Jupiter in Pisces in the horoscope.

Names and surnames of the great navigators

Albanov Valerian

Amundsen Rual

Badigin Konstantin Sergeevich

Byron John

Barents Willem

Button Thomas

Begichev Nikifor

Bellingshausen Thaddeus

Bering Vitus

Bernico Louis

Bisco John

Brendan the Navigator

Bombard Alain

Vancouver George

Verazzano Giovanni

Verne Jules Gabriel

Vespucci Amerigo

Garin-Mikhailovsky Nikolay Georgievich

Vasco da Gama

Hedin Sven Anders

Golovnin Vasily

Gray Robert

Hudson Henry

Dezhnev Semyon

George De Long

Dias Bartolomeu

Drake Tommy

Zhitkov Boris Stepanovich

Zarudny Viktor Ivanovich

Can Diego

Cartier Jacques

Columbus Christopher

Cortes

Kotzebue Otto

Cook James

Cousteau Jacques Yves

Laptev Dmitry

Laptev Khariton

Larsen Henry

La Perouse Jean Francois

Legrand Pierre

Lisyansky Yuri

Magellan Fernando

Makarov Stepan Osipovich

McClure Robert

Marchand Etienne

Nansen Fridtjof

Nordenskiöld Niels-Adolf-Erik

Lucky Leif Eriksson

Polo Marco

Roggeven Jacob

Rusanov Vladimir Alexandrovich

Sarychev Gavriil

Severin Tim

Sedov Georgy

Tasman Abel

Heyerdahl Tour

Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich

Chirikov Alexey

Zheng He

Chichester Francis

Schmidt Otto Yulievich

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Mariners

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Ushakov Feodor Feodorovich Ushakov Feodor Feodorovich, 1743 - 1817 - famous sailor. He studied at the naval cadet corps. During the first Turkish war, he commanded various ships in the Sea of ​​Azov and participated in the defense of the Crimean coast. In 1787, with 2 frigates, he cruised in the Black Sea on the occasion of the re-started war with Turkey; the following year, he took command of the vanguard (4 frigates) in the squadron of Rear Admiral Voinovich and participated in the battle with the Turkish fleet at Fidonisi. In 1790, Potemkin entrusted him with the command of the Black Sea Fleet, and from that time Ushakov's military glory began. Having his flag on the ship "Saint Alexander", he headed for the shores of Anatolia, bombarded Sinop and destroyed more than 26 enemy ships; then he repelled the Turkish fleet from the Kerch Strait, and defeated it near Gadzhibey. In 1791, having a flag on the ship "Christmas", he won a victory at Kalakria. In 1798, he was ordered to go to Constantinople and, in conjunction with the Turkish squadron, go to the Archipelago and the Mediterranean Sea. Here he occupied the islands of Cherigo, Zante, Kefalonia, San Mavro, and by taking the fortress of Corfu finally liberated the Ionian Islands from the rule of the French. In 1800, Ushakov, promoted to admiral, returned with his squadron to Russia. In 1802, he was appointed chief commander of the Baltic training fleet and head of naval teams in St. Petersburg. In 1807 he was dismissed from service due to illness. One of the coastal defense battleships in the Baltic fleet bore the name of Ushakov.

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Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen Faddeus Faddeevich (1778–1852), Russian naval figure, navigator, admiral (1843), discoverer of Antarctica. Born on the island of Ezel (now the island of Saaremaa, Estonia) on September 9, 1778 in a family of Baltic noblemen. Since childhood, he dreamed of becoming a sailor, writing about himself: “I was born in the middle of the sea; just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea.” In 1789 he entered the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. He became a midshipman and in 1796 sailed to the coast of England. He successfully sailed around the Baltic on the ships of the Revel squadron, in 1797 he was promoted to midshipman (first officer rank). Love for the sciences was noticed by the commander of the Kronstadt port, who recommended Bellingshausen to I.F. Kruzenshtern. In 1803–1806, Bellingshausen served on the ship Nadezhda, which participated in the expedition of Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, which made the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. On this journey, he compiled and graphically executed almost all the maps included in the Atlas for the journey around the world of Captain I.F. Kruzenshtern. In 1810-1819 he commanded a corvette and a frigate in the Baltic and Black Seas, where he also carried out cartographic and astronomical research. Throughout the whole journey, we always regretted that we were not allowed to go with us to two students in Natural History, from Russians, who desired this, but unknown foreigners were preferred to them. When preparing a new round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern recommended Bellingshausen, who had already become a captain of the 2nd rank, as its leader: “Our fleet, of course, is rich in enterprising and skillful officers, but of all of them, whom I know, no one, except Golovnin, can equal him." At the beginning of 1819, Bellingshausen was appointed "head of the expedition to search for the sixth continent," organized with the approval of Alexander I. In June 1819, the sloops Vostok under the command of Bellingshausen and Mirny under the command of the young naval lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt. On November 2, the expedition arrived in Rio de Janeiro. From there, Bellingshausen headed south. Rounding the southwestern coast of the island of New Georgia, discovered by Cook (about 56 degrees south latitude), he examined the southern Sandwich Islands. On January 16, 1820, the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev approached an unknown "floe continent" in the area of ​​the Princess Martha Coast. This day marks the discovery of Antarctica. Three more times this summer, the expedition explored the coastal shelf of the open sixth continent, crossing the Antarctic Circle several times. In early February 1820, the ships approached the Princess Astrid Coast, but due to snowy weather they could not see it well. In March 1820, when navigation off the coast of the mainland became impossible due to the accumulation of ice, both ships headed for Australia by different ducks and met at the port of Jackson (now Sydney). From it they went to the Pacific Ocean, where 29 islands were discovered in the Tuamotu archipelago, which were named after prominent Russian military and statesmen. In September 1820, Bellingshausen returned to Sydney, from where he again went to explore Antarctica in the Western Hemisphere.

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Bering Vitus Jonassen Bering Vitus (or Ivan Ivanovich, as he was called in Rus') (1681-1741) - captain-commander, the first Russian navigator, whose name is the strait separating Asia from America (although the first was visited in 1648 by the Cossack Dezhnev ). Danish by origin. In 1725-30 and 1732-41 he led the 1st and 2nd Kamchatka expeditions. Passed between the Chukchi Peninsula and Alaska (Bering Strait), reached the North. America and discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge. He died during the winter on the island that now bears his name. Upon arrival at the Bolyperetsky estuary, materials and provisions were transported to the Bolyperetsky prison by water in small boats. With this prison of Russian housing there are 14 courtyards. And he sent heavy materials and some of the provisions up the Bystraya River in small boats, which were brought by water to the Upper Kamchadal prison for 120 miles. And in the same winter, from the Bolsheretsky prison to the Upper and Lower Kamchadal prisons, they were transported quite according to the local custom on dogs. And every evening on the way for the night they raked their camps out of the snow, and covered them from above, because the great blizzards live, which are called blizzards in the local language. And if a blizzard finds itself in a clean place, but they don’t have time to make a camp for themselves, then it covers people with snow, which is why they die. A sea and a strait in the North Pacific Ocean are also named after Bering. The first explored sowing. coast of Kamchatka, east. part of Asia, about. St. Lawrence, about. St. Diomede; the first of all European navigators visited the Kamchatka and Bobrovskoe seas, later called the Bering Sea, and discovered the chain of the Aleutian Islands, the Shumaginsky Islands, the Foggy, sowing. western America and the bay of St. Elijah. - Bering was born in 1680 in Jutland, entered the Russian naval service in 1704, with the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. In inviting him, Peter based himself on the ideas of Sievers and Senyavin about him, who declared that he "was in the East Indies and knows how to get along." According to Miller, in 1707 Bering was a lieutenant, and in 1710 a lieutenant commander. It is not known only in which seas he sailed at that time and whether he himself commanded ships or was under command. 1714 - 16 years Bering spent most of his time at sea, visited both Copenhagen and Arkhangelsk. From 1716 to 1723 there is no information about Bering's life. Under 1723, in the journals of the Admiralty Board, there is a resolution on the resignation of Bering, which he asked for, having not achieved the rank of captain of the first rank he desired. But next year, the emperor gives the order to the board to invite Bering back to the service and give him the rank of captain of the 1st rank. From this (1724) year, Bering invariably served the Russian fleet until his death and devoted all his activities to solving the question posed to him by the great reformer: "whether or not Asia is connected with America." With this question and a request to equip the expedition, Dutch scientists first turned to Peter, during his stay in Holland, in 1717 the Paris Academy of Sciences repeated the same request to Peter. The responsive reformer was sympathetic to their request, but political events forced him to postpone the task until 1725. On December 23, 1724, he personally wrote the following instructions for the head of the expedition, Vitus Bering: 1) one or two boats with decks should be made in Kamchatka or elsewhere, 2) on these boats near the land that goes to the Nord and, if desired ( they don’t know the end of it), it seems that land is part of America, 3) in order to look for where it converged with America: and in order to get to which city of European possessions or if they see which European ship to visit from it, as this bush is called and taken on letter and visit the shore ourselves and take a genuine statement and put it on the card to come here.

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Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich (c. 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in In 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, he passed the Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from Chukotka. Born in Pinega in a family of Pomor peasants. Siberian service as an ordinary Cossack began in Tobolsk at the end of 1630; then he moved to Yeniseisk, and in 1638 - to the Yakut prison. In 1639 and in the summer of 1640 he collected yasak on the Middle Vilyui, as well as on the Tatta and Amga, the left tributaries of the Aldan. In the winter of 1640/41, he served in the basin of the Upper Yana in the detachment of D. Erila (Zyryan). In the summer of 1641 he was assigned to the detachment of M. Stadukhin, got with him to the prison on the Oymyakon (the left tributary of the Indigirka). A big nose. (About the Chukotka Peninsula or Cape Dezhnev) Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev In the spring of 1642, up to 500 Evens attacked the prison, Cossacks, Tunguses and Yakuts came to the rescue. The enemy retreated with losses. At the beginning of the summer of 1643, the detachment of Stadukhin, including Dezhnev, on the built koch went down the Indigirka to the mouth, crossed the sea to the Alazeya River and met the koch Erila in its lower reaches. Dezhnev managed to persuade him to take joint action, and the united detachment, led by Stadukhin, moved east on two ships. In mid-July, the Cossacks reached the Kolyma delta, were attacked by the Yukagirs, but broke through up the river and in early August they set up an ostrog (now Srednekolymsk) on its middle course. Dezhnev served in Kolyma until the summer of 1647. In the spring, with three companions, he delivered a load of furs to Yakutsk, repelling an Even attack along the way. Then, at his request, he was included in the fishing expedition of F. Popov as a collector of yasak. However, the heavy ice situation in 1647 forced the sailors to return. It was not until the following summer that Popov and Dezhnev moved east with 90 people on seven koches. According to the generally accepted version, only three ships reached the Bering Strait - two were lost in a storm, two were missing; another shipwrecked in the strait. Already in the Bering Sea in early October, another storm separated the two remaining koches. Dezhnev with 25 satellites was thrown back to the Olyutorsky Peninsula, and only ten weeks later they were able to reach the lower reaches of the Anadyr. This version contradicts the testimony of Dezhnev himself, recorded in 1662: six ships out of seven passed the Bering Strait, and five ships, including Popov's ship, died in the Bering Sea or in the Gulf of Anadyr in "bad weather". And from the Kovma [Kolyma] river, go by sea to the Anadyr River, and there is Nos, he went out to sea far ... and opposite Nos there are two islands, and on those islands live the Chuhchi, and their teeth are cut in, lips cut through, bones fish tooth [walrus tusk]. And that Nose lies between the siver to the midnight [to the northeast]. And from the Russian side of the Nose [to the north], a sign came out: a river, standing here near the Chukhoch, it was done that the tower was made of whale bone, and the Nose would turn sharply towards the Anadyr River in the summer [i.e. e. to the south]. And a good escape [sailing] from the Nose to the Anadyr river for three days, and no more ... (description of open lands in a petition) Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev One way or another, Dezhnev and his comrades, after crossing the Koryak Highlands, reached Anadyr "cold and hungry, naked and barefoot." Of the 12 people who went in search of camps, only three returned; somehow 17 Cossacks survived the winter of 1648/49 on Anadyr and were even able to build river boats before the ice drifted. In the summer, having climbed 600 kilometers against the current, Dezhnev founded a yasak winter hut on the Upper Anadyr, where he met the new year, 1650. In early April, detachments of Semyon Motora and Stadukhin arrived there. Dezhnev agreed with Motoroy to unite and in the fall made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Penzhina River, but, having no guide, wandered in the mountains for three weeks. In late autumn, Dezhnev sent some people to the lower reaches of the Anadyr to purchase food from local residents. In January 1651, Stadukhin robbed this food detachment and beat the purveyors, while in mid-February he himself went south - to Penzhina. The Dezhnevites lasted until spring, and in the summer and autumn they were engaged in the food problem and reconnaissance (unsuccessfully) of "sable places". As a result, they got acquainted with the Anadyr and most of its tributaries; Dezhnev drew up a drawing of the pool (not yet found). In the summer of 1652, in the south of the Anadyr estuary, he discovered the richest walrus rookery with a huge amount of "dead tooth" - fangs of dead animals on the shallows. In 1660, at his request, Dezhnev was replaced, and with a load of "bone treasury" he crossed overland to Kolyma, and from there by sea to the Lower Lena. After wintering in Zhigansk, through Yakutsk, he reached Moscow in September 1664. For the service and fishing of 289 pounds (slightly more than 4.6 tons) of walrus tusks in the amount of 17,340 rubles, a full payment was made to Dezhnev. In January 1650, he received 126 rubles and the rank of Cossack ataman. Upon his return to Siberia, he collected yasak on the Olenyok, Yana and Vilyui rivers, at the end of 1671 he delivered a sable treasury to Moscow and fell ill. He died early in 1673.

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Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806–1854), Russian naval commander, hero of the Sevastopol defense. Born on February 1 (13), 1806 in the village. Ivanovskoye, Tver province, in the family of a retired naval officer (captain commander). In 1821 he entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg. I bequeath to the children, having once chosen the service of the sovereign, not to change it, but to make every effort to make it useful to society ... Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich After completing it in 1823, he received the rank of midshipman. He began his service in 1824 on the Smirny sloop, then was enrolled in the 20th naval crew of the Baltic Fleet. He was weary of drill and parades; expelled for "lack of vigor for the front." In 1827, at the request of his father, he was returned to service in the Baltic Fleet and sent to the battleship Azov; became close to his commander M.P. Lazarev, who became his teacher. In the summer of 1827, on board the Azov, he made the transition from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea; received a baptism of fire in the battle of Navarino on October 8 (20), 1827 of the combined Anglo-French-Russian squadron with the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. In 1833 he was transferred, following MP Lazarev, to the Black Sea Fleet. In the same year, during the expedition of the Russian flotilla to the Bosphorus, on behalf of M.P. Lazarev, he carried out a thorough military topographic survey of the strait; awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree. In 1834 he was appointed commander of the brig "Themistocles"; established himself as a skilled organizer of combat training. In 1837 he became commander of the Orest corvette. In 1838 he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and headed the headquarters of the Black Sea squadron, in 1839 he was also appointed commander of the battleship "The Twelve Apostles". Streamlined the system of supply and armament of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet; actively engaged in the organization of training swimming and shooting. In 1840 he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank. In 1840–1846, he led landing operations on the Caucasian coast near Tuapse, Psezuap (Lazarevskaya), on the river. Shah against the highlanders who captured a number of fortified points on the Black Sea coastline. Let them first tell the troops the word of God, and then I will give them the word of the king. Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich In 1846 he was sent to Great Britain to oversee the construction of steam ships for Russia; at the same time he got acquainted with the state of the English fleet and its management system. Upon his return to his homeland in 1848 he became rear admiral; was for special assignments under the commander of the Black Sea Fleet M.P. Lazarev. In 1849 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. Since 1851, after the death of M.P. Lazarev, he actually led the fleet. In the same year, he was enrolled in the retinue of His Imperial Majesty with the right to report; in 1852 he was promoted to vice admiral. He advocated for the rearmament of ships and the replacement of sailing ships with steam ones; he paid much attention to improving the quality of command and training the rank and file; contributed to the creation of the Sevastopol Naval Library. Anticipating a war with the leading maritime powers, he took vigorous measures to build new ships, increase artillery arsenals and expand the docks in the main fleet base - Sevastopol. With the outbreak of the Crimean War on October 20 (November 1), 1853, he led a reconnaissance raid by a detachment of steam ships to the Bosphorus; On November 5 (17), he won the battle with the Turkish warship Pervaz-Bakhri and captured it. Moving to join the squadron of P.S. Nakhimov, he took part in the pursuit of the remnants of the Turkish fleet, defeated in the Battle of Sinop on November 18 (30), 1853. The sea is behind us, the enemy is ahead, remember: do not believe the retreat! Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich After the landing of the British Franco-Turkish troops in the Crimea on September 2-6 (14-18), 1854 and the defeat of the Russian army on the river. On September 8 (20), Alma was appointed on September 11 (23) as the head of the defense of the North Side. He objected to the flooding of part of the sailing ships of the Black Sea Fleet in the Sevastopol Bay and offered to fight the allied squadron, but did not receive the support of the majority of the flagships and captains. After the announcement on September 13 (25) of Sevastopol, in a state of siege, he actually led all of its defenses. With the active participation of the population, he created a powerful line of fortifications, strengthening it with guns and crews from sunken ships

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Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770–1846) - Russian navigator, head of the first round-the-world expedition, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral (1842), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1806). Born November 8, 1770 (Hagudis, Estonia). Coming from a family of Estonian nobles, Kruzenshtern studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in 1785–1788, in the year of graduation he was sent to the Russian-Swedish war of 1789–1790, participated in the Gogland battle (1789), and in 1790 was promoted to lieutenant. He studied maritime art in England, in 1793-1799 he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, in the South China Sea, participated in battles with the French fleet, visited Barbados and Bermuda. At sea, I am my own master, and no Japanese can tell me. Upon his return to Russia, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. Reflecting on the possibility of Russian fur trade with China by sea, in 1799 he presented his first project. In 1802, Emperor Alexander I supported his idea of ​​a circumnavigation to explore the possibilities of communication between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska and appointed him head of the first Russian circumnavigation expedition. In August 1803, the Kruzenshtern expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops Nadezhda (450 tons, on board it was a mission to Japan led by N. Rezanov, one of the founders of the Russian-American Company) and Neva (400 tons , commander - classmate and assistant to Kruzenshtern, Capt. Yu.F. Lisyansky). The purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur to identify routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After anchoring off the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. During the round-the-world voyage, at the first crossing of the equator by Russian sailors, according to an old maritime tradition, a traditional holiday was arranged with the participation of Neptune. The sea lord, having appeared on the deck, where the entire crew had already gathered, approached the captain and asked sternly: - I have never seen the Russian flag in these places before. Why did you come here with your ships? - For the glory of science and our fatherland, - Kruzenshtern answered him and respectfully raised a glass of wine ... Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern rounded Cape Horn on March 3, 1804 and separated in the Pacific Ocean three weeks later, but the ships again together they reached the Hawaiian Islands, from where the Neva went to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (arrived in July 1804). Kruzenshtern delivered Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, on the way describing the northern and eastern shores of the Gulf of Patience, the life and customs of the "savages". In the summer of 1805 he tried to pass between the island of Sakhalin and the mainland, but could not. I mistakenly decided that Sakhalin is not an island and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus. From Petropavlovsk in the fall of 1805 he reached Canton, in 1806 he arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition made a significant contribution to geography, "erasing" a number of non-existent islands and clarifying the position of existing ones, discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m, determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; tried to unravel the causes of the "glow" of the sea, collected data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the oceans. Upon his return, Kruzenshtern was seconded to the port of St. Petersburg to create a work on circumnavigation. He married the daughter of the writer A. Kotzebue (?–1851) Wilhelmina (Mimi). She gave birth in 1808 to a son, Alexander, who later became a senator and member of the State Council of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Kuznetsov Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov Nikolai Gerasimovich (July 11 (24), 1904, Medvedki, now the Kotlassky district of the Arkhangelsk region - December 6, 1974, Moscow) - Soviet naval leader, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union (March 3, 1955), in 1939-1947 and 1951-1955 headed the Soviet Navy (as People's Commissar of the Navy (1939-1946), Minister of the Navy (1951-1953) and Commander-in-Chief). I accept responsibility. (on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, having put the country's fleet on alert) The son of a state peasant Gerasim Fedorovich Kuznetsov (1861-1915). Since 1917, a messenger of the Arkhangelsk port. In 1919, 15-year-old Kuznetsov joined the Severodvinsk flotilla, giving himself two years to be accepted (the erroneous year of birth 1902 is still found in some reference books). In 1921-1922 he was a combatant of the Arkhangelsk naval crew. Since 1922 he served in Petrograd, in 1923-1926 he studied at the Naval School. Frunze, who graduated with honors on October 5, 1926. He chose the Black Sea Fleet and the cruiser Chervona Ukraine, the first cruiser built in the USSR, as the place of service. In 1929-1932 he was a student of the Naval Academy, which he also graduated with honors. Then he again served on the Black Sea, and from 1933 he commanded the same cruiser, where he perfected the system of combat readiness of a single ship. Having risen to the rank of captain of the first rank (one of the youngest in the world), in 1936 he was sent to the civil war in Spain, where he was the chief naval adviser to the republican government (he took the pseudonym don Nicholas Lepanto, in honor of the greatest naval victory of Spain). From August 1937 - deputy commander, from January 10, 1938 - flagship of the 2nd rank, commander of the Pacific Fleet; faced with repression and constant arrests in the fleet, he managed to defend many of his subordinates. He supported the actions of the ground forces in the battles near Lake Khasan. April 29, 1939 34-year-old Kuznetsov was appointed People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR: he was the youngest People's Commissar in the Union and the first sailor in this position (previously Commissar Smirnov and Chekist Frinovsky were People's Commissars; both of them were active organizers of repression in the Navy and both themselves became their victims ). He made a great contribution to strengthening the fleet decapitated by purges before the war; conducted a number of major exercises, personally visited many ships, solving organizational and personnel issues. Became the initiator of the opening of new maritime schools and maritime special schools (later Nakhimov schools). Also, by his order in 1939, the old St. Petersburg Engineering Scientific and Pedagogical School was preserved, the Marine Engineering Faculty was returned to Leningrad, and the Nikolaev Engineering School was restored under the name of VITU. With his active participation, the disciplinary and naval charters of the Navy were adopted. On July 24, 1939, on his initiative, Navy Day was introduced. With the introduction of general and admiral ranks in June 1940, he was awarded the rank of admiral. Admiral Kuznetsov was one of the few Soviet military leaders who took effective measures on the eve of the German attack after the first warnings about it appeared [source not specified 576 days]. Since the Navy was a separate people's commissariat and did not obey the order of Timoshenko and Zhukov of June 21, 1941 on the inadmissibility of "succumbing to provocations", Kuznetsov was able to put all fleets and flotillas on alert by order of the same date. There was a certain risk in this decision, because it went against the will of Stalin [source not specified 502 days]. As a result, on June 22, the day of the German attack, the Navy did not lose a single ship or a single naval aircraft, but responded to the enemy with organized fire. During the war, Kuznetsov promptly and energetically led the fleet, coordinating its actions with the operations of other Armed Forces. He was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, constantly traveled to ships and fronts. The fleet prevented an invasion of the Caucasus from the sea. A large role in countering the enemy was played by naval aviation and the submarine fleet. The Navy escorted Lend-Lease convoys and provided assistance to the Allies. A significant role was given to maritime education and taking into account the experience of the war. In February 1944, Kuznetsov was awarded the rank of admiral of the fleet (four stars, equal to the general of the army), and on May 31, 1945, it was equated with the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union and marshal-type shoulder straps were introduced. In the same year, Kuznetsov became a Hero of the Soviet Union.

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Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich (1788-1851) - Russian admiral, traveler, participant in three round-the-world voyages, governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Born November 3, 1788 in Vladimir in the family of the governor, senator, Privy Councilor P. G. Lazarev. Orphaned early, in 1800 he was appointed to the Naval Cadet Corps, from which he graduated with a flattering assessment: “Noble behavior, knowledgeable in position; sends it with tireless zeal and quickness. After exams in 1803 with the rank of midshipman he served on a cruiser; on it went around the Baltic. Having gone as a volunteer to England, he studied seamanship there for five years - he sailed in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the North and Mediterranean seas. There he was engaged in self-education, studying history, ethnography. After a warm welcome, wanting to show the admiral his attention and respect, the sovereign said: "Old man, stay with me for dinner." “I can’t, sir,” answered Mikhail Petrovich, “I gave my word to dine with Admiral G..” In 1808 he was promoted to midshipman and sent to the Russian-Swedish war. There, for his courage in 1811, he was promoted to naval lieutenant. In 1812 he served on the brig "Phoenix". For valor in the Patriotic War he received a silver medal. In 1813, on the Suvorov ship, he made the first circumnavigation of the world: he delivered cargo to the Far East, discovering uninhabited islands in the Pacific Ocean along the way (and giving them the name Suvorov). Having bought a batch of quinine in Peru, having taken on board animals outlandish for Russia, he returned in 1816 to Kronstadt. During this voyage, Lazarev clarified the coordinates and made sketches of sections of the coasts of Australia, Brazil, and North America. In 1819, Lazarev, together with F.F. Bellingshausen, was assigned "to search for the sixth continent." Appointed commander of the Mirny sloop, in the next three years he made his second circumnavigation, during which on January 16, 1820, he (together with Bellingshausen) discovered a sixth of the world - Antarctica - and a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean. For this expedition, M.P. Lazarev was promoted through the rank immediately to the captain of the 2nd rank, granted a pension to the rank of lieutenant and was appointed commander of the frigate "Cruiser". In 1822-1825, M.P. Lazarev made his third round-the-world trip on the "Cruiser" - to the shores of Russian possessions in North America. During it, extensive scientific research was carried out in meteorology and ethnography. Lazarev's success in military affairs and research work was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree and the award of the rank of captain of the 1st rank. In 1826, as the commander of the Azov ship, the naval commander made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea, where he participated in the 1827 Navarino naval battle. In that battle, "Azov" led the Russian battleships, who took the brunt of the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, utterly defeated by the joint efforts of the Russian, French and English squadrons. For this victory, the navigator received the rank of rear admiral, and the Azov team led by him, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, was awarded the St. George flag. In 1828–1829, Lazarev, as chief of staff of the Russian squadron in the Mediterranean, took part in the blockade of the Dardanelles. In 1832 he was appointed chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet and ports. In April 1833 he was promoted to vice admiral, received the rank of adjutant general and was appointed military governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Under his leadership, the construction of new and reconstruction of old port cities began (restructuring in the center of Sevastopol of the "Ridge of Lawlessness" - randomly built houses-huts of the urban poor built on the central city hill, the laying of Grafskaya pier, Historical Boulevard). At the initiative of the governor, the Maritime Library was created in Sevastopol, and he personally supervised the acquisition of its funds.

slide number 10

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Makarov Stepan Osipovich Makarov Stepan Osipovich (1848-1904) - the great Russian naval commander, hydrologist researcher, shipbuilder, vice admiral (1896). Born December 27, 1848 in Nikolaev in the family of an ensign of the fleet, who had served as a soldier. His mother also came from a family of a naval officer. Today I would prefer to serve not in Kronstadt, but in Port Arthur ... Makarov Stepan Osipovich In 1865 he was sent (when his father was transferred to serve in the Far East) to the naval school in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, which he graduated in 1869, promoted to midshipman . From 1871 - in the Baltic Fleet. While serving on the armored boat "Rusalka" made the first proposals to change the technical design of the battleship, allowing to increase its unsinkability (the so-called "Midshipman Makarov's plaster"), which were highly appreciated by the commander of the squadron adm. GI Butakov at a specially convened meeting of the Technical Committee. By 1873, the "plaster" was already used on ships to seal holes, Makarov himself received the rank of lieutenant. In 1876 he was sent to the squadron of the Black Sea Fleet under the command of A.A. Popov, where he proposed to convert the ordinary steamer "Grand Duke Konstantin" into a vehicle for transporting mine boats (in order to immediately send such ships to the areas where enemy ships were anchored in case of military danger). This marked the beginning of the creation of destroyers and torpedo boats. Being a sailor and staying away from a big just war is not the brightest line in an officer's track record. With the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878, having arrived from St. Petersburg in his native Nikolaev, he presented to the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral N.A. Arkas, a plan for the actions of the Russian fleet with the help of mine boats. Having received permission, he implemented his idea on the night of December 16, 1877, when for the first time in the world Makarov attacked Turkish warships using self-propelled torpedo mines fired from mine boats. By 1881, inspired by the creation of a torpedo destroyer, he returned to St. Petersburg. From there he was sent to Constantinople to command the Taman steamer, a hospital at the Russian embassy. In this almost diplomatic position, Makarov's research abilities in the field of oceanology were revealed. On the "Taman" he carried out hydrological work in the Bosporus and wrote a work On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas (1885). For this work, awarded by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the naval officer Makarov was accepted as a full member of the Geographical Society. In 1882–1886, Captain 1st Rank Makarov was again in the Baltic: he served as the flag captain of the commander of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea, commander of the frigate Prince Pozharsky (1883–1885), then the corvette Vityaz. In 1886–1889 he circumnavigated the world on it, carrying out oceanographic work in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and later summarized in his two-volume book Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean (1894). The book is still considered a classic work on oceanology. On the pediment of the Oceanographic Institute in Monaco, in the list of ships that have contributed to the study of the World Ocean, there is the name of the Vityaz corvette. On January 1, 1890, 42-year-old Makarov was promoted to rear admiral for distinction in service and was appointed junior flagship of the Baltic Fleet. In 1891 - chief inspector of naval artillery. During these years, he invented tips for artillery shells (which received his name), which could significantly increase the penetration power of an armor-piercing projectile (adopted in 1904).

slide number 11

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Marinesko Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko Alexander Ivanovich (January 2 (15), 1913 (19130115), Odessa - November 25, 1963, Leningrad) - commander of the Red Banner submarine S-13 of the Red Banner submarine brigade of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, captain of the 3rd rank, known by " Attack of the century. Born in Odessa in the family of a Romanian worker, Ion Marinescu, his mother is Ukrainian. He graduated from the 6th grade of a labor school, after which he became a sailor's apprentice. For diligence and patience, he was sent to a jung school, after which he went on the ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company as a sailor of the 1st class. In 1930 he entered the Odessa Nautical College and, graduating from it in 1933, sailed as the third and second mate on the steamships Ilyich and Krasny Fleet. Close people will not kill for the truth, but only punish. And don’t lie to strangers so that they don’t think that Marinesko is a coward. In November 1933, on a ticket from the Komsomol (according to other sources, according to mobilization), he was sent to special courses for the command staff of the RKKF, after which he was appointed navigator on the submarine Shch-306 (“ Haddock") of the Baltic Fleet. In March 1936, in connection with the introduction of personal military ranks, A. I. Marinesko received the rank of lieutenant, in November 1938 - senior lieutenant. After graduating from retraining courses at the S. M. Kirov Red Banner Diving Training Unit, he served as an assistant commander on the L-1, then commander of the M-96 submarine, the crew of which, following the results of combat and political training in 1940, took first place, and the commander was awarded gold medals. hours and promoted to Lieutenant Commander. In the early days of the Great Patriotic War, the M-96 submarine under the command of Marinesko was relocated to Paldiski, then to Tallinn, stood in position in the Gulf of Riga, and had no collisions with the enemy. In August 1941, they planned to transfer the submarine to the Caspian Sea as a training one, then this idea was abandoned. In October 1941, Marinesko was expelled from the candidates for membership of the CPSU (b) for drunkenness and organizing gambling card games in the submarine division (the division commissar, who allowed this, received ten years in camps with a suspended sentence and was sent to the front). On February 14, 1942, the submarine was damaged by an artillery shell during shelling, repairs took six months. Only on August 12, 1942, the M-96 went on another combat campaign. On August 14, 1942, the boat attacked the German heavy floating battery (German schwerer Artillerie-Träger) SAT-4 Helene (400 brt). According to the observation of the commander Marinesko, as a result of the attack, the ship went to the bottom. But in 1946, the "sunk" ship was transferred to the Baltic Fleet. Returning from the position ahead of schedule (fuel and regeneration cartridges were running out), Marinesko did not warn the Soviet patrols, and did not raise the naval flag when surfacing, as a result of which his own boats almost sank the boat. In November 1942, the M-96 entered the Narva Bay to land a group of scouts in an operation to capture the Enigma cipher machine at the headquarters of a German regiment. But there was no encryption machine in it. Nevertheless, the actions of the commander in the position were highly appreciated, and A.I. Marinesko was awarded the Order of Lenin. At the end of 1942, A. I. Marinesko was awarded the rank of captain of the 3rd rank, he was again accepted as a candidate member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, but in a generally good combat performance for 1942, the division commander, captain of the 3rd rank Sidorenko, nevertheless noted that his subordinate "on the shore is prone to frequent drinking." In April 1943, A. I. Marinesko was appointed commander of the S-13 submarine, where he served until September 1945. In 1943, the S-13 did not go on military campaigns, and the commander got into another "drunk" story. The submarine under his command went on a campaign only in October 1944. On the very first day of the campaign, on October 9, Marinesko discovered and attacked the Siegfried transport (553 brt). The attack with four torpedoes from a short distance failed, and artillery fire from the 45-mm and 100-mm guns of the submarine had to be fired at the transport. According to the commander's observation, as a result of the hits, the ship (whose displacement Marinesko inflated to 5000 tons in the report) began to quickly sink into the water. In fact, the damaged German transport was later towed by the enemy to Danzig and restored by the spring of 1945. For this campaign, Marinesko received the Order of the Red Banner. From January 9 to February 15, 1945, A.I. Marinesko was on his fifth military campaign, during which two large enemy transports, Wilhelm Gustloff and Steuben, were sunk. Before this campaign, the commander of the Baltic Fleet, Admiral V.F. Tributs, decided to bring Marinesko to court-martial for unauthorized abandonment of the ship in a combat situation (on New Year's Eve, the commander left the ship for two days, the crew of which during this time “distinguished itself” by sorting out relations with the local population) , but the execution of this decision was delayed, giving the commander and crew the opportunity to atone for their guilt in a military campaign. Thus, S-13 became the only "penalty" submarine of the Soviet fleet. On January 30, 1945, S-13 attacked and sent the Wilhelm Gustloff liner to the bottom, on which there were 10,582 people: 918 cadets of junior groups of the 2nd submarine training division, 173 crew members, 373 women from the auxiliary naval corps, 162 seriously wounded soldiers and 8956 refugees, mostly old people, women and children. The transport, the former ocean liner "Wilhelm Gustloff", went without an escort (the torpedoes of the training flotilla TF-19 returned to the port of Gotenhafen, having received damage to the hull in a collision with a stone, accompanied by the second vessel from the escort attached to the Gustloff - the light destroyer "Löwe" .) Due to a lack of fuel, the liner was heading straight ahead, without performing an anti-submarine zigzag, and the damage to the hull received earlier during the bombing did not allow it to reach high speed (the ship sailed at a speed of only 12 knots).

slide number 12

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Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich (1802–1855), Russian naval commander, hero of the Sevastopol defense. Born June 23 (July 5), 1802 in the village. Gorodok (modern village Nakhimovskoye) of the Vyazemsky district of the Smolensk province in a large noble family (eleven children). The son of a retired major S.M. Nakhimov. In 1815-1818 he studied at the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg; in 1817, among the best midshipmen on the Phoenix brig, he sailed to the shores of Sweden and Denmark. After graduating from the Corps in January 1818, sixth on the list of graduates, in February he received the rank of midshipman and was sent to the 2nd naval crew of the St. Petersburg port. But why should one be seduced to such an extent by everything alien, in order to neglect one's own. Some are so carried away by a false education that they never read Russian magazines and brag about it ... It is clear that these gentlemen are so weaned from everything Russian that they deeply despise rapprochement with their compatriots, commoners. In 1821 he was transferred to the 23rd naval crew Baltic Fleet. In 1822-1825, as a watch officer, he participated in the round-the-world trip of M.P. Lazarev on the frigate "Cruiser"; upon his return, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree. From 1826 he served under the command of M.P. Lazarev on the battleship Azov. In the summer of 1827, on board, he made the transition from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea; in the Battle of Navarino on October 8 (20), 1827 between the combined Anglo-French-Russian squadron and the Turkish-Egyptian fleet, he commanded a battery on the Azov; in December 1827 he received the Order of St. George 4th degree and the rank of lieutenant commander. In August 1828 he became the commander of a captured Turkish corvette, renamed Navarin. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829, he took part in the blockade of the Dardanelles by the Russian fleet. In December 1831 he was appointed commander of the frigate "Pallada" of the Baltic squadron of F.F. Bellingshausen. In January 1834, at the request of M.P. Lazarev, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet; became commander of the battleship Silistria. In August 1834 he was promoted to captain of the 2nd, and in December 1834 - of the 1st rank. He turned the Silistria into a model ship. In 1838–1839 he underwent treatment abroad. In 1840 he took part in landing operations against Shamil's detachments near Tuapse and Psezuape (Lazarevskaya) on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. In April 1842, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class, for diligent service. In July 1844 he helped the Golovinsky fort to repel the attack of the highlanders. In September 1845 he was promoted to rear admiral and led the 1st brigade of the 4th naval division of the Black Sea Fleet; For success in combat training of crews, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. From March 1852 he commanded the 5th Naval Division; in October he received the rank of vice admiral. Before the Crimean War of 1853-1856, being already the commander of the 1st Black Sea Squadron, in September 1853 he carried out the operational transfer of the 3rd Infantry Division from the Crimea to the Caucasus. With the outbreak of hostilities in October 1853, he cruised off the coast of Asia Minor. On November 18 (30), without waiting for the approach of a detachment of steam frigates by V.A. Kornilov, he attacked and destroyed twice the superior forces of the Turkish fleet in Sinop Bay, without losing a single ship (the last battle in the history of the Russian sailing fleet); awarded the Order of St. George 2nd degree. In December, he was appointed commander of the squadron that defended the Sevastopol raid. All at once, you can only shout “Hurrah”, and not express requests. Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich After the landing of the Anglo-French-Turkish squadron in the Crimea on September 2–6 (14–18), 1854, together with V.A. Kornilov, he led the preparation of Sevastopol for defense; formed battalions from coastal and ship teams; was forced to agree to the flooding of part of the sailing ships of the Black Sea Fleet in the Sevastopol Bay. On September 11 (23) he was appointed chief of defense of the South side, becoming the main assistant to V.A. Kornilov. Successfully repelled the first assault on the city on October 5 (17). After the death of V.A. Kornilov, together with V.I. Istomin and E.I. Totleben, he led the entire defense of Sevastopol. On February 25 (March 9), 1855, he was appointed commander of the Sevastopol port and temporary military governor of the city; promoted to admiral in March. Under his leadership, Sevastopol heroically repulsed the Allied attacks for nine months. Thanks to his energy, the defense acquired an active character: he organized sorties, waged counter-battery and mine warfare, erected new fortifications, mobilized the civilian population to defend the city, and personally traveled around the advanced positions, inspiring the troops. Awarded the Order of the White Eagle. On June 28 (July 10), 1855, he was mortally wounded by a bullet in the temple on the Kornilov bastion of the Malakhov Kurgan. He died on June 30 (July 12), without regaining consciousness. The death of P.S. Nakhimov predetermined the imminent fall of Sevastopol. He was buried in the admiral's tomb of the Naval Cathedral of St. Vladimir in Sevastopol next to V.A. Kornilov and V.I. Istomin. Not only will the service present itself to us in a different form, - Nakhimov said, - but we ourselves will get a completely different meaning in the service when we know how to act on whom. You cannot accept the same manner with everyone. Such uniformity in the actions of the chief shows that he has nothing in common with his subordinates and that he does not understand his compatriots at all. And this is very important. Officers who deeply despise rapprochement with their compatriots - commoners, will not find a proper point. Do you think the sailor will not notice this? He will notice better than our brother! We know how to speak better than to notice, and the latter is their business. And what will the service be like when all subordinates will probably know that their superiors do not like them and despise them? This is the real reason that nothing comes out in many courts and that some young bosses want to act out of fear alone. Fear is sometimes a good thing, but you must admit that it is not a natural thing - to work recklessly for the sake of fear for several years. Sympathy encouragement is needed; you need love for your work, sir, then you can do such things with our dashing people, which is just a miracle. Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

Vasco da Gamo Vasco da Gama was born in 1469 in the city of Sines (Portugal). The father of the future navigator, Ishtevan da Gama, belonged to an old noble family. He was the chief judge in the cities of Sines and Silvis. Vasco da Gama's mother was Isabella Sodre. Vasco was one of several of her sons. Da Gama clearly received some kind of education, since he was an advanced person who dreamed of sea voyages from childhood. Perhaps he also had military training, at least from his youth he participated in sea campaigns, and even in military operations. It can also be said that the da Gama family enjoyed royal favor. 1492 - French corsairs capture a Portuguese caravel loaded with gold. It is Vasco da Gama (who was 23 at the time) who receives the order from King Manuel I of Portugal to release the caravel and return the valuable cargo to the state. The order was carried out: Vasco, on his caravel, passed along the French coast and captured all the French ships. The King of France had to return the Portuguese gold. Da Gama returns to Lisbon as a winner and after this event becomes extremely popular. The fact that the commission was given to such a young navigator can be explained by the possible initial involvement of Father Vasco in the case, but just at that time he died. Around the same time, Vasco da Gama marries a certain Catarina de Ataida. In total they had 5 sons: Francisco, Estevan, Paulo, Cristovan and Pedro. 1496 - Manuel I orders da Gama to organize an expedition to finally master the direct sea route from Portugal to India. So far, the Portuguese have reached only the Cape of Good Hope, and the section from the cape to Calicut will be the first time Vasco da Gama has to pass. July 8, 1497 - The flotilla under the command of da Gama leaves Lisbon. It includes: 3 ships (San Gabriel, Berriu, San Rafael), a small transport ship and 170 crew members. During this journey, Vasco da Gama almost approaches Brazil, then unknown, but changes course in time and sails in the right direction. November 22, 1497 - the expedition rounds the Cape of Good Hope and heads north. March 1, 1498 - The flotilla arrives in Mozambique. At that time, there was a zone of influence of the Arabs, who fought against the "infidels." For several weeks, the expedition advanced with fighting, capturing Arab ships. Those, in turn, tried to capture the Europeans. But the advantage was on the side of the latter, since the Arabs did not have firearms. April 1498 - Vasco da Gama lands on the coast of Somalia. Here the expedition hires Arab guides (the local sheikh preferred the acquisition of well-armed allies to war) and continues on their way. May 20, 1498 - An expedition led by Vasco da Gama arrives in Calicut. Here the navigator acts simultaneously as a diplomat and a merchant, establishing trade relations with the Indians. This was not easy to do - the Arabs, competitors of the Portuguese, turned the Indians against the travelers. As a result, the ruler of Calicut did not allow da Gama to build a fortress in Calicut; he allowed the Portuguese only to sell the goods they brought and then go back. In response to the accusation of espionage, Vasco da Gama takes hostage several noble residents of the city, later releases some, and takes the rest to Portugal - to see for himself the power of this country. On the way back, the Portuguese have to fight off pirates and repel attempts by local rulers to capture their flotilla. January 2, 1499 - da Gama gives the order to shell the wealthy city of Mogadishu for warning. September 1499 - Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon. Only two ships and a little over 50 crew members survived the expedition. Upon his return, da Gama receives from the king the title of "don", a pension equal to 1000 crusades, as well as the cities of Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes in patrimonial possession. The end of 1501 - Vasco da Gama was awarded the title of "Admiral of the Indian Ocean". February 1502 - Manuel I again sends an expedition to India to resolve issues of monopoly trade, and in fact - to subjugate this country. Vasco da Gama and his son Estevan da Gama led the expedition. During the journey, the Portuguese capture Sofala and Mozambique along the way. In Calicut, it turns out that the Indians do not intend to cooperate with the Portuguese. Towards Vasco da Gama, a fleet specially equipped for resistance comes out. The Portuguese destroy this fleet and bombard the city. Having broken the resistance of the Hindus, Vasco da Gama orders the construction of a fortress in Cananar and leaves people there. December 20, 1503 - da Gama returns to Portugal as a winner, with ships loaded with valuables. The navigator begins to develop plans to turn India into a colony of Portugal. 1505 - da Gama advises Manuel I to establish the office of governor of India. The first to hold this post is da Gama's son Eshtevan. 1519 - da Gama receives from the king as a reward for his exploits the title of Count Vidigueira and land plots. 1524 - Vasco da Gama, by order of King Joan III, was appointed the fifth governor of the Portuguese colonies in India. The same year - da Gama is sent to the colonies (now practically his own possessions). December 24, 1524 - Vasco da Gama dies en route in Kochima. 1538 - the remains of Vasco da Gama were transported to Portugal and buried in the city of Vedigueira. 1880 - The ashes of Vasco da Gama were transferred to the monastery of the Hieronymites in Lisbon.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

Andrzej Urbanczyk Andrzej Urbanczyk is a modern Polish sailor, yachtsman, and writer. Author of the book "Alone across the ocean. One hundred years of solo navigation." The collection of essays-short stories reproduces the history of solo navigation for about a 100-year period. The reader will get acquainted not only with new details about famous explorers-travelers - Slocum, Bombar, Willis, Chichester, Telig, Tabarly and others, but also with those whose names have been undeservedly forgotten. News of the imminent end of the world has been circulating since its beginning. The text is illustrated with numerous photographs and route maps.

slide number 20

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slide number 21

Description of the slide:

Everything that we now know was once discovered by people - pioneers. Some crossed the ocean for the first time and found a new land, someone became the discoverer of space, someone was the first to dive in a bathyscaphe into the world's deepest cavity. Thanks to the ten pioneers below, today we know the world for what it really is.

• Leif Eriksson/Leifur Eiriksson is the first European of Icelandic origin who, according to some scholars, was the first to visit the continent of North America. Around the 11th century, this Scandinavian sailor lost his course and landed on some coast, which he later called "Vinland". Documentary, of course, there is no evidence of exactly in which part of North America he moored. Some archaeologists claim that they managed to discover Viking settlements in Newfoundland, Canada.

• Sacajawea, or Sacagawea / Sakakawea, Sacajawea is a girl of Indian origin, on whom Maryweather Lewis and his partner William Clark completely relied on during their expedition, the path of which ran through the entire American continent. The girl walked with these researchers more than 6473 kilometers. On top of that, the girl had a newborn baby in her arms. During this journey in 1805, Sacagawea found her lost brother. The girl is mentioned in the movie "Night at the Museum" and "Night at the Museum 2".

• Christopher Columbus / Christopher Columbus - a navigator of Spanish origin who discovered America, but due to the fact that he and his expedition were looking for a sea route to India, Christopher believed that the lands he had discovered were Indian. In 1492, his expedition discovered the Bahamas, Cuba and a number of other islands in the Caribbean. Christopher set sail for the first time at the age of 13.

• Amerigo Vespucci is the man after whom the continent America was named. Although, in fact, Columbus made this discovery, it was American Vespucci who documented the “find”. In 1502, he explored the shores of South America, and it was then that the well-deserved fame and honor came to him.

• James Cook / James Cook - a captain who managed to sail much further into southern waters than any of his contemporaries. Cook owns a proven fact about the falsity of the northern route through the Arctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is known that Captain James Cook made 2 round-the-world expeditions, mapped the islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as Australia, for which he was later eaten by the natives. That's how gratitude is.

• William Beebe is a 20th century naturalist explorer. In 1934, he descended 922 meters on a bathysphere and told people that "the world under water is no less strange than on another planet." Although how does he know how to live on other planets?

• Chuck Yeager is a general in the US Air Force. In 1947, the first one broke the sound barrier. In 1952, Chuck flew at twice the speed of sound. Chuck Yeager, in addition to setting speed records, was a trainer for pilots of such space programs as Apollo, Gemini and Mercury.

• Louise Arne Boyd / Louise Boyd is also known to the world under the nickname "Ice Woman". She got this nickname thanks to her explorations of Greenland. In 1955, she flew over the North Pole and was the first woman to do so in an airplane. She also has the discovery of an underwater mountain range in the Arctic Ocean.

• Yuri Gagarin / Yuri Gagarin - April 12, 1961, the first of all people living on our planet, was in space. His first flight lasted as much as 108 minutes. It was a real achievement in astronautics.

• Anousheh Ansari is the first female space tourist. She made her flight in September 2006. To her achievements, one can add the fact that she was the first of all those who have been in orbit to blog on the Internet from space.