Passenger sea vessel. Passenger ships. What is a whaling ship

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

State University of Management

Institute of Industry Management

in the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Technology"

River and sea passenger ships

Completed by a student

1 course 14 groups

Serikova M.I.

Head Zakharov V.R.

Moscow - 2014

Introduction
1. The history of the creation of passenger ships
1.1 Rise of the global passenger fleet
1.2 Development of the domestic passenger fleet
1.3 Economic prerequisites for the transformation and modernization of courts
2. Types of passenger ships
3. River passenger ships
4. Maritime passenger ships of the future
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

A passenger ship is a ship that carries more than 12 people on board. Passenger ships carry passengers in special rooms designated for this purpose - passenger cabins. Passenger ships can also carry luggage, mail and some related cargo in designated cargo compartments. Passenger ships are characterized by increased comfort and good speed.

A distinctive feature of passenger ships is comfort, which is provided by a large number of various public spaces (music and smoking salons, restaurants, swimming pools, etc.), the installation of stabilizers, the presence of an air conditioning system, etc. Passenger ships have relatively high speeds of 20 to 30 knots. To ensure the safety of navigation, the hull of a passenger ship is divided into compartments by watertight bulkheads, which makes it possible to maintain the buoyancy of the ship in the event of a hole. Passenger ships also have cargo spaces in which luggage, mail and urgent cargo are transported, and on cruise ships - cars. Only small local passenger ships do not have cargo space.

1. Storycreationpassengercourts

1.1 heydayworldpassengerfleet

Over the past 100 years, from about 1850 to 1950, there has been a relatively rapid development of ships equipped specifically for the transport of passengers. They were large fast ships with a variety of passenger accommodations, from deluxe cabins and 1st class cabins to primitive tourist class cabins in tweendecks for Europeans who emigrated to America. The heyday of the world passenger fleet falls on the period between the two world wars and the period after the second world war. The ships built at that time were among the largest, fastest and best equipped ships of the merchant fleet and personified the sea power of this country. We offer to buy a two-mast lift inexpensively. The flagship ships of the maritime powers were in most cases passenger ships (for example, the Bathory of the Polish fleet, the United States of the American, the Queen Elizabeth of the British, and the France of the French merchant fleets). With the introduction of transcontinental airlines from the mid-50s. 20th century there has been a decrease in demand for passenger transportation by sea (most passengers began to use air transport). If, for example, in 1951, 710,000 passengers were transported across the North Atlantic by sea, and 352,000 by air, then in 1970 these figures were 252,000 and 8 million, respectively. However, although passenger transportation by sea is almost completely obsolete, there are still many passenger ships that sail the world's oceans, which have changed their purpose and become cruise ships and recreational ships. A number of passenger liners, built during the heyday of passenger maritime transport, have recently been converted into cruise ships.

1.2 Developmentdomesticpassengerfleet

Among the tasks set by the Soviet state for the national economy were the creation of a new passenger-and-freight fleet and the improvement of its operation. For a number of regions of the North and the Far East, the restoration of the passenger fleet and shipping was a priority, since the navy was the only type of communication. In 1923, sea communication with the Far East was established in a large cabotage, and in 1924 a joint-stock company Sovtorgflot was organized, which included a passenger section. By 1925, passenger traffic is normalized in all basins of the USSR. The ships left over from the pre-revolutionary period had a low level of comfort and were obsolete. Less than 10 years after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the young Soviet shipbuilding began to master the construction of modern substations for that time.

On the basis of an agreement between Sudotrest and Sovtorgflot, at the beginning of 1927, the Baltiysky Zavod began building two first-series postal-passenger motor ships for the Crimean-Caucasian line. Following them, two more ships of the same type were built. They were named after the Soviet republics: "Abkhazia", "Adjaristan", "Armenia" and "Ukraine". The projects of motor ships were developed by the Central Bureau of Marine Shipbuilding in Leningrad on the instructions of the Sovtorgflot. To take into account the operating conditions and experience of sailing on merchant and passenger ships, Sovtorgflot sent experienced captains to the Central Bureau, who knew well the peculiarities of work on the Crimean-Caucasian line. When making drawings of the general layout of the premises, it was taken into account that the motor ships under construction are intended for urgent postal-commodity-passenger flights with calls to the ports of the Crimean-Caucasian coast and navigation in the Mediterranean Sea. The main tasks were formulated as follows. It was necessary to accommodate 550 “classy” passengers on the ship in conditions of providing them with appropriate comfort. The crew was located mainly in the middle part of the vessel on the upper deck in double cabins with single-tier beds. The net carrying capacity was determined at 1000 tons of general cargo with a hold capacity of 2260 m3. In the initial assignment, the length was limited to 100 m, but taking into account the need to accommodate a given number of passengers and cargo, it was allowed to increase the structural length to 110 m. the sterns were of the cruising type, with a speed of at least 14.5 knots and a cruising range of 3,000 miles.

The ship was a two-deck ship with an extended forecastle. There were four groups of cabins depending on the level of comfort. Passengers of the so-called special places (about 50 people) were placed on the promenade deck in double cabins, while two deluxe cabins were provided. Passengers of the so-called soft seats (for 194 people) were located in the aft part of the vessel on the lower deck and in the aft deckhouse on the upper deck in cabins from two to seven people each. Passengers of the so-called hard seats (about 306 people) were placed in the bow of the ship. For 56 people (women and children), cabins were equipped on the upper deck. For the remaining 250 people, common rooms were provided on the lower deck and platform. Since the vessels of this type were intended to work on the express line with parking in ports, five cranes with a lifting capacity of 1.5 tons each were installed to perform cargo operations. Comparing this type of ship with foreign counterparts, experts noted that the designed ship differs in its elements from the usual type of cargo ships that simultaneously serve for passenger traffic. Restoration of the passenger fleet and transportation in 1945-1959. was carried out on the basis of the use of old ships received as reparations.

1.3 Economic prerequisites for the transformation and modernization of courts
modernization of sea river passenger
The domestic practice of re-equipment and modernization of substations reflects, in general, the general patterns characteristic of the world passenger fleet, however, it has a number of its own specific features.
The purpose of the ship (cargo-passenger), architectural and structural concept (the degree of development of superstructures and deckhouses, the presence of an open wide side passage along the entire length of the deck, an elongated forecastle, etc.), materials for equipment and finishes, and much more reflected the level of development of the passenger fleet of the mid-50s -s. In 1958-1964. a large series of GPSs of the Mikhail Kalinin type was built, which were sent to various regions of the country (ChMP, BMP, DVMP, MMP, etc.).
The experience of their operation has shown that these vessels required re-equipment, taking into account the specifics of work in each basin. The costs of refitting and making ships fit for specific operating conditions were many times greater than the benefits provided by the series of ships. Another example of an uncoordinated technical policy is the development and replenishment of the passenger fleet of the Northern Shipping Company. In the second half of the 70s. the re-equipment of the cargo-passenger ships of the SMP "Bukovina" and "Tataria" was carried out. In 1975-1976 five automobile-passenger ships of the Belorussiya type began to operate. If in the world practice of AMS development the ratio between passenger capacity and car capacity is from 3:1 to 4:1, then for transportation along the Crimean-Caucasian line this ratio is 8:1. The ratio, which was provided for ships of the "Belarus" type - 2: 1, led to a large excess of garage space (up to 70%). In addition, it should be taken into account that these ships, in terms of the comfort level of passenger cabins and public spaces, correspond to comfortable compressor stations, which, as a rule, do not provide for garage spaces, therefore, the inconsistency of the operational concept of these ships is even more obvious. Thus, the error in choosing the general concept of the vessel was repeated again, which led to a decrease in the economic efficiency of the vessels, since about 20% of the usable volume of the vessel falls on an empty garage space. It would be advisable to correct the mistake made by re-equipping the garage space, but these vessels were re-equipped only after 8-11 years in Germany, which required significant costs for each vessel.
2. Typespassengercourts
Passenger ships are divided into several types.
· Oceanliner- the type of ship that follows a given route and delivers passengers from one part of the world to another. This type of vessel was very popular in the last century, in particular for crossing the Atlantic. Now ocean liners have grown into modern cruise ships.
· cruisingliner- as a rule, makes international flights and carries passengers from one group tourist program, that is, according to the schedule, calling at one or more ports. Modern cruise liners combine a fast ocean liner with the luxury of a tourist hotel.
· Rivercruiseliners travel through the internal waters of one state with stops at the ports provided. River liners are much smaller than ocean liners, carrying up to 240 passengers.
· cruisingferry- a type of vessel that combines the functions of a cruise liner and a ferry.
3. Riverpassengercourt

All river vessels can be divided into two broad categories:

1. Ships equipped with an engine, that is, self-propelled. This includes motor ships, steamships, boats, motor boats, etc.

2. Vessels without an engine, that is, not self-propelled. These are, first of all, cargo barges, as well as pontoons and other structures.

The main type of self-propelled vessel is a bulk carrier. Bulk carriers carry cargo in a hold located inside the ship's hull. As the name implies, dry cargo ships carry cargo that is not desirable to be exposed to moisture, so dry cargo ships are equipped with special hatches.

Among dry cargo ships, there are three types of ships:

1. Ro-ro (ro-ro). This ship is equipped with vertical loading, it transports cars and other equipment.

2. Cars can enter the ship under their own power through folding bow ramps.

3. Bulk carrier. This type of vessel is intended for the carriage of bulk, bulk, non-packaged (and sometimes liquid) cargo. For example, if the cargo is river sand with delivery, then most likely it will be delivered on a bulk carrier.

4. Bulk bulk carrier. Such bulk carriers carry various types of liquid cargo, such as oil, ammonia, liquid fuel, etc.

If we talk about non-self-propelled ships, then the leader here is a cargo barge. There are several types of barges:

Bilge (closed and open), *

· Areas for transportation in bulk,

· Awning,

self-loading,

・ Car carriers

· Cement trucks,

and others. However, all these types are dry-cargo barges, there are also tanker barges.

Advantages of river transport

1. River transportation of goods has a fairly low cost, and this is a big plus for customers. Low cost is possible due to the low speed of transportation and the presence of currents on the rivers.

2. No need to build and, accordingly, repair transport routes, as is done for auto and rail transport.

Disadvantages of river transportation

1. Paradoxically, what provides the main advantage is the main disadvantage. We are talking about the low speed of river vessels and, accordingly, long delivery times.

2. Relatively weak opportunities in terms of traffic volumes.

3. Pronounced seasonality of transportation associated with short navigation. In other words, in winter the rivers freeze and ships are laid up.

4. Different depth and width of rivers in different places and sizes of vessels impose additional restrictions on transportation.

4. Marinepassengercourtfuture

Long gone are the days when ocean and sea vessels were the only mode of transport that allowed the transport of goods and passengers between separated oceans, countries and continents. However, in the near future, the role of sea vessels may once again become indispensable.

New types of engines will allow the ships of the future to achieve speeds approaching those of airliners while providing passengers with comfort and safety.

Based on today's designers' designs, the maritime passenger ships of the future will be embodied in high-speed passenger-and-freight ferries, as well as real floating cities that will accommodate more than 6,000 passengers on board. Sea travelers on such liners can use the services of supermarkets, ice rinks and even water parks with sandy beaches. Sailing yachts will remain very popular among sports and outdoor enthusiasts in the future. Unlike sea passenger ships of the future, next-generation yachts will be equipped with more advanced computer-controlled sail and navigation systems. As a result, these small sailing ships will become more maneuverable and safer.

After 2030, so-called magnetohydrodynamic engines based on an MHD generator may be widely used in shipbuilding. The generator circuit includes superconductors cooled by liquid helium. A marine engine generates propulsion through the magnetohydrodynamic effect by applying a magnetic field to an electrically conductive fluid. The working fluid for the ship's MHD generator is sea water.

Conclusion

Transport ships are used to transport goods and passengers. Passenger ships. This type of ships is divided into regular, cruise and local messages. Scheduled ships serve scheduled passenger lines between certain ports. The largest and fastest cruise ships are called liners.

Cruise ships, which have become particularly widespread in recent years, are designed for tourist travel and passenger recreation. They do not have a permanent line and make flights between ports that are rich in historical monuments, with long stops in picturesque places.

Local ships are used to transport passengers in coastal areas and resort areas. For these purposes, hydrofoils and passenger boats have found wide application.

Listusedliterature

1. http://seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/passazhirskie-suda.html

2. http://thought.ucoz.ua/news/morskie_passazhirskie_suda_budushhego

3. http://river-forum.ru/faq.php?faq=sprav_rech

4. http://www.infoflotforum.ru/topic/6415-morskie-passazhirskie-suda/

5. http://www.seaships.ru/passanger.htm

6. http://seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/passazhirskie-suda.html

7. http://sea-man.org/passazhirskie-suda.html

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Refrigerated vessel (Reefer)

Refrigerated vessels (Reefers)- these are vessels (Fig. 1.2) with an increased speed, designed to transport perishable goods, mainly food, requiring the maintenance of a certain temperature regime in cargo spaces - holds.
The cargo holds are thermally insulated, have special equipment and small hatches, and a refrigeration plant in the ship's refrigeration engine room is used to ensure the temperature regime.

Bulkers

Rice. 1.3 Bulker LONDON SPIRIT (Bulker)

Bulk carriers (Bulkers) are ships (Fig. 1.3), which are adapted to a certain extent for the carriage in bulk of any bulk dry cargo.

Bulk carriers usually do not have a cargo device, and all cargo operations are carried out by port facilities, and cargo holds hatches are made large for full mechanization.

Container Ships

Container Ships- these are vessels (Fig. 1.4) intended for the carriage of goods in international containers and having cellular guide structures in the holds.
Cargo holds are divided by special guides into cells into which containers are loaded, and some of the containers are placed on the upper deck.
Container ships usually do not have a cargo device, and cargo operations are carried out at specially equipped berths - container terminals. Some types of vessels are equipped with a special self-unloading device.

Ro-Ro Ro-Ro ships

Ro-Ro Ro-Ro ships- these are vessels (Fig. 1.5) with a horizontal loading method, used to transport laden trailers (caravans), wheeled vehicles, containers and packages.
Vessels have one large hold and several decks. Cargo operations are carried out at the berth with the help of forklifts and platforms with tractors through the stern or bow ports (gates) of the vessel along special walkways - ramps, and the cargo is moved from deck to deck along internal ramps (a device for entering / exiting equipment) or using special elevators. lifts.

Lighter Ships

Rice. 1.6 Lighter ship

Lighter Ships- these are ships (Fig. 1.6), where non-self-propelled barges are used as cargo units - lighters, which are loaded onto a ship in the port from the water, and unloaded, respectively, onto the water.

Passenger Ships

Passenger Ships- these are vessels (Fig. 1.7) designed to carry more than 12 passengers. They are divided into scheduled, cruise and local traffic vessels.
A distinctive feature is their high comfort and speed, as well as increased safety standards for passengers and the entire vessel as a whole.

Fishing vessels

Fishing vessel- any vessel (Figure 1.8) used for fishing or for fishing and primary processing of the catch (fish and other living resources of the sea). Fishing vessels include seiners, trawlers, longliners and others, differing in purpose, dimensions, type of fishing device and fish processing equipment, method of storing the catch.

Timber trucks

Timber carrying vessel- a dry-cargo vessel intended for the carriage of deck timber cargo (Fig. 1.9). When transporting timber for the full loading of the vessel, a significant part of the cargo is taken to the upper deck (caravan). The deck on timber carriers is fenced with a high-strength bulwark and equipped with special devices for attaching the caravan: wooden or metal walls installed along the sides of the vessel, and transverse lashings.

Sailing ships

Rice. 1.10. Sailing ships - barque Sedov

Sailing vessel- a ship (Fig. 1.10), for the movement of which wind energy is used, which is converted using sails. Sailing ships differ in the number of masts and the type of sailing equipment.

Service and auxiliary vessels

Service and auxiliary vessels- ships (Fig. 1.11) for the logistics of the fleet and services organizing their operation. These include icebreakers, towing, rescue, diving, patrol, pilot boats, bunkering boats, etc.

Tankers

Tankers are tankers designed for bulk transportation in special cargo spaces - tanks (tanks) of liquid cargo. All cargo operations on tankers are carried out by a special cargo system, which consists of pumps and pipelines laid along the upper deck and in cargo tanks. Depending on the type of cargo carried, tankers are divided into:

Rice. 1.12. Oil tanker PAPILLON (Oil tanker)

1. tankers (Tankers) are tankers designed for bulk transportation in special cargo spaces - tanks (tanks) of liquid cargo, mainly oil products (Fig. 1.12);

2. LPG carriers (Liquefied Gas Tankers) are tankers designed for the transportation of natural and petroleum gases in liquid state under pressure and (or) at low temperature, in specially designed cargo tanks of various types. Some types of ships have a refrigerated compartment (Fig. 1.13);

3. Chemical tankers are tankers designed for the transportation of liquid chemical cargo, the cargo system and tanks are made of special stainless steel or coated with special acid-resistant materials (Fig. 1.14).

Ship hull structure

Hull design(Fig. 1.15) is determined by the purpose of the ship and is characterized by the size, shape and material of the parts and parts of the hull, their relative position, connection methods.

The ship's hull is a complex engineering structure, which is constantly subjected to deformation during operation, especially when sailing in waves.
When the wave top passes through the middle of the ship, the hull experiences tension, while the bow and stern ends simultaneously hit the wave crests, the hull experiences compression. There is a deformation of the general bend, as a result of which the vessel may break (Fig. 1.16). The ability of a vessel to resist general bending is called overall longitudinal strength.

External forces, acting directly on the individual elements of the ship's hull, cause their local deformation. Therefore, the ship's hull must also have local strength. In addition, the ship's hull must be watertight, which is ensured by the outer skin and upper deck plating, which are attached to the beams that form the set of the ship's hull ("skeleton" of the ship).

The set system is determined by the direction of most of the beams and is transverse, longitudinal and combined.

At transverse system a set of beams of the main direction will be: in deck ceilings - beams, in side - frames, in the bottom - flora. Such a framing system is used on relatively short vessels (up to 120 meters in length) and is most advantageous on icebreakers and ice-going vessels, as it provides high hull resistance during transverse compression of the hull by ice. Midship frame - a frame located in the middle of the estimated length of the vessel.

At longitudinal system set in all floors in the middle part of the hull length, the beams of the main direction are located along the vessel. The ends of the vessel are recruited according to the transverse dialing system, because. at the extremities, the longitudinal system is not effective.
The beams of the main direction in the middle bottom, side and deck ceilings are, respectively, the bottom, side and below-deck longitudinal stiffeners: stringers, carlings, keel.
Cross-links are floors, frames and beams. The use of a longitudinal system in the middle part of the length of the vessel allows for high longitudinal strength. Therefore, this system is used on long ships experiencing a large bending moment.

At combined system deck and bottom ceilings in the middle part of the hull length are assembled according to the longitudinal framing system, and side ceilings in the middle part and all ceilings at the ends - according to the transverse framing system. Such a combination of flooring systems makes it possible to more rationally solve the issues of the overall longitudinal and local strength of the hull, as well as to ensure good stability of the deck and bottom sheets during their compression.
The combined dialing system is used on large-capacity dry-cargo ships and tankers. The mixed framing system of the vessel is characterized by approximately the same distances between the longitudinal and transverse beams. In the bow and stern parts, the set is fixed on the stem and stern that close the hull.

Dictionary of marine terms

Autonomy of navigation- the duration of the ship's stay on the voyage without replenishment of fuel, provisions and fresh water, necessary for the life and normal activities of the people (crew and passengers) on the ship.

Afterpeak - the extreme aft compartment of the vessel, occupies the space from the leading edge of the sternpost to the first aft watertight bulkhead from it. It is used as a ballast tank to eliminate the ship's trim and store water.

Ramp - (ramp) a composite platform designed for the entry of various types of vehicles on their own or with the help of special tractors from the shore to one of the decks of the ship and exit back.

Asterpost - the lower aft part of the vessel in the form of an open or closed frame, which serves as a continuation of the keel. The front branch of the sternpost, in which there is a hole for the stern tube (sternwood) pipe, is called the star post, the rear branch, which serves to hang the rudder, is called the rudder post. On modern single-screw ships, a sternpost without a rudder post has become widespread.

Tank - a superstructure in the bow of the vessel, starting from the stem. It serves to protect the upper deck from flooding in the oncoming wave, as well as to increase the margin of buoyancy and accommodate office space (painting, skipper's, carpentry, etc.). A tank partially recessed into the ship's hull (usually half the height) is called a forecastle. Anchor and mooring devices are usually located on the tank deck or inside it.

Ballast - cargo taken on board the ship to ensure the required landing and stability when the payload and stores are not enough for this. Distinguish between variable and permanent ballast. Water (liquid ballast) is usually used as a variable ballast, and cast iron ingots, a mixture of cement with cast iron shot, less often chains, stone, etc., are used as a permanent ballast.

Baller - a rudder shaft fixedly connected to the rudder blade (nozzle), which serves to turn the rudder blade (nozzle).

Beams - a beam of the transverse set of the vessel, mainly of a T-profile, supporting the deck (platform) flooring. Beams of continuous sections of the deck rest with their ends on the frames, in the span - on the carlings and longitudinal bulkheads, in the hatch area - on the side frames and longitudinal hatch coamings (such beams are often called half-beams).

Board - the side wall of the ship's hull, extending in length from the stem to the sternpost, and in height from the bottom to the upper deck. The side plating consists of sheets oriented along the vessel, forming belts, and a set of frames and longitudinal stiffeners or side stringers. The height of the impenetrable freeboard determines the buoyancy margin.

Bracket - a rectangular or more complex plate that serves to reinforce the beams of the ship's set or connect them to each other. The bracket is made from the body material.

Breshtuk - a horizontal triangular or trapezoidal bracket that connects the side walls of the stem (sternpost) and gives it the necessary strength and rigidity.

The windlass is a winch-type deck mechanism with a horizontal shaft, designed to lift the anchor and tension the cables during mooring.

Buoy - a floating sign of the navigation situation, designed to protect dangerous places (shoals, reefs, banks, etc.) in the seas, straits, channels, ports.

Bridel - an anchor chain, attached by the root end to a dead anchor on the ground, and by the running end - to the raid mooring barrel.

Bulb - a thickening of the underwater part of the bow of the vessel, usually round or teardrop-shaped, which serves to improve propulsion.

Shafting - designed to transmit torque (power) from the main engine to the propeller. The main elements of the shafting are: propeller shaft, intermediate shafts, main thrust bearing, thrust bearings, stern gear.

Waterways - a special channel along the edge of the deck, which serves to drain water.

Waterline - a line drawn on board a vessel, which shows its draft with a full load at the point of contact of the water surface with the hull of a floating vessel.

Swivel - a device for connecting two parts of the anchor chain, allowing one of them to rotate around its axis. It is used to prevent twisting of the anchor chain when turning the anchored vessel when the wind direction changes.

Light displacement- displacement of the ship without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast, fresh, boiler water in tanks, provisions, consumables, as well as without passengers, crew and their belongings.

Hook - a steel hook used on ships for lifting cargo with cranes, arrows and other devices.

Helmport - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or in the stern of the vessel for the passage of the rudder stock. Above the helm port, a helm port pipe is usually installed, which ensures the impermeability of the passage of the stock to the steering gear.

Cargo capacity- the total volume of all cargo spaces. Cargo capacity is measured in m3.

Gross tonnage, measured in register tons (1 registered t = 2.83 m3), represents the total volume of the hull and closed superstructures, with the exception of the volumes of the double bottom compartments, ballast water tanks, as well as the volumes of some service spaces and posts located on the upper deck and above (wheelhouse and chart house, galley, crew bathrooms, skylights, shafts, auxiliary machinery rooms, etc.)..
Net tonnage is obtained as a result of subtracting from the gross tonnage the volumes of spaces unsuitable for the carriage of commercial cargo, passengers and stores, including accommodation, public and sanitary crew quarters, spaces occupied by deck machinery and navigational instruments, engine room, etc. In other words, net tonnage includes only premises that bring direct income to the shipowner.

load capacity- the weight of various types of cargo that the ship can carry, provided that the design landing is maintained. There is net tonnage and deadweight.

load capacity is the net gross weight of the payload carried by the vessel, i.e. the mass of cargo in the holds and the mass of passengers with luggage and fresh water and provisions intended for them, the mass of fish caught, etc., when loading the vessel according to the design draft.

cruising range- the greatest distance that the ship can travel at a given speed without replenishing fuel, boiler feed water and lubricating oil.

Deadweight - the difference between the ship's displacement at the load waterline, corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard in water with a density of 1.025 t/m3, and the empty displacement.

Stern tube- serves to support the propeller shaft and ensure water tightness at the point where it exits the hull.

Trim - the inclination of the vessel in the longitudinal plane. The trim characterizes the landing of the vessel and is measured by the difference between its draft (recesses) stern and bow. Trim is considered positive when the forward draft is greater than the stern draft, and negative when the stern draft is greater than the bow draft.

Kabeltov - a tenth of a mile. Therefore, the value of the cable is 185.2 meters.

Carlings - a longitudinal underdeck beam of a vessel that supports the beams and, together with the rest of the set of deck slabs, provides its strength under the action of a transverse load and stability during the general bending of the vessel. Carlings are supported by hull transverse bulkheads, hatch transverse coamings and pillers.

Rolling - oscillatory movements near the equilibrium position, made by a vessel freely floating on the surface of the water. Distinguish side, keel and vertical pitching. The swing period is the duration of one complete oscillation.

Kingston - an outboard valve on the underwater part of the ship's outer plating. Through the kingston, connected to the inlet or outlet pipes of the ship's systems (ballast, fire, etc.), the ship's compartments are filled with sea water and the water is poured overboard.

Keel - the main longitudinal bottom beam in the diametrical plane (DP) of the vessel, going from the stem to the stern.

Keys - a hole in the hull of the vessel, bordered by a cast-iron or steel cast frame for passing the anchor chain or mooring cables.

Knecht - a pair of bollards with a common base on the deck of the vessel, which serves to secure the mooring or towing cable imposed by eights.

Coaming - vertical waterproof fencing of hatches and other cutouts in the deck of the vessel, as well as the lower part of the bulkhead under the door cutout (threshold). Protects the premises under the hatch and behind the door from water ingress in the open position.

Knitsa - a triangular or trapezoidal plate connecting the beams of the ship's hull set converging at an angle (frames with beams and floors, bulkhead racks with stringers and stiffeners, etc.)

Cofferdam - a narrow impenetrable compartment separating adjacent rooms on a ship. Cofferdam prevents the penetration of gases emitted by oil products from one room to another. For example, on tankers, cargo tanks are separated by a cofferdam from the bow rooms and the engine room. Leer fencing of the open deck in the form of several stretched cables or metal bars.

Lyalo - a recess along the length of the hold (compartment) of the vessel between the bilge belt of the outer plating and the inclined double-bottom sheet (zygomatic stringer), designed to collect bilge water and then remove it using a drainage system.

A nautical mile is a unit of length equal to one arc minute of a meridian. The length of a nautical mile is assumed to be 1852 meters.

Payol - wooden flooring on the deck of the hold.

Gunwale - a bar made of steel or wood, attached to the upper edge of the bulwark.

Ceiling - sewing the ceiling of the residential and many service rooms of the vessel, i.e. undersides of the deck. It is made of thin metal sheets, or non-combustible plastic.

Pillers - a single vertical post that supports the deck of the vessel; can also serve as a support for heavy deck machinery and cargo. The ends of the pillers are connected to the beams of the set with the help of knots.

Spars - a set of above-deck structures and parts of ship equipment designed on ships with mechanical engines to place ship lights, communications, surveillance and signaling equipment, fastening and maintaining cargo devices (masts, booms, etc.), and on sailing ships - for setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, topmasts, yardarms, booms, gaffs, bowsprits, etc.)

Steering gear- a ship device that ensures the agility and stability of the vessel on the course. Includes rudder, tiller, steering gear and helm station. The force created by the steering machine is transmitted to the tiller, which causes the stock to rotate, and with it the rudder shift.

Rybinsy - longitudinal wooden slats, 40-50 mm thick and 100-120 mm wide, are installed in special brackets welded to the frames. Designed to protect the cargo from soaking and damage to the package by the side kit. The cheekbone is the place of transition from the bottom to the side of the vessel.

Stringer - a longitudinal element of the ship's hull set in the form of a sheet or T-beam, the wall of which is perpendicular to the hull plating. There are bottom, zygomatic, side and deck stringers.

Lanyard - a device for pulling standing rigging and lashings.

Twin deck - the space inside the ship's hull between 2 decks or between the deck and the platform.

Bulwark - fencing of the open deck in the form of a solid wall with a height of at least 1 m.

Panel - a sheet of plywood or plastic door covering the hole in the ship's door, intended for emergency exit from the premises.

Floor - a steel sheet, the lower edge of which is welded to the bottom plating, and a steel strip is welded to the upper edge. Floors go from side to side, where they are connected to the frames with cheekbones.

Forepeak - the extreme bow compartment of the vessel, extending from the stem to the ram (forepeak) bulkhead, usually serves as a ballast tank. The stem is a beam along the contour of the bow sharpening of the vessel, connecting the skin and a set of starboard and port sides. In the lower part, the stem is connected to the keel. The stem is tilted to the vertical to increase seaworthiness and prevent the destruction of the underwater part of the hull upon impact.

Mooring line - a cable, usually with a fire at the end, designed to pull up and hold the vessel at the berth or at the side of another vessel. As mooring lines, steel, as well as vegetable and synthetic cables made of strong, flexible and wear-resistant fibers are used.

Spacing - the distance between adjacent beams of the ship's hull set. Cross spacing - the distance between the main frames, longitudinal spacing - between the longitudinal beams.

Scupper - a hole in the deck to remove water.

This category does not include cargo ships, which are capable of carrying a limited number of passengers, but most passenger ships are capable of carrying additional mail as well as various cargoes.

Despite the fact that passenger ships belong to the civilian fleet, they can be used for military purposes as troop transports, hospital ships. Fast passenger liners were also used as auxiliary cruisers until the middle of World War II.

An ocean liner is a traditional type of passenger ship. However, with the development of aviation, this type of transport has become unnecessary.

On the other hand, cruise ships have become popular for passengers participating in a group tourist program for the purpose of short-term tourist visits according to the schedule of one or more ports open to foreign ships.

Ferries also continue to be actively operated, making regular flights between several ports. In addition to passengers, ferries can carry goods and vehicles (both cars and trucks).



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An excerpt characterizing the Passenger ship

When he woke up in a cold sweat, stirred on the sofa, Natasha went up to him and asked what was wrong with him. He did not answer her and, not understanding her, looked at her with a strange look.
This was what happened to him two days before Princess Mary's arrival. From that very day, as the doctor said, the debilitating fever took on a bad character, but Natasha was not interested in what the doctor said: she saw these terrible, more undoubted, moral signs for her.
From that day on, for Prince Andrei, along with the awakening from sleep, the awakening from life began. And in relation to the duration of life, it did not seem to him more slowly than awakening from sleep in relation to the duration of a dream.

There was nothing terrible and sharp in this relatively slow awakening.
His last days and hours passed in an ordinary and simple way. And Princess Marya and Natasha, who did not leave him, felt it. They did not cry, did not shudder, and lately, feeling it themselves, they no longer followed him (he was no longer there, he left them), but for the closest memory of him - for his body. The feelings of both were so strong that they were not affected by the outer, terrible side of death, and they did not find it necessary to exasperate their grief. They did not cry either with him or without him, but they never talked about him among themselves. They felt that they could not put into words what they understood.
They both saw him sinking deeper and deeper, slowly and calmly, away from them somewhere, and both knew that this was how it should be and that it was good.

The main feature of the domestic classification of ships is its purpose. All civil vessels, depending on their purpose, are divided into transport, fishing, service and auxiliary and technical fleet vessels.

TRANSPORT VESSELS

Transport ships form the main core of the sea and river fleet. They are intended for the transportation of various cargoes and passengers and are divided into cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special transport vessels.

types of cargo ships

Cargo ships are divided into two main classes - dry cargo and tankers, which, in turn, include ships of various types and purposes.

TYPES OF DRY CARGO VESSELS

The class of dry cargo ships includes dry cargo ships of general purpose and specialized ships - for the carriage of certain cargoes.

DRY CARGO VESSELS General purpose ships are designed for the carriage of general cargo and are the most common type of ships.

Dry cargo ships () have spacious cargo holds occupying the main part of the hull, and usually two decks (small ships are single-deck, large ones are two- and three-deck). The engine room, as a rule, with a diesel installation, is located in the stern or shifted forward by one or two cargo holds. Each hold has a cargo hatch (sometimes two), closed with metal closures with a mechanized drive. Cranes or booms with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons are used as cargo vehicles; for heavy loads, cargo booms with a lifting capacity of 30 to 200 tons are used. Many modern dry cargo ships are equipped with one refrigerated hold for the transport of perishable goods and a deep tank for the transport of liquid edible oils. River dry cargo ships, regardless of their size, usually have only one cargo hold - for the convenience of loading and unloading.

TO FOR SPECIALIZED DRY CARGO VESSELS include refrigerated, container, trailer ships, ships for the transport of bulk cargo, timber carriers, ships for the transport of vehicles, livestock, etc.

REFRIGERATED SHIPS are intended for transportation of perishable products (fish, meat, fruits). Their cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that provide cooling of the holds. Depending on the type of cargo being transported, the temperature in the holds is maintained from +5 to -25°C.

Some refrigerators have powerful refrigeration units that not only maintain the set temperature, but also quickly freeze the cargo. Such vessels are called production and transport refrigerators. Vessels intended for the transport of fruit (banana carriers) have enhanced hold ventilation.

The carrying capacity of refrigerated ships reaches 8000-12000 tons. The speed is slightly higher than that of general dry cargo ships, as perishable goods require fast delivery to their destination.

CONTAINER VESSELS() are intended for the transportation of goods pre-packed in special heavy containers, the weight of which with cargo is 10-20 tons. The carrying capacity of container ships is from 8,000 to 20,000 tons, the speed is 30 knots.

Due to the fact that not piece cargo of various sizes and weights is placed in the cargo holds, but standard containers, loading and unloading operations on container ships are carried out 10 times faster than on conventional dry cargo ships.

Container ships are distinguished by a large deck opening above the cargo holds, which eliminates such a laborious operation as the horizontal movement of cargo in the hold. Rolling gantry cranes with a lifting capacity of 20-25 tons are usually used as cargo vehicles on container ships (feeder container ships). On some container ships serving a permanent line, there is no cargo device at all. In these cases, cargo operations are performed by terminal means - portal cranes.

A variety of container ships are ships for the transport of floating container barges, called. Such barges with a carrying capacity of 250-300 tons are unloaded from the ship directly onto the water, after which they are towed to the consignee's berth. Due to the fact that container transportation, which is especially beneficial for mixed traffic (railway - car - ship), allows you to deliver cargo from the sender to the recipient at minimal cost when reloading from one mode of transport to another and at the same time ensure good safety of the cargo. Container ships have been widely developed in recent years and are the most promising type of dry cargo vessel.

TRAILER VESSELS are used to transport goods in the so-called trailer trailers (). Cargo placed in wheeled trailers can be loaded (or unloaded) by wheeling or rolling trailers on and off the ship in a very short time - in a few hours instead of several days on a conventional dry cargo ship. The carrying capacity of trailer ships is from 1000 to 10000 tons, the speed is 20-26 knots. Like container ships, trailer ships have recently become widespread. Some newer ships of this type are being adapted to carry trailers (in the holds) and containers (on the upper deck) at the same time. Such vessels are called piggyback.

BULK CARGO SHIPS intended for the transportation of ore, ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, building materials, grain, etc. These cargoes account for about 70% of all dry cargo transported by sea, so the number of vessels for the transport of bulk cargo is growing rapidly and is already more than 20% of tonnage of the entire world sea transport fleet.

Bulk cargo ships () are divided into ore carriers, ships carrying the heaviest cargo, ships for light cargo and universal. Some of these vessels may have a dual purpose, for example, they carry bulk cargo in one direction, and cars in the opposite direction, or ore there and oil (oil and ore carriers) in the opposite direction.

Vessels of this type are single-deck, with an engine room and a superstructure located in the stern. They differ from other dry cargo ships in their large carrying capacity up to 150,000 tons and relatively low speed of about 14-16 knots.

Cargo holds, as a rule, have sloping walls in the lower and upper parts, which ensure self-distribution of cargo (self-stitching) both in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The tanks located between these walls and the side are designed to receive ballast water, the amount of which is usually much larger than on general dry cargo ships. Some ships have longitudinal bulkheads in the cargo holds, which reduce the heel when the cargo is shifted on board, and the second bottom has a thickened flooring and reinforcements that allow cargo operations to be carried out with a grab.

The vast majority of bulk cargo ships do not have cargo facilities and are loaded and unloaded by port facilities; on the rest, either rotary or reeling gantry cranes are used. Some ships are equipped with belt conveyors that allow automatic unloading of cargo from the hold (self-unloading ships).

TIMBER CARRIERS are intended for transportation of timber cargo - roundwood and lumber. Timber carriers differ from general-purpose dry-cargo vessels in lower speed (13-15 knots), in the presence - regardless of the size of the vessel, of only one deck and reinforced ice reinforcements, allowing them to enter the ports of the Polar Basin, from where, basically, they take out the timber.

The reinforced upper deck and hatch covers provide for the transportation of a significant amount of cargo (about a third) on the open deck. Timber carriers usually take water 6 allast (about 10 percent of carrying capacity) to ensure stability even when fully loaded, so they have large-capacity ballast compartments.

Ballastless timber carriers also exist, but when traveling without timber, they experience gusty pitching, which is undesirable. Recently, timber is being transported in packages. This method of transportation makes it possible to more than halve the parking space for cargo operations. Timber-packet carriers have large hatches and high-performance cargo devices (slewing or rolling gantry cranes, boom cranes).

TYPES OF TANKERS

The type of tankers is divided into: tankers for the transportation of crude oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), ships for the transportation of liquefied gases (gas carriers), chemicals (acid, molten sulfur, etc.) - chemical carriers, as well as other liquid cargo (aquarians, wine carriers, cement carriers).

TANKERS

Tankers are one of the most common types of transport vessels, accounting for about 40% of the world's tonnage of the transport fleet.

It is a single-deck vessel with an aft engine room and superstructure. The cargo part of the tanker is divided by transverse and one, two or three longitudinal bulkheads into cargo compartments, called cargo tanks. Part of the tanks is taken away for water ballast, which the tanker always takes on the return voyage.

The cargo part in the bow and in the stern is separated from the neighboring rooms by narrow dry compartments impervious to oil and gases called rubber dams.

A pump room with cargo pumps for unloading the vessel from oil is located forward of the engine room. For communication between the aft superstructure and the forecastle deck, on which the anchor-mooring device is located, a transitional bridge is equipped. Some large tankers are built without a walkway, which is replaced by a walkway along the upper deck, and the electrical lines that are usually laid along the walkway are pulled in metal pipes in this case.

Tankers, which are especially dangerous in terms of fire, are equipped with reliable fire-fighting systems.

The carrying capacity of tankers varies greatly from 1,000 tons for distribution tankers to 400,000 tons for giant supertankers, which are the largest ships in the world. The dimensions of tankers depend on their carrying capacity. River tankers have a carrying capacity of 150 to 5000 tons and a speed of 10-20 km/h. The carrying capacity of river tanker barges reaches 12,000 tons.

GAS CARRIERS

LNG carriers are designed for transportation of liquefied natural and petroleum products, i.e. gases released during oil production - methane, propane, butane, ammonia. These gases, which are an excellent fuel and valuable raw material for the chemical industry, are transported in a liquefied state, in a cooled state (in insulated tanks) or under pressure.

Unlike tankers, whose cargo tanks form structural elements of the hull, gas carriers have independent cargo tanks - cylindrical (vertical or horizontal), spherical or rectangular. Gas carriers intended for transportation of liquefied natural gas methane, which is transported in a chilled state (up to -161.5 ° C), have only rectangular tanks with reliable insulation.

To perform cargo operations, they are equipped with a cargo system consisting of pumps, compressors, pipelines and an intermediate tank. Since it is forbidden to take water ballast into cargo tanks, gas carriers are equipped with ballast tanks (in a double bottom or along the sides).

Transportation of liquefied gases is associated with increased explosiveness of the cargo. In order to avoid the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures, gas carriers are provided with reliable ventilation and compressor compartments located in the nose, and an alarm system about the formation of hazardous gas concentrations. The carbon dioxide system is usually used to extinguish fires.

At present, a class of combined ships is rapidly developing, that is, ships adapted for the carriage of several specific types of cargo, which is very beneficial for oncoming shipping, as it excludes empty ballast runs. This class of cargo ships includes oil ore carriers, cotton timber carriers, and the like.

types of passenger and cargo-passenger ships

The class of passenger ships includes ships intended for the carriage of passengers. Sometimes passenger cabins are also provided on ordinary cargo ships, but a passenger ship is considered if it takes on board more than 12 passengers. If on such a ship the accepted cargo is more than 40 percent of the total carrying capacity, then the ship is called a cargo-passenger ship.

According to their purpose, they are divided into ships for servicing regular lines, ships for tourist travel, ships for mass transportation of people and ships for local traffic.

types of vessels for servicing regular passenger lines

These are passenger ships that make flights between given ports according to a certain schedule. Of particular interest here are transoceanic passenger liners designed for 2,000-3,000 passengers with a displacement of up to 100,000 tons and a speed of 30 knots.

boats for tourist travel

Passenger ships for tourist trips (cruises), which have become especially widespread recently, have more moderate speeds (18-22 knots) and are large.

River passenger ships serving regular lines or used for accommodation of up to 600 passengers on board and have a speed of about 27 km / h.

On modern ocean passenger ships, all passengers are provided with one-, two-, three-, four-bed cabins or penthouses with all amenities. For recreation and entertainment of passengers, there are lounges, games rooms, gyms, swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, theme clubs and more.

A distinctive feature of large passenger ships is the presence of several decks and platforms in the hull, and a multi-tiered developed superstructure. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of navigation - life-saving equipment, fire-fighting measures, ensuring unsinkability. Almost all passenger ships are equipped with stabilizers.

vessels for local communications

Ships for local communications include both small passenger ships and boats, and large ships designed for 500-600 passengers. At present, they are widely used with a speed of up to 40 knots, designed for 600 passengers, as well as passenger hovercraft.

types of special transport vessels

The class of special transport vessels includes various ferries, transport vessels and pusher tugs.

SEA FERRY There are railway, railway-automobile, automobile-passenger and passenger. They serve for the transportation of railway cars, cars, as well as passengers on ferry crossings that connect overland road arteries. In addition, car-passenger ferries are widely used - for sea travel.

RAIL FERRY have one cargo deck, and car ferries have one or two. But since the loading of cars onto the deck is usually carried out from the shore at the level of one of the decks, an elevator or ramps are used to transfer them to another deck.

On railway ferries, entry to the cargo deck is carried out from the stern, on automobile ferries - from the stern, from the bow or side. Entrance openings (lap ports) are closed with hinged covers. On some car ferries, a part of the hull structure, the so-called folding nose, leans back in the bow. Passenger premises, including seating and sleeping places, depending on the duration of the flight, as well as lounges, bars, restaurants on ferry ships, are located in the superstructure. Ferries usually have two control stations (in the bow and stern), stabilizers and thrusters to ensure good maneuverability when mooring.

The carrying capacity of modern ferries ranges from 200 to 60,000 tons. Average CAR AND PASSENGER FERRY accommodates about 200 cars and 1000 passengers, railway - up to 50 wagons.

TRANSPORT TOW AND PUSH TOW serve as a vehicle for self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels, mainly on inland waterways, where goods are transported on barges, lighters, sectional trains, etc.

Unlike transport tugs pusher tugs carry out the movement of non-self-propelled vessels by pushing and towing.

ship types:

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Long gone are the days when ocean transport was the only mode of transport that allowed the transport of goods and passengers between countries and continents separated by oceans. However, in the near future, the role of sea vessels may once again become indispensable.

New types of engines will allow speeds approaching those of airliners, while providing passengers with comfort and safety.

Based on today's projects of designers, marine passenger ships of the future will be embodied in high-speed passenger-and-freight ferries, as well as real floating cities that will accommodate more than 6,000 passengers on board. Sea travelers on such super liners can use the services of supermarkets, ice rinks and even water parks with sandy beaches.

Sailing yachts will remain very popular among sports and outdoor enthusiasts in the future. Unlike sea passenger ships of the future, the next generation will be equipped with more advanced computer-controlled sail and navigation systems. As a result, these small sailing ships will become more maneuverable and safer.

magnetohydrodynamic engines

In the harbor of the Japanese city of Kobe is " 1 ", built in the early 1990s by the company" Mitsubishi Heavy Industries". This vessel is equipped with a magnetohydrodynamic engine. In June 1992, the ship Yamato 1» successfully conducted sea trials, however, the complexity and high cost of the design currently hinders the development of this technology.

This one is interesting in that it does not require much space, does not contain moving parts and is almost silent. This reliable, high-speed engine will give you the ability to create ultra-fast maritime passenger ships for the transport of passengers.

ekranoplane ships

After 2020, speeds on sea and ocean routes will increase significantly due to the widespread use of hovercraft. These ships will look more like airplanes than regular ships. The lifting force arising under the huge wings will allow you to soar at a low altitude above the surface of the water and develop a speed unthinkable for today's sea liners - 450 kilometers per hour! At the same time, hovercraft will consume much less fuel than today's ships. The designed vessels of this type will be able to transport a sufficient amount of payload and about 1,000 passengers across the ocean.