Kokshetau population size. Kazakhstan, Kokshetau city: population. Dynamics in recent years

City of Kokshetau- the administrative center of the Akmola region. It is located in the northern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in a picturesque area on the southern shore of Lake Kopa, at the foot of the Bukpa hill.

In the XVIII - XIX centuries, the headquarters of famous khans, such as Abylai Khan, Kasym, Kenesary, who played a big role in the history of the Kazakh people, were located on the land of Kokshetau.

Kokshetau was founded as a military settlement, the administrative center of the Kokchetav outer district. Its official opening took place on April 29, 1824 in Borovoe, at the foot of the south side of Mount Kokshetau. On September 17, 1824, the Kokchetav district order was included in the official list.

However, for a number of reasons, the construction of a settlement on this site turned out to be impossible, and only in the summer of 1827 the most convenient place for it was determined - at the foot of the Bukpa hill, on the shore of Lake Kopa, it was there that the construction of the village of Kokchetavskaya began. Since 1858, the philistine, urban part of the settlement began to grow next to it.

In 1868, the outer districts were abolished, and the Akmola region was formed. The Kokchetav outer district entered it as a county, and the village of Kokchetavskaya became its center.

Kokchetav received the official status of the city in 1895. According to the All-Russian census, during this period 5 thousand inhabitants lived in Kokchetav, and by 1917 - 10 thousand.

Soviet power in the Kokchetav district was established in December 1917. In 1928, in connection with administrative reforms, the counties were abolished and districts were created on their basis. Several districts were created from the Kokchetav district, including Kokchetav. Kokchetav became a regional center. From 1932 to 1936 it was part of the Karaganda region, and from 1936 to 1944 - North Kazakhstan.

In 1944, on March 16, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Kaz. The SSR was formed by the Kokchetav region with the center in the city of Kokchetav.

The relatively rapid growth and development of the urban infrastructure of Kokchetav fell on the years of mass development of virgin lands, especially in the 1960s and 70s. During these years, the city began to acquire a modern look. During this period, all the main objects of the city were built, most of which are still operating today: factories, factories, health care, cultural, and educational institutions. Housing construction was active.

In 1993, in order to revive the national toponymy, the city of Kokchetav was renamed Kokshetau.

In 1997, the Kokshetau region was liquidated, the city lost the status of a regional center and was part of the North Kazakhstan region for two years.

In 1999, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 8, the center of the Akmola region was moved from the city of Astana to the city of Kokshetau.

Large industrial enterprises of Kokshetau: gold mining enterprise JSC "Altyntau Kokshetau"; JSC "Tynys" - for the production of medical devices, weight measuring equipment, water meters, units and assemblies of aircraft, polyethylene pipes, etc.; machine-building plant of OJSC KamAZ-Engineering; JSC "Kokshetauminvody".

The healthcare system of Kokshetau is represented by the Akmola regional hospital, the city hospital, tuberculosis, neuropsychiatric, narcological, dermatological and venereal dispensaries, as well as the Blood Center and the Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS. There is a network of private medical institutions.

Large higher educational institutions in the education system of Kokshetau are Kokshetau State University. Sh. Ualikhanov and Kokshetau Technical Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2000, the university began accepting students. A. Myrzakhmetova. There are a number of other non-state universities.

The sphere of culture of the city is represented by such large institutions as the Akmola Kazakh Music and Drama Theater named after. Sh.Khusainova; Russian Drama Theatre; Regional Philharmonic; Regional Museum of History and Local Lore; Museum of the Hero of the Soviet Union, writer, academician M. Gabdullin; Museum of the history of the city of Kokshetau; regional library named after M. Zhumabaev and a network of city libraries. In Kokshetau there is a regional center of folk art, there are palaces of culture "Kokshetau", "Dostar", houses of culture "Istoki", "Kokshe"; cinema "Cinema - Alem".

The religious institutions of Kokshetau are the Orthodox Church of the Archangel Michael and the Muslim mosque named after. Nawana Khazret, there are also the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anthony, the mosque named after. Galyma, the mosque to them. Zhakiya say.

Every year Kokshetau acquires its unique image of a modern city, striving to become one of the centers of international tourism.

Oddly enough, I liked it. Simple, but well shown standard Soviet city.

Yes, it smelled of something old, Soviet - nostalgia. Probably, earlier the city in Russia was called Kokchetav?

Liked! Everything is good, tidy and clean. The city is still called Kokchetav in Russia. It was founded by Russian Cossacks, so why break the language?

AK1981 You should create films in Hollywood, you have a good idea with imagination, made me laugh))) For your information, Kokshetau - translated means "green mountains"

Kokshetau - this is the real name of the city, and it is difficult for Russians to pronounce this name, so they changed it in their own way (Kokchetav). Kokshetau can also be translated from the Kazakh language as Sinegorye.

Bake, I'm not going to shoot films in Hollywood and I'm not going to argue with you either. Get acquainted with the history of this city and Kazakhstan. Look at the maps of the 19th century, they are on the Internet.

Let's not argue about the pronunciation of names. Here are a few examples: in Russian - Moscow, and in English Moscow, in Russian Paris, and in French Pari. Beijing in Russian, Bijing in Chinese. Very well.

The ending "tau" "tai" "tey" (mountains) is often found in Turkic names. In addition, in a heated imagination, such a series arises: tau (Turkic), tyn (glory), town (German) - mountains, fence, fence, i.e. sometimes distorted and genuine names shimmer quite organically.

Kokshetau is a Cyrillic transcription of the Kazakh pronunciation of the name.

AK1981, on the territory of modern Kokshetau, Kazakhs and Tatars were the original inhabitants. It was after that Russians began to move from neighboring provinces. Unlike you, I know the history of Kazakhstan better. Well, I looked at a map of the 18-19th century, well, there were the cities of Orenburg, Saratov, Omsk, Astrakhan as part (in the territory) of Kazakhstan, so what? And you don’t need to teach us how to pronounce Kokshetau correctly, it doesn’t matter to me how they will pronounce Kokchetav or Kokchetavsk, Kakchetau or Kokchataupolis in Russia or the same America. The original name is Kokshetau and there is no need to argue here.
P.S. I didn’t want to cheat anyone and I don’t like these political disputes at all, it’s just that some smart people start writing whatever comes into their heads ...

Wikipedia: Founded in 1824 as a military fortification of Kokchetav. Originally there was a village, since 1868 - the county center. On March 16, 1944, the Kokchetav region was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR and Kokchetav became the regional center.

On October 7, 1993, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the city of Kokchetav was renamed Kokshetau. In the spring of 1997, the Kokshetau region was abolished, Kokshetau ceased to be a regional center. On April 8, 1999, after changing the administrative structure of the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions, Kokshetau became the regional center of the Akmola region changed within the borders.

elena. Shustrova, thank you! You're right! Just a small addition: the question was: “why break the language?” those. Was it not in consonance and not “in vain” that they gave the “new” name. The answer, apparently, may be as follows: the Russian Cossacks who founded the city initially assigned it a distorted (in consonance with the Kazakh) name. The name Kokchetav as part of the Russian language. and without connection with the Kazakh, apparently, it is meaningless. Even “tov” in Russian can hardly be put on a par with “tau” (mountains) or “town” (city): Saratov is not Sara-city, but Sarat-ov (i.e. answers the question “whose”? ) For comparison - the village of Sarat (Omsk region). However, I am not an expert on the topic, only a teacher. lang. Being originally an official, albeit distorted name, "Kokchetav" has or had a "legitimate" right to exist only by virtue of historical tradition. However, it is hardly worth - and especially now - to demand from the Kazakhs that they call their city a distorted derivative of the Kazakh language.

I absolutely agree with you, juodasis_kelias. But you should not force the inhabitants of Russia to pronounce the Kazakh name, if there is a traditional Russian one.
Bake, I really did not want to enter into an argument with you, but the original name of the city is KOKCHETAV (certainly the transformed Kazakh name of the area).
In 1822, Emperor Alexander I signed a number of bills, according to which, on April 29, 1824, on the southern side of the Borovsky Mountains on the shore of Lake Bolshoye Chebache, the opening of the Kokchetav district order took place. For acquaintance with this document, you can contact the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts.

Azamat Rakhimzhanov. This is most likely the Kazakhs renamed it in their own way. The city of Kokchetav was founded in 1824 as a military fortification of Kokchetav. And already in October 1993, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the city of Kokchetav was renamed the city of Kokshetau. So Mr. Rakhimzhanov needs to know the history of his city.

bake. Dear, the city of Kokchetav was founded as a military fortification, mostly Russians lived there. And after the collapse of the USSR, the Kazakhs began to move from the villages to the city of Kokchetav, where complete devastation reigned and reigns. Read the story

))) I know how history was written under the Scoop, especially under Tsarist Russia. Take the Second World War for example, only last year it was recognized that the banner on the Reichstag was hoisted by Lieutenant Rakhimzhan Koshkarbaev and private intelligence officer Grigory Bulatov. And there are many such examples, so dear CLEAN you need to read a reliable story

CLEAN: Kokshetau - the area where the city is located was called, according to the name of the area, having changed in their own way, the Russian settlers called this fortification. I do not claim that the Kazakhs built the city and called it Kokshetau, why did they need a city on pastures ...

Yes, from the moment of signing the decree on the construction of the city to the real start of construction, if I'm not mistaken, 4 years have passed. The local population was against building on their pastures.
Bake, Lieutenant Koshkarbaev and Private Bulatov have been talked about before, several flags like them were installed on the Reichstag. Koshkarbaev crawled in a plastun way and put a red flag on the stairs when the building itself was still occupied by the Nazis. But a banner specially made for this purpose on the dome of the Reichstag was hoisted all the same by Kantaria and Yegorov.

Bake, and here is the banner of the Reichstag, we are talking about the formation of the city. You also give an example that aliens arrive from Mars

Azamat Rakhimzhanov,)))) even though the area is called the golden horde, we are talking about the name of the city that was given to it at the time of its foundation. Also say that the city of Verny (now Alma-ata) was previously a place called almaty))))

We are still talking about the name of the city on this Russian-language site. The question of the discussion could be understood in different ways; but only this last point remains.

CLEAN, I'm not talking about the banner over the Reichstag (this is just for example), but about the history that is being rewritten by each country in its own way.
AK1981 Well, in our country this story was covered differently, the banner was hoisted OVER the Reichstag, and not on the stairs. And when asked by the public why this fact was hidden for more than 60 years, no one answered.
Dear AK1981 and CLEAN, I think this is not the end of this political debate. This discussion will not lead to anything, because. you still stay with yours, and I with mine. Sincerely.

In our time, history is distorted as they want! Therefore, they cannot answer specific questions. Judging in this way, other people can also claim to raise the Banner of Victory.

Interestingly, while building the fortification, the Russians took the name Kokchetav from the ceiling? They used the Kazakh Kokshetau (Blue Mountains) and translated the traditional name of the area into Russian transcription. Naturally, on the maps compiled by Russian cartographers there is a Russified name. And about the fact that mostly Russians lived there... Do you know why? When the Russian Empire fortified its borders with fortresses, it populated these lands with brought Cossacks, workers (in the east and west of Kazakhstan, where raw materials for the empire were mined in the mines) and their families. The local population, that is, the Kazakhs, were expelled from the lands. This is the first. And secondly, in the 50s of the 20th century, the Soviet government began to develop the virgin lands of Kazakhstan. Please note that I do not in the least detract from the importance of their work. Many, many virgin lands remained here. And even before that, there was a forced resettlement of peoples who were unreliable, in the opinion of the Communists, to our republic. Until now, I remember with love our German neighbors, and we were also friends with Ukrainians, Chechens, Poles, Tatars, Koreans. But this land was not their original homeland, as well as for Russians. My parents lived here, the parents of my parents. I am grateful that cities so different and beautiful have grown in our steppe, my beloved Kokshetau and Karaganda, Almaty and Aktobe. But you should not carry a blizzard in the style of Vladimir Volfovich, gentlemen, connoisseurs of history.

Yes, no one argues that the indigenous inhabitants of these lands are Kazakhs. Do not worry.

AK1981 +100))) Pay no attention to anyone - complexes torment people, apparently, this is where the nat begins. troubles and Russophobia, accompanied by a redrawing of history. Apparently our Ivan himself is to blame, too kind. If he were the same as described by many indigenous people of the former republics of the USSR, they would have long lived on reservations like Indians in the United States (by the way, they are also indigenous people), or they would have assimilated. But after all, Rommia is kind, she will teach everyone, build the infrastructure, protect, etc. Good is not sought from good.

sorry for typos)

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Recently, the map of Kokshetau with street names has undergone gigantic changes. Streets and changed the name and shape. Before you is a map with the names of houses in Kokshetau. Information, attractions and weather for today in the city.

We look at the map of the city of Kokshetau with streets and houses

The first name of the described settlement was Kokchetav. Then he was the village of the Cossacks. Until October 7, 1993, the name of the city did not change, and on that day, by decision of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan, it was renamed Kokshetau. You can find and download a map of the city of Kokshetau below on the page.

The next 20 years contributed to the fact that the online map of the surroundings of Kokshetau with the streets underwent gigantic changes. Many streets and squares have changed their historical name. Knowing the parameters - it will be easy.

For example, sq. Lenin in 2000 was renamed the square. Abylai Khan, at. Frunze in 2004 was renamed into st. G. Yelemisova, st. Chkalov in 2009 was named after the street. Tashenov, etc. So, for two decades, the scheme of the city of Kokshetau has become unrecognizable to such an extent that a person who has not come here for 20 years would not understand where he ended up. How does it look on

The city of Kokshetau is a very picturesque place, not far from which there is Lake Borovoe, which has become a favorite vacation spot for citizens and not only. About two thousand enterprises operate in Kokshetau. Among the attractions of the city are:

1. Akmola Russian Drama Theater
2. Okzhetpes stadium
3. a number of palaces of culture
4. amusement park

All these places can be found without difficulty if you have a map of Kokshetau with house numbers at hand.

City Day is celebrated here on 26 September. If you are going to visit this wonderful Kazakh city, then you will definitely need to have with you a map of the city of Kokshetau with streets and houses - download.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. View of the chapel and hill, 1880

Materials provided in 1999 by the Kokshetau city newspaper "RISK-BUSINESS" with the consent of the author - Kunanbayeva Alma Sungatovna, researcher at the Kokshetau Museum of History and Local Lore

Since ancient times, the places of the steppe region, which has long received the poetic name "Sary Arka", rich in game, lakes abounding in fish, have attracted people's attention. From the north, the great steppe was framed by chains of low mountains with expressive names: “Syrymbet”, “Zhalgyztau”, “Airtau”, “Imantau”, “Sandyktau”, “Zhylandy”, “Zerenda”, “Okzhetpes”, above which Mount Kokshe rises » (947 m). "Kokshetau" - so the Kazakhs from ancient times called not only the highest mountain peak, but the whole district. "Kokshetau" in translation means "Blue Mountain".

Photo: Emelyanov E.G. View from Sinyukha to the lake and the glade of Abylai Khan

Indeed, the bizarre mountain peaks, overgrown with pine trees and covered in haze, combined with the mirror bowls of the lakes, create a unique and mysterious beauty, awaken the imagination. Many songs, poems and legends were written about Kokshetau, and they were passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, remained to live among the people forever.

Kokshetau has a rich centuries-old past, which has absorbed all the main stages and turning points in the history of Kazakhstan. For many centuries, nomadic tribes of Kazakhs lived on the territory of the former Kokshetau region.

In the sixteenth century, when the process of formation of the Kazakh people was completed, the Kazakhs formed three tribal associations: the Senior, Middle and Junior zhuzes. The territory of Kokshetau was part of the Middle Zhuz, here the clans of the tribal union of the Argyns roamed, the most numerous at that time and occupying the vast regions of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. Of the Argyns, the most numerous was the Atygai clan (branches: maily, balta, bagysh, kudai-berdy, babasan, etc.).

Generations of the Karaul clan also lived on the territory of the region (branches: kyldy, zhaksylyk, esenbai, zhaulybai, etc.), as well as generations of the Uak, Kerey, Kypchak tribes.

The history of the city of Kokshetau is closely connected with the events of the annexation of Kazakhstan to Russia, which began with the Little Zhuz (1731), later (1740) with the Middle Zhuz. Since the intensification of aggression on the part of the Dzungars, on the other hand, the development of economic and political contacts of the Kazakh khanates with Russia led to the recognition of its protectorate. In the war with the Dzhungars, the young Abilmansur, the future famous Khan Abylay (1711-1781), became famous.

It was during the reign of Abylai Khan that Kokshetau, which became the center of the national liberation struggle, became widely known.

The historical event - the entry into the Russian state of the Middle Zhuz took place at the southern foot of Mount Kokshetau, where the famous batyrs Bogenbai, Kabanbai, Kanai, Olzhabai, Bayan, Zhanatai and others gathered with their militias, sultans and biys, elders and others hurried to the glade of Abylai Khan noble people of the region. Consequently, the accession of Kazakhstan, which began in the 30s of the eighteenth century, was completed at the end of the nineteenth century, and was a complex, contradictory process. And each side interpreted the provisions of the mutually signed acts in different ways.

For the rulers of the Kazakh khanates, the acceptance of Russian citizenship was seen as an opportunity to remove the threat from the Dzungars, and Khan Abulkhair even harbored an ambitious hope, with the help of the royal court, to strengthen his political position in the Steppe and become a general Kazakh khan. In turn, the tsarist government considered the recognition of Russian citizenship by the Kazakh khanates as an opportunity for an immediate and real increase in the territory of the Russian Empire.

In 1752, the fortress of Saints Peter and Paul (now Petropavlovsk) was built in the Kyzyl-zhar tract. A number of fortresses, outposts and pickets were built along the northern and northeastern outskirts of the steppe Sary Arka for 720 versts to connect the great fortress (founded in 1716) with the Orenburg (1735) line of military settlements and along the Irtysh River to the Semipalatinsk fortress ( founded in 1718). This line of military fortifications along the rivers Tobol, Ishim and Irtysh served as an outpost for the tsarist government to gradually deepen into the Kazakh steppe.

At that time, the construction of orders and Cossack villages was going on in the territory of Northern Kazakhstan. On June 22, 1822, Emperor Alexander 1 signed a number of draft laws on the management of Siberia. Among them is the "Charter on the management of the Siberian Kirghiz" (Kazakhs).

The author of these projects were two well-known figures of that time: M.M. Speransky (1772-1839), count, statesman, adviser to the emperor, author of liberal reforms, then Governor-General of Western Siberia (1819-1821). An associate of M. Speransky in drafting the administrative reforms of Siberia was G. S. Batenkov (1793-1863), an official with the rank of lieutenant colonel, a Decembrist (he spent 20 years in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress), a member of the Northern Society, a native Siberia, lived among the Kazakhs for a long time, knew their language, way of life and culture well, the author of a number of books about Siberia, was Speransky's closest assistant in drafting administrative reforms. In accordance with the new system of government, Siberia was divided into two governorates: Western and Eastern. The first included the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces and the Omsk region, the Kazakhs of the Middle Horde became part of the Omsk region.

The entire zhuz, which included the territory of the later created Kokchetav district, was divided into 8 outer outlying districts. According to the Charter, the districts were divided into volosts (in each district there were 15-20 volosts), the volost - into administrative auls (10-11 auls), in each aul from 50-70 yurts (tents).

To manage the districts, a decree or duan (sofa) was established, headed by a senior sultan (elected by some sultans for 3 years) and 4 assessors: two Russian officials (appointed) and two from among the local nobility (elected). Khan's power was abolished. Naturally, the authors of the draft Charter proceeded from the interests of the Russian Empire. However, for the sake of justice, it must be said that this document provided for a number of positive measures, for example, the internal self-government of the Kazakh communities was preserved, the construction of medical institutions, and most importantly, the legal norms for the relationship between the Kazakh population and the Siberian administration were established.

But the implementation of administrative reforms by M.M. Speransky fell to the lot of the new Governor-General of Western Siberia P.M. Kaptsevich (1772-1840) - a nobleman, a participant in the Patriotic War (1812).

S. Bronevsky's predictions turned out to be prophetic. Finally, in the summer of 1827, the district order was transferred to the place where the city of Kokshetau is now located. The settlement began to be called Kokchetav, by the name of the mountains that always turn blue, as if in a deep haze, in Kazakh called Kokshetau.

For service in the Kokchetav outer district, the governor-general of Western Siberia, P. M. Kaptsevich, appointed officials: “a collegiate assessor Putintsev, in the order he served as a Russian assessor and at the same time was an auditor of order in the volosts; the Petropavlovsk Platzmajor-Captain Sideev, who was obliged to keep order in the district and he was also a prosecutor, carried out special assignments; Solomon's doctor was sent to work permanently; and military foreman Lukin was appointed head of the military guard detachment for the protection of the Kokchetav order and an assessor from the Russian administration; captain Bezyazykov, centurion Bikharev, centurion Fyodor Popkov, cornet Pyankov. 36 officers and 200 combatant Cossacks and 14 reserve Cossacks also settled. (TsGIA USSR, F. 1264, op 1, d. 330, l. 24-26).

These people laid the foundation for the population of the city, they were also the first settlers. Of the Kazakhs, the assessors of the order of Dzhilgar Baytokin and Muset Yanybekov were the first to settle.

The construction of the settlement began at the foot of the Bukpa hill, a Cossack picket was set up here to protect the district order. “Settlers in Kokchetav were given 100 rubles in gold for each officer and 3 rubles 50 kopecks in silver for a combat and reserve Cossack. A hundred Cossacks were supposed to be located here, and the regimental headquarters was originally located in Atbasar. Further, the Cossacks, who moved to Kokchetav, were provided with arable land and plots for mowing hay. A centurion Plaomov was sent to Kokchetav to receive the settlers. The resettlement came from the Chelyabinsk district, Orenburg, Saratov provinces, left in Kokchetav was given 40 rubles each. Settlers, becoming serving Cossacks, had to reliably protect the eastern borders of the Russian Empire. (F-6, op. 1, file 93, pp. 140-147, Omsk archive).

Soon a guard Cossack detachment was stationed in Kokchetav and a Cossack village was formed. The village was inhabited mainly by family Cossacks. The rich, prosperous part of the stanitsa was made up of the Cossack elite - ataman, officers, etc. This elite owned huge land plots with hayfields. The Cossacks built cozy wooden houses for themselves, cutting down the pine forest adjacent to the lake. The fact that the city was like in the second half of the nineteenth century can be judged from the records of Russian researchers.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. View of the chapel and the hill, the turn of the 19th-20th centuries

Here is what the well-known Russian researcher Ippolit Zavalishin, who visited our region, writes: “Kokchetav is a city and the seat of the district office, built on Mount Jilan-tau near Lake Kopa. There is one church in Kokchetav, up to 30 houses and already 1263 inhabitants of both sexes. There is a merchant class.
To the southeast of the city, Mount Kokshetau is visible in clear weather, 60 versts away from it and after which the city and the district are named. The buildings in Kokchetav are very good, from the best steppe cities, because there is an abundance of timber here. In general, in the local northern part of the steppe, mountains and pads are distinguished by a diverse flora.

Photo: Emelyanov E.G. Neighborhood of Kokshetau, January 2012

In the mountains of Kokchetav, Bayan-Aul, Karkaraly there are extremely picturesque landscapes. The crystal waters of lakes, mountain streams and waterfalls, the mighty vegetation of coniferous forests, granite rocks, bright-fresh greenery of grasses present magnificent views ... From Omsk and in general from the neighboring inner districts of the Tobolsk province people began to come here in the summer to be treated with koumiss and breathe clean air. In Kokchetav, the regimental apartment of the first Siberian Cossack regiment. Cossacks and settlers live prosperously here.” (Description of Western Siberia, p. 3. Siberian-Kyrgyz steppe. M., 1867., p. 136).

From the middle of the nineteenth century, a large wave of immigrants, driven by poverty and hunger from Russia, poured into the free lands here. In Kokchetav, the population rapidly increased. Other plots of land were allocated for peasant settlers, and residential construction was allowed only outside the Cossack village. Thus, the philistine part of the city grew up next to the village. The border between the Cossack and the bourgeois part was Granichnaya Street (now Kirov Street).

In 1868, a new system of government was prepared in the government and, consequently, the outer districts, and with them the power of the senior sultans, was abolished. The region of Siberian Kazakhs was divided into Akmola and Semipalatinsk. The Kokchetav outer district became part of the Akmola region, with the center in the city of Omsk, as a county, and the village of Kokchetavskaya received the name of the county center. By this time, the settlement, due to the influx of people, had expanded significantly. Many local handicraft industries arose, the number of trade outlets and crafts increased. This information about Kokshetau can be supplemented by the data provided by the research scientist M. Krasovsky in the book “The Region of the Siberian Kirghiz.” (St. Petersburg, 1868, p. 228).

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Artel coopers 1900

“According to the provincial report for 1863, in the village there are: state-owned houses - 21, stone and brick - 16, wooden, philistine - 365, schools - 2: Kazakh and stanitsa, 1 lard factory, 2 forges, 11 drinking houses, powder cellars - 2, retail shops - 72 and dairy - 10. All this sharply distinguished Kokchetav, as a village, against the background of other settlements. In addition, a certain prospect opened up before him, a good future was visible. Kokchetav, as the center of administrative control of the newly formed county, was granted the rights of an urban settlement. The county was ruled by the county chief, Alexei Ivanovich Tupolev was appointed to him, and Yakub Valikhanov (brother of the scientist Sh. Valikhanov) was appointed deputy.

In 1876, Kokchetav finally lost its military significance. The line and the fortress were abolished, management in the Kazakh steppe began to be carried out according to the model of the Russian Empire. The city of Kokchetav began to be called from 1895.

In 1887, the Kokchetav village had 288 houses, 1819 inhabitants. There were no large industrial enterprises and institutions in the village. The first largest building in the village was St. George's Church, built with funds donated by the Cossacks. Initially, a temple in honor of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious was erected on the northern slope of the mountain. Later, a chapel was erected on this site, where annually on April 23 a religious procession was made from St. George's Church, which was moved to a new location.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. City view 1900

The villagers had their own government. It was headed by an elected ataman. Elections of the stanitsa ataman were held by secret ballot. In the Cossack department, one doctor accounted for 15,400 souls and a territory of 5,000 square miles. At the end of the 19th century, a 30-bed semi-hospital was opened in the village.

Collegiate secretary Anshypu was appointed his remissary. He was one of the most educated people in Kokchetav. He graduated from the Vilna Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Consistory and voluntarily asked to go to Kokchetav, because here a year of service was counted as three. Anshypu did a lot to establish treatment not only for the settlers, but also for the native steppe dwellers. A pharmacy was also built in the village. It was owned by a major businessman Berezin. The pharmacy was located at the same place where the pharmacy of CJSC Tumar is now located (former pharmacy No. 1). The names of the streets in the village were given according to the location of any object. For example, there was a bazaar on Bazarnaya Street, Church Street at the location of the church, Cemetery Street was located near the cemetery, etc.

In the village, one of the crowded places was Sennoy Bazaar. Here there was a brisk trade in firewood, cattle, poultry, hay, etc. The hay bazaar of the villagers was located where the square and the monument to V.V. Kuibyshev are now located. Wine and grocery shops were located near the bazaar. The village had its own lands, which were estimated at 60,553 acres. These lands were located in the direction of Zerenda and beyond the lake, in the direction of the old airport. The Cossack elite was almost not engaged in agriculture, they mainly rented out land.
The village was divided into ten yards. One Cossack was chosen from each ten-house, who reported to the ataman of the village about everything that happened on his site. The first elementary school for boys in the village was built only in 1876. There were few children in the school. The school had three classrooms and a corridor. For teaching children, the teacher received 168 rubles a year. In 1881 a school for girls was opened. A teacher in a village school in 1889-1905. worked Yulia Nikolaevna Kuibysheva (mother of V.V. Kuibyshev). The other part of the city was called "philistine."

This part of the city was inhabited mainly by the peasant poor. It consisted of immigrants who voluntarily came to the "new lands" and exiles from the European part of Russia. Voluntarily resettled were given small land plots of 1-3 acres - forest land, pastures for livestock. The allotments were mainly allotted on solonetsous soils, so many peasants rented land from the village Cossacks. The buildings in the philistine part were mostly wooden.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. View from the chapel 1887

Until 1887, there were 231 of all buildings. The townspeople had a separate church (Mikhailo-Arkhangelskaya), which was located where the city garden is now (approximately at the location of the koumiss church). There were two mosques in the city: one in the bourgeois part (on Uritsky street), the other, approximately, where the Koktem store is now located. There was a post and telegraph office. The 15-bed hospital was served by a doctor and a paramedic. There were no hotels or cabs.
For trade, shop rows were built, in which there were several manufacturing shops. In the middle between the rows of shops stretched long tables for the sale of small goods. Now there is no trace left of the old bazaar. On the site where it used to be, a large square was laid out and the building of the House of Soviets (now the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection) was built.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Fair 1900

Significantly revived the city during the fairs, which were held annually from September 14 to October 1 on the road in the direction of Zerenda. She soon became widely known. Merchants from Petropavlovsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Akmola, Karkaralinsk and other places came here. Bargaining began on the market square and was a motley picture. On the eve of the fair, for several days, rows of booths, chests, yurts, carts appeared on a vast territory, thousands of people gathered. Manufactory, haberdashery, timber, household items, carriages, furs, hardware and other blacksmith products came true here. There were many private small enterprises in the bourgeois side.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Windmills on the lake 1900

Along the shore of the lake, in the area of ​​Granichnaya Street (Kirov St.), Kuznechnaya Street (Baitursynov St.), private forges were located. They repaired inventory, shod horses, and made simple agricultural implements. In addition to the forges, windmills stretched along the coast, of which there were more than twenty. The most extreme mill on the shore belonged to one of the wealthiest people in the city, Strigin. There were also water mills on the Chaglinka River.
Part of the townspeople, who did not have their own baths, used the common baths of entrepreneurs Sazonova and Kuzmina. Of the large enterprises, by the end of the century, the city had only a tannery, a slaughterhouse, and fat furnaces. In technical terms, for example, tanneries were very primitive, the method of processing leather from beginning to end remained manual, there were no skilled workers. The entire inventory of factories was exhausted by the presence of a large vat, tubs (soaking and tanning). Even worse was the sheepskin industry. At local sheepskin enterprises, sheepskins were fermented, not tanned. There were no shoe enterprises, except for handicraft workshops. The payroll of these consisted of 6-10 permanent and 15-20 seasonal workers.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Windmill 1900

Political power in the city was in the hands of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, the agricultural wealthy elite, which had a particularly great influence on the social and economic life of the city. Residents of the city, having property worth less than 200 rubles, had no right to participate in political and public life. It is especially interesting that the philistine part of the city had a special rule. At the head of the city was the city government, which until 1917 was located in the building where the fire department used to be. Later it was rebuilt, now the old Kokshetau hotel is located on this site. In addition to the city government, the city had a police department, a county military department, a bailiff of the city, which were located in a building located on Cemetery (Soviet) street. Now in this building there is Technocontract LLP.

There were few schools in the philistine part of the city; a small number of children studied in them. At the corner of Bolshoi (K. Marx) and Granichnaya (Kirov) streets there was a county public school. The first teacher in it was Vladimir Ilyich Tchaikovsky (brother of the great composer P.I. Tchaikovsky), on the opposite corner there was an elementary school. There was also a one-class school in the city, later there was secondary school N 7 in this building, then it was demolished, at present the building of the city akimat is located on this site. Valerian Vladimirovich Kuibyshev (1888-1935), later a prominent figure in the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet state, studied at one of the primary schools mentioned above.

In the 90s of the nineteenth century, a Kazakh school was opened in the city, which worked at the mosque, it was led by the mullah of the mosque, the famous learned theologian Naukanbai Talasov, popularly known as Nauan-Khazret. And in the same years, not far from the shopping center, an amateur gardener Kudryavetsky laid out a small park of poplars and acacias. Then, when the park grew up, Kudryavetsky opened it for general use. This park is now unrecognizable. The city garden is especially crowded in summer, the townspeople love to relax here on weekends.

The well-known Russian researcher G. N. Potanin, who visited our city at the end of the last century, compared it with Vladikavkaz. “Like the Caucasian one,” he wrote, “this one lies on a plane, but now a mountain begins outside the city, and the city garden begins on the mountain.” During these years, artificial lighting appeared in the city for the first time. Quite bulky lanterns hung out on the streets. They were glass tetrahedrons mounted on poles. Inside such a lantern was a wick immersed in hemp oil. The owners turned on the light at nightfall and put it out when they went to bed. Basically, wealthy merchants, landowners, Cossack officers used such street lighting.

In the special edition “The Economic Condition of the City and Settlements of Siberia”, published in 1882, the following data were reported about Kokchetav: “Kokchetav consists of a large village and a village being rebuilt next to it. There are 300 houses and more than 1800 inhabitants in the village, in the urban settlement there are only 60-70 houses and about 450 inhabitants, exclusively bourgeois. There are seven streets in the village, and only two in the urban settlement. Many merchants point to the advantageous position of the village for trade. The main items of trade in Kokchetav are livestock, livestock products, as well as bread, manufactory and colonial goods.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Shop merchant Korotkov 1900

In 1894, a questionnaire was sent to all county centers and large settlements in Siberia and Kazakhstan, and based on its analysis, in 1895 Kokchetav was officially recognized as a city. Already in the 90s, the industry of the city was represented by small factories for processing agricultural products: 1 meat-slaughtering plant, 1 fire-rolling plant, 2 salotopes, 10 forges, 1 steam mill, 2 brick factories (52 workers), etc. There were manufacturing and grocery stores, bread the shops. In 1899 the city income was 2900 rubles.

Over the decade (1887-1897) in Kokchetav, the number of houses more than doubled (from 231 to 500), according to the 1897 census, about 5,000 people lived in the city (1824 - 350 people lived, 1868 - 1685 people).

One of the first two-story buildings in the city was a house built in 1869 on Srednaya Street, in the 90s it belonged to the wealthy merchant Baltykhan. Today, Azyk-Tulik LLP is located here.

The social composition of the townspeople was as follows: “nobles - 41 people, merchants - 71, philistines (persons of the urban class from small merchants and artisans, lower employees) - 3039 people, Cossacks - 581 people. 426 people (raznochintsy) also temporarily lived in the city, along with Russians, 1121 Muslims lived: Kazakhs, Tatars, immigrants from Central Asia. (TsGA RK., f.369, op.1, d.2057, l.6).

Thus, at the end of the last century, the composition of the city's population was variegated both socially and nationally. Another characteristic feature was that males predominated among the townspeople. Apparently, this was due to the fact that there were many exiles in the city.

In 1881, the tsarist government adopted a document prepared by the Minister of the Interior, Count Ignatiev, the so-called "Greatest Command on the Distribution of Administrative Links." Then Kokchetav ended up on the list of places for the expulsion of "unreliable". I. A. Rafailov was the first of the “unreliable” to arrive in the city from Rostov-on-Don at the end of 1882, after the first exile, S. I. Erastov, a student of St. Zinaida Semyonovna Zatsepina, from hereditary nobles, was sentenced and exiled administratively for 3 years for "participation in a criminal community called the Party of People's Will."

In the first years after the release of the royal decree, V. Vvedensky from St. Petersburg, N. Sazhin from Simferopol, G. Tishchenko from Kerch, S. and V. Yakovlevs from Kazan, P. Chernysheva from Poltava and many others arrived in the city. From the first days of their stay in the city, the exiles met with workers and peasants, carried out explanatory work, charged the townspeople with new thoughts and ideas. In 1890, a district prison was built in Kokchetav for the maintenance of persons under investigation and trial, sentenced to imprisonment, as well as exiled and transit prisoners in the city of Kokchetav. “In terms of its size, the building was designed for 15 arrested people, but those held in prison were 2-3 times more” (Obzor of the Akmola Region., Ed. 1894, p. 73).

Stanitsa schools for boys of the Kokchetav district information for 1900:

Zerendinskaya was opened in 1855. studied boys 95
Sandyktavskaya was opened in 1869, boys studied67
Lobanovskaya was opened in 1852. studied boys 47
Shchuchinskaya was opened in 1852. studied boys 123
Koturkulskaya was opened in 1852. studied boys 126
Akan-Burlukskaya was opened in 1869. 72 boys studied
Aryk-Balykskaya was opened in 1852. studied boys 92

The year 1900 came unnoticed. A new age has begun. The socio-economic development of Kokchetav, like other cities of the Russian Empire, followed the path of development of capitalism.
By this time, the city already had 90 different trading establishments with a turnover of 706,650 rubles. At the beginning of the century, in 1904, the first brick building was built in the city, it belonged to a rich man, the owner of a wine-growing, later an iron foundry, Smurov (at present, this building houses the Museum of Local History).

In 1912, the so-called excise taxes (that is, an indirect tax on certain consumer goods) were introduced in the Kokchetav district. They consisted of the turnover of the monopoly sale of state-owned wine, alcohol and other products under the jurisdiction of excise supervision. By this time, the city had: one large wine warehouse, 2 wine shops, 2 taverns, 2 Rensky cellars (Rensky is the old name for grape wine), 9 beer shops. For the year, according to the documents of that period, the city spent 6172 wines for local consumption, 6 buckets for 58417 rubles 90 kopecks.

In 1910, on the initiative of the city dweller K. I. Zakharov, the first summer cinema was built from wood. Zakharov, as a fan of this business, showed films in the summer. He acquired the apparatus and films privately. He himself sold tickets to visitors. In general, the industry, if it can be called that, was represented by small handicraft-type workshops for the processing of agricultural products. The list of workers in these workshops constituted a small group of the population. In 1902, in the city, for example, 26 workers worked at eight tanneries, 65 workers at 4 fat-melted factories, 4 at two butter-making factories, and 52 people at one intestinal one.

Consequently, the local proletariat was small. But Kokchetav, like hundreds of other remote cities of the Russian Empire, did not stand aside from the political struggle. The first distributors of the ideas of Marxism in the Kazakh steppe were political exiles from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Kazan and other cities. Among them was a member of the St. Petersburg Blagoev group, VG Kharitonov, who was active in Kokchetav, Atbasar, and Pavlodar.

Among the first who raised his voice in defense of the oppressed was. Revolutionary proclamations, VV Kuibyshev first delivered from Omsk in July 1900. They made a big impression on the townspeople. For the representatives of the haves, it was a shock. Following the first leaflets, second, third ones appeared ... An underground printing house was created in the city, in July 1904 - the first circle to promote Marxism among young people. At the same time, the policemen of the city were instructed to strengthen the protection of public order, since at the end of 1906 the governor-general of the Akmola province N.M. Litvinov was killed in Omsk.

With the beginning of 1907, his place was taken by a strong-minded, active V. S. Losevsky. The newly baked governor addresses the royal court and, at his request, on February 13, 1907, the Senate declares the Kokchetav district and the city itself to be under increased protection. Despite this, at the end of the same year, active actions of the masses began in the city and throughout the county. With the outbreak of the First World War, the situation in the city escalated to the limit. The front required a large amount of food. Livestock and fodder were requisitioned from the population, and they were subjected to unbearable taxes. An additional military tax was introduced. Prices were continuously raised for all products and essentials. The attitude of the townspeople to the imperialist war is characterized by the uprising of the 4th and 7th Cossack regiments. The Cossacks massacred the officers, one of them, the commander of Borodin, was killed, in a fit of anger they burned the officers' club in the city. The imperialist war did not justify the aims of tsarism. The news of the overthrow of the king quickly spread throughout the country.

In Kokchetav, the tsarist officials tried to keep this event a secret from the population. But the revolutionary group widely informed the townspeople about the overthrow of tsarism. At the beginning of March 1917, at a rally, a decision was made to arrest the district chief, representatives of the tsarist government. A team of soldiers led by the revolutionary Sushkov took the tsarist officials into custody, occupied the telegraph office and the administrative offices of the city. From among the most active revolutionaries in Kokchetav, a temporary governing body is organized - the Uyezd Executive Committee. Following him, the Bolsheviks created the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and the agronomist of the Kokchetav village, the Bolshevik Demetsky, was elected as the representative of the Soviet.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Rally, March 1917

In December 1917, at a crowded rally on the market square, the Kokchetav Sovdop announced the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviet and set about creating a Soviet apparatus. But in June 1918, foreign intervention began in the city with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet regime.

On June 2, 1918, Czechoslovak troops, with the support of the White Guards, entered the city. On June 3, Colonel Pelymsky of the Cossack army and the local rich man Mikheev proclaimed themselves the masters of the city. Prominent organizers of Soviet power Demetsky, Sushkov, the Shevelev brothers, Smirnov, Potanin were shot. But the victory of the Whites was temporary. The 59th division of the 5th army, which he commanded, defeated the units of General Dutov and entered the city on November 12, 1918.

In the second half of 1919, the Revolutionary Committee was created. Street names, obelisks, monuments, memorial plaques remind of the revolutionary events in Kokchetav.

Postcard from 1974. Monument to the fighters for Soviet power

The inhabitants of Kokchetav erected a majestic monument "To the Fighters for Soviet Power" (architect V.K. Romanko, sculptor V.I. Kostin). The monument was erected at the place where the organizers of the Soviet power were shot in 1918. A young park rustles with foliage around the monument.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the city of Kokchetav still remained a provincial town with narrow, crooked, unpaved streets; its further development took place after the establishment of Soviet power.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Power plant 1920

In 1916, with the construction of iron foundries in the city, which at that time belonged to the Union Credit Partnership, a power plant was installed that generated energy of 8 kW per hour. This power plant in 1919 could meet the energy needs of 10% of the city's population. Since 1917, these workshops became a factory and were registered by the Akmola provincial department of metal and workers' control was established over them.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Workshops 1917

Since 1923, the iron foundry began to manufacture winnowing machines, the workers of the repair shops assembled 162 threshers, 60 heating pads, 20 stretchers and other agricultural implements in a short time. The plant had a carpentry shop (6 craftsmen, 1 assistant), a forge (5 blacksmiths), an assembly shop (2 people), a mechanical workshop (4 turners, 6 locksmiths, 4 assistants), a foundry shop (1 foundry worker, 5 moulders), etc. . In total, 49 people worked at the plant.

In 1920, leather workshops began to work. At a meeting of the Kokchetav district revolutionary committee, the head of the economic department, Morkovchenko, reported that “22 tanneries with a capacity of 35,000 skins per year have been registered. Already 1,400 dressed skins have arrived. It is planned to launch a distillery soon” (GAKO, f. 46, op. 1, d. 5, l. 64). Sheepskin production provided sheepskin coats for the army, fur coat workshops supplied the army with felt boots, shoe shops and other enterprises were launched (there was a civil war in the country). By this time, the match factory, 11 powder mills were nationalized, including the largest flour mills - Kolesnikov, with a total capacity of more than 1800 pounds of flour per day, Yavarsky, more than 1400 pounds. On the basis of the former Yavarsky mill, in 1924 they began to build an elevator (completed by February 1928).

On August 5, 1920, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, decided to build the Petropavlovsk-Kokchetav railway line. It was supposed to contribute to the development of a rich agricultural region. V.I. Lenin closely followed the construction of the road, attached it exceptional importance, called it a shock food railway line.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. First steam locomotive 1922

In 1926, the first long-term plan for the development of the urban economy for 1926-1931 was adopted in Kokchetav. During the five years in the city of Kokchetav, it was planned to build 15 residential buildings, 2 buildings for secondary educational institutions, to improve the city, it was planned to plant 15,000 new seedlings, etc. (the trees growing on the central streets were planted during this period).

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Alekseevsky bridge 1929

In 1929, in addition to the wine-making and mechanical factories, the Rassvet artel was organized in the city, specializing in the production of confectionery products; sweets, the so-called "pillows", were in great demand among the townspeople. The artel was located on the site of the building of the city department of internal affairs along M. Gorky Street (formerly Bazarnaya Street). Artel "Progress" produced shoe cream, glue, drinking bowls, pottery, even in the city there was an artel of coopers who made wooden barrels and tubs for the economy.

Since 1932, the Krasny Lomovik woodworking artel began to operate, and even later the Red Banner artel for sewing garments. During these years, significant cultural shifts took place in the city.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. Fair 1920

Much work has been done to eradicate illiteracy. On December 15, 1919, the People's House was opened. 4 sections were organized here: library, lecture, music and vocal and drama. The sections organized performances, concerts and lectures. At the People's House, a music school was opened with classes for piano, violin and wind instruments. The school had 6 teachers and 180 students.

In 1923, a Russian pedagogical college was organized in Kokchetav, which since 1928 became a Kazakh pedagogical school. By 1925, there were 6 schools of the first stage, of which Kazakh, Tatar and 4 Russian. In addition, a Russian seven-year school was organized. 1212 people studied in all schools, 32 teachers worked. On December 11, 1919, a health department was formed with subdivisions: medical, sanitary-epidemic, pharmaceutical. In the same years, a commission was created to combat the epidemic of typhus, headed by the doctor Glagolev M.N. To avoid overloading the infirmary, a special infirmary for convalescents with 80 beds was opened.

In March 1920, a local history museum was created in Kokchetav by the department of public education. The basis of its exposition was various valuable exhibits (old weapons, objects of oriental culture) confiscated from atamans who fled with Kolchak and local rich people. The museum was founded by a group of employees of the local executive committee - Prigozhy, Zhukov and others. Soon, I.S. Khokhlov, a colleague of I.N. Ulyanov, who personally knew V.I. Lenin as a high school student, was invited to head the museum. In 1925, there were 5 libraries in Kokshetau, the fund of which consisted of 12541 books. In the same year, for the first time, the first radio receiver was installed in the premises of the People's House, and in 1927 the first radio unit was installed.

At that time, 12 post and telegraph offices and the same number of auxiliary points functioned in the county. Mail along the Kokchetav-Atbasar-Akmolinsk route, although on horseback, was delivered regularly three times a week. On July 1, 1920, the first issue of the newspaper "Red Plowman" was published in Kokchetav, the organ of the Kokchetav district organizational bureau of the RCP (b) and the revolutionary committee. The newspaper was published in small circulation, on wrapping paper.

An interesting event at the end of 1923 was the invention by Kokchetav citizen I. Savelyev of the typewriter of the Cossack system. An expert commission in Orenburg (the then capital of the republic) reviewed the presented invention and recognized it as the best in comparison with the then available American designs. Soon the craftsman received an order from the Akmola Gubernia Executive Committee for the manufacture of twenty such machines. The writing system of our countryman quickly won the recognition of specialists and served people for a long time.

In January 1928, all counties were abolished, and districts were created on their basis. So, several districts were formed from the Kokchetav district, including Kokchetav. The city becomes a district center.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. First cars

In the 1930s, the growth of industrialization raised the standard of living of the people. In Kokchetav, as well as throughout the country, life began to improve, people worked tirelessly to live better. The city gradually acquired its modern look. The population increased, the number of workers increased. The industry increased its output every year. Already by 1940, electricity was produced in the region of 5.4 million kilowatt / hours. The city annually produced 3.6 million bricks, 11.0 thousand pairs of leather shoes, 20.0 thousand pairs of felted shoes, produced 820 tons of butter, 15 thousand tons of flour and many other products. By this time, new hospitals had been built, and the number of doctors and nurses had increased. A number of residential properties have been put into operation. The housing stock of the city amounted to 59.8 thousand square meters. The population of Kokchetav by this time exceeded 19 thousand people. There were 10 schools in the city, and compulsory seven-year education was introduced.

During these years, mass re-equipment began, additional capacities were installed, more advanced production technologies were introduced, and socialist competition was organized.

First of all, such events were held at the iron foundry, wool beater, and breweries. In 1930-31, casting of 2- and 3-way faucets and furnace casting began at the iron foundry. In 1930, the regional newspaper "Kolkhozny Front" of October 4 wrote: "150% of the production program - to the government of Kazakhstan." The iron foundry named after the OGPU (by that time the plant had been awarded the title “named after the OGPU”) in Kokchetav, by the tenth anniversary of Soviet power in Kazakhstan, comes with a complete victory on the labor front. For the 3rd quarter, the foundry shop of the plant completed the program by 103.7%, reduced scrap by 2.9%, completed the task for copper casting by 254%. Among the best workers of the plant of that time were: foreman Alexandrov, workers Mukhin, Grechukhin and others.

In 1936, the plant began to expand. So, an extension was made to the foundry and the output of casting increased after its completion by 1118 pounds per year. In 1938, 500 people worked at the plant. Released castings and products for 1708 thousand rubles. The plant fulfilled the plan of that year by 103%. The production of that time at the plant represented furnace casting, casting of cranes, parts of agricultural machines, engine repairs. The plant began to master the production of primitive lathes for MTS, made about 15 of them. However, due to the unprofitability of the city, further production was discontinued.

Photo: Local Lore Museum of Kokshetau. View from the hill 1926

A great influence on the increase in labor productivity, and especially in industry, was exerted by the movement that originated on the initiative of the Donetsk miner A. Stakhanov. Its meaning was to fulfill at least two production norms every shift. By the end of 1935, only at the iron foundry, 38 people had already been awarded the high title of Stakhanovite.

Innovative initiative was picked up in all sectors of the national economy. Over time, collective farmers also joined him. A collective farm was also organized in Kokchetav, in the work of which the peasantry of the city took an active part. A lot has really changed in the life of the townspeople. New shops were born, streets were equipped, schools and kindergartens expanded, electricity appeared, a city bathhouse, many public institutions were radio-equipped.

On September 26, 1934, a prominent statesman visited Kokchetav, who, on the instructions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, studied the situation on the ground, provided practical assistance to party and Soviet bodies. SM Kirov also visited Stepnyak, which was then one of the country's most important gold mining sites. In honor of this event, Granichnaya Street was renamed S. M. Kirov Street.

On September 20, 1938, the City Council of Workers decides to rename the streets: Direct - named after Vorovsky, Prison - Chapaev, Podgornaya - Menzhinsky, Bazarnaya - Gorky, Peresechnaya - Frunze, River - Krupskaya, Svobodnaya - May 1 (later M. Gabdullina), Prigorodnaya - Chkalov, Adjacent - Budyonny, Hospital - Sacco and Vanzetti, 1 Cemetery - Ostrovsky, 2 Cemetery - Furmanov, Peasant - S. Razin, Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk - Lenin, then Middle, Ryazan - Communist, Bolshaya Sadovaya - K. Marx, Petropavlovskaya - Soviet, Border - Kirov, Military - Uritsky, Ivano-Voznesensk - Proletarian, etc.

On June 15-18, 1938, the first session of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR of the first convocation took place. Beisenbayeva Sharipa, a bottler at a distillery, one of the first women deputies in Kazakhstan, was elected from Kokchetav.

In the 1930s, our compatriot writers also made a great contribution to the development of literature in Kazakhstan: Olzhas Bekenov (1892-38), Gabbas Tokzhanov (1900-1938), Shakhmet Kusainov (1906-70) and others. In the 30s in Kokchetav, in addition to the Russian amateur folk theater, there was a Tatar amateur theater, and there was also a Kazakh-Tatar library.

The thirties of the 20th century went down in history as the years of a demographic catastrophe, the tragic consequences of overforced collectivization, which were aggravated by administrative arbitrariness, had an effect. They are also known as the years of mass Stalinist repressions, when prominent representatives of culture, science and education were shot and destroyed in camps. Among them are many Kokshetau compatriots - Ukili Ibrai, A. Dosov, Smagul Sadvakasov, Aidarkhan Turlybaev, Zarap Temirbaev and other prominent political and state figures. During these years, Kokchetav became the starting point for entire echelons of arrested "enemies of the people" who arrived from different cities of Russia. For example, in April 1932, more than 150 people had already arrived, and so every month. After the so-called "sorting" these people were sent under escort to who knows where.

Like Petropavlovsk, originally a Russian city, founded in 1824 as a Cossack village. Located in the center of Kazakhstan's virgin lands, for me Kokchetav has become some kind of quintessence of Northern Kazakhstan.

However, Kokchetav became a city long before Khrushchev's development of virgin lands - this happened already in 1862. Together with Akmola - present-day Astana - Kokchetav became the sixth city on the territory of modern Kazakhstan; after the final entry of the Middle Zhuz into the Russian Empire on the territory of Kazakhstan, on the site of villages and Cossack villages, Russian cities began to appear en masse. Moreover, a significant part of the new cities of the Russian Empire in the 1860s arose precisely in the southeastern borderlands - in the Southern Urals, in Northern, Western and Central Kazakhstan.
Already in the 1870s. The Great Steppe became completely peaceful, and Kokchetav lost the remnants of its military significance. It remained a small (5 thousand people) county / district town until the 1950s, when the development of virgin lands began. The surrounding steppe expanses were plowed up, and Kokchetav became the center of redistribution and processing of agricultural products.

Kokchetav is the only North Kazakhstan city with an absolute predominance of the Kazakh population, although in 1989 the ethnic picture here was more typical (Russians 53%, Kazakhs 19%).

4.

This change is associated with a combination of the usual large migration outflow of the Russian population with a large influx of the Kazakh population.

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Perhaps this is not least due to the position of Kokchetav as the center of the metropolitan Akmola region.

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Accordingly, among the North Kazakhstani cities, Kokchetav has one of the highest population growth rates - in the post-Soviet period, the population increased by almost one-fifth, to 160,000 people. At the same time, Kokchetav remains one of the smallest regional centers of Kazakhstan - only Taldy-Kurgan, the center of the second metropolitan Almaty region, is smaller.
Kokchetav is compact and mostly rectangular.
Maxim Gorky Street, into which Abylay-Khan Avenue coming from the north (again the North Kazakhstan Friendship of Peoples) passes, is one of the largest in the city:

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Another main street - Abay - leads to the railway station, located on the eastern periphery of the city:

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Pretty typical Kokchetav landscape; it is enlivened by dry steppe hills, looming in the background of a significant part of the city streets.

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As I understand it, to the south, these same hills turn into the magnificent mountains of Borovoye.

The climate of Kokchetav is clearly softened by Lake Kopa, on which the city stands.

10.

Kokchetav hugs the lake from the east and south; fresh lake. The farther south, the thinner the river network; although Kokchetav is supposedly located in the Ob-Irtysh-Ishim basin, and the city lake is flowing, water from it still enters the closed lake Shaglyteniz and does not reach either the Ob or the Arctic Ocean.
Kokchetav is distinguished by a large presence of the urban environment, here relatively much space is occupied by blocks of a completely urban appearance.

11.

But problems arose at the junction of the city with the lake.
This is generally a feature of Soviet and post-Soviet urban planning - it is not very successful to integrate the city with natural barriers. First of all, of course, I mean ravines, but rivers and lakes also cause difficulties.
Well, that is, in Kokchetav, there is no frank garbage heap by the lake, and there is not even a railway line with a dead industrial zone, but the embankment has not been formed either.

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Wastelands - as if there were not enough small urban elements to fill some grooves between water and buildings:

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The Chaglinka (Shalagali) river, flowing through the lake, in the city it flows into it:

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Lakeside floodplains at the mouth of the Chaglinka and a certain administrative building of a typical neo-Kazakhstan style - you can see hundreds of these in the brilliant Astana:

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Not so far from the mouth of the Chaglinka, where one of the largest streets in the city, Maxim Gorky Street crosses the river, there is the Borovoe (Burabai) square - along with the lake, the most photogenic place in all of Kokchetav.
It is intended to remind of the nearby (also in the Akmola region) natural sights.

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The rocks in the square are low and gentle, but the animals turned out to be alive and unusual.
In addition to the actual Burabay wild animals, the square also contains some Kazakh batyrs riding horses.

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Pay attention to the rather pleasant Soviet architecture in the background - apparently, some kind of high-rise series for virgin cities.
But more, of course, more typical houses, including three-story ones - a rarity for the cities of the Soviet Union after the 1950s:

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In the railway station area:

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Near "Burabai" there is a recently built mosque of rather standard image and rather big size.

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Now approximately such mosques are massively built in all major cities of the country; they say that mainly Turkish companies are doing this.

21.

As you can see, despite the relative antiquity of the city, in Kokchetav almost nothing reminds of its respectable age.
Alas, I didn’t see almost anything of what is - a little county building mentioned in Varandey’s post.
The house-museum of Malik Gabdullin, a teacher and writer, a native of these places, is so completely modernized that it is not clear whether it is old or not.

22.

It is also a Kazakh feature - here in almost every more or less large city there are museums of local cultural figures, politicians and military affairs, completely unknown to us. However, even Abay Kunanbaev penetrated Moscow in the form of a monument on Chistoprudny Boulevard - but who among us knows him from his work, and not from the opposition "Occupy Abai"?

Like the whole of Northern Kazakhstan, Kokchetav gives the impression of a rather Russified and, in this sense, European city. However, the city market and the neighborhoods surrounding it are such an "intrazonal landscape": real Asia clearly penetrates through it.

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Not the last role is played by the mosque, which faces the market with its southwestern side:

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The market penetrates the Soviet greyish urban fabric:

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Although Kokchetav is one of the most comfortable regional centers of the country. Adjusted for Kazakhstani specifics, this means that the well-groomed part of the city is not only the very center, it occupies almost half of the city here.

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Kazakhstani landscaping often includes the beautification of the facades of panel houses - something that in Russia can be seen only in Moscow and maybe even in the rich cities of the Far North.

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The style "plastic + mirror glass" is also typical for Kazakhstan, as well as for many Asian countries and cities, including our Russian Kazan.

30.

There is quite a lot of greenery, but the Kazakhstani climate makes itself felt - without watering, the grass burns out completely in places by August, and the trees hardly grow tall:

31.

Despite the fact that this is still a fertile North by the standards of this country.
There are many old cars in Kazakhstan - despite the fact that the incomes of the local population after a specific drawdown of the Russian ruble exchange rate are almost equal to ours. As far as I understand, the fact is that there are high duties on cars, and they are expensive.

32.

The man who drove me a couple of days later along the highway between Shchuchinsk and Astana became very interested when he learned that my mother had a used Subaru Forester. He seriously suggested that we come to visit him - he was the director of the local former state farm - and sell him this car.

Kokchetav courtyard:

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But closer to the outskirts of the city, the Kazakh pillared village still begins (in the sense of pillars):

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Straight to the brain.
Finally, about transport.
In general, the situation with it in the cities of Northern Kazakhstan is better than in many Russian provincial cities - there are quite a few bus routes with rolling stock of large or at least medium capacity.
However, in relatively small cities like Kokchetav, the same venerable "PAZs" as in Kurgan and Arkhangelsk still occupy the most important place in passenger traffic.

36.

As you can see, minibuses also come across, but there are relatively few of them.
The railway station, located on the eastern outskirts of Kokchetav, is a good example of late Soviet architecture.

37.

Not bad and abstract sculptural composition in front of him.
Beautiful and spacious station square, there is also a bus station.

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In Northern Kazakhstan, rail transport plays a noticeably greater role than in Southern Kazakhstan - electric trains appeared here first of all, in the 1960s; they have remained even now, while in the south they became extinct shortly after their appearance in the 1980s-2000s.

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The freight value of railways is perhaps even greater than in Russia - with the federal trans-Kazakhstan highways, it is still not very good here.

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It seems that freight trains here look neater than Russian ones - there are more freshly painted cars, or something.
Kokchetav is a junction of four directions: here the main meridional Kazakhstan highway Petropavlovsk - Astana - Karaganda - Chu - Alma-Ata intersects with one of the "trans virgin" railways Chelyabinsk - Kustanai - Irtysh - Altai Territory.
Ten years ago, a lot of transit Russian trains went to Altai from the Urals and European Russia along the last highway, but now they have all been transferred to the north, to the Trans-Siberian Railway, and almost all trains passing through Kokchetav go from Russia / from the north of Kazakhstan to its center, to the south and to Central Asia.
So, in Kokchetav, I took one of the two electric trains going south and went to the beautiful Borovoe.

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