State policy for the development of tourism in the Crimea. Problems of development of tourism in the Crimea and methods of their solution. The functioning of the beaches of the Republic of Crimea

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1.1. The place of Crimea in the tourist routes of the USSR during the years of stagnation

Undoubtedly, in the Great country, which was the USSR, Crimea occupied a very modest place even in terms of tourism. For example, in the directory of tourist routes of 1967, among 150 all-Union routes, Crimea and its cities are found 8 times: route 303 "Across the Hero Cities of Ukraine" (Kiev 8 days - railway - Odessa 4 days - steamer - Sevastopol 8 days); route 21 "Crimean" - automobile (Simferopol 3 days - Alushta 7 days - Yalta 6 days - Sevastopol 4 days); route 111 "Along the partisan paths of Crimea" (Simferopol 4 days - crossing 6 days - Chernaya Rechka 2 days - crossing - Karabakh 8 days); route 22 "Crimean Mountain" (Simferopol 2 days - bus - Bakhchisaray 4 days - 2 days transition - Sokolinoe 3 days - 3 days transition - Karabakh 6 days); route 24 "Across the reserved places of Crimea" (Simferopol 2 days - bus - Bakhchisarai 4 days - 3 days transition - Chernaya Rechka 2 days - 2 days transition - Karabakh 7 days); route 110 "Across the mountainous Crimea" (Simferopol 4 days - crossing 1 day - Black River 1 day - crossing 3 days - Sokolinoe 4 days - crossing to Ai-Petri 1 day - crossing - Yalta 6 days); route 183 "Across the mountainous Crimea" (Bakhchisaray 4 days - 2 days transition - Sokolinoye 2 days - 1 day transition - Yalta 6 days); route 182 "Across the Eastern Crimea" (Simferopol 2 days - bus - Angarsky pass 3 days - hiking in the Eastern Crimea 5 days - Planerskoye 4 days - bus - Feodosia 6 days). The listed 8 routes are included in 29 routes of Ukraine.

In addition, routes along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus included route 28 "Along the Black Sea" on motor ships "Ukraine" and "Russia" (Sochi 3 days - Sevastopol 2 days - Odessa 2 days - Sevastopol 1 day - Yalta 2 days - Batumi 3 days - Sukhumi 2 days - Gagra 1 day - 2 days on the road). The 18 southern radial routes included route 23 "Yalta" and route 321 "Karabakh". Also in Crimea there were three radial routes for motorists: 492 "Yalta", 494 "Feodosia", 495 "Planerskoe". In addition to those listed among the routes of the Councils of Tourism, routes 164 "Sevastopol", 493 "Alushta", 91 "Alushta", 390 "Evpatoria" (for parents with children) functioned.

Railway routes were widely used, which made it possible to travel around the country on special trains. These trains were formed from 10-12 docked cars and three restaurant cars. Their movement around the country was carried out mainly at night according to schedules specially designed for them, so that during the day tourists could participate in excursions at camping points or relax, swim in the sea. Therefore, out of 258 railway routes throughout the country, 28 passed through the Crimea. There were routes to the peninsula from Baku and Yerevan, Ufa, Minsk and Vitebsk, Karaganda and Tselinograd, Vladimir and Kalingrad, Kaluga and Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar and Kuibyshev, Riga and Leningrad, Moscow and Ryazan, Sverdlovsk and Stavropol, Vinnitsa, Zhitomir, Kramatorsk, Lugansk and Poltava.

The routes listed above functioned differently in time. If the route 21 "Crimean" automobile had options for summer (from May to October) and winter (from October to May), then all other routes (11, 22, 24, 110, 182, 183) functioned only from May to September. The duration of each of them was basically 20 days, and the cost of the ticket was 65 rubles. The exception was routes 183, lasting 15 days and costing 50 rubles. and 21 with a duration of 20 days, the cost in the summer version was 75 rubles. and in winter - 70 rubles. The trip "Across the Black Sea" (route 28) was designed for 18 days for the period April-June and September-November. The cost of this trip varied widely (from 130-150 rubles in cabins of the 3rd category to 220-240 rubles in deluxe cabins).

Railway routes had different durations in time and depended largely on the length of the chosen path. This also left its mark on the cost of the tour. All of them covered different periods during the year. So, from Baku to Sevastopol, the trip was designed for 20 days, with a stop in Kyiv, Lvov, Uzhgorod, Odessa (route 304, June). The ticket price is 160 rubles. They came from Yerevan to Sevastopol in May, having previously visited Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, and Odessa. 22 days were allotted for the whole trip, the ticket cost 185 rubles. From Ufa to the Crimea through Kyiv and Odessa, and after the Crimea through Volgograd it was possible to go in 18 days for 150 rubles. in October. They came from Minsk to Crimea in May through Transcarpathia, Chisinau, Odessa, and back through Kyiv, spending 18 days and 130 rubles. From Belarus to Crimea came through Minsk, Kyiv and Odessa, having spent only 10 days in October and 70 rubles on the whole trip. for a ticket. By the way, only 79 rubles. a trip from Leningrad to Crimea (Sevastopol) in January and May with a stop in Kiev, Odessa and on the way back to Volgograd and Moscow cost 10 days the same amount in hryvnias). The cheapest trip, calculated for one day of travel, was from Riga to the Crimea in June through Kiev and Odessa, with a stop on the way back to the Caucasus and Moscow (for 20 days - 118 rubles). The most expensive trip to Ukraine and Crimea was in October from Tselinograd (200 rubles for 25 days).

During the sunset of the stagnation, the structure of tourist routes related to Crimea changed somewhat, prices for tours increased. So, on route 22 "On the mountainous Crimea" 20 days of rest began to cost 85 rubles, 18 days of stay on the route "Crimean bus" cost 95 rubles. (gasoline has risen in price over the years). But as before, the salary of the bulk of workers significantly exceeded the cost of vouchers, and the value of pensions was also generally higher. The ordinary population of the country could freely afford to rest on tourist vouchers for their salary or pension during the entire period of stagnation, without even resorting to the help of trade unions. The biggest rise in price occurred on route 390 trips to Evpatoria for parents with children from 70 rubles. in 20 days in 1967 up to 135 rubles in 1982 More than this amount of rest of this type in the Crimea was not worth it. By the way, a 12-hour boat trip across the Kiev Sea with a stop on Olginsky Island cost 114 rubles, and an 11-hour trip on the Meteor along the Tarasovy Ways route cost 300 rubles. (for a group of 30 people).

Through 30 years of time, these ticket prices now seem fabulously low. After all, at that time, the pensions of the majority of former workers were from 80 to 120 rubles, and the minimum wage was about 70 rubles, the salary of an associate professor was 280-320 rubles, a professor was 450 rubles, miners were 400 rubles, drivers of dump trucks in mountain cuts -500-600 rubles.

1.2. The current state of tourist bases in the Crimea

The development of recreation has always been associated with the political and economic situation in the region and the country. The radical changes of recent years in politics, economics and the social sphere have directly affected the current state and future development of recreation in the Crimea. This applies both to the needs and demand of the population for recreation in the Crimea, and to the actual recreational activities of the population, the types and forms of its organization.

Thanks to the combination of nature and the favorable location of recreational resources, large resort areas have been formed on the Crimean peninsula. These are the cities of Alushta, Yalta, Sevastopol, Sudak, Evpatoria, Bakhchisaray, Gurzuf, etc.

Evpatoria is located on the shores of the shallow Kalamitsky Bay. This is a first-class climatic and balneological resort. The combination of natural resort wealth is truly unique: hot sun, warm sea, beautiful sandy beaches, therapeutic mud and brine of Lake Manai, terminal mineral water springs and healthy air. The largest children's health resorts successfully operate here, hardening of healthy children, treatment of those suffering from rickets, osteoarticular tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, rheumatic heart disease, etc. is carried out. Adults with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gynecological, nervous system and upper respiratory tract are also successfully treated here. The city also has an ancient historical past.

Sudak is located on the southeastern coast of Crimea, in the Sudak valley, surrounded by mountains. The mild climate, sandy beaches, the best in the entire South Coast, clear sea and extraordinary air are attractive to tourists all year round. This is a very ancient land, keeping traces of settlements of people of the Stone and Bronze Ages, Byzantines, Greeks, Genoese and Ottoman Turks. The centuries-old history is personified by the stone bulk of the Sudak fortress. This is an architectural monument of world importance. Nearby are the New World with its famous Golitsin wine cellars and the Kara-Dag massif, sung by poets. The favorable climate and low air humidity make it possible to recommend the resort for the treatment and prevention of respiratory and nervous system diseases.

The small town of Bakhchisarai is known far beyond the borders of our country. To a large extent, the name was created by the Great poet A.S. Pushkin with his poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray". But the city is attractive not only for the famous Bakhchisaray Palace, but also for the mysterious cave cities - the picturesque nature of the surroundings. Bakhchisaray arose in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Here, from the Old Crimea, the capital of the Crimean Khanate was moved. The city and the palace were created at the same time, this connection is visible in the name itself. In translation, "Bakhchisarai" means "palace-garden", a palace surrounded by gardens. The old districts of Bakhchisarai are located in the Churuk-Su gorge, they are very peculiar and colorful. The Palace-Museum of the Crimean Khans is a unique historical and archaeological monument. The Fountain of Tears is especially famous , created by the Iranian master Omer.In the vicinity of the city is one of the most famous cave cities of Chufut-Kale, the current Assumption Monastery, carved into the rocks, the famous multi-layered site of ancient people Tash-Air.

Yalta is the recognized capital of Crimean resorts. It is located on the southern coast of Crimea in the valley of the mountain rivers Uchan-Su and Guva. From the north, west and east, the city is bordered by the high Yaila mountain range, which protects from the penetration of cold winds. This location gives Yalta excellent climatic conditions. Low humidity, mild, Mediterranean-type climate, clean air allow Yalta to be deservedly called a world-famous resort. The city is famous for its abundance of greenery and seems like a solid park. The names of A. Griboyedov, A. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, I. Bunin, A. Chekhov and many other famous people are associated with Yalta. Big Yalta is famous for its palaces, museums, park ensembles and salubrious climate. The resort is recommended for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the circulatory system and respiratory organs.

Gurzuf. His fame is very great. This place has an ancient and amazing history. The Gurzuf fortress - Dzhenevez-Kaya - was mentioned in the treatises of Procopius of Caesarea in the 6th century, and in the 15th century. Afanasy Nikitin wrote about her. Gurzuf is located on the southern coast, in the valley, which is bounded by Cape Martyan from the west and the famous Ayu-Dag in the east. Amazing scenery of the valley. There are majestic stone screes and centuries-old pine and beech forests, and higher in the mountains there are plantations of lavender and vineyards. It is here that he shows his most valuable qualities. The famous wines Pinot Gris and white Muscat of the Red Stone are made from this grape. Old Gurzuf has retained the layout inherited from past centuries: terraced streets connected by winding passages and picturesque stairs - a real open-air museum! There is a very beautiful park with more than 110 species of plants. The favorable microclimate of Gurzuf makes it the most valuable resort recommended for the treatment of the respiratory and nervous system, as well as general therapeutic diseases.

The city of Alushta is located on the southern coast of Crimea. It inherited its name from the medieval Aluston fortress built in the 6th century AD. In the center of the old city, the remains of the defensive tower of the fortress are still preserved. Alushta is distinguished from other cities of the South Coast by its unusual spaciousness and breadth of view. The beaches of Alushta are some of the best on the coast, and the summer heat, to a greater extent than anywhere else, on the southern coast, is tempered by breezes. The climate of Alushta is favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Alushta is a very picturesque city and deserves to wander through its streets and lanes. There are also many interesting places in the vicinity of Alushta - these are the medieval settlements of Funa, Ai-Iori, Seraus, etc.

The city of Sevastopol is located on the southwestern coast of Crimea in a beautiful hilly area, full of convenient bays. Sevastopol is a very beautiful city, almost rebuilt after the war. Translated from Greek, Sevastopol means "majestic". And the city seems to confirm this name. This is a city of glory for the Russian fleet, heroism and fortitude in two legendary defenses. Its official age is two centuries, there are traces of Taurian settlements, and the ruins of the city-state of Tauric Chersonesos still impress with their grandeur and high art of builders. Grafskaya pier, a monument to the sunken ships, Vladimirsky Cathedral, Panorama "Defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855", Diarama "Storm of the Sapun Mountain", Malakhov Kurgan and many other historical monuments are widely known. As a resort, Sevastopol is recommended for the treatment and prevention of the upper respiratory tract and general therapeutic areas.

In all these cities, tourists are served by Krymtur JSC. These are the hotels "Horizon" (Sudak), "Voskhod", "Seagull" (Alushta), "Crimea" (Sevastopol), "Evpatoria" (Evpatoria); camp sites - "Prival" (Bakhchisaray), "Magnolia" (Yalta), "Coral" (Gurzuf) and many others. The subsidiaries of JSC "Krymtour" - 16 travel and excursion agencies - have accumulated rich experience in developing and conducting excursions on various topics. Four large buildings for 500 seats have been reconstructed. Now people have the opportunity to relax in modern hotel rooms with a full range of amenities in tourist hotels and bases. Mokrousov in Sevastopol, Primorye (Koktebel), Harbor (Black Sea), Magnolia (Yalta). Improvement of territories and beaches is underway. The list of additional services is expanding, world-class tennis courts are being built. This makes it possible to hold gatherings of high-level sports teams and competitions. Modern conference halls have been prepared for conferences and meetings in tourist hotels and bases "Palace", "Magnolia" (Yalta), "Primorye", "Seagull" (Alushta) and in a number of others. Krymtur also develops active recreation: this year, for the first time in several years, hiking trails from the Orliny Zalet camp site were organized. Tourists make a seven-day hike with overnight stays at equipped parking lots. There are exits to the forest from camp sites and hotels in Sevastopol, Alushta, Koktebel. Parking in the forest from the tourist hotel "Horozont" to Sudak is a great success. Weekend tourism is also practiced in the off-season.

The tourism industry in Crimea lives and will live, and Krymtur JSC contributes to this, despite the inefficient tax policy of the state, the removal of licensing for domestic tourism and other equally important problems.

2. Expansion of training for international tourism in Crimea

As you know, Crimea is a unique place on the planet Earth in terms of its climatic conditions. That is why many peoples of the world passed through the Crimea, mastering it in antiquity. These peoples left priceless historical architectural and archaeological monuments. The "placers" of these monuments stretch from west to east, and from north to south. They contain traces of life and long-disappeared peoples and now existing. This is also the capital of the late Scythian state of Naples-Scythian, which passed the baton to Simferopol, the current capital center of Crimea. Here are the remains of Chersonesus, founded by immigrants from Heraclea from the southern shores of the Black Sea and constantly patronized by the Greeks of Byzantium, peacefully adjacent to modern residential areas of the well-known Sevastopol. On the site of modern Kerch in the 6th century BC. Panticapaeum was founded - the centuries-old capital of the Bosporus kingdom, located on both banks of the Kerch Strait, connecting the Azov and Black Seas. The ancestors of today's Italians from Genoa in the Crimea left several monuments, the best of which is the Genoese fortress in Sudak. In the former capitals of the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Tatar Khanate - Old Crimea, Chufut-Kale, Bakhchisarai, there are still many historical monuments, among which the Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai and the cave city in Chufut-Kale stand out. The period of subordination of the Crimea to the Ottoman Empire is characterized by the further development of the Crimean settlements, and in some cases their destruction. This fate in 1475 befell the capital of the Principality of Theodoro - Mangup, one of the cities of great tourist importance for the Crimea. The period after the liberation of Crimea by Russia from Turkey since 1783 is characterized by its development as a resort, the development of its territories by Russian landowners and industrialists, German colonists, which is represented by numerous monuments of history and architecture.

All these events of bygone days and historical monuments - witnesses of these events, constantly attract tourists from many countries of the world to Crimea.

The advanced countries of the world, which have a similar potential to the potential of the Crimea, have long been exploiting it as the main system-forming potential for their regions. What is meant by the phrase "system-forming potential"? This is when the existing potential can take on the functions of organizing targeted development in the region, where this function manifests itself as a core process of economic activity, to which almost all other areas of activity are subordinate. The main task of society is to meet the needs of the population. This is usually sought in the development management systems of those regions where there is a pronounced system-forming economic complex.

Such a complex exists in the Crimea. Before considering the question of how regional governance should be built, it should be assessed to what extent the recreational complex is a backbone in Crimea, to what extent it underlies the improvement of the population's well-being today, to what extent it solves the main task in the region - meeting the constantly changing needs of the population, and to what extent the efficient use of the natural resources of the region is ensured by the activities of the administrative apparatus, which has taken on the task of managing the socio-economic development of the region. In various countries of the world, there are positive results of a systematic approach to using the possibilities of a priority complex in the region, in particular, such as a recreational one. It is known that the recreational complex in these countries is very important for the formation of the budget. After such important budget-forming areas of activity as the automotive industry, oil production, there is a recreational complex, tourism. At present, Ukraine does not yet have positive results in this direction, having such unique regions as the Crimea, the Black Sea coast in the South of Ukraine, the Carpathians. Tourism today does not make such a contribution, as in other countries, to the formation of the gross domestic product, budget and national income from the activities of this important industry in terms of performance. The low efficiency of this sphere of management largely depends on the lack of trained personnel who can solve this problem. Higher educational institutions of Ukraine, science, where the problems of training personnel of the executive level and higher personnel, are called upon to solve this problem. These personnel can serve as a guarantor of the strategic formation of the country's future. The combination of training specialists in medical profile, forestry and geological is actually the backbone of specialists who contain recreational potential in a form that is attractive for human use in order to restore health. They also train specialists of a specific profile, for example, those who support the recreation infrastructure: specialists responsible for the construction of roads, for communications, communications, specialists for maintaining cleanliness in household infrastructure, for processing and eliminating waste, i.e. specialists who directly shape the processes of using potentials. The specialists of the recreational complex include managers, economists working in specific areas of economic activity. The task they solve is quite responsible and complex, because The practice of recent decades has shown that each industry has its reserves of improvement, which are poorly used due to the lack of, first of all:

Highly qualified managers, economists;
- lack of a developed system of their activities;
- reliable methods of processing the information they use in their activities;
- substantiated organizational structures for managing all these processes;
- structures that allow for this coordination;
- modern methods that allow using objectively existing biological and environmental laws;
- economic, legal and social levers.

In this regard, an important economic task is to find ways to train specialists in this field who could navigate all this complex relationship of the above components and use them effectively.

Against the background of the recognition of the importance of the recreational complex for the Crimean economy, one cannot help but pay attention to the fact that the Crimean economy has actually developed in recent decades without taking into account the capabilities of this complex. The entire development of the economy followed the path of multi-purpose integrated development, as was customary in the 60s and 70s. At that time, they sought to develop almost all spheres of management equally. Such an approach to the formation of the region's economy in all possible directions of development led to the fact that economic sectors were formed in Crimea, which had results that were economically important for the country as a whole, but had no, except negative, significance for the Crimean economy.

Spheres of activity developed that were not based on local raw materials and whose results were not a necessary condition for the existence of the Crimean population. The region of Krasnoperekopsk and Armyansk developed mainly in this direction. Today, the FEZ Sivash has been formed there. The results of its activities should be discussed separately. The activity of the population in this area was mainly based on imported raw materials, that is, the factories built in that industrial hub mainly depended not on the resources of the Crimea, but on imported ones, and the products were also mainly exported outside this region. It was considered positive that the population was attached to the production processes, i.e. was able to work. The consequences of this industrial activity had a negative ecological significance: these activities in the marked industrial hub consume large amounts of water, which, after use, must be discharged. Usually, the discharge of used industrial waters is carried out to nearby water bodies. Some lakes and Sivash turned out to be such reservoirs in this industrial zone. All these discharges have led to the fact that a number of lakes and part of the Sivash adjacent to this zone have become unviable, very polluted. In the last decade, these issues have been discussed more and more often. As part of the USSR, these problems were insoluble, since the interests of sectoral management prevailed over the interests of the population living in this region. After the collapse of the country, ties between its former republics were broken, many of the enterprises were suspended, the question arose of the need to find new approaches to the problems of employment and the problems of economic restructuring. These issues have not yet been resolved and should be considered separately. It can only be emphasized that the attractiveness for tourists of these places has been reduced to zero, they can only be shown how nature has been destroyed by man. This, to some extent, can serve as an incentive to visit those places, but not for a long time, and most likely only specialized tourism can develop in this zone for specialists related to environmental protection, to the processes of restoring lost natural resources and who solve the problems of cleaning polluted water, soil. You can also name other anthropogenic impacts that are negative for recreational potential.

At the same time, the practice of many countries of the world shows that not everything is lost. So, for example, take France. In this country, too, there were many quarries for the extraction of natural resources, and later vineyards were placed in their place. In the immediate vicinity of these quarries, wineries have been turned into museums of winemaking and have an unabated stream of tourists. Tourists get acquainted with the process of making wine, they are shown vineyards, on the site of which there used to be quarries. By the way, in the Donetsk and Dnepropetrovsk regions of Ukraine there is also a positive experience in planting waste heaps (Donetsk) and quarries (Ordzhonikidze), which can serve as an example for the Crimea. In Crimea, obviously, real steps can also be taken in this direction, which would make it possible for tourists to come here.

During the years of the existence of the USSR, Crimea received the unofficial status of the country's universal center for treatment and recreation. At the same time, the level of diversity and quality of medical services was quite high, and the level of recreation services was low. The leaders of the sanatoriums and boarding houses that prevailed in the recreational complex of the Crimea were medical workers.

In the management system for the development of the Crimea in the early 90s? years, a vision was formed of the importance of the recreational complex for the entire economy of Crimea. There were many developments carried out on the instructions of the Crimean government by various research and design organizations of the country, then still the USSR. All of them made it possible to draw conclusions about the need for a more targeted development of the recreational complex of Crimea in order to obtain greater returns? economy of both Crimea and the whole country.

In connection with the collapse of the USSR, the rupture of economic ties between its former republics and the recession in their economy, there was a significant decline in the influx of tourists to Crimea. It took a search for new ways to revive tourism in the Crimea. In connection with the formation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the appearance of its own Government in it, the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism was created. This ministry assumed the functions of coordinating the processes of tourism development in the Crimea. Its employees have developed a concept for the development of the recreational complex. To implement this concept, new personnel were required. Since 1993, Simferopol State University has begun training specialists in tourism management. An ideology was developed to increase the efficiency of the recreational complex in the Crimea and a methodology for evaluating this effectiveness. One of the components of this ideology was the expansion of the range of tourist services and their constant renewal. This required the consideration of many specialized types of tourism activities, a departure from the traditional training of personnel for tourism. Traditionally, the geographical and historical faculties of the university were the suppliers of personnel for tourism as guides, but many tourists are interested not only in exotic geographical and historical monuments, ethnographic features of the local population, but also in active recreation among this exotic.

Consider the features of the formation of the tourism or recreational industry in the Crimea. It is the recreational complex and its component - tourism - that is a priority for Crimea. The recreational complex serves as the basis for the development of a specific direction on its resources - tourism activities. Training for work in that industry is carried out by various educational institutions, each of which specializes in the field of activity of this complex. It means that the recreational complex is based on the climatic features of the Crimea. Climatic features are permeated with natural resources of a recreational nature. The main components of the resource nature that form the natural features of the Crimea are the sea, mountains, forest. They allow, in combination with climatic features (temperature conditions, the number of sunny days per year, etc.), to create conditions for the realization of all recreational potential in restoration and human potential, its performance.

Specialists are trained to work within the framework of this potential by medical institutes - doctors and other medical workers who control the health of visitors, restoring their health or maintaining it. Since the natural potential of the Crimea includes green spaces, they also attract visitors. For example, the mountains in the New World region have natural forest cover in the form of relic juniper, which has certain healing properties and many tourists tend to visit there.

Crimea has the conditions for such an active holiday. For many decades, gliding has been cultivated here (the museum of gliding is located in the premises of the tourist base "Primorye" in Koktebel). Gliding received a new development in hang gliders, paragliders, balloons, produced in Feodosia near Koktebel.

Crimea has unique opportunities for speleotourism. Its caves are constantly visited by cavers.

Traditional seaside holidays have long expanded the range of services, adding inflatable mattresses, water bikes and rowing boats with yachts, windsurfers, gliders, water skis, towed parachutes, hydro hang gliders.

More and more are used and the winter months for recreation in the Crimea. On Mount Ai-Petri and on the Angarsk Pass, ski lifts are installed for skiers, who ski there on slalom tracks from December to March (of course, not as difficult as in the Caucasus, the Alps and even the Carpathians).
However, this whole range of services for active recreation of tourists in the Crimea is not yet sufficiently provided technically and with personnel. Simferopol State University is gradually solving the second part of the problem. Training and methodological materials are being prepared to expand the specialization of tourism managers, contacts are being established with foreign universities that have experience in solving educational problems in the conditions of such specialization (Nice, Perpignan, Grenoble, Genoa), attempts are being made to attract new opportunities in the preparation of guides for the early stage of training managers.

In recent years, the Faculty of Economics and Management has been training specialists in tourism management, and in the Simferopol Institute of Economics as part of the university - in the management of the hotel industry and international tourism. These specialties are most susceptible to the requirements of the tourism market. Students of these specialties, under the guidance of university teachers, began to form an information base on the computers of the departments of management and marketing and information systems about the most popular tourist sites in Crimea.

In the future, it is planned to form voice-over video-computer films on the most interesting objects with the use of multi-media, and on the Internet system - to enable travel companies of the world to get acquainted with these sights. On the basis of the university, classes are conducted in experimental classes of a general education school. Pupils of these classes are trained to work on modern computers, communication by e-mail and the Internet. And since it is known that it is best to learn by playing, teachers and university students are discussing today the problems of how to make exciting computer games from information about the Bosporus Kingdom, Chersonesos, Scythia, Genoese and German colonies, how to organize international school and student conferences on these and others via the Internet. tourist facilities.

Taking into account the lack of local experience in solving these issues, university teachers and students intend to study such experience as much as possible in the universities of France (Perpignan, Nice, Grenoble), Italy (Genoa) and other countries.

JSC "Krymtour" has a training center that trains personnel for its system and has the opportunity to provide its training base for other companies. The subsidiaries of the system employ more than 2,000 people in about 100 professions year-round. This obliges to carry out high-quality training and retraining of personnel: guides, organizers, tourism instructors, group guides, maids, cooks and others. Course preparation programs are approved by the Ministry of Education and consist of lectures, seminars and practical classes, study tours, hikes, demonstrations, study of best practices using the wide possibilities of the departments of the center and the material base of JSC "Krymtur" in Simferopol, Sevastopol, Evpatoria, Feodosia, Yalta, Gurzuf. Moreover, after successfully passing the exams and obtaining a certificate, the most deserving of them can get a job in the system of JSC "Krymtour".

In the context of the observed recession in the economy of Ukraine, Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union and countries of Eastern Europe, there was a recession in the tourism business of Crimea. The creation of a new information base on tourist sites of the ancient and medieval Crimea will attract not only tourists, but also investors who understand the profitability and win-win of the revival of the "hoary antiquity" for tourism. Realizing the international significance of such a revival, new specialties are required to study at least two European languages, teach special courses in these languages, and even defend a final (thesis) in one of the European foreign languages. The fulfillment of the above conditions for the training of tourism managers at Simferopol State University will create the necessary basis for their entry into international standards of specialists.

3. Development of a recreational complex in the Crimea

The recreational complex of the Crimea is a representative branch of its national economy. Therefore, when considering any aspects of the socio-economic development of Crimea, one cannot do without appropriate references to the place and role of this complex both in strategic decisions and in the current situation. At the same time, in real politics, in the real processes of managing Crimea, the priority of the recreational complex has disappeared.

The problems of centralization and decentralization of management, the unresolved rational relationship between them have a negative impact on the management processes and the effectiveness of the development of the recreational complex. This largely depends on the vagueness of the concept of socio-economic development of the Crimea.

In order to create the same conditions for assessing the impact of the activities of all sectors of the economy on the recreational potential, to eliminate the negative impact on it, appropriate motivation is needed. Solving the most complex problems of motivation requires the involvement of a wide range of economic and legal levers, a new approach to their use.

In addition to measures to stop the activities of economic sectors that destroy the recreational potential of the region, it is important for the region to ensure the effective development of the organizations themselves of this priority recreational complex. This requires the development of a target management system for the integrated development of the entire resort economy of Crimea. Below are the main provisions for creating such a system.

The goals of creating the system:

1) increasing the efficiency of the resort economy in the direction of achieving the world level of its development in market conditions;
2) increasing the interest of local authorities, enterprises, organizations, the population and personnel of health resorts in expanding the resort network and the effectiveness of resort development;
3) increasing the interest of vacationers in the effective development of sanatoriums and resorts;
4) maximum satisfaction of the needs of the population in the complex of services for recreation and treatment;
5) ensuring that the price of the voucher is consistent with the totality of the services provided for recreation and treatment.

Basic principles of system formation:

1) compliance of indicators and criteria for assessing the state and development of the resort with the goals of creating the system;
2) subordination to the goals of creating a system of all components of the development of resorts;
3) equal economic responsibility of all functioning enterprises and organizations, any person living or having a rest in the territory of the resort for environmental cleanliness and resource saving in their activities;
4) subordination of the management structure for the development of resorts to the composition and content of the goals of creating the system and the tasks to be solved to achieve them;
5) economic responsibility of all links in the management of resorts for the state and degree of achievement of the goals of the system.

The composition of the tasks to be solved to achieve the goals of the system:

Satisfying the needs of the maximum population of our country and foreign guests for treatment and recreation in accordance with their interests and material (financial) capabilities;
- organization of recreation and treatment services in accordance with the ever-increasing and changing material, social and spiritual needs of a person;
- ensuring the high quality of all types of services (maintenance) for recreation and treatment, taking into account their labor intensity;
- Ensuring environmental cleanliness of all types of services for treatment and recreation;
- organization of waste-free provision of all types of services (rational or full use of initial material and fuel and energy resources);
- ensuring the maximum use of fixed assets, production capacities, capital and financial investments of resorts, assigned territory;
- organization of rational and efficient use of labor resources of the resort economy;
- ensuring social security of resort service workers;
- ensuring a comprehensive harmonious development of the resort area and resort services, covering all of the above tasks, based on stimulating residents and service personnel to maximize the needs of vacationers in treatment and recreation.

The structure of the developed system:

Methodology for assessing the level of development of resort activities and resort services, taking into account the solution of the above tasks of the system (development of general methodological provisions for assessing the level of development;
- development of a classification of factors that determine the level of development of resorts and health resorts by groups of system tasks;
- development of standard standards for the development factors of resorts and health resorts;
- formation of an information base for assessing and comparing the level of development of health resorts with the best and worst conditions for their functioning;
- a control example of the implementation of the methodology for assessing the level of development of health resorts taken for analysis);
- methodology for calculating the price of spa vouchers depending on the level of development of resort activities and resort services (general provisions on the methodology for the adequacy of the price of a spa voucher to the level of the proposed resort services in extreme and normal conditions of development of society;
- Methods for choosing a reference price for a spa stay for the highest level of spa services;
- Methods for choosing the lower limit of the price of a spa tour; a control example of calculating the price of spa vouchers for the analyzed health resorts;
- a control example of calculating the volume of financial proceeds from the sale of vouchers for the analyzed health resorts);
- a methodology for organizing territorial commercial self-support of resorts based on the implementation of the principles of system formation (methods for determining the dependence of economic incentive funds for health resorts (including the wage fund of their staff) on the commercial results of their activities;
- determination of the commercial income of health resorts, taken as an example, taking into account mandatory payments to the budget; determination of the values of economic incentive funds for health resorts, taken as an example;
- simulation modeling of the process of establishing the mutual interest of vacationers and health resort staff in improving resort services and increasing the commercial income of health resorts);
- functions for managing the efficiency of resorts based on the above developed methods in the system hierarchy.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA AND CRIMEA

Pershina Anna Vasilievna 1 , Keppl Olga Ivanovna 1
1 Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Crimean Federal University" named after IN AND. Vernadsky, Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy (branch) in Yalta Institute of Economics and Management

annotation

The article discusses the main problems and prospects for the development of tourism in Russia and the Crimea, as well as ways to achieve competitiveness in the tourism market.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA AND CRIMEA

Pershina Anna Vasilevna 1 , Kepple Olga Ivanovna 1
1 Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky, Humanitarian-pedagogical University (branch) in Yalta Institute of Economics and management

Abstract

The article describes the main problems and prospects of tourism development in Russia and Crimea, as well as achieving competitiveness in the tourist market.

The development of tourism plays one of the most important roles in the development of the economy for most countries of the world, including Russia, which has a huge potential for tourism development. However, Russian tour operators are experiencing some problems with servicing tourists. According to Rostourism, the main problems are the high cost of tours (this is due to the high cost of transport services), as well as the underdeveloped tourist infrastructure.

But, despite this, tourism in Russia has great prospects. An important factor in the effective development of tourism in Russia can be considered the holding of major sporting events, such as the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi, as well as the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and the FIFA World Cup 2018. These events allow not only to strengthen the image of Russia in the international arena, but also create an impetus for the development of tourism infrastructure in general, which will serve for many years, attracting new tourist flows to the region. According to Rostourism, Russia will be able to enter the international market through the development of domestic tourism. This is facilitated by the fact that Russia has unique healing resources, which made it possible to create a system of sanatorium-and-spa treatment of various directions in the country.

The tourism potential of the country is the key to its long-term competitiveness. Each tourist destination in Russia requires the development of a promotion strategy, which involves the following actions:

1) ensuring the effective functioning of the tourism and recreational sphere;

2) improving the quality of service and developing tourism infrastructure;

3) expansion of the range of tourist services and development of new types of tourism;

4) carrying out activities to smooth out the seasonality of the tourist flow;

5) application of innovations in tourism activities.

Thus, despite the positive trends in the development of tourism in Russia, the huge tourist potential of the country is still in the initial stage of its development. Most of the problems of tourism development are complex. According to the author of the book "Marketing in Tourism" A.P. Durovich, in order to create a competitive tourism industry, an effective state policy in this area is important, which includes strategic goals and objectives, mechanisms and tools for their solutions, the selection of qualified personnel for their implementation, etc. .

An important segment of the Russian tourism market is Crimea, annexed to Russia in 2014. Crimea is a profitable region for the Russian economy, and the tourism and resort industry is one of the most attractive in the country. However, despite the great opportunities, a number of problems have been identified in Crimea, which include:

1) difficult transport links with Russia;

2) unsatisfactory condition of a significant part of the roads;

3) non-compliance of the level of service with generally accepted standards;

4) lack of service infrastructure on the beaches, their pollution;

5) underdevelopment of the tourism and entertainment industry.

Since Crimea is a profitable region for the Russian economy, the issue of tourism development here is relevant and requires the adoption of certain measures to achieve competitiveness in the domestic and international markets.

The modern structure of the tourist region of Crimea is characterized by an insufficient level of expansion of services, but has a positive trend in the renewal of types of tourist and recreational activities. At the same time, the tendency of development of sanatorium-and-spa treatment and health-improving beach recreation is preserved here. The level of innovation in the tourism industry of Crimea is insufficient to create positive conditions for entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism. There are no comprehensive innovative programs for the development of resorts and tourism in the region, taking into account the trends in the world market of services and emphasizing the competitive tourism potential of Crimea.

To create competitive tourism advantages of the Crimea and ensure a comfortable stay on the peninsula, it is necessary to develop, first of all, the transport infrastructure that connects the peninsula with the mainland of Russia. The internal transport of Crimea also requires development, expansion of the vehicle fleet and an increase in the number of flights during the holiday season, improvement of the quality of the road surface, etc.

A big disadvantage in the development of tourism in the Crimea is that a significant part of the territory of the Crimean beaches is inaccessible to local residents and guests of the resort, is owned by sanatoriums or is privately owned; the territory of public beaches is extremely insignificant in comparison with the scale of the number of vacationers. It is necessary to solve this problem and provide access for local residents and tourists to the coastal strip in order to ensure a comfortable stay.

In Crimea, it is necessary to develop various types of tourism, such as hiking trips, sea cruises, educational excursion trips to the historical and cultural centers of Crimea, etc. To promote sanatorium and resort services as the main factor in increasing demand for the Crimean tourist product, the following measures should be taken:

1) improve the tourism infrastructure on the peninsula;

2) to provide a systematic promotion of the sanatorium and resort services of the Crimea, with an emphasis on the uniqueness of the natural and climatic conditions;

3) provide an opportunity to receive spa treatment at low prices outside the peak of the "high season" (April-May and September-October);

4) organize the purchase of vouchers in the Crimean sanatoriums at the best prices for distribution among employees of state organizations;

5) to introduce and constantly develop an effective advertising campaign to create a competitive brand of Crimea.

In order to effectively develop Crimea as a competitive tourist region, it is necessary to conduct an image advertising campaign for the region, following the example of such developed tourist centers as Egypt, Cyprus, Bulgaria, etc. The campaign should be preceded by the development of a tourist brand of Crimea in order to increase its effectiveness.

Summing up, it is necessary to focus on the need to develop sanatorium treatment and the SPA services market in Crimea, as well as to increase the number of recreational facilities (for example, water parks, shopping centers with a developed entertainment infrastructure, clubs for various types of interests, etc. .).

In general, Crimea has a huge tourism potential, and if the proposed measures are implemented in the near future, the tourism industry in Crimea will flourish and bring big profits to the budget of the Republic and Russia as a whole.

The fact is that from the very collapse of the USSR and until the reunification of Crimea and Russia, there was a “shadowing” of the tourism economy. The private sector, which is beyond the control of the state, took the first place, remaining free from accounting not only by tax authorities, but also in terms of coordinating the services provided.

The sanatorium-and-spa aspect of Crimean tourism has been ruthlessly supplanted by unorganized beach tourism. The decline of tourism without investment and any state support continued until the spring of 2014.

Almost immediately after the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the situation began to change in a different direction: today already 80% of tourists stay in hotels and sanatoriums, and only 20% in private homes. This has not happened in the history of the Crimean peninsula for a long time, and this is due to the fact that sanatorium-resort institutions have concluded agreements on the direction of vacationers with state and corporate institutions of the Russian Federation. This step is only the beginning of the implementation of a targeted policy for the development of Crimea, the foundations of which are set out in the Strategy for the Development of Crimea until 2020.

It is known that the socio-economic indicators of Crimea upon entry into the Russian Federation did not reach the average Russian value. Unfortunately, with all the desire of Russia to change the situation on the peninsula for the better, there are certain deterrent factors. Chief among them is the instability of the socio-political situation in the border regions of Ukraine with Crimea. Therefore, there are certain risks for the development of international cooperation, the weakening of international and foreign economic relations. The insufficient provision of the region with vital resources, sources of water, energy, food, as well as the lack of good road and rail links with the mainland of Russia also have an effect.

It is clear that these problems are being addressed first of all. The transport accessibility of Crimea is changing due to an increase in the number of flights to Simferopol, state subsidies for paying for tickets from distant regions of the country.

So, for example, people flying on vacation from Yakutsk now spend about 12 or even 15 hours, including a transfer in Moscow. In the summer, direct flights will be organized, which will be dated by the state, as a result, the average ticket price from Yakutsk will be equal to 8.5 thousand rubles, and the flight time will be reduced to 8 hours. The number of Russian major cities will increase, from which direct flights to Crimea will fly.

It is worth noting that all problems must be solved in a comprehensive manner. So, in the transport complex, all funds are now concentrated on the construction and reconstruction of the crossing through the Kerch Strait, airports and highways. It is they who provide communication with settlements and industrial facilities of the peninsula. And it is already yielding results. It is already possible to quickly and relatively inexpensively move around the Crimean peninsula. The roads have been put in order, and this work continues successfully.

In the engineering complex, funding will be directed to measures to ensure water supply, sanitation, bank protection and heat supply, as well as ensuring the treatment of solid domestic waste. The development of the social sphere provides for the implementation of measures for the construction and reconstruction of healthcare and education facilities.

Another very important aspect. Before the entry of Crimea into Russia, the peninsula received tourists from Ukraine. It was a purposeful policy of the authorities, who did not burden themselves with unnecessary spending and attracting investments in a dilapidated and obsolete infrastructure.

Accordingly, the entire service of the peninsula was extremely low and unprofitable. There were no foreign tourists there either. All this makes itself felt even now. So, when you go to have a bite to eat with local dumplings, you can see flies flying over them. In response to your indignation, you can hear the familiar Ukrainian: “Let it be so.” By the way, the staff in hotels and cafes is still Ukrainian. The low level of service and the lack of conditions repelled all hypothetical tourists from resting in the Crimea.

Although today tourists from Russia have already filled vacant places in hotels, in 2013 they were 26% of the total number of tourists, but in 2014 it was 93%. In 2015, the figure increased to 95% and is aiming for 100%.

With the change in the component of vacationers, their priorities also change. If for Ukrainians the main and main criterion was the price, then for wealthy tourists from Russia, perhaps, the level of service and service will become an important argument for a holiday in Crimea. The reality is that the Russians, resting for many years in Turkey and Egypt, are accustomed to the world level of service. They are willing to pay a high price for a tour and get a better and more professional product.

There is also such a problem that tourists from Russia will not be satisfied with even very cheap services of inadequate quality. The sooner tourism enterprises and private firms catch on to this trend, the more successful niche they will be able to fill.

To date, the range and quality of services provided in the Crimea are significantly behind the world level. This reduces the competitiveness of this region in the international tourism market.

The main problem for the peninsula is the seasonality of tourism. For hotels and similar establishments, the season is only three months, and for health-improving complexes, five months. Only less than 40% have a year-round activity. There is also an imbalance in the distribution of healthcare facilities in Yalta and Evpatoria. All this speaks of an unfavorable situation in the health sector. A change in this situation, perhaps, will just solve the issue of seasonality in Crimea.

There is also such a direction of tourism in Crimea as extreme travel and camping tourism. On the territory of Crimea there are about 38 campsites, which are essentially tent camps. They have a minimum set of amenities, which budget European tourists are also not ready for.

There is one more problem of the Russian Crimea - this is the labor force. Most tourism-related businesses cannot maintain year-round attendants. Previously, Ukrainian seasonal workers were invited to work in the Crimea during the holidays. Now the difficulties of a political nature have practically closed this opportunity for them.

Today in Russia there is a certain Strategy for the development of tourism for the period up to 2020. Its main provisions are:

Increasing the independence of the Federal Tourism Agency; can be noted bet on the marketing component. It is also necessary to strengthen the presence of Russian travel companies in the international market. The state wants to provide a large tourism business operating for the domestic market with maximum support, for example, in the form of a more loyal tax policy;

Closer interaction between the ministries of culture, education and foreign affairs through the association of representatives of these departments in the inter-ministerial committee on tourism. Within this structure, it is proposed to create working groups that can most effectively solve the difficulties that have arisen;

Close interaction with business and the entrepreneurial environment through the creation of the Tourism Sector Association. This structure in a bilateral discussion between representatives of the Federal Agency for Tourism and the largest entrepreneurs in the field of tourism on an annual basis will be able to coordinate each other's activities, making proposals and sharing opinions;

Emphasize continuous market research, travel trends and latest developments. For this, a large research organization should be created - the Institute for Tourism Research on the basis of the Federal Office for Tourism, which will supply state structures with the most up-to-date information.

Development of a network of green routes on the territory of the objects of the natural reserve fund with the presence of the main and related infrastructure that meets the principles of the "green economy".

Assistance in the development of cooperation between tourism business entities and specialized public organizations in the organization of ecological tours and expeditions.

Implementation of a monitoring system for ensuring the quality and environmental friendliness of tourist, recreational and hotel services.

Creation of a network of tourist information centers on the territory of the objects of the natural reserve fund to perform the functions of environmental education.

The program is published with abbreviations (indicated by .....), for the purpose of research and methodological work of the teaching staff of universities, and the educational work of students. The full text is published in pdf format on the official website of the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Republic of Crimea mtur.rk.gov.ru

Application
to the decision of the Council
Ministers of the Republic of Crimea
dated December 09, 2014 No. 501
(as amended by the decision of the Council
Ministers of the Republic of Crimea
dated June 29, 2015 No. 358)

STATE PROGRAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESORTS AND TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA FOR 2015-2017

Program Passport

…………

Sources of funding for the State Program: funds from the budget of the Republic of Crimea, federal budget funds in the amounts determined by the Federal Target Program "Socio-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020"

Total funding of the State Program (thousand roubles.)

For 2015 - 2017 8,243,110.0

Federal budget 8 105 400.0

budget of the Republic of Kazakhstan 137,550.0

local budgets 160.0

extrabudgetary funds are not provided.

Expected results of the implementation of the State Program

Ensuring the integrated sustainable development of an accessible and comfortable tourist environment:

ensuring the development of resorts and health-improving areas with the implementation of the protection and rational use of available natural healing resources, the arrangement of places for mass recreation of the population;
ensuring the innovative development of the resort and tourism sector of the Republic of Crimea on the basis of public-private partnership;
modernization (reconstruction) of the existing potential of the tourism industry of the Republic of Crimea;
development of development concepts and an appropriate investment portfolio for the development of tourist destinations in the Republic of Crimea;
diversification of the tourism product of the Republic of Crimea, focused on various segments of the tourism market;
expanding the scope of the active period of the tourist season, increasing the volume of sales of the Crimean tourist product;
creation of a unified information base of the tourist network of Crimea (including the route network);
development of tourism products focused on the needs of the modern tourist;
improving the quality of tourist services, the efficiency of the activities of the Crimean entities of the tourism industry;
formation of a modern, competitive, transparent structure of the tourism business;
creation of a new system of methodological staffing for the tourism industry that meets the needs of the modern Crimean tourist;
bringing the professional training of state civil servants and municipal employees of the Republic of Crimea of structural units responsible for the development of the resorts and tourism sector in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea;
bringing the quality of service in line with international standards;
promotion of the tourism product of the Republic of Crimea in the international and domestic tourism markets;
development of types of tourism aimed at ensuring a year-round tourist season, including medical and recreational, cultural, educational, event, active, business and social;
formation of a recognizable tourist brand of the Republic of Crimea and its promotion;
development of scientific business concepts describing the mechanisms for the development of the resort and tourism sector, increasing the productivity and efficiency of the tourism business.

2 . Current state and development prospectsresort— tourism sector of the Republic of Crimea

The Republic of Crimea is a unique region of the Russian Federation, which combines a powerful natural-climatic and historical-cultural potential, which is the basis for the development of the resort and tourism sector.

Favorable geographical position of the peninsula, diverse landscape, favorable climate, natural resources (Black and Azov Seas, water, forest resources), rich historical and cultural heritage ( the total number of architectural, historical and cultural monuments in the Crimea is about 11,500 objects ), available recreational potential ( 100 mineral water springs , 14 deposits of therapeutic mud ), historical experience - determine the main directions of tourism development on the Crimean peninsula.

On the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more than 40 salt lakes whose bottom sediments are formed by mud deposits. As promising deposits for use 6 objects can be considered in the spa treatment(lakes Saka, Chokrak, Uzunlar, Koyash, Tobechik, Dzharylgach ), the total reserves of therapeutic mud of which are 28.0 million cubic meters. Currently, on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, the only developed deposit of therapeutic mud is Saki healing lake.

The resort resources of the Crimea, along with favorable climatic conditions and therapeutic mud, also include mineral waters.

More than 100 mineral springs are known: chloride, calcium-sodium, thermal sodium chloride and others. Currently, about 20 mineral water sources are being exploited on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, including in the cities of Saki, Evpatoria, Yalta, and the Bakhchisarai region.

The existing deposits of mineral waters are not used enough, mainly for internal and external use in sanatoriums and resorts. In the cities of Saki, Evpatoria and Yalta, mineral water pump rooms are equipped. For industrial bottling, only the well of the Sakskoye mineral water deposit, located on the territory of JSC Beer and Non-Alcoholic Plant Krym, is currently used (mineral water is known as Krymskaya).

The effective functioning of the sanatorium and resort industry remains one of the priority areas for the development of the Republic of Crimea.

It is based on the use of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, beaches, climatic and landscape resources, sea and mountain air.

On the territory of the Republic of Crimea is located 770 collective accommodation facilities(health resort and hotel facilities) with a total capacity 158.2 thousand seats, of which 144 institutions provide spa treatment, 216 facilities provide health services, the rest 410 institutions - temporary accommodation services. Thus, the number of accommodation facilities providing treatment and rehabilitation services is 361 an object.

For year-round functioning are intended 139 health resorts (including 73 accommodation facilities of the state form of ownership of the Republic of Crimea) and 162 hotel establishments.

The number of year-round collective accommodation facilities is not enough to realize the potential of the resort and tourism sector of the Republic of Crimea, the work of tourist and recreational clusters, and permanent employment of the population.

It's hard to refrain from commenting here. Let's limit ourselves to interjection ugh. No sane investor will build hotels in the Crimea. For 2 months of the season?

To implement the strategic task of developing the resort and tourism sector, infrastructural restructuring, modernization (reconstruction) of the objects of the sanatorium and resort complex, primarily state (republican) ownership, is necessary.

There is a high level of depreciation of fixed assets (most of them are worn out by 70-90%) and medical equipment of health resorts. At the same time, the unique experience and traditions of sanatorium treatment and improvement of citizens have been preserved.

As a result of the transition to a year-round cycle of work of collective accommodation facilities, the number of organized tourists can reach an additional 2 million people annually (an increase of 60%).

From the standpoint of tourism development, the category of health resorts that provide sanatorium treatment is of particular interest. This category is represented by the following main types of accommodation facilities:

sanatoriums - 93,
children's sanatoriums, medical centers - 31,
boarding houses with treatment - 16,
hotels with treatment - 4.

A distinctive feature of the territorial location of specialized sanatoriums is their concentration in the urban district of Yalta. At the same time, the majority of children's sanatoriums are concentrated in the urban district of Evpatoria.

boarding houses - 130,
children's health camps - 77,
sports and recreation complexes - 8,
educational and health center - 1, where the primary consultation of a doctor, SPA services, dietary nutrition programs are provided, there is a beach, a swimming pool, a sauna, etc.

In particular SPA-services on the territory of the Republic of Crimea are provided by 42 establishments .

In addition, on the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more than 4.5 thousand households providing temporary accommodation services, and about 14 thousand landlords.

Traditionally in collective accommodation facilities for the last

for several years, an average of 1.2 million people or 1454 people were accommodated per

one collective accommodation facility per year (121 people per month), which

testifies to the underutilization of the available collective funds

accommodation.

The total length of the coastline of the Republic of Crimea, suitable

for organizing a beach holiday, is 452 km. For public recreation

560 beaches are equipped with people on the water. coastline length

equipped beaches of the Republic of Crimea is 103 km.

There are 354 subjects of tourism activity, of which:

88 tour operators (included in the Unified Federal Register of Tour Operators) and

266 travel agents (notified Rospotrebnadzor of the start of a travel agency

activities).

2015, the provision of public services is carried out

"Certification of tour guides (guides), guide-interpreters and instructors -

conductors operating on the territory of the Republic

9 instructors-guides and 594 guides (guides, guides-

translators).

In 6 regions of the Republic of Crimea, there are 9 tourist

information centers (municipalities: city district

Evpatoria, Saki urban district, Sudak urban district, urban district

Feodosia, Chernomorsky district and Leninsky district). Besides, in

Evpatoria city, activities are carried out by 3 tourist information

The Republic of Crimea has all the resources necessary to

development of the following types of tourism:

medical and health-improving (on the territory of the Republic of Crimea

144 institutions provide tourists with a specialized sanatorium

resort treatment);

cultural and educational (in the Republic of Crimea there are 15 state museums and more than 300 museums operating on

public principles. About 800 thousand exhibits are stored in the funds of state museums);

eventful (more than 100 different festivals are held annually -

musical, wine, military, choreographic, theatrical,

cinematic, sports and folklore. Many of them have already

traditional for the Republic of Crimea are the festivals "War and Peace",

"Genoese helmet", "Theatre. Chekhov. Yalta", "The Great Russian Word",

"Bosporan agony");

pedestrian (in the mountain-forest zone of the Republic of Crimea are located

84 tourist sites, 26 places of public recreation, 193 tourist

cycling (an extensive network of tourist trails and rural roads

creates conditions for cycling. Most varied for

mountain bike tourism southwestern part of the Republic of Crimea);

underwater (local diving, dive cruises, training schools,

scuba diving camps for children);

equestrian (on the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more

20 equestrian clubs that have developed one- and multi-day routes

horse rides for tourists);

ethnographic (representatives of

115 nationalities, 92 ethnographic objects located, based on

which developed cultural and ethnographic routes);

sports (international competitions in hang gliding

sports, aeronautics on thermal balloons and others);

cruise (acceptance of cruise ships in the Republic of Crimea may

carry out 4 seaports located in the urban districts of Yalta,

Sevastopol, Kerch and Evpatoria).

Despite the presence of many prerequisites for the development of various

types of tourism, there are currently a number of common problems,

hindering the development of the tourism industry of the Republic of Crimea:

Political instability in Ukraine.

Previously, out of 6 million tourists visiting the Republic of Crimea annually,

the bulk of tourists (65%) were citizens of Ukraine. IN

Currently, the reorientation of the tourist flow is being carried out - since 2014

the main tourists are citizens of the Russian Federation.

For the development of domestic tourism, it is necessary to conduct

large-scale work to form an objective image of the Republic

Crimea as a demanded safe tourist destination.

Unsatisfactory condition of the infrastructure on the territory

tourist regions of the Republic of Crimea.

To ensure the integrated development of the resort and tourism sector

The Republic of Crimea has developed 6 tourist and recreational clusters,

which are included in the Federal target program "Social

economic development of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol until 2020”.

Creation and functioning of new tourist and recreational

clusters will create the necessary facilities that provide

infrastructures corresponding to the present and prospective

requirements and needs of the regions as tourist areas,

to intensify investment and tourism activities in the Crimea.

The formation of clusters is carried out pointwise throughout the territory

Republic of Crimea.

Clusters will be implemented from 2015, on their financing

more than 22.5 billion rubles were allocated. from the federal budget. Planned

develop clusters for all resort regions, taking into account the characteristics of their

development and fulfillment of the task of year-round operation of enterprises,

institutions (organizations) of the resort and tourism sector.

The problem of transport accessibility of the Republic of Crimea.

Structural reorientation marked this year

passenger traffic to the Republic of Crimea - from the previous priority

rail transport to air transport and road transport.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the limiting bandwidth thresholds.

the ability of transport hubs and communications of the Republic of Crimea to

towards other regions of Russia. Based on these limitations,

it can be concluded that the transport complex of the Republic of Crimea in

able to receive no more than 4 million tourists from Russia per season for the period up to

2017, i.e. before the completion of key development activities

transport complex.

The Republic of Crimea has all modern types

transport, but the location and structure of transport communications,

transport infrastructure as a whole does not meet the necessary

internal and external transport and economic relations and needs

significant improvement.

In addition, a number of problematic issues should be noted separately in

tourism industry of the Republic of Crimea:

Seasonality of the tourism industry.

Seasonal fluctuations in the tourist flow to the Crimea are reflected in the change

service job generation trends, intensity

loading means of transportation, accommodation, restaurants and attractions. In high

season there is an overload of tourist centers, prices rise,

booking services for this period is made in advance. In low

the season is reversed.

In order to overcome the seasonality factor, it is necessary to develop and

promote new types of tourism products that are not subject to seasonal

fluctuations. This is, first of all, the development of medical and health-improving,

cultural, educational, eventful, active, business and

social types of tourism.

It is also necessary to gradually modernize the accommodation sector.

High level of depreciation of fixed assets and medical facilities

collective accommodation facilities. First of all, it concerns objects

sanatorium-resort complex, located in the state

property, fixed assets and medical bases of which are worn out

70-90%, but at the same time, the unique experience and traditions of the sanatorium

treatment and rehabilitation.

Out of 188 collective accommodation facilities owned by the Russian Federation and state property

Republic of Crimea, need modernization and reconstruction at least 107

health resorts. The amount of investments in the reconstruction or modernization of one

object ranges from 85 to 200 million rubles. Estimated total cost

reconstruction and modernization of the number of rooms and medical

the base of these objects is from 18 billion rubles.

Reconstruction (modernization) of objects of the sanatorium and resort

complex of the Republic of Crimea on the basis of public-private

partnership as the most promising way to combine efforts

authorities and private business will ensure the main transition to

year-round operation cycle of enterprises in the industry, which in the future

strategically built development policy will lead to an increase

the number of domestic and foreign tourists, the number of jobs,

the volume of sales of services by both tourism enterprises and

enterprises operating in related industries

(transport, agriculture, trade, services, etc.).

High level of “shadowing” of the service provision market

accommodation for tourists.

On the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are more than 4.5 thousand

households providing temporary accommodation services, and

about 14 thousand tenants (private sector in recent years

received over 80 percent of the total tourist flow - about 4 million people.

tourists per year), while the key problem in this sector is

high level of "shadowing" - private households are not subject to

taxation, they are not subject to state statistical

reporting, they are billed as private households in all

municipal services.

Over the past 20 years, the problem of settlement

activities and taxation of the private sector of the Crimean tourist

industry did not dare.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop a system

identification of "shadow" subjects of the tourism industry, control systems for

activities of identified "shadow" subjects of the tourism industry, as well as

one of the tools is to carry out the classification of funds

accommodation.

Formation of a modern, competitive, transparent

structure of the tourism business will increase tax revenues in

budgets of all levels, create comfortable and understandable working conditions for

all participants in the market for the provision of tourist services.

Uneven development of the tourism potential of the Republic

To date, the tourist and recreational complex of the Republic

Crimea is characterized by uneven development, which is manifested in

increased loading of accommodation facilities and infrastructure of the Southern

coast of the Republic of Crimea and, accordingly, the minimum load on

east and west of the peninsula (more than 60% of tourists prefer the South

coast of the Republic of Crimea, while Evpatoria and Saka health resorts

are not inferior to Alushta and Yalta).

The task for the further development of the sanatorium and resort

tourist complex and the Republic of Crimea as a whole is the development

Development plan of the territories with the definition of their specialization, further

development of the sanatorium-resort complex and tourism, taking into account

existing tourism resources, infrastructure, types and volumes

services provided to tourists, market capacity with the calculation

projected demand.

First of all, it concerns the development of development concepts

tourist territories of the Republic of Crimea. The lack of concepts

makes it possible to ensure the integrated development of tourism for a long-term

perspective, violates the coordination and actions of participants in the tourist

The development of concepts for the development of tourist areas will allow:

— assess the potential of the territories of the Republic of Crimea (including its

competitiveness) in general in the provision of tourism services;

— clarify the parameters of territories (including borders,

infrastructure support, etc.);

— to identify priority types of tourism that have the greatest

potential and competitiveness;

— to identify potential areas favorable for placement

(or reconstruction) of tourism infrastructure;

— identify priority areas for tourism development;

– prepare indicative plans (business plans) for development

separate territories;

— investment passports of the territories.

Implementation of the understandable tourism potential of the Republic of Crimea

specific target groups of tourists, ensuring the development of tourism on

based on public-private partnership will attract more

financial flows not only in the tourism sector, but also in other industries

economy of the republic, which will affect the increase in the direct effect

development of tourism in the form of tax revenues to the budgets of all levels.

According to the UN World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO) currently the volume of sales of tourist services is equal to or

even surpasses the export of oil, food or cars.

Tourism has become one of the major players in international trade and

represents one of the main sources of income for many

developing countries.

Thus, the development of tourism, taking into account the synergistic effect

will be an incentive for the development of the economy of the Republic of Crimea as a whole and will allow the Republic of Crimea to withdraw from the subsidized territory into

3 . Priorities, goals, objectives and indicators (indicators),

results, stages and terms of the implementation of the State Program

In the Republic of Crimea, the development of sanatorium and tourist

complex is a priority direction of economic development

Republic of Crimea.

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National priorities in the field of tourism, which should

be guided by the subjects of the Russian Federation, currently

established by the following regulatory legal acts:

tourism activities in the Russian Federation”;

Tourism development strategy in the Russian Federation for the period up to

2020, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian

Federal target program "Development of internal and entry

Tourism in the Russian Federation (2011-2018)”, approved

2011 No. 644;

State program of the Russian Federation "Development

culture and tourism” for 2013-2020, approved by the order

"On tourism activities in the Republic of Crimea";

"On resorts, natural healing resources and health-improving

localities of the Republic of Crimea”;

Federal target program "Socio-economic development

Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol until 2020”, approved

2014 No. 790;

Action plan for the implementation of the Tourism Development Strategy in

of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 11

2014 No. 2246-r.

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