The Neva River in the modern period. See what the "Neva River" is in other dictionaries

Pavlovo, them. Sverdlov. In Len. region a car was built on N. Ladoga bridge near the village. Maryino on the highway "Kola", Kuzminsky railway. bridge near the town of Pavlovo. In 1323, the Oreshek fortress arose on the island at the mouth of the N. (see Shlisselburg fortress). St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 in the N. Delta. Nevsky forest park is located in the area of ​​the bend of the Krivoe knee. During the Great Patriotic War (1941-44) N. from the source to Kolpino became the front line; in memory of this, many are installed on its banks. monuments and memorials. Among them are the museum complexes "Nevsky Piglet", "Breakthrough of the Siege of Leningrad", memorials "Hill of Glory", "Nevsky Piglet", "Ivanovsky Piglet", "Nevsky Threshold", "Breakthrough". The toponym "Neva" has acquired a symbolic meaning for the region, it is found in the name. enterprises, cultural institutions, etc. (for example: Bodegas Valdepablo-Neva CJSC; Nevskaya Poultry Farm CJSC; Nevskaya Zarya gas company).
Lit .: Ruzov V.Ya. Neva. Guide. L.; M., 1940; Evgeniev G.Ya. On the rivers and lakes of the Leningrad region. L., 1962; Nezhikhovskiy R.A. Neva River. L., 1973; He is. Neva River and Neva Bay. L., 1981; He is. Questions of the hydrology of the Neva River and the Neva Bay. L., 1988.
A.Yu. Chistyakov

NEVA, re-ka in Russia, in the Le-ning-grad region. Length - 74 km, pl. bass-sey-on (including teas in-before-collecting La-doge-sko-go and Onega lakes) 281 thousand km 2 , so-st-ve-no N. 5000 km 2 .

The Neva River in St. Petersburg. Photo by D. V. Solovyov

You-te-ka-etfrom the gu-by Pet-rock-re-post (Schlis-sel-burg-skoy) La-doge-sko-go lake, pro-te-ka-et along the Neva low-men-no-sti , falls into the Neva Gu-boo of the Finnish Hall. Bal-tiy-sko-th m., ob-ra-zuya del-tu. Shi-ri-na rus-la 400-600 m (greatest 1250 m), depth-by-na on far-va-te-re 8-11 m (greatest 24 m). The speed of flow is 1.0-1.3 m / s, on the Ivanov-sky rivers - 2.5-3.0 m / s. Main when-to-ki - Oh-ta (right), Mga, Izho-ra, Slav-vyan-ka (left). Pi-ta-nie N. in-lu-cha-et from La Doge Lake. Medium-not-many-year-old flow of water near the village. But-in-sa-ra-tov-ka (27 km from za-li-va) ra-ven ras-ho-du water at the mouth and composes 2400 m 3 / s (go-to-howl volume of a hundred 75.7 km 3). The stock of races-pre-de-lyon in those years is very equal-but-measure-but (say-zy-va-et-sya es-te-st-ven-naya for-re-gu- li-ro-van-ness of N. La Doge Lake). The most-bo-lea-lot-of-water-on from ap-re-la to november (at-near-zi-tel-but 76.4% of the year-to-the-th hundred), ma- lo-vod-na in de-kab-re - mar-te. Le-dya-noy cover in del-te us-ta-nav-li-va-et-sya in the 1st de-ca-de de cab-rya. Wed the duration of the le-up to a hundred-va is 110-120 days, the thickness of the ice on cf. 40-45 cm, maxi-mal-naya - up to 70 cm. On N. in the spring, there are two le-do-ho-da - “Neva” (duration of 3-5 days) and “la-rain- sky "(8-12 days). The average-not-many-year-old stock of na-no-owls is 0.622 million tons per year. The waters of the river are strong but for-dirty-not-us.

Mouth region of N. from-no-sit-sya to es-tu-ar-no-del-to-to-mu type-pu. Vers-shi-na del-you on-ho-dit-sya in the place from de-le-ny from the river Ob-vod-no-go ka-na-la (15 km from beyond-li- wa). Pl. del-you 83 km 2, out of some 20 km 2 come to the water surface. In the del-te N. draw-beats for 45 ru-ka-vov and ka-na-lov (Big-shay and Small-laya Ne-va, Big-shay and Small-laya Nev-ka, Font-tan -ka, My-ka, Ob-water canal, etc.). On 42 islands of the del-you (Va-sil-ev-sky, Pet-ro-grad-sky, De-kab-ri-stov, Krestovsky, etc.) wives, St. Petersburg. At the mouth of N., hour-you are driven-but-on-drive-nye-le-ba-niya of the level of water, spreading to Ivan-nov-sky in-ro -gov (45 km from Za-li-va). On-go-we above 3 m you-zy-va-yut ka-ta-st-ro-feature. on-water-non-niya. Krup-ney-shi-mi for the whole history of su-shche-st-in-va-niya S.-Pe-ter-burg-ga would-whether on-water-non-niya in 1777, 1824 ( describe-sa-no A. S. Push-ki-nym in the poem "The Bronze Horseman"), 1924 and 1955. To protect you from the water-not- ny in the Finnish Hall. (through the island of Kot-lin) voz-ve-de-na (2011) dam-ba pro-tya-wife-no-stu ca. 25.4 km. N. su-do-move-on all over the pro-tya-zhe-nii and yav-la-et-sya part of the White-sea-sko-Bal-ty-sko-go and Vol-go-Bal -th-th-th water ways. At the is-it-ka river races-by-lo-women of the city of Shlis-sel-burg.

Lit .: Ne-zhi-hov-sky R. A. Questions about the guides of the river Ne-you and the Neva Bay. L., 1988; Mi-hai-lov V. N. Mouths of the rivers of Russia and co-pre-del countries: past, present and future. M., 1997; Water resources of Russia and their use. SPb., 2008.

DID YOU KNOW? Dictionary of geographical names of the Leningrad region. Lenizdat. 1974

Neva- a wide and full-flowing river connecting Lake Ladoga with the Gulf of Finland.
Usually this name is derived from Finnish. "neva" - moss swamp, suggesting its connection with the mossy, marshy shores of the river delta in the past.
Length of the Neva 74 km. Flowing out of Lake Ladoga, it spills into two branches, forming Orekhov Island (see "Petrokrepost"). Then, having described a concave arc, it flows into the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, forming several dozen islands 1 . Delta Area 51 sq. km. Its branches were named after the Neva: Bolshaya Neva, Malaya Neva, Bolshaya, Srednyaya and Malaya Neva.
The flow of the river is regulated by Lake Ladoga. The river almost does not grow shallow in summer and does not overflow in spring, but under the influence of southwestern and western winds, water is forced into the river from the Gulf of Finland. This causes the water level to rise and sometimes floods.
In the delta of the Neva stands the city of Leningrad.
The water surface of the river gives the city solemnity and grandeur, which is especially emphasized by the granite attire of the embankments and the magnificent bridges thrown across the Neva, inextricably linked with the external appearance of Leningrad. Dividing the city into two parts, the river at the same time unites its unique architectural ensembles into one whole.

1 In 1864, 101 islands in the Neva delta were officially recorded. This number began to be repeated in many literary sources. However, over time, in connection with the backfilling of artificial and natural drains, small islands joined large ones, and in connection with the digging of new channels, new islands were formed. There are currently 42 islands in the Neva Delta.

M. S. Bodnarsky. Dictionary of geographical names. Uchpedgiz. 1954

Neva, a river in the Leningrad region, flows out of Lake Ladoga, flows into the Gulf of Finland. Length 74 km. The main tributaries on the left are Tosna, Izhora, on the right - Okhta. At the confluence with the Gulf of Finland, it is divided into three large branches (Bolshaya Neva, Bolshaya Nevka and Malaya Nevka). The shores are low, therefore, with prolonged westerly winds that drive water from the bay to the mouth, there are floods. There is no spring flood. Available for large ships. It is connected by a system of canals to the Volga and the White Sea. Leningrad is located in the Neva Delta.

Link

• Neva — The river, the source of Lake Ladoga, connects the Gulf of Finland with a vast inland basin, consisting of lakes Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen ...Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. 1890-1907

Source coordinates: Latitude 59°56′59″N (59.94982), Longitude 31°1′37″E (31.026855)
Mouth coordinates(the point where the Bolshaya Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland): Latitude 59°55′2″N (59.917171), Longitude 30°15′23″E (30.256518).
The length of the river is 74 kilometers (with 32 kilometers on the territory of St. Petersburg), the width is from 250 meters to 1.3 kilometers; fresh water, medium turbidity; the height of the source above sea level is 4.29 meters, the slope of the river is 0.058 meters per kilometer; catchment basin area 281,000 sq. km; average discharge (discharge) of water at the mouth - 2500 cubic meters. m per second. In winter, it freezes completely, freezing on average - the first ten days of December, the opening of the ice cover - until April 10 April. Ice thickness is 50 - 60 centimeters in the Leningrad region and 30 - 40 centimeters in the city (St. Petersburg).
At the mouth of the Neva, it splits into 5 branches, forming a not very branched, but wide delta: after the Liteiny Bridge, to the right, to the north, the Bolshaya Nevka leaves, flowing around the Aptekarsky Island, further branching into the Middle and Malaya Nevka. Bolshaya Nevka and Malaya Nevka "hug" Krestovsky Island, and Big and Middle - Yelagin Island. After the Trinity Bridge, the Neva is met by the arrow of Vasilyevsky Island, and the Neva flows around Vasilyevsky Island in two branches, which are called the Bolshaya Neva (from the south) and the Malaya Neva (from the north). In addition to those listed, the branches of the Neva delta also include the Fontanka, Moika, Monastyrka, Yekateringofka, Karpovka, Krestovka, Zhdanovka, Pryazhka, Smolenka, Kronverk Strait, as well as the Griboyedov Canal, the Sea Canal, Obvodny and Kryukov Canals.
Water temperature at the mouth of the Neva during the year:

CLIMATE The area of ​​the Neva has the characteristic features of the maritime climate of temperate latitudes, which for the population and navigators means high humidity, cloudiness, winds and frequent precipitation. The average duration of warm time (steady transition through t=0 ° C) is 222 days, approximately from April 3 to November 12. Spring is usually protracted with cooling until the end of May; summers are moderately warm, with an average temperature of 18 ° C; autumn is damp, cyclonic, with strong winds and fog, but warm; winter is moderately cold, with frequent thaws. The second half of winter is usually colder, with an average snow cover of 113 days.

WINDS: from May to August in the western part of the water area (mouth) western, northwestern winds prevail (recurrence 40%); in the eastern part of the water area (source), northerly winds prevail (recurrence 20-30%). From September to April, northern winds prevail over the entire water area (recurrence 70 - 80%). WIND FORCE more often than 3 - 5 meters per second (repeatability up to 75%); winds 6 - 10 meters per second (recurrence 20 - 30%). Storms are rare. The maximum recorded wind speed is 35-38 m/s with gusts up to 40-45 m/s.
LEVEL VARIATION: in the lower reaches (up to the Ivanovskiye rapids), the main influence on the water level in the Neva is exerted by the Gulf of Finland; the upper reaches of the river (from the Ivanovsky rapids to the exit to Ladoga), Lake Ladoga has a greater influence. The west wind is a surge for the mouth and a surge for the source; the surge of water by the western wind from the Gulf of Finland raised the level of the Neva to 7.62 meters (1691, recorded in Swedish documents), and when St. Petersburg was on the banks of the Neva - up to 4.21 meters in 1824. With the commissioning of the dam in 2011, in the event of a strong surge completely blocking the Gulf of Finland, floods no longer threaten St. Petersburg. The ebbs and flows of the Baltic Sea, as well as spring jams, do not have a significant impact on the level of the Neva.
FLOW: the average speed of the river at medium water levels is in the range of 3 - 5 km/h. The maximum speed of the Neva flow is observed at the Ivanovskiye rapids (up to 12 km/h) and at the source, on the Koshkinsky fairway (10–11 km/h). Strengthening of the current and even drift is also observed on the bends of the river, especially in the area of ​​the Okhta bend and Arsenalnaya embankment.
ICE MODE: Depending on weather conditions, the Neva is covered with ice from 2 to 6 months. Freezing occurs from the bottom to the top, the opening is vice versa. Freezing of the river often occurs abruptly, which is facilitated by the bends of the ruddle and the supports of bridges. The spring ice drift has 2 periods: first, the ice of the Neva itself melts for about 5 days, and after about 4 - 7 days, the Ladoga ice drift begins, when the ice melts from Lake Ladoga for about 10 days.

Poems and songs are dedicated to her, she is as loved as majestic Petersburg itself:

Neva, Neva, we won't get tired of admiring you!
We sing with soul about our own, about the dear wonderful city on the Neva!

(Song “Neva, Neva, Leningraders don’t love you in vain!” to lyrics by S. Fogelson and music by V. Solovyov-Sedoy)

Neva River - brief information

• Length - 74 km, of which 32 km - on the territory of St. Petersburg
• The average width is 200-400 meters, the widest part - 1000-1250 m - in the delta at the Nevsky Gates of the Commercial Sea Port, the narrowest 210 m - opposite Cape Svyatka at the beginning of the Ivanovsky Rapids
• Depth - from 4 m at the Ivanovsky rapids to 24 meters at the Liteiny bridge
• The shores are not steep, but immediately go deep, which makes it possible for ships to come close to the shores
• The Neva River has a basin with an area of ​​281,000 sq. km, on the territory of which there are 50,000 lakes, the largest of them are Ladoga and Onega, and 60,000 rivers flow, the total length of which is 160,000 km. There is only one other such system in the world - the Great Lakes in North America.

The source of the Neva River is located at the Shlisselburg Bay, where on the island of Oreshek in 1323 Prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky, founded the Shlisselburg Fortress, unique in its architecture. After passing 74 km from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland, forming a vast delta, the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland. At the mouth of the river is St. Petersburg, which is often called the Venice of the North and an open-air museum.

The largest branches, rivers and canals of the Neva delta

Bridges across the Neva

Almost all bridges on the Neva are movable. Bridges are raised at night to let ships through.

In total, there are 13 drawbridges in the northern capital, 10 of which are drawn daily, which is one of the most popular sights for tourists. In details:

In 2004, the longest and only non-movable cable-stayed Bolshoy Obukhovsky Bridge was opened, with a length of 2824 meters. In the Leningrad region, the drawbridges Kuzminsky railway and Ladoga bridges were built across the Neva.

Fishing on the Neva

The most popular Neva fish is smelt from the herring order, rising to spawn in the spring from the Gulf of Finland, and salmon is caught in the upper part of the river. Kutuzov Embankment is a favorite place for fishing for amateurs, where eel and arctic char, asp and trout are found. On the Quay of Lieutenant Schmidt, they catch brook trout and sterlet, salmon and grayling, bream and pike, catfish and burbot. Fishing spots near the Peter and Paul Fortress and Pirogovskaya embankments are also popular. It happens that large prey also falls - pike up to 15 kg and pike perch 7-8 kg.

Floods on the Neva

The Neva is sometimes called the most unstable river in the world. Indeed, throughout the entire course, almost every half a kilometer, it changes its width and depth. Because of these fluctuations, it is difficult for her to resist the force of the headwind. The terrible flood of 1824 is described by A.S. Pushkin in the poem The Bronze Horseman:

The weather got worse
The Neva swelled and roared,
Cauldron bubbling and swirling,
And suddenly, like a wild beast,
Rushed to the city.

Eyewitnesses say that the water in the Neva boiled like in a cauldron and reversed the current, barges and ships were thrown like chips, and sailboats were carried to the embankment. Palace Square was flooded with water and, together with the Neva, it was a huge lake, and under the rubble on the 9th line of Vasilyevsky Island, the corpses of people and livestock accumulated. Crazed people clung to lampposts and climbed trees. A resident of one of the houses on the Vyborg side saved the baby, who ended up in a box, which was carried to the porch of his house. There were also funny cases. Husband and wife managed to survive by floating on a door torn off by a storm. The husband had a chicken in his hands, and the wife had a dog.

Floods are also characteristic of the Neva, as are white nights, rains and fogs for St. Petersburg. In those years when the city was just being built, Peter's opponents believed that the flooding of St. Petersburg was God's punishment and retribution. But the chronicle says that back in 1691, the water rose by 25 feet - 7.62 meters.

For a long time, the cause of this disaster could not be explained. At first it was believed that the west wind drives water from the Gulf of Finland and raises the level of the river. Under Peter the Great, they began to build canals so that water would go into these channels and the water level in the Neva would decrease. The excavated soil was used to raise the foundations of buildings. After the flood of 1777, the canals began to be built more actively and Obvodnaya and Ekaterininsky, Kryukov and other channels appeared. But the constructed channels did not affect the water level and served only as transport arteries. Only at the end of the 19th century, scientists determined that the cause of floods is the long waves that arise in the Baltic Sea in autumn, run through the bay in 7-9 hours and raise the level of the Neva by 2-2.5 meters in the absence of wind. With the wind, the waters rose even higher - to a catastrophic level of 3 - 4 meters.

For reference: a flood is considered to be a rise in the water level by more than 160 cm above the ordinary. The rise of water up to 210 cm is considered dangerous, up to 299 cm - especially dangerous and more than 300 cm - catastrophic. Since 1703, there have been more than 300 floods, the largest of them - in 1824, when the water level rose 421 cm above the ordinary. In 1924 the water rose to 380 cm, in 1777 to 321 cm and in 1955 to 293 cm.

To protect St. Petersburg from floods, in 1979 the construction of a unique complex of protective structures began - a dam connecting the shores of the Gulf of Finland and passing through Kronstadt. Since the mid-90s, due to a lack of funds, the construction of the dam was frozen and resumed only in 2006. The commissioning of the facility took place in August 2011. This unique hydraulic structure helps to prevent the occurrence of catastrophic floods with water rise up to 5 meters. In addition to the main task, the dam is part of

And several dozen other settlements. It is navigable throughout, is part of the Volga-Baltic waterway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal.

Etymology

There are several versions of the origin of the name:

• from the ancient Finnish name of Lake Ladoga Nevo (Fin. nevo - sea);
• from the Finnish word "neva" (Fin. Nevajoki, Nevajärvi, from Finn. neva - swamp);
• from the Swedish word "nu" (Swedish ny - New (river)).

The modern names of the branches of the Neva delta were formed by the end of the 18th century, before that they were used rather arbitrarily.

Story

According to modern concepts, about 10,000-7,500 years ago, on the site of the current Baltic Sea, there was a freshwater closed Ancylus Basin (Ancylus Lake). The reservoir occupied only part of the Baltic Sea, its eastern shore was in the Kronstadt region. The level in Lake Ancylus was lower than in the ocean, and 3-4 m lower than in the modern Baltic Sea. The Neva River did not exist then. In its place, the Tosna River flowed, which flowed through the current Sea Canal into the Antsyl Lake beyond Kronstadt, and the Mga River, which directed its waters towards Praladoga. Praladoga itself was a separate lake and had access to the Antsyl Basin in the north of the Karelian Isthmus along the Priozersk-Vyborg line.

Approximately 7,500 years ago, due to the subsidence of the land, the Jutland Peninsula separated from southern Sweden and the straits were formed: the Great Belt and the Small Belt. The waters of the North Sea poured through the straits into the Ancylus Basin, turning it into a sea. This sea was named Litorinovoe by the name of the mollusk that inhabited it - an inhabitant of the coastal regions of the sea, heavily desalinated by river waters.

The Littorina Sea occupied a larger area than the current Baltic Sea, and went into the land with a narrow strait along the Neva lowland; the water level in it was 7-9 m higher than the modern one. Lake Ladoga then represented the bay of the sea and connected with. him through a wide strait in the north of the Karelian Isthmus. During the existence of the Littorina Sea, two important processes took place - the rise of the land of Fenno-Scandia and the cooling of the climate of the globe. Due to the cooling of the climate, part of the precipitation that fell in the highlands and subpolar continental regions ceased to return to the ocean, and went to replenish the eternal snow and ice. The flow of water into the ocean decreased, and the level in it began to fall.

As a result of the rise of the land and the lowering of the ocean level, the Littorina Sea began to shrink, recede, forming the Old Baltic Sea about 4000 years ago as a result of this regression. The water level in this sea was 4-6 m higher than in the modern Baltic. The coast of the Ancient Baltic Sea can be traced in St. Petersburg in the form of a low, gently sloping ledge, bordering the island part of the city with an arc.

The land uplift was uneven. The northern part of Lake Ladoga was in the area of ​​faster uplift of the earth's crust than the southern part. As a result of this, the channel in the north of the Karelian Isthmus gradually died off. Ladoga turned into a separate lake and began to overflow. The waters of the lake covered large areas of land on the southern coast, flooding peat bogs, woody vegetation and prehistoric human sites. The filling of the lake continued until its waters flooded the entire valley of the Mga River and approached the narrow isthmus that separated the Mgu and Tosna rivers. Finally, the waters of the lake, having risen by more than 12 m and exceeded the sea level by 17-18 m, rushed through the watershed. As a result of this breakthrough, the Neva River formed about 4000-4500 years ago. In the place of the breakthrough, Ivanovskiye rapids remained. Prehistoric man undoubtedly witnessed this event. The descent of the waters of Lake Ladoga after the breakthrough obviously lasted a long time: it took time to develop the channel of the Neva. The waters of Lake Ladoga approached the place of the breakthrough along the valley of the Mga River, and after the breakthrough they used the already finished valley of the Tosna River. Thus, the valley of the Neva River is not worked out by itself, but is composed of two valleys of the Mga and Tosna rivers alien to each other.

Initially, the Neva flowed into the Gulf of Finland of the receding Litorin, and then the Ancient Baltic Sea with one sleeve. But the sea continued to recede, and islands rose from the water, which were previously shallow. The Neva waters rushed into the hollows between the islands. This is how several branches appeared. In the future, the water quickly falling after the floods, dragging soil particles with it, formed new branches and deepened the existing ones. The flowing water has completed the work. As a result, several dozen branches and channels arose, of which the modern delta of the Neva River consists.

Usually the islands and shoals of the deltas of large rivers owe their origin to the deposition of river silt. The delta of the Neva River is an exception. There is very little silt in the Neva water, and its settling could not lead to the formation of islands. The main role in the appearance of the islands of the Neva delta belongs to the work of the sea and the river flow.

The Neva and its delta in outlines close to modern were formed relatively recently - about 2500 years ago, when the current ratio between the water levels of Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea was finally established. Thus, the Neva is a young river.

The described theory of the formation of the Neva River is not the only one in the scientific literature. Some authors take different points of view.

The delta of the Neva River and the area adjacent to it, where St. Petersburg now stands, is an example of the dramatic changes that man makes to nature. Now it is not easy to imagine what the area looked like in the past. But the Novgorod scribe books that have come down to us, Swedish maps, plans drawn up after the founding of the city, and other materials make it possible to trace how the face of the area changed, and the history of its waters.

The territory of modern St. Petersburg has long been inhabited. Already in the IX century. it belonged to Novgorod and was called Vodskaya pyatina, the area on the right along the Neva was called Karelian land, on the left - Izhora land. In the XIV-XV centuries. There was a fairly large population for that time. So, according to the Novgorod description books of 1471-1478. on Fomin Island (Petrogradsky Island) there were 30 households, on Vasilyevsky Island - 24 households, at the mouth of the Okhta River - 50 households, etc. According to the inventory books of 1500, on the territory of the present city, there were more than 1,000 households with a population of 5,500 people of both sexes. Finally, according to the Swedish plan of 1676, there were about 40 small villages in this territory. Some villages had Swedish names, others - Finnish, others - Russian. Of the villages with a Russian name, we note Pervushino on the site of the Summer Garden, Spasskoye near Smolny, Palenikh and Sebrino near Liteiny Bridge, Usaditsa and Kalina on the banks of the Fontanka. The villages were scattered among forests and swamps. Their inhabitants were engaged in hunting, fishing, as well as trade, which Novgorod, and then the Swedes, actively conducted with the peoples of Europe. Insignificant patches of land were used for vegetable gardens and arable land.

It was a swampy area, almost entirely covered with dense forest. There were wolves, bears, lynxes, elks in the forests. The Swedish names of land on the plans of the 17th century give an idea of ​​the nature of the area at that time: “Land mixed with manure”, “Solid land”, etc. Petrogradsky Island was called Berezov, Vasilevsky - Losin, Aptekarsky - Wild, Decembrist Island - Ivov . Such names of swamps and tracts as Devil's, Mokhovoe, Dry, Wet, mentioned in various written sources of the beginning of the 18th century, also speak about the appearance of the area. A whole area on the right bank of the Malaya Neva near the Tuchkov Bridge and along the Zhdanovka River (former Bolotny Protok) at the beginning of the 18th century. on the maps was listed under the name Mokrushi. A deep and swampy swamp was located in the area of ​​​​Mikhailovsky Garden and Inzhenernaya Street. An impassable swamp was near Gostiny Dvor between Dumskaya Street and Apraksin Lane, as well as on the site of the Technological Institute. In 1705, about 1/5 of the territory of present-day St. Petersburg was occupied by swamps. Finally, the still preserved street names remind of the nature of the area: Borovaya, Glukhoozernaya, Bolotnaya, Torfyanaya, Polevaya, Lesnaya, Glinyanaya.

Before the founding of the city, there were significantly more rivers on its territory than now. Rivers and streams crossed the area in different directions, forming many islands and peninsulas among the swamps. Thus, in the census book of 1500, White Island is mentioned in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe present Finland Station, Bolshoi and Malyi Galgeev Islands near Murzinka. The names of many villages mentioned in the same book are also characteristic: Ostrov, Ostrovki, Black Island, Spruce Island.

The rivers were fuller than they are now. This is evidenced by the facts: a fairly large population once lived along the banks of the Slavyanka River - apparently, the river was navigable; the mouth of the Okhta River during the existence of the Swedish fortress Nienschanz on the site of Petrozavod was accessible to deep-draft ships; moorings were located on the left bank of the Okhta.

Such was the area and its river network before the founding of St. Petersburg. After the founding of St. Petersburg - May 16 (27), 1703 - on the instructions of Peter I, first of all, the laying of clearings in the forest and the construction of roads began. These works, as well as the creation of military and port facilities, were mainly engaged in the first 5-7 years. Then they began to reorganize the city's waterways - Peter I dreamed of creating a port city, cut through by numerous rivers and canals, convenient for navigation of ships and movement of residents.

The Fortress Canal was dug first along the entire length of Hare Island to supply water to the garrison of the Peter and Paul Fortress in case of a siege and to transport building materials (the canal was filled up). In 1706, a canal-ditch was dug, now called the Kronverk channel. By the end of 1711, the Swan Canal appeared on the site of the Lebedinka River. A few years later, the Moika was deepened and connected to the Fontanka at the Summer Garden. By 1718, in addition to the Lebyazhye, two more canals from the Neva to the Moika were dug: the Red (filled in 1765) and the Winter Canal. In 1717, a fourth canal was laid from the Neva to the Moika, which was named Kryukov after the name of the contractor Semyon Kryukov. By 1720-1725. the Lithuanian and Admiralty canals were built, the Rowing port on Vasilyevsky Island was almost completed, etc.

After the death of Peter I, the construction of canals and the clearing of rivers almost ceased, and those that existed fell into decay. Construction work resumed only after 1740.

The Fontanka River until 1712-1714 was called Erik or Nameless Erik. It was a swampy river, which formed islands and backwaters in its course. In 1743-1752. the river has been cleared. In 1780-1789. it was again cleared and deepened, and the banks were dressed in granite. The new name - Fountain River - she received from the fountains arranged in the Summer Garden. The fountains were fed with water through a pipe drawn from a pond-pool, located at the corner of the current Greek Avenue and Nekrasov Street (now there is a square), where the water flowed by gravity through the Ligovsky Canal.

In 1764-1790. the Catherine Canal (now the Griboyedov Canal) was being built. At the site of the canal, the Glukhaya River with almost stagnant, muddy water used to flow. For the twists and turns, the Deaf River was also called Krivusha. In the upper reaches, it had two branches - Deaf Canals, which originated between the current Konyushennaya Square and Arts Square. In high water, the Glukhaya River communicated through its channels with the Moika and the Fontanka.

In the 70s of the XVIII century. work was carried out to clear the swamps and deepen the lakes on Elagin Island. The excavated land was used to build ramparts and dams along the coast, protecting the surrounding area from flooding when the waters in the Neva rise. The dams have survived to this day. In 1782-1787. The Kryukov Canal was extended southward to the Fontanka River (originally this part of the canal was called the Nikolsky Canal). Subsequently, part of Kryukov dripped between the Neva and Blagoveshchenskaya Square (now Labor Square) was enclosed in a pipe and covered in connection with the commissioning of the current Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge and the improvement of the square.

In 1769, they began laying a canal from the Ekateringofka River to the east, in the direction of the Neva River, along the route of the City Ditch (later Obvodny Canal). The main work on the construction of the Obvodny Canal - the largest in the city - was carried out much later, in 1805-1834, mainly under the guidance of the prominent scientist and engineer P.P. Bazen. The canal played an extremely important role for the industrial and housing construction of the southern districts of the city, which then assumed a wide scope. In the 50s and 60s of the last century, continuous rows of ships and barges with various cargoes went along the Obvodny Canal. In winter, the ice cover was often broken by hand, with ice picks. In order to ease the traffic density on intracity waterways, at about the same time, the Vvedensky Canal was built, connecting the Fontanka River with the Obvodny Canal (filled in 1967), and opposite the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, a branch was laid from the Obvodny Canal to the basin for parking ships.

At the end of the XVIII century. the Moika River was cleaned and deepened, its banks are dressed in granite. By 1804, the Pryazhka River was connected to the Neva by the short Salnobuyansky Canal.

During the construction of the Sea Trade Port (1874-1885), very large hydraulic works were carried out to lay canals and clear rivers in the southwestern part of the Neva delta.

Special mention should be made of the construction of the Sea Canal. This artificial underwater cut, 30 km long, 80-120 m wide and about 9 m deep, crosses the Neva Bay from east to west. The canal connects the mouth of the Neva River with the open part of the Gulf of Finland and is extremely important for maritime navigation. Before its creation, large merchant ships were unloaded in Kronstadt. Warships built at the shipyards of the city were put out to sea without equipment, and only in Kronstadt were they fully armed. To prevent silting, which is inevitable in shallow water with strong waves, part of the canal was enclosed in dams.

Of the significant works of the post-revolutionary period, one can point to the construction of the Rowing Canal on Krestovsky Island, the laying of new channels for the Smoleniya and Volkovka rivers, the construction of deep ponds in the Moscow and Primorsky Victory Parks, the alluvium of the White Stranded Island, the construction of an approach channel to the Marine Passenger Station on the western spit of Vasilevsky islands and, finally, washing out a wide shallow strait between the island of the Decembrists and the island of Volny and the transformation of these islands into a single massif.

In the city at different times, work was carried out on the construction and clearing of many other rivers and canals, which were not mentioned above. But at the same time, some canals filled up, and the rivers disappeared. If in the XVIII and XIX centuries. the number of streams continuously increased, then in the XX century. their number began to decrease.

Some canals at the very beginning were created as temporary, only to drain the area. For example, the Oblique Canal (began from the Neva, near the Liteiny Bridge, and went to the Fontanka), the Church Canal, laid along Malaya Sadovaya Street, the Cross Canal in the Summer Garden.

Other canals, built at first as permanent ones, eventually lost their significance and were filled up.

To supply the city with clean drinking water, the Lithuanian Canal was built in 1718-1725. It began at the village of Gorelovo from the Dudergofka River, flowing from the Dudergof Lakes. Water flowed by gravity through the canal to the already mentioned pond-pool at the intersection of the current Greek Avenue and Nekrasov Street, and then to the fountains of the Summer Garden. Within the city, the Ligovsky Canal was about 10 km long, and its total length was 20 km. In the middle of the XIX century. The canal turned out to be badly neglected and turned into a sewage dump. In the section from Nekrasov Street to the Obvodny Canal, it was enclosed in a cast-iron pipe and covered up by 1891, and in the section between the Obvodny Canal and Zabalkansky (now Moskovsky) Prospekt, by 1910. Now the open section has been preserved beyond the Krasnenkaya River to the west of Avtovo.

To protect against fires and in case of an attack by enemies in 1715-1720. the Admiralty Canal was dug (around the Admiralty and further along the current Profsoyuz Boulevard, then it crossed the Kryukov Canal at the present Labor Square and flowed into the Moika River). The canal was finally filled up by the middle of the 19th century. Only a small section between the Kryukov Canal and the Moika, called the Krushtein Canal, has survived. In the 70s of the XVIII century. the channels leading from the Neva to the courtyard of the Admiralty were filled up. For security purposes, the Mikhailovsky (Engineering) Castle was surrounded by deep moats. Along the castle, the Church Canal ran parallel to the Fontanka (filled in 1829), along the Moika - the Resurrection Canal (encased in a pipe and filled in 1879). A small fragment of one of the canals of the Mikhailovsky Castle has now been restored.

The history of canals on Vasilyevsky Island is remarkable. According to the idea of ​​Peter I, which was the basis for the projects of D. Trezipi and A. Leblon (1715-1717), Vasilyevsky Island was to become the center of the city. The island was cut by channels into rectangles. The main channels crossed the island in length and were supposed to serve for the passage of ships from the seaside to the eastern arrow. The construction of these canals began under Peter I, but was carried out with deviations from the plan and with mistakes. This ruined the undertaking. Due to the lack of bridges, frequent floods settled on the island reluctantly. The construction of new canals was soon stopped. The dug canals later found it expedient to fill them up, because, as Catherine II said in a decree in 1762, “there is only dirt and a harmful spirit comes from them. health." The canals were finally filled up by 1705-1770. The current lines and avenues of Vasilyevsky Island are the places of former canals or canal routes that were planned for construction.

Finally, some canals were filled up due to the high cost of embankment construction or for the purpose of landscaping. Among such canals, completely or partially filled up at a later time, we indicate the Vvedensky Canal near the Vitebsk railway station, the Mezhevaya and Turukhtanny canals in the area of ​​the Seaport, the Skipper Canal on Vasilevsky Island, part of the Kryukov Canal between the Bolshaya Neva River and Labor Square.

Due to the drainage of the area and the installation of sewerage, the supply of a number of natural watercourses has decreased. Rivers turned into rivers, rivers into streams, and streams enclosed in pipes ceased to exist altogether. For example, the Little River, which flowed near the Main Post Office, the Tentelevka River, which flowed into the Tarakanovka River, and the Chernyavka River, the right tributary of the Okhta River, disappeared. Compared to 1700, there are now several dozen rivers less on the territory of the city.

The number of reservoirs (lakes, ponds) has sharply decreased. Small lakes hindered planning and construction. At different times, Glukhoe Lake near the Aleksaidro-Nevsky Monastery, a group of ponds on the islands of Rezvy, Gutuevsky and Aptekarsky, a dock inside the Admiralty, a pond-pool behind the Anichkov Palace were completely filled up.

In total, during the existence of the city, more than 50 rivers, streams, streams and channels and about 200 lakes and ponds were filled up or enclosed in pipes.

Maintaining the rivers and canals of the city in good condition was not an easy task. The banks often collapsed. The water was polluted with sewage. The bottom was littered with garbage and cluttered with sunken ships and forest. Initially, the obligation to strengthen the banks of rivers and canals with piles, boards or fascines was assigned to homeowners. It was strictly forbidden to throw garbage into the rivers and canals. Vessels were not allowed to come close to the shore. But all measures did not reach the goal. Over time, the care of maintaining the rivers passed to the authorities. But things changed radically for the better only after the construction of capital embankments and the reconstruction of the entire sewerage system.

Outstanding architects who built the city correctly assessed the importance of the Neva River as a city-forming factor. The Neva was to become the main architectural axis of the city.

Simultaneously with the construction of canals, clearing and deepening of the rivers, the construction of embankments was carried out. In some places, driving piles into the water and backfilling the banks with earth led to a reduction in the width of rivers and canals. In other places, on the contrary, the earth was taken out, and the width of the watercourse increased. Thus, the banks of the rivers were leveled and straightened. For the most part, the modern bank has moved towards the river: at the Summer Garden, for example, by 50 m, at the Winter Palace by 90 m, at the spit of Vasilyevsky Island by almost 120 m, and in the area of ​​Pirogovskaya embankment by 150-200 m.

The construction of expensive canals and embankments, the clearing and deepening of rivers were dictated primarily by no considerations of decorating the city. In the past, waterways were the most convenient, especially in marshy areas. St. Petersburg occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the abundance of water. Almost a fifth of its territory - about 110 km2 - is occupied by water.

Islands

To the west of Shlisselburg, under the Neva, a main oil pipeline was laid, which is part of the Baltic pipeline system, through which oil is transported from the Timano-Pechora oil province, Western Siberia, the Ural-Volga region and Kazakhstan through the port of Primorsk on the Gulf of Finland. The 774-meter underground pipeline lies at a depth of 7 to 9 meters below the river bed. It pumps up to 42 million tons of oil per year.

An underwater tunnel for the Nord Stream gas pipeline has been laid near the Ladoga Bridge. The tunnel is 2 meters in diameter, 750 meters long and 25 meters deep. A pipe with a diameter of almost one and a half meters was laid inside the tunnel.

The main source of water supply for St. Petersburg and its suburbs is the Neva River. More than 96% of the water is taken from it, which is processed at the 5 largest waterworks: the Main Waterworks, the Northern Waterworks, the South Waterworks, the Volkovskaya Waterworks, and the Kolpino Water Treatment Plant. Since June 26, 2009, St. Petersburg has become the first metropolis in which all drinking water is treated with ultraviolet light and which has completely abandoned the use of liquid chlorine for water disinfection.

We check.
Look at the map - the scheme of the water basin. (Slide 5)
Find Lake Ladoga. This is one of the largest lakes on Earth. Many large and small rivers flow into it. The largest of them Volkhov, Svir, Vuoksa fill Lake Ladoga, and only one river flows out of it - our Neva.
What is the name of the place where the river originates?
Mark the source of the Neva on your maps - diagrams.
The path of the Neva lies to the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.
Indicate with an arrow the direction of the Neva's movement along the channel.
In the course of the river, on which side will the right bank be? And the left one? The Neva is swift and full of water. Other rivers flow into it along the way. Which?

Which city is located on the Izhora River?
What date is considered the birthday of the city of Kolpino?
5 thousand lakes and 3500 rivers "work" for the Neva.

And what is the length of the Neva?
The length of the Neva is 74 km.
Enter this value in the diagram.
The place where the Neva flows into the Gulf of Finland is called the ESTATE.
Show on the map.
It is at the mouth of the Neva River, on its right and left banks, that the city of St. Petersburg is located. Sign on the map.
By whom and in what year was the city of St. Petersburg founded?
Whose name is the city?
At the mouth, the greatest width of the Neva is 1250 meters, and the average width within the city is 600 meters. Enter in the diagram.
And what is the depth of the Neva? The greatest depth of the Neva is 24 meters. Enter in the diagram.

What new did you learn about the Neva River?
How many rivers and canals does the city of St. Petersburg have?
What rivers and canals did we pass during the excursions? What rivers and canals do you know?
The city of St. Petersburg has 86 rivers and canals. And why is the Neva the main river?

Since ancient times, the Neva has been the main trade route from north to south. From spring to autumn, the river carries loads on its shoulders. (Slides 6-10) Every night, bridges are built on the Neva, and heavily loaded ships drag along the Neva waters: up the Neva to the source, and then to Lake Ladoga and further along the rivers to the center of Russia.
What is the significance of the Neva for the city of St. Petersburg?

Take out a poem from the envelopes, read it, underline the lines that talk about the importance of the Neva for the city.

And the river is the breadwinner of the city of St. Petersburg. The Neva “waters” plants and factories, presents the townspeople with fish. The most valuable species of fish is salmon, traditionally smelt is caught (14 species of fish).
Why is the Neva River the main river of the city of St. Petersburg?
Is it possible to imagine our city without the Neva? (Video clip).
What is the significance of the Neva for the city of St. Petersburg in it? (Architectural sights).
It was the Neva that gave birth to the city of St. Petersburg. The city is spread out on its shores and islands. Its squares open up to the Neva, the streets lead. It is to the Neva that the facades of the beautiful buildings that have become symbols of the city of St. Petersburg are turned.

3) "Character" of the Neva.
And what is Neva's character?
Admiring the beauty of the Neva, smoothly flowing between the granite banks, it is difficult to imagine her angry, "going out" of herself. But sometimes the usually calm Neva "spoils its character." Then it becomes dark, disturbing, angry. During the existence of the city, she made about 300 raids on St. Petersburg. You have probably heard of floods. Multiple rises of water by 150 cm (compare with your height) above the usual level were destructive and brought a lot of trouble and grief to the townspeople. Floods are rare, and most of the year the Neva has a balanced and calm "character". And then it brings great benefits to people and the city. What?
To protect the city in the Gulf of Finland, they began to build a complex hydraulic structure - a dam. (Slide 11) Construction work has been completed and one can hope that St. Petersburg will be forever freed from a terrible disaster - floods.
What is the "character" of the Neva? (Slide 12)

Neva is an amazing beauty! What can each of us do to preserve its beauty?

4) Traditions associated with the Neva.
And what traditions associated with the Neva do you know?