Basic concepts of excursion type of tourism. Features of excursion tours. Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sightseeing tours are an excellent type of recreation for those who are not accustomed to staying in one place for a long time, but want to get the most information and impressions in a relatively short period of time. In essence, excursion tours provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the history, traditions, culture of one or a number of countries within one trip. As a rule, they include a very rich and extensive program that turns any trip into a real unforgettable and exciting adventure.
Any active rest, which is associated with participation in sightseeing tours, is very useful, both in terms of physical development, and in terms of cultural and moral enrichment. In turn, each excursion, conducted by a professional and erudite guide, will certainly bring a huge amount of pleasure. Legends, facts from history and events that are associated with historically significant places are excellently remembered. Therefore, excursion tours are especially recommended for teenagers, students and children, because they allow you to combine business with pleasure, developing intelligence and erudition.
For the most part, the duration of the excursion tour does not exceed two weeks, and the routes can be both the most common and compiled depending on individual wishes. As a rule, specialized agencies are engaged in organizing these tours, which, in fact, are responsible for developing the tour program, as well as selecting guides, booking hotels and tickets for flights. Sometimes in such agencies you can buy last-minute tours - you just need to inquire about the special offers that are valid at the time of the planned trip.
Rules for choosing excursion tours
- you need to determine the direction of your planned trip and find out which operators are represented in this segment of the tourism industry.
- analyze price offers and here both too cheap and expensive tours do not guarantee the high quality of the services provided. The fact is that the activity of the so-called. one-day firms that actually have nothing to do with the tourism industry.
- Before deciding on the choice of a travel agency, you should ask about the reviews of customers who have already been served by this company.
Thus, today sightseeing tours can diversify our lives and bring a lot of positive emotions, evoking only pleasant memories.
tour management tourism
Excursion (cognitive) tourism is one of the varieties of the tourism industry, travel to get acquainted with historical and cultural monuments, natural attractions, museums, theaters, traditions of peoples in a certain territory.
Accordingly, domestic excursion tourism is one of the varieties of the tourism industry of a given country, traveling within this country in order to get acquainted with its historical and cultural monuments, natural attractions, museums, theaters, and folk traditions.
The activity of excursion tourism consists in organizing tours of a historical, cultural, educational orientation.
Such tours are developed by travel agencies and operators and may represent various topics depending on the range of interests of potential tourists. For example, it can be literary tours to the places of life of famous poets and writers, historical tours to places associated with certain events of the past. Tours with the study of the architectural features of cities and countries, folklore tours, tours with visits to art galleries, as well as tours of any other subject that are interesting to a certain circle of people are also very popular.
The organization of excursion tourism can be carried out in two main directions - these are the so-called stationary tours, which are designed for tourists to stay in one city, as well as routed tours, which involve visiting several cities according to a predetermined schedule.
As a rule, stationary tourist routes involve a detailed study of the sights of one city.
Routed tours are designed so that the visited cities are close to each other, so that the journey takes a minimum of time, and they are not so tiring.
Excursion tourism includes many programs for tourists to choose from. If a route tour is organized, the guide travels with the group, or, alternatively, in each visited city, tourists are met by a professional guide who lives in this country and specializes in a particular topic. As a rule, such tours provide free time for independent exploration of each individual city visited - from half a day to a whole day if the stop time is more than three days.
Stationary tours, in turn, provide more free time, and they also have a more widely organized leisure program, which may include various creative meetings, national holidays, visits to restaurants with a variety of cuisines, including national ones, visits to exhibition halls and tasting rooms. centers.
Excursion service
This is the organization and provision of excursion services that satisfy the needs of a person in familiarization with spiritual and moral values, in the accumulation of knowledge, including professional ones, in the mode of free choice of objects, methods and means of cognition.
Excursion service allows you to convey to the consumer (tourist, tourist) a complex of knowledge on history, culture, geography, ethnography, ecology, economics, etc. When participating in such excursion activities as viewing museum and exhibition displays, historical, cultural, natural, ethnographic, engineering and other sights, there is a satisfaction of the needs of the individual in the knowledge of the surrounding reality.
The selectivity of a person in choosing excursion services is subconscious. The excursionist (tourist) chooses those excursion services that satisfy several needs at the same time, i.e. are functionally complete. So, visiting a country excursion, its participants not only satisfy the need for knowledge, but also, in combination with emotional and intellectual stress, eliminate the lack of movement, increase the efficiency of information exchange in the process of communicating with each other. Thus, excursion services can be considered not only as part of a comprehensive tourist service, but also as an independent type of service, the purpose of which is to satisfy the requests and needs of sightseers (tourists) in understanding the surrounding reality.
Considering excursion service as a result of the activity of tourist and excursion enterprises of the organized recreation system, it should be borne in mind that the complex of tasks of excursion service includes the organization of recreation, trips and travels with visits to historical, cultural, natural and other objects.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kaluga State University. K.E. Tsiolkovsky
Department of Tourism and Sports
Course work:
Excursion tourism and other types of tourism
Completed: 2nd year student
Ilyina Elena Evgenievna
Head: Annushkina T.M.
Kaluga, 2013
Introduction
Chapter 1. Program tourism and its types
1.1 What is program tourism and why is it needed
1.2 Classification of types of tourism
1.2.2 Types of business tourism
1.2.3 General classifications of types of tourism
1.3 Excursion tourism
Chapter 2. Development of a tour-travel program
2.1 The program of the excursion tour from Russia to Abkhazia
Conclusions
Introduction
The theme of my work is excursion tourism and other types of tourism. In preparing this work, I set myself the goal of studying all the main types of tourism, focusing on the sightseeing type of tourism and developing a small tour-travel for this type of tourism.
The topic of tourism is generally very relevant in recent times and will remain so, as more and more people travel to various cities and countries, resorting to the services of travel companies. Very few travelers know how to organize their own tour, so program tourism is becoming widespread. Of all the types of tourism I have considered, I was most attracted to sightseeing, as this is probably the most common type of tourism that many people use. People traveling just to relax, go on excursions, etc. much more than those who go in for sports and sports tourism or leave for other countries only for the purpose of treatment.
I decided to draw up a tour-travel program to the republic, which is located next to Russia, to which, most importantly, everyone can go without any problems. The Republic of Abkhazia is becoming more and more popular every year among tourists who have sufficiently large financial capabilities.
Chapter 1. Program tourism and its types
1 What is program tourism and why is it needed
At present, despite the fact that many segments of the population are crying and complaining about meager salaries, many can afford to periodically visit various resorts and sanatoriums, and travel abroad. Unfortunately, not all people who want to go on vacation have the opportunity to provide themselves with tickets, arrange accommodation, and plan their vacation in stages. Someone is not able to do this because of their laziness or fear (embarrassment), someone because of lack of time and a lot of work, someone because of the usual ignorance of the city or country to which he is going. Travel agencies and companies come to the aid of such people, which are becoming more and more every day. Tourist organizations employ specially trained and competent people who can help you organize your vacation.
Let's say a family comes to a travel company and sets the following task for the tour operator: "We want to relax in comfort, fun, unforgettable and also go skiing." For its part, the employee of the company must choose several options for recreation for the family and tell about each in detail. The operator must take into account absolutely all the wishes of customers. People want to go skiing, so it is necessary to choose an option among the ski resorts, they want comfort, which means that the level of the hotel should be at least 2-3 stars with all the amenities, fun provides for the presence of entertainment places such as a club, visiting interesting and original excursions, taking part in holidays, etc. The operator of the travel company must provide all the information to customers, tell them about everything that awaits them and calculate the approximate cost of the tour for the whole family. Being engaged in such work, the operator, in fact, draws up a holiday program for clients, we can say that he is engaged in programming. This is the reason for the emergence of program tourism. Since program tourism is becoming more and more widespread, accordingly, the people involved in it must be prepared at the highest level. One and the same tour operator cannot know everything, so usually each operator is engaged in its own type of tourism or recreation and travel in one of the countries. I believe that it is most convenient to break down operators depending on the type of tourism, and why, I will now explain. We imagine that we have come to the company, we express a desire to ski and relax. And then they tell you, now is the skiing season in Krasnaya Polyana (Russia), go to operator number 1, then, and another season in Switzerland, go to operator number 2, and also there, please go to operator number 3, etc. And so in our head everything moves and gets confused, everyone will insist on choosing a tour from him and the client will not really be able to compare the options with each other. Therefore, it is better that everyone would do their own thing, competently and efficiently perform their work. The first thing a future tour operator should know is what types of tourism generally exist and be well versed in at least one of them.
Let's sum up a little what is program tourism. Program tourism is the activity of employees of a travel company in planning the rest of tourists. When performing work, individual characteristics of clients, personal wishes, financial capabilities, etc. should be taken into account. Travelers set goals for themselves, and a travel company must do everything to achieve these goals and satisfy customers. Program tourism is necessary to provide a full-fledged, comfortable, interesting vacation for travelers.
1.2 Classification of types of tourism
Tourism is the trip or journey of people to another city or country where people do not reside permanently. Such a journey lasts, maybe from 24 hours to six months.
People very often go abroad, pursuing some business interests, for example, to a meeting at work. Someone goes to the mountains to go skiing, someone leaves to improve their health, someone to study the culture, civilization and customs of other peoples, etc. Due to the fact that we are all completely different and individual in their characteristics, it is customary in the field of tourism to distinguish various types or types of tourism.
The first basis in accordance with which the types of tourism are classified is the goal that a person setting out on a trip sets for himself.
So, depending on the purpose, tourism is divided into:
Business - travel is associated with the professional interests of a person, with his work and career;
Recreational - a person goes to rest, improve his health, both physical and psychological.
Further, recreational tourism can be subdivided into other types (subspecies) of tourism. For example, according to the way of making a trip, depending on the landscape and geographical features of the area or on the goals pursued by the tourist, etc.
Business tourism is also divided into subspecies. For example, for military and archaeological tourism, for gastronomic and others.
1.2.1 Types of recreational tourism
The first type of recreational tourism is health tourism. First of all, this type of tourism is associated with the desire of the traveler to improve their health. The tourist pursues the goal - the passage of health or rehabilitation procedures and activities.
The traveler can go to a balneological resort, where treatment will take place at the expense of natural mineral waters. There are various deposits of healing mud in the area of which special resorts and sanatoriums are being built, which base their health program on mud treatment. Depending on climatic and natural conditions, health resorts are divided into forest, mountain, seaside. Mountain resorts are located in the mountains far from the sea, seaside resorts are usually located in the coastal zone.
You can find combined resorts and sanatoriums, for example, located in the coastal zone with mud treatment, including mineral waters. Several such sanatoriums can be found in the Sochi region.
The next subspecies of recreational tourism is tourism with an educational purpose. People who go on an educational journey plan to attend many excursions and thus expand their horizons.
Tourists want to study the peculiarities of the language, life and culture of a certain people, which means ethnic tourism. If the tour only includes visits to holy places, trains to the Holy Land, therefore, this is a pilgrimage.
Further classification goes depending on how the tourist travels on foot or by car, etc. - this type of tourism is called sports. The main goal pursued by the traveler is sport, for someone walking is a sport, for someone a car or skiing.
This includes autotourism - traveling by car. Eat for example you from Kaluga to Moscow by car. in order to see architectural monuments, then you are engaged in caravanning. Mototourism - traveling on motorcycles. Bicycle tourism is a journey on bicycles, too far, however, you can’t go. Water tourism - travel either on a yacht, or on a boat, or on a sailboat, etc. Equestrian tourism is a trip to another city or village on horseback. Ski tourism - the purpose of this type of tourism is to ski enough and at the same time see some architectural monuments, or just admire nature and landscapes. Hiking includes walking. For example, we gathered a group of tourists and took them for a walk around Kaluga, talking about the sights. Mountain tourism, hiking in the mountains with all the appropriate equipment and equipment. Speleotourism is the so-called underground tourism. That is, a tourist visits some caves for the usual cognitive purpose, or for a sporting purpose. Sports here are due to the fact that visiting the cave involves overcoming various natural barriers and obstacles. Going to the cave, the tourist should have the appropriate equipment and equipment (ropes, hooks, ropes, and much more) ready.
In sports tourism, extreme tourism is distinguished. It is easy to guess that it is associated with extreme sports, with a risk to health and your life in general. Extreme tourism includes well-known diving and rafting, jeeping and mountain tourism, and much more. Sports extreme tourism is digerstvo. Diggers are usually engaged in the study of underground structures and structures, such as subways or sewers. They become diggers for the sake of ordinary curiosity or a desire to take a walk in an unusual place, someone is engaged in digging for scientific and educational purposes. Among the diggers, many are involved in rescue work, etc. affairs. Mountain tourism implies that a tourist with a large backpack on his shoulders and all in equipment will conquer the peaks of mountains, for example, Everest. A very famous type of tourism is jeeping, especially in mountainous areas. The essence of this holiday is to travel by car on the road. If you choose jeeping, then get ready to drive through the bush, abandoned areas of cities and towns, crossing rivers, etc. In our country, jeeping is widespread in the region of Sochi, Novorossiysk, Lazarevsky. Everyone who visited the resorts of Turkey and Egypt should be aware of such a type of tourism as diving. Diving itself is the immersion of a person in special equipment and with special equipment under water. During your stay under water, you can explore the relief of the sea or ocean, the fish surrounding you and other living creatures of the seabed.
The combined type of recreational tourism is a combination of several types of tourism in one. Let's give an example, you arrived on a yacht somewhere, then went on a walk, then got on a horse and went on excursions, then got on a rented car and returned back. Here is an elementary example of combined tourism.
Further, recreational tourism is divided into subspecies in accordance with the goals pursued by the traveler for sports and cultural, safari and agrotourism, educational and gastronomic, medical and religious, and many other types. Let's take a closer look at several subspecies.
Religious tourism is divided into pilgrimage and Islam. That is, those travelers who strictly adhere to the values, principles and prescriptions of pilgrimage or Islam will be accommodated in the appropriate hotels, with appropriate food and service, their tour will include visits to places that are for them the nature of holy places. For example, for a Muslim, food should be prepared in accordance with Halal, there should not be any alcoholic drinks in the hotel, pools and even beaches are separate for both men and women.
If the traveler is pursued by a sporting interest, then all types of sports tourism can be included in his tour. For example, riding a bike or motorcycle, conquering the mountains using mountain accessories (mountain tourism) or by car (jeeping) and much more.
Agrotourism - tourists spend their travel time in the countryside in some special house or estate. Tourists must work daily with the owners of the house, take an active part in the life of their village, help with the housework, etc. Agritourism is compared by some to rural tourism. This type of tourism is very developed in Italy and Spain.
Ecological tourism - travelers visit various places such as nature reserves, parks and other natural objects that are protected. Environmental friendliness is connected with the fact that the places visited by tourists are far from large industrial cities with some kind of production. For example, when you arrive at Lake Baikal, you will not find there those heaps of garbage and various rubbish that are found in big cities at every step.
Everyone knows that safari was originally associated with hunting. Currently, safaris are walking through the wild by car and shooting wild animals. This type of tourism as a safari is very developed in Africa. The safari also includes hunting accompanied by a professional hunter.
Tour realism is a type of tourism in which the traveler plunges at the maximum level into the culture and traditions of the country where he temporarily rests. Tour operators must provide travelers and tourists with all the conditions for living, provide people with top-level security, and create a comfortable atmosphere.
Medical tourism is subdivided into health tourism and childbirth related tourism. Health tourism involves you going somewhere to improve your physical and psychological health. During the trip, you will definitely attend various medical procedures, massages, etc. Tourism associated with childbirth suggests that you go to another country in order to carry and give birth to a child and, if necessary, correct his health, or you and your husband fly to a foreign country to solve the problem of infertility.
Gastronomic tourism - tourists go to some country in order to get acquainted with the cuisine of the country. During the tour, travelers taste various dishes, wines, fruits, berries and other food products. Get acquainted with dishes that are national.
Cognitive or sightseeing tourism is associated with the cognitive interests of the tourist. A traveler can visit various countries, cities, places of interest and architectural monuments in order to expand their horizons and knowledge about other cities besides their own. If a tourist likes a place or city and returns to it once or twice, then this is already a nostalgic (but still educational) type of tourism.
Cultural tourism is associated with the study of the cultural characteristics of a particular country. Someone is interested in books and literary works, someone will be interested in music or the language and dialect of a certain people. In accordance with the above, cultural tourism is divided into music and book or language. Everyone can continue the division of cultural tourism for themselves. For example, lovers of painting and landscapes will single out art history tourism in cultural tourism, etc.
Let us now turn to the classification of the type of tourism depending on the geography and landscape of the area.
This includes mountain tourism, it has already been mentioned earlier. Mountain tourism involves tourists staying in mountainous areas and visiting all kinds of excursions and hikes there.
Jailoo is tourism, travelers are thrown into places where there is no electricity, abundant communication and the Internet, in a word, places that have not been badly influenced by civilization.
Industrial tourism is a visit to territories and buildings, engineering production facilities for the purpose of psychological satisfaction. Many people enjoy visiting an abandoned house or a tour of a factory, some may be drawn to the outskirts of the city. With industrial tourism, the traveler can get not only psychological satisfaction, but also satisfy his research interests, if any.
Forest tourism, it is clear to everyone that it is associated with hiking in the forest and living in houses or cottages located in the forest-park area.
Rural tourism - travelers stay in some small hotel or in the private sector, study and learn about the life of the people, the sights of the area, etc. Rural tourism is directly related to agritourism, which was discussed above.
Speleotourism, it has already been mentioned before, it is associated with the study and exploration of caves.
1.2.2 Types of business tourism
Now few types of business tourism are known, this type of tourism includes business tourism and congress tourism, shopping tourism and archaeological tourism, military tourism, and gastronomic tourism.
Gastronomic tourism was discussed in the last paragraph. Business gastronomic tourism is associated with the fact that the traveler chooses this type of tourism in connection with the interests of his work, profession. He is not repelled by his personal interests and preferences. This type of tourism is common among chefs and culinary specialists, owners of restaurant chains and cafes.
Archaeological tourism - tourists go to another country for excavations or to study archaeological finds and all kinds of monuments discovered by other archaeological groups. This type of tourism is directly related to professional activities.
Military tours are provided for military personnel going on business trips or exercises. If, for example, some battalion or group of soldiers must work out a march or something similar on the territory of a foreign country, then the tour operator also sends on a tour that has a military focus. Maybe a group of officers is going abroad to study the military history of another country or to some emergency meeting.
Congress tourism is popular among employees of various scientific and research institutions, as well as among representatives of political parties. Representatives of political parties can fly to other cities and countries to discuss issues related to relations between countries or to discuss bills, etc. Researchers very often have to attend scientific conferences, read reports there, etc.
Business tourism is important for entrepreneurs and owners of any large firms. For example, a representative of some traction brand and firm is obliged to fly from city to city, from country to country to control the work of his company. To determine the conditions for improving work, to draw up and sign new contracts, etc.
All types of business tourism depend on the professional sphere of a person’s activity, on those needs and interests that primarily concern his work, and not himself. In business tourism, if desired, many more types can be distinguished. For example, scientific tourism associated with science and research conducted by a researcher (studying the landscape or animals). Art tourism is a journey to study the architecture of cities, sculpture, painting, etc.
Types of business tourism can intertwine, have something in common and turn into a combined type of business tourism.
2.3 General classifications of types of tourism
One of the reasons for dividing tourism into types is the way of equipment. Equipment includes everything that you take with you. According to this basis, there are two types of tourism - backpacking and light travel. In the case of backpacking, the traveler independently thinks over the route, buys tickets, makes hotel reservations, and so on. With this type of tourism, the tourist tries to find the cheapest and least expensive way to travel. That is, buying tickets for promotions or discounts, staying in a cheap hotel or in the private sector, or maybe even in a tent, eating in an ordinary canteen or fast food bought in a stall for a penny, etc.
Effortless - a tourist carries with him everything necessary and is fully equipped, but only the most necessary things are taken, there are no extra things. The weight of luggage (backpack) should be minimal with maximum equipment.
Further, the types of tourism can be identified based on the form of travel organization. For example, independent tourism or tourism according to the plan. Quite a lot of people travel on their own these days. A tourist provides himself with a ticket, a place in a hotel, and orders excursions at his own discretion. Tourism according to the plan is when the tour operator of the company does everything. You come to a travel company, discuss with the tour operator what you want, and the operator, in turn, does everything so that you get what you want, you just need to pay money and they will agree with everyone for you.
Tourism is also divided into types according to the age characteristics of travelers and according to social characteristics. Now very often groups of children or teenagers are sent to rest, someone travels in couples or the whole family with children. Depending on age, there is children's, youth, youth and adult tourism. For example, children's tourism - a group of children going to rest in a camp in Anapa. Adult tourism - several people 40 years old went to rest by car to the Sea of Azov. Depending on the social sign, tourism is divided into family and disabled. Family tourism is very common, the trip is made by a family consisting of parents and children. From time to time, groups of people with disabilities (disabled people) appear at the resorts, who were sent under a special program to some country or city on vacation. This type of tourism has acquired the name of disabled.
If you try, you can still find and identify many types of tourism, you can start from anything. Despite the great variety of types of tourism, all types are directly interconnected. The type of tourism from one group can smoothly move into another, a slight change in the form of trismus and it will turn into combined tourism.
Between all the above types of tourism there are no clear boundaries and, in my opinion, there will not be, it will be impossible to clearly and accurately divide tourism into types that do not intersect with each other. I think that always and in any vacation (travel) the most common type of tourism, such as combined, will manifest itself. For example, we flew to a business meeting, it seems to be business tourism, but during our trip we will see a new country, a new city, new people, etc., which means we will expand our horizons, and business tourism turns into educational tourism. Let's say you moved and examined everything in the course of a business train for cars, which means you have car tourism, you are 23 years old in addition, which means you have young tourism, etc. You can continue ad infinitum until you get bored.
1.3 Excursion tourism
tourism cognitive program excursion
Excursion or educational tourism is directly related to excursions, visits to various city sights, architectural monuments, exhibitions, museums, temples, etc. Arriving in any city, whether you are in Russia or abroad, everyone probably wanted to visit the city center, go to some store, museum, walk through the park, look into a church or temple. All people who have a desire to develop, have a cognitive interest in life, strive to learn about the culture and history of the city in which they ended up, to find out the life and life of people, to see in general what people live, what they do, what their life values and etc.
It was excursion tourism that interested me, because it is probably the most general, all-encompassing type of tourism and is primarily of an educational nature. Other types of tourism can be included in sightseeing tourism, such as mountain tourism, bicycle tourism, car tourism, and water tourism. Excursion tourism implies that travelers go on a tour for several days, during which they visit various interesting places, architectural monuments, that is, they walk, ride or swim on excursions.
I believe that sightseeing tourism should be the most popular among ordinary people, since not everyone has the opportunity to engage in agritourism or digging, not everyone can be physically able to engage in sports tourism, etc. Going on a sightseeing tour, you do not need to take large backpacks with equipment and special equipment, you do not need to drag tents, skis, bowlers and much more. During the excursion tour, tourists stay in hotels or hotels, the company that develops the tour (that is, the program) must provide them with all the necessary and vital conditions. During the tour, tourists are given the opportunity to choose from several excursions, as well as free time that the traveler spends where he sees fit (for example, at a hotel or at a concert). Still, probably, a sightseeing tour requires the smallest financial investments than, for example, a ski or caving tour.
Chapter 2. Development of a tour-travel program
2.1 The program of the excursion tour from Russia to Abkhazia
I decided to draw up a tour program to a country located next to Russia, which can be visited by almost anyone. Abkhazia is now gaining more and more popularity, many lovers of Turkey and Egypt. Now they refuse to fly to distant countries and prefer to relax nearby. By the way, when moving or crossing the border, you will not have any difficulties and difficulties, you will spend only 20 minutes, no visas are needed either. Abkhazia also has a rather favorable climate, the main advantage of the country is the riot of its nature, seeing which you will not regret coming. The best time to relax is September and early October, the air temperature no longer rises above 30 degrees, the water is very warm, there is no sizzling heat and there is practically no rainfall. Arriving in Abkhazia, you will see and be amazed by the beauty of the mountains, you will meet many different trees, shrubs, flowers, you will see everything from birch to palm and from chamomile to the most exotic cactus. Almost all hotels, sanatoriums and resorts are located on the Black Sea coast, that is, a maximum of 10-15 minutes walk to the sea. You can travel from Russia to Abkhazia both by road and by train.
In order to get to the place we need to arrive in the city of Adler (Russia). This can be done by bus, train or plane. Suppose we can go from Kaluga by train, which we take in Tula and travel two days to the final stop Adler. At the station, tourists are met by a guide (tour guide), who takes them to the border by chartered bus, helps to cross it and then goes with you to Gagra.
Entering Gagra and your tour begins, first excursions accompanied by the guide's stories about the sights, the history of the Republic of Abkhazia, the narration of various legends and traditions, etc. Tourists will see the Gagra colonnade. "Gagripsh" is the most famous restaurant in Gagra, they will visit the observation deck and then go to the hotel, the guide helps to settle in the hotel. Then those who wish go to have dinner (the cost of dinner is included in the tour), if you wish, you can go for a bite to eat in a cafe or restaurant (but this is an additional cost). Further, from about 19.00, travelers begin their free time, you can walk along the embankment, swim, and buy souvenirs.
On the second day, after breakfast, general collection and departure for a tour of New Athos. Tourists visit, of course, the famous New Athos monastery and cave, walk to the waterfall, swan lake, visit the seaside park, then climb the mountain with the fortress - Anakopia and end the tour in the national cafe "Apatskhi". In the cafe, everyone can order whatever they want, everything is cooked almost in front of you on an open fire, tourists have the opportunity to try dishes of national Caucasian cuisine and taste wines. Tourists return to Gagra in the late afternoon, then, as usual, dinner and free time.
On the third day, again after breakfast, an excursion to the pearl of Abkhazia - to Lake Ritsa is provided. The road is quite long but fascinating, there are a lot of stops, landings at various waterfalls, mountain rivers, on observation platforms, in mountain gorges. If you wish, you can swim in the waterfalls. Arriving at Lake Ritsa, tourists will have the opportunity to have a snack, ride a catamaran or a boat (but for an additional fee not included in the tour price). Further on the way back, visit the apiary, where you can buy honey and taste the homemade wine of the Abkhazians. By dinner, the travelers will return to the hotel in Gagra. As before, dinner and free time.
On the fourth day there is an excursion to the capital, to the city of Sukhum. A mischievous city tour, visiting a monkey nursery and a botanical garden, a trip to a healing holy spring, the Church of St. John, the Kaman Orthodox Monastery. During the tour, a stop for several hours is provided and free time during which you can have a bite to eat and take a walk along the embankment. In the evening return to Gagra, dinner, free time.
The next day visit a trout farm and have a picnic. Tourists are told everything about trout, about how it is bred, etc., if you wish, you can catch a couple of fish, which will later be fried for tourists and served at a picnic. Return to the hotel in the late afternoon.
The last day begins with breakfast and check-out of the rooms (until 12.00). Then a tour of Pitsunda, a sightseeing tour of the resort of Pitsunda, a visit to the temple. Then the tourists are taken to the border, transferred to a charter bus going to the railway station in the city of Adler.
Based on the monitoring of prices for accommodation in sanatoriums and hotels of the Republic of Abkhazia, the approximate cost of an excursion tour will range from 15,000 rubles to 20,000 rubles. The cost will depend on the room ordered by the client (suite, standard, etc.), meals can also be excluded from the cost.
The cost of a ticket to Adler is calculated separately, depending on where the boarding of the train is conferred. If we go from Kaluga to Tula, and then take the train, then the Kaluga-Adler road will cost us about 4-5 thousand per person, depending on how we get to Tula, by taxi or by bus.
By the way, comparing the prices of tours - traveling to Turkey or Egypt, you can notice that a tour there will cost much more. In addition, in Egypt, Turkey, the traveler will not be able to visit so many different architectural monuments, museums, temples, etc. Holidays in Turkey, most likely, will be closed between a hotel, a pool, a beach and a buffet.
Conclusions
In the course of writing this work, I acquired sufficient knowledge about the types of tourism, figured out in general why program tourism is needed and how it can help vacationers. I also tried to make a small tour-travel program and determined the approximate cost of the tour.
When selecting material for work, I used, of course, primarily literature related directly to tourism, and also took advantage of the help of Internet sources. On the Internet you can find a lot of encyclopedias, including travel ones, and you can also download almost any book on tourism.
On the whole, I am satisfied with the work done, the topic fascinated and interested me. It seems to me that I was able to achieve the goals set for me. I also managed to expand my knowledge in the field of program tourism.
Bibliography
1. Wikipedia (electronic encyclopedia);
2. Great Soviet encyclopedia (electronic version);
Zorin I.V., Kaverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism as an activity (electronic version of the book);
A. V. Babkin. Special types of tourism. Tutorial. Rostov-on-Don, 2008;
5. M. B. Birzhakov. Introduction to tourism, Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2000
6.www.akva-abaza.ru - Tour operator in Abkhazia.
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Kharkiv National Academy of Municipal Economy
Faculty of Management
Department of Tourism and Hotel Management
COURSE PROJECT
"Features of the organization of the excursion type of tourism A »
in the discipline "Organization of tourism"
Executor:
1st year student
Faculty of Management
Group TUR-2006-1
Litvinova
Alexandra Yurievna
Checked by: Pokolodnaya M.M.
Kharkov-2006
Introduction
1.1 Definition of excursion tourism
1.2 Statistics on the development of excursion tourism in Europe
1.3 Motives for the development of excursion tourism
2.1 Resources for the development of excursion tourism in the countries of the Southern European region
2.2 Tourist tourism consumer profile
3.1 Prospects for the development of excursion tourism in the South European region
3.2 Measures needed to attract tourist flows to the region
List of used literature
Application
Introduction
Excursion tourism is today an important object of study, as it is an essential complex of the world economy. Over the last decades of the twentieth century, international tourism relations have become an integral part of the socio-economic relations of the world community. In this regard, the process of studying tourism as a science is of great importance.
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that with the help of the data obtained and analyzed in this work, it will be possible to determine the profitability of this tourist product for Ukrainian businesses.
The purpose of the course project is to highlight all the problems and advantages of organizing excursion tourism in southern Europe. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the course project:
1. Determination of the necessary types of tourist resources for the development of excursion tourism.
2. Study of the development of excursion tourism in southern Europe.
3. Determination of further prospects for the development of excursion tourism.
4. Define the concept of excursion tourism.
To obtain the results, during the study, methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific articles from the Internet and additional literature will be used.
The work consists of an introduction, three sections, conclusions, a list of references and additions. The first section is devoted to the definition of the concept of excursion tourism. The second section provides a detailed description of the tourist resources of the region of southern Europe. The third section outlines the prospects for further development of excursion tourism. The research results in a systematic and generalized form are presented in the final part.
Section 1
1.1 Definition of excursion tourism
Excursion activity- activities to organize the acquaintance of travelers with tourist resources in the country of temporary stay, which does not provide for the provision of accommodation services (overnight stay).
There are people for whom there is nothing more boring than a beach holiday. For them, one thought that you can fry all day on hot sand is already hated. There are others - they don’t hate beaches, they simply don’t come up with such a type of vacation. By this give, so that "cities and countries, parallels and meridians flash by." There is also a third category - an intermediate one: they are ready to warm their sides in the sun and see the world. This is tourism .
Cultural tourism. The largest flows of turites traveling for educational purposes are observed in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. For small groups of tourists, it is possible to organize educational tours in the form of one-day excursions with visits to cultural monuments.
Ukrainian people have always had a special interest in museums. Yes, but the choice turned out to be small. But after the borders opened, we all gasped. It turns out that in the world in a natural form there are the Egyptian pyramids and the Museum of the History of Plumbing in England, the Eiffel Tower and the Tie Museum in Zagreb, Venice and the Museum of Torture in Prague, the American Statue of Liberty and the Opium Museum in Thailand, Jerusalem and the Red Light District in Amsterdam with a monument Stalin on one of his streets.
And compatriots rushed to explore this world, familiar to them only from books and albums. Those who are especially eager for excursions manage to wind up impressions from two, three, four, or even five countries at a time. But I still want to warn the most greedy: do not chase the number of cities, museums, historical monuments and other sightseeing delights - the human brain has its own threshold of impressions and knowledge. A tourist who has traveled five countries in 14 days often returns home in a state of complete stupor.
When buying a sightseeing tour in a company, do not rush to buy all the excursions that are offered to you in a row: look at the guide and map on the way, look around when you arrive at the place, and if there are not enough impressions, buy a couple more walks to remarkable places. They can sometimes turn out to be more expensive, and there will be no Russian-speaking guide - but what is this compared to the boredom and fatigue of a sightseeing day packed to capacity? The main thing here is to be the master of the situation. After all, if you are lucky, you can discover amazing routes and sights hitherto unknown to Ukrainians in any city.
The schedule of any sightseeing trip is quite tough, and if you decide to leave the group, you must notify the accompanying person in advance. In any case, ask him for phone numbers and addresses of hotels along the route. If you fell behind the group or got into a situation, immediately contact the police and ask to be sent to the Ukrainian consulate, where you should be assisted.
Now for the always nasty, but nonetheless possible emergency. Among the places where the “attention!” signal should light up in your head are all train stations, bus stations and tourist gathering places - it is here that all sorts of crooks can draw you into gambling and rob you like sticky, or simply “cut” your wallet.
And a few more tips - "easy gait."
Shoes. An excursion tourist is a creature wandering for hours on his own two feet, so no hairpins and hoof-shaped "martins": soft comfortable shoes - and no problems.
Money. You cross several countries - somewhere you are delayed for three hours, somewhere for two days. It is clear that a Ukrainian is carrying his cash in “green”, so he should take care of small bills in case he stops in a country that he will leave in a couple of hours: in some Poland, he is unlikely to be given change from a steward in dollars during an exchange - and that it will do with złoty in germany?
Age and weight of the excursionist. Travel agencies, as a rule, do not recommend going on sightseeing tours to those who are overweight (clothing size over 56), tall - about two meters (this clause is for those traveling by bus, who have nowhere to put their legs), advanced years - more than 70 years old, or too young - less than 5 years. The listed circumstances are capable to poison any excursion so that it will not seem a little.
And the most important advice that should be given to everyone who is thirsty for the beauties and sights of the world is where to go for them. But today's Ukrainian tourist does not really believe in the press, but the opinion of relatives, friends, neighbors is the main expert assessment.
Favorite sightseeing tourism - Europe. Any Ukrainian can get there either by train or by bus.
Bus tours
Among the offers of travel companies, one of the main directions, especially during the recession of the so-called "high season", is the organization of bus tours in Europe. These are exciting trips lasting from two days to two weeks along the chosen route. There are a lot of route options, and everyone will find something interesting among them. These are weekend tours to Prague and Warsaw, and trips to the cities of Italy, France, and romantic trips to Venice. On holidays (New Year, Christmas) bus tours are organized according to a special program. A particularly interesting and at the same time inexpensive option are tours for schoolchildren with visits to Prague, Paris, Rome, etc., timed to coincide with school holidays.
1.2Statistics of the development of excursion tourism in Europe
Indicators of intensive and stable growth of international tourist arrivals, presented in Table. 1.1 indicate that since tourism began to develop, it has become available to the general public.
International tourist arrivals by European sub-regions (1990-2002) Table 1.1
Source: World Tourism Organization. Data as of January 2003
According to the WTO, the development of tourism in Europe is characterized by the following indicators (2002):
Moderate growth. International tourist arrivals amounted to 411 million people. (growth: +2.4%), which is equal to 58% of global indicators. Average growth for 1990-2000: +3.6%. Average earnings per arrival were €650/US$580. Projected economic growth: 2002: +1.8%; 2003: +2.9%.
The WTO identifies five leading tourist countries (destinations), determining the ranking of places, both in terms of arrivals and incomes (Table 1.2).
Top five tourism destinations (2001-2002) Table 1.2
In terms of popularity, excursion tourism is one of the leaders and is second only to seaside vacations (Table 1.3).
Types of tourism and their popularity among tourists. Table 1.3
1.3 Motives for the development of excursion tourism
Different areas of activity can generate a strong motive for travel and interest in a tourist destination. Important variables affecting the attractiveness of a tourist destination for different groups and categories of tourists are its cultural and social characteristics. The greatest interest among tourists is caused by such elements of the culture of the people as art, architecture, history, science, etc.
art- one of the most important elements of culture that can form a convincing motive for a tourist trip.
Story. The cultural potential of the region is expressed in its historical heritage. Most tourist destinations carefully treat their history as a factor in attracting tourist flows. The presence of unique historical sites can predetermine the successful development of tourism in the region. Acquaintance with history and historical sites is the strongest motivating tourist motive.
Among the interesting innovations in the field of presenting historical heritage and attracting tourists, one can single out special light and sound show programs that have become widespread in Europe and the Mediterranean countries. The specificity of such shows lies in the special reproduction of individual pages of history using various special effects.
It is advisable to hold cultural events (folklore, festivals, etc.) that are traditional for tourist destinations and that can interest tourists from different parts of the world.
Folk crafts. The region that receives tourists should offer them a wide range of souvenirs made (in a factory or handicraft way) by local craftsmen and artisans. Souvenirs are a good memory of the country. However, it should be remembered that a memorable souvenir made not in the country of visit, but in another, loses its significance for the tourist and is perceived as a fake.
All types of souvenirs, as well as other goods necessary for a tourist (tourist equipment, beach accessories), should be available and sold in conveniently located stores and other outlets. Motives for buying and spending money freely are quite strong during travel, and therefore tourist goods should be made in an assortment that is in particular demand among tourists. In some tourist centers, special shops in the national style are being created, where local craftsmen make products directly in the presence of buyers. This form of trade in souvenir products is a kind of attraction of pegion and is of considerable interest to tourists.
Religion. In the world, there are a number of monuments of religious architecture that are outstanding in their significance: Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral in France, St. Peter's Cathedral in Italy, etc., which act as the most important objects of tourist interest and attract tourists from all over the world.
The science. The scientific potential can act as an incentive to visit the region. In the age of the scientific and technological revolution, scientific complexes are an important resource for educational tourism.
The most popular scientific objects include specialized museums and exhibitions, planetariums, as well as nuclear power plants, space centers, nature reserves, aquariums, etc. Excursions to scientific objects can be organized both for specialists in a particular field of knowledge and for mass tourists.
National cuisine. National cuisine is an important element of the culture of the region. Tourists love to try the national dishes of the country they are traveling through. Some restaurants, offering national dishes to foreign tourists, explain what products are used and how they are prepared. Of particular interest to tourists are cafes, restaurants, taverns, the design of which is in harmony with the proposed menu.
Thus, the culture of the region is able to evoke the strongest motive for travel among potential tourists. Therefore, the preservation of cultural heritage and its rational use are of decisive importance for the sustainable attraction of tourist flows and the preservation of the popularity of excursion tourism.
Literature. Literary monuments of the region have a more limited appeal compared to other elements of culture, but still constitute a significant tourist motive and the basis for organizing diverse tourist programs and routes. Literary works have the power to create an impression of a country and its culture. It is proved that the presence or absence of a certain kind of literature in a country indicates the state of its cultural and political systems. As part of the educational tourism, it is recommended to organize literary tours to places associated with the names of authors and heroes of famous literary works.
Section 2
2.1 Resources for the development of excursion tourism in the countries of the southern European region
Albania
Albania is one of the smallest countries in Europe.
Albania has a number of breathtaking natural sites that attract the attention of travelers - the country's landscape is rich in rocky peaks and picturesque mountains overgrown with dense forest. In addition to the beaches of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, Albania can offer a number of historical attractions, the country's architecture is a colorful mixture of many religions, styles and cultures, from monuments of the ancient Greek period to Muslim minarets, from idyllic mountain resorts, many of which were founded by the Romans, to monasteries all confessions. The relics of one of the most closed countries in the past in Europe are surrounded by citrus orchards, olive groves and vineyards. Dilapidated factories stand next to breathtaking mosques, the most beautiful Greek Orthodox churches can be a stone's throw from pompous Stalin-style palaces of culture. And all this splendor is practically not studied by foreign tourists and is not spoiled by the window dressing and intrusive service, which is so characteristic of many tourist places in this region.
Tirana
Tirana, the capital of Albania since 1920 (the city was founded in 1614), is quite compact and pleasant to explore on foot. Most excursions in Tirana start from the large Skanderbeg Square in the city center, bounded on the east by the heights of Mount Dajti (1612 m.). The nearby market is also worth a detailed study - it is unlikely that anywhere else in Europe you will be able to find a real oriental bazaar with all its attributes (including pickpockets). The National Historical Museum is the largest and richest museum in Albania, it is located next to the 15-storey Tirana International Hotel - the tallest building in the country (a huge mosaic mural covers the entire facade of the building). To the east of the hotel is the Palace of Culture, which has its own theatre, restaurant, cafe and art galleries, and clearly stands out against the background of the low buildings of the capital with its "Soviet" architecture. On the south side of the building is the entrance to the National Library, and opposite it is the dome and minaret of the Etem-Mey Mosque (1789-1823), one of the most expressive buildings in the city. Near the mosque is the clock tower of Tirana, built in 1830.
Along the Lana River embankment, south of the capital, rise the white marble walls of the former Enver Hoxha Museum ("Pyramid"), which is sometimes used as a center for various exhibitions and in the future will become an international Cultural Center (it is planned to house the largest disco in Europe). Further south, on Deshmoret-et-Combit Boulevard, is the ultra-modern Congress Palace and Archaeological Museum, which has a fantastic selection of exhibits from prehistoric times to the medieval period. The attractions of Tirana also include the Museum of National Culture, the Museum of Natural History and the excellent Art Gallery. The best view of the city opens from the "Cemetery of the Martyrs", which is also worth seeing the monument "Mother Albania".
Shkoder
The city of Shkodra (Shkodra, in Italian - Scutari) is one of the oldest cities in Europe and the traditional center of the Ghegs cultural region. In 500 BC. e. the Illyrian fortress that lay in its place already guarded the trade crossroads to the west of the city, where the rivers Buna and Drin merge. The city is adorned with the imposing Sheikh Zamil Abdullah Al-Zamil Mosque, and next to it is the Museo Popullo ("Public Museum"), which has an impressive collection of historical photographs, including those showing the country's recent "socialist" past, as well as a rich archaeological collection. located on the lower floors.
Shkodra was also the most influential Catholic city in Albania, and the majestic Franciscan church on Ruga Ndre Mjeda is now again one of the main Christian churches in the country. The legendary Rozafa Fortress is 2 km away. southwest of Shkodra, near the southern tip of the lake of the same name. Below the fortress lies the multi-domed Lead Mosque, the only mosque in the city that escaped destruction during the Cultural Revolution of the 60s. Mesi Bridge, located 8 km. from Shkoder, is also worth a visit, as it is considered a monument to the national hero Skanderbeg.
Gjirokastra
Gjirokastra lies 120 km. south of Tirana, this is a strikingly picturesque museum city, spreading along the slopes of the mountain above the banks of the Drin River. The city was well known as a major trading center by the 13th century, but the Turkish occupation that began in 1417 brought it to a decline. However, by the 17th century, the city flourished again, and was famous for its multi-colored bazaar, where they traded in exquisite local embroidery, oriental silk and the famous Albanian white cheese. Above the Bazaar Mosque, located in the city center, rises the monument to Memedhu, erected in honor of the "renaissance" of Albanian education in the 20th century. The city is dominated by a gloomy citadel of the XIV century, now it is the Museum of Weapons. Also of interest are the Museum of the National Liberation Movement, the Ethnographic Museum, the Mekate Mosque and the old Turkish baths in the lower part of the city.
In Elbasan (54 km southeast of Tirana), the remains of Roman fortifications are still preserved, a fortress of the 15th century AD. which now houses a museum. Also noteworthy are the Turkish baths (XVI century), the Ethnographic Museum, the fortress walls of the era of the rule of the Turks, the Market Gate, the Royal Mosque (XV century), the Orthodox Church of St. Mary, the Catholic Cathedral and the Museum of Partisan War.
Durres
In Durres (Duraccio in Italian), 38 km. west of Tirana, an interesting ancient city, founded in 627 BC. e. Greeks. Roman ruins and fortifications abound in this main industrial city and commercial port of the country, the second largest city in Albania. For many centuries it was the largest port on the Adriatic and the beginning of the famous Via Ignatia, going all the way to Constantinople. Until now, the ruins of the Byzantine and Venetian fortresses have been preserved here, from the "Venetian Tower" in the harbor, the medieval city wall goes to the Amphitheater (I-II centuries AD), on the territory of which an early Christian crypt with a wall mosaic of rare beauty was discovered. The Amphitheater itself still looks quite impressive and is considered the hallmark of the city, majestically towering on the hillside constantly flooded with sun inside the fortress walls.
Most excursions in Durres start from the Archaeological Museum, which overlooks the embankment near the port with its walls. Behind the museum are the walls of a 6th century Byzantine city (built after the Visigoth invasion in 481 AD), reinforced with round Venetian towers in the 14th century. The old palace of King Ahmet Zog is located to the west of the amphitheater, and in front of it stands a statue of the founder of the country - Skanderbeg. Noteworthy are the Roman baths behind the Alexandra Moisu Theater in the central square. Not far from the city is the popular seaside resort of Durres-Plage.
Apollonia
12 km. from Fier (100 km south of Durres) lie the ruins of ancient Apollonia. The city was founded in 855 BC. e. Greeks and was an important city-state of the Mediterranean. The Amphitheater, the colonnade of the shops of the Roman city center, the Odeon (II century AD), the portico (III century BC) with niches for statues, the "Mosaic House" with a fountain, the Bouleterion (I century AD), fragments of the fortress walls (IV century AD), the monastery of St. Mary (XII century AD) with the Museum of Archeology and the Byzantine church. Not far from Apollonia, on the road to Durres, is the majestic monastery of Ardenica.
Kukes
Kukes, 100 km. northeast of Tirana, lies above the high shore of the picturesque mountain lake Fierza, just below the peak of Mount Galiki (2486 m.). The old city formerly stood at the confluence of two rivers - the White Drina and the Black Drina, flowing from Lake Ohrid, but in 1962 the city was moved to its present location when the government built a hydroelectric dam and the river flooded its former location. Now it is a very pleasant place to spend a few days enjoying the clean mountain air and the beautiful scenery of the reservoir, sandwiched by steep mountain slopes, and the local hotel "Tourismi" is one of the most luxurious hotels, famous for one of the best restaurants in the country.
Korcha
Korca, lying 179 km. southeast of Tirana, the main city of the region, located on a high (869 m) plateau near the Greek border, south of Lake Ohrid. This is the largest carpet weaving center in Albania, founded by the Greeks. Fine museums in the city include the Muzeu-i-Artet-Mesjetar-Shkiptar (Museum of Albanian Medieval Art), the Museum-Historik and the Museu-i-Arsimit-Kombetar (Museum of Education, where the first Albanian school was opened in 1887). Many buildings of the old city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1931 and 1960, which knocked down minarets and destroyed many ancient churches, but some of the colorful buildings of old Korch survived, including the Mirahor mosque (1466) in the bazaar area, west of the Iliriy hotel.
The charming resort of Pogradec lies near the Macedonian border on the shores of Lake Ohrid, famous for its clear water and trout. 5 km. east of Korca is the tourist center of Drilon, surrounded by vast gardens.
Butrinti
The ancient ruins of Butrint (I millennium BC) lie almost on the southern border of the country with Greece, 160 km. south of Tirana, and are considered the pearl of the Adriatic coast. Virgil claimed that Trojans built Butrint, but no evidence of this has yet been found, although the site has been studied in detail by archaeologists. Nevertheless, the locals proudly continue to consider themselves descendants of the glory of Troy. For many centuries since the time of the ancient Greeks, Butrint was a fortified trading city with its own acropolis, the ruins of which can still be visited, baths and rest houses of the nobility. A little lower than the acropolis, in the thick of the forest, there is a theater dating back to the 3rd century BC. e. Nearby are public baths with geometric mosaics, and a little deeper in the forest is a wall of the 6th century BC. e. with Greek inscriptions and a baptistery decorated with colorful mosaics of animals and birds. Nearby, a large area is occupied by a triangular fortress built by the military leader Ali Pasha Tepelena in the 19th century. You can also see the temple of Aesculapius, the nymphaeum, the "Wall of the Cyclopes" (4th century BC), the "Gate of Lions", the altar of Dionysus or visit the nearby resort of Ksamil, surrounded by olive tree and citrus plantations on the shores of Lake Butrint.
Berat
The city-museum of Berat (Berateto), lying 122 km. southeast of Tirana, known in the 3rd century. BC e. At present, such historical monuments are concentrated here as a fortress (XIV century) with many tiny churches, the Muslim quarter of Mangalem and the Christian quarter of Goritsa connected with it by a stone bridge of seven arched spans, the "Lead Mosque" (1555), the Royal Mosque (1512), Bachelors Mosque (Kholostyakov, 1827, today the Museum of Folk Art is located here), Alveti-Tekke tomb ("small shrine", 1790), St. Michael's Church (XVI century), the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God (1797) and the nearby Onufri Museum (named after the icon painter of the 16th century), the Church of the Holy Trinity (XIV century), the Church of the Evangelists (XVI century), the "White Hall" in which the first the independent government of Albania, the Museu i Luftes Museum with a collection on the history of the city and the partisan movement, the Museum of Ethnography on the waterfront, as well as many old houses framing the narrow streets of the central part of the city. Sometimes Berat is called the "city of a thousand windows" because of the many windows in its red-tiled buildings, as if specially turned "according to the sun" so that its rays are reflected in the glass.
The country's Ionian coast, especially the "Riviera of Flowers" from Vlora to Saranda, is considered the country's most pleasant resort area, with beautiful seashores and many old villas converted into hotels and boarding houses. The city of Saranda, located opposite Kerkyra, which was a party rest house under the communists, has recently become a very popular seaside resort for ordinary citizens of the country.
General information. Albania
Capital: Tirana. Square: 28,750 sq. km. Population: 3,490,435 people. admin. division: 36 districts (reti) and 1 municipality. Language: The official language is Albanian. Currency: Lek (100 kindarok). Time:
· Geographical position: Albania is located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, off the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The Strait of Otranto, 75 km wide, separates Albania from Italy. On land, Albania shares borders with Yugoslavia, Macedonia, and Greece.
· Climate: The climate in Albania is Mediterranean, with dry hot summers (24-25 `C) and mild rainy winters (8-9 `C). In the mountains in winter, snow lies for several months.
Miscellaneous: In Albania, monuments of ancient Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman architecture, fragments of Byzantine fresco painting have been preserved.
Andorra
Andorra is a very ancient country - the first mention of the Andorrans was found in the Latin chronicles of the 2nd century BC. BC e. The country cannot boast of a large number of architectural monuments, although Roman bridges, the ruins of Arab fortresses and medieval temples have been preserved in sufficient quantities, but the high-mountain resorts of the country are among the best mountainous regions in Europe in terms of service and natural conditions. The main thing that attracts tourists from all over the world to Andorra is its mountain slopes.
The country's capital, Andorra la Vella, lies in a picturesque hollow surrounded by high mountains. In this city, founded at the beginning of the 9th century, tourists are especially interested in the church of St. Armenol (XI century), the residence of the government "House of the Valleys" (XVI century), many buildings in the medieval style and handicraft workshops. The heart of the city is the Barri Antique (Old Quarter) area, lying on the very spot where the ancient village used to be, from which Andorra la Vella grew. The pride of the area is the colorful building Casa de la Val ("House of the Valleys"), built as the parliamentary palace of the country back in 1702 (the three lower floors were built in 1580 as a private house of a wealthy family, then the building was repeatedly rebuilt and in 1761 began to perform government functions).
Around the palace is the Sala de la Giusticia - the only judicial building in the whole country, the building of the country's parliament - Sala del Consell, on the upper floors of which there is a wonderful philatelic museum, as well as the castle-like house of Set Panis ("Chest on Seven Castles"), where the most important state documents of Andorra were once kept. The cultural center of the city, the site of numerous ceremonies and a popular gathering place for locals in the evening, is the Plaza la Poble, which also houses the State Theater and the Academy of Music. Nearby is the largest shopping center in the capital (and in the country) - Pirenes. Be sure to visit the Church of Santa Coloma (IX-X centuries, one of the oldest churches in the country), the Church of Santuario de Meritsel and the largest medieval bridge in the country in the town of La Marguineda, near the capital.
The main stores of the capital are concentrated on Avenue Charleman and Avenue Meritsel, where there are outlets of almost all the leading companies in the world, which is explained by the country's special, extremely favorable for imports, tax conditions.
The main attraction of the capital is the health-improving complex Caldea in the eastern suburbs of the capital - Les Escaldes, which is the largest thermal complex in Western Europe. Under a glass dome on an area of about 600 sq. m. there are dozens of pools with thermal water (+30-52 C), with and without flow, jacuzzis and cascades, grottoes and waterfalls, ultra-modern balneological health resorts, dozens of baths and saunas of all kinds and the most exotic architecture using local thermal strongly mineral waters , solariums and geysers. The complex also includes many massage rooms, a VIP club, bars and restaurants, sports grounds, tennis courts and a shopping center.
In Encamp (5 km from the capital), one of the few Andorran museums is interesting - the National Automobile Museum, which exhibits more than a hundred of the rarest cars and many old (since 1898) motorcycles, bicycles and other vehicles. Also in the city you can visit the large sports complex Encamp Multiaporta Center, the church of Esglesia San Roma de les Bons (XII century), most of the routes to the surrounding ski centers also start from here, including a unique cable car " Funicamp" with a length of more than 6 km.
In addition to skiing, many other sports can be practiced in Andorra, in particular, hiking, sled dog tours, horseback riding and clay shooting, in which Andorrans are considered great specialists, are very popular. The tiny village of Llorts (with a permanent population of only 100) lies among tobacco fields and is surrounded by ancient mountains. It is one of the most unspoiled places in the country (and in southern Europe) and a very popular walking destination. A 3-hour walk along the valley, to the west of the village, is a popular tourist area - a group of picturesque mountain lakes Estanis del Angonella. From Mount Borda de Sorteni (1970 m.) the hiking trail continues to the lakes of Estany del Estany and the 2915-meter mountain known as Pic del Estany. Not far away is the tiny Romanesque church of Esglecia de Saint-Marti, famous for its 12th-century frescoes in surprisingly good condition. Also interesting for their unusual architecture are the churches of San Juan de Caselles, Saint Marti de la Cortinada, San Clement de Pal, Saint Miguel d'Engolasters and Saint Cerni de Nagol, as well as arched stone bridge Saint-Anthony.
Having received permission from a tourist organization, you can try your luck at trout fishing. Being one of the world's tourism centers, Andorra also has a well-developed leisure infrastructure - theatres, concert halls, restaurants, dance halls, sports facilities for various sports, etc. Andorra is rich in mineral and thermal water sources, which are used both for medicinal purposes , and as natural heating plants for heating houses.
The Spanish city of Seu d'Urgell, although it lies far beyond the borders of Andorra, is called by the locals the "Spanish Gate to Andorra" and is often, with a certain amount of humor, considered one of the Andorran cities. Since the 9th century, "La Seo", as the locals call it, has been the residence of the bishops and counts of Urgell, the Spanish co-rulers of Andorra. The city is famous for its ancient buildings - the 12th century Cathedral of Santa Maria on the south side of the central Plaza del Oms is one of the most outstanding Romanesque buildings in Catalonia. Despite the fact that the cathedral has repeatedly undergone various reconstructions and alterations, it has remained unchanged to a fairly high degree since it was built. Inside the cathedral is a unique "Dioces Museum" - a one-of-a-kind collection of frescoes, scriptures and church utensils, plus a rare exhibit - a thousand-year-old "Beatus" - an illustrated handwritten manuscript describing the Apocalypse.
The Principality of Andorra is a small fabulous country, lost in the heart of the Pyrenees, on the border of Spain and France.
General information. Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella. Square: 468 sq. km. Population: 66,824 thousand people, while the number of the country's indigenous population - Andorrans - is only 12 thousand people admin. division: 7 communities. Language: The official language is Catalan. Along with it, Spanish and French are used, and in the service sector - also English. Currency: Spanish pesetas and French francs, although in many shops you can also pay in dollars. Reference point. course - $1 = 155 pst = 6.2 FF. Time: Behind Moscow for 2 hours.
· Geographical position: The state is located between Spain and France in the heart of the Pyrenees.
· Climate: Thanks to the unique climate, Andorra has gained fame as the sunniest among the ski resorts in Europe. The season starts from December and lasts until mid-April, and you don’t have to worry about snow (at night the temperature is minus, and during the day it reaches + 10, the depth of the snow cover ranges from 50 to 300 cm).
Miscellaneous: A miniature principality with 700 years of history. According to legend, the ancient emperor founded it in gratitude to the locals who led his armies through the mysterious lands during the war with the Arabs. And to this day, the reserved country keeps in its appearance deaf echoes of the Middle Ages.
Italy
Italy is a country where there is no time to lie on the beaches.
Although Italy is located in the very center of the Mediterranean Sea, and the weather allows you to lie on the beaches for at least a whole year, the Italian seaside resorts are far behind the seaside resorts of Turkey or Egypt in terms of mass popularity. It's not that Italy's beaches are worse. On the contrary: in terms of the totality of services and entertainment, they occupy their rightful place, but ... the fact is that even with the brightest sun, the beaches of Italy still remain in the shade. In the shadow of another Italy: historical Italy, the cradle of European civilization. Only those who are already well acquainted with Italy can lie on the beaches calmly. Who is no longer excited by familiar and alluring names from childhood. Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Florence, Genoa, Turin. The names of cities are like the words of a song. All together and each separately excite the imagination and inflame the fantasy like a good smell of restaurant cuisine to a person who is hungry for the day. Is it possible not to stop? Is it possible to walk past and safely climb onto a beach chair? The answer is still obvious. So, when planning a trip to Italy, tune in to the fact that you will not have a single free minute. Vacation is a fleeting thing, and Italy ... to know the country in a few days? If the term “open-air museum” refers to any country, then most of all it is suitable for Italy. There is history here - every city, every street, every house. Even what was built by our contemporaries still has an unusual imprint due to some elusive heritage. And in winter, when the weather becomes inhospitable in the valleys of Italy, tourist life in an instant crawls into the mountains and this is a separate, no less attractive story. But we have not yet touched on trips to Sardinia and Sicily, although ... perhaps this does not make sense. Anyway, no most outstanding story can replace a real trip, personal impressions. Italy seen with my own eyes. Italy, a country where there is no time to lie on the beaches.
Italy!!! This word alone drives many travelers crazy. And there are many people who, going to the homeland of spaghetti and pizza, think only about flying over the Alps and ending up in Italy itself.
For several centuries, "pilgrims" have been rushing to Italy, eager to bow to the shrines of culture, to see the masterpieces of architecture, sculpture and painting, on which European art has matured. Travelers usually choose the “classic” route: and even those who almost never look at museums at home, once here, consider it their duty to visit Raphael’s Stanzas and the Sistine Chapel in Rome, see Michelangelo’s “David” and Botticelli’s “Venus” in Florence, take a ride by gondola under the Bridge of Sighs and visit the Doge's Palace in Venice.
And insatiable lovers of history and art will feel like in paradise in Italy. Here, even the smallest town has its own unique history and reverently preserves the appearance of the last former heyday. And on the central squares, the stones of cathedrals and ancient buildings will eloquently tell about the periods of existence of the Etruscans, ancient Romans, medieval city-states here.
Excursion programs
Every city in Italy impresses with its unusual beauty. Wherever you are in Italy - under the bright umbrella of Rimini, Liguria or San Remo, on the streets and squares of Venice or Florence, the shops of Milan or Turin, on a tour in Rome, Padua, San Marino or Pisa - everywhere you will be enchanted and conquered Italy.
In terms of the number of attractions per capita, Italy ranks first in the world. Therefore, it is quite difficult to choose one attraction in this country - there are too many of them in every city.
Attractions Italy
Cultural :
Rome- Vatican City State, Roman Forum, Via Appia, Arch of Septimius Severus, Basilica of Aemilia, Curia, Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, House of the Vestals, Temple of Vesta, Temple of Romulus, Temple of Castor and Pollux, Basilica of Maxentius, Arch of Titus, Palatine, Domus Augustana , Palazzo dei Flavi, Hippodrome Stadium, Colosseum, Circus Maximus (Circo Massimo). Monuments of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque - Catacombs, early Christian and medieval churches, decorated with magnificent mosaics, Piazza Venezia, Piazza Navona, Pantheon, Piazza di Spagna, Capitoline Hill, Fontana di Trevi, Borghese Museum, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Capitoline Museum, Palazzo Barberini( Museum of Ancient Art), Churches of St. Lawrence (patron saint of Rome), Santa Maria Maggiore, St. Praxeda, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Santa Sanctorum Chapel, Cathedral of St. John, Cathedral of San Paolo fuori le Mura (St. Paul's Cathedral outside the Walls) .
Tivoli- Villa Adriana (118 AD), Villa d "Este (1550), Villa Gregorian with a magnificent waterfall (height approx. 160 m), grottoes and a park.
Milan- Church of Sant'Ambrogio (IX-XV centuries), Gothic cathedral (XIV-XIX centuries), Castello Sforzesco castle (XVI century), monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie (XV century, in the refectory - painting "The Last Supper "Leonardo da Vinci", the opera house "La Scala".
Verona- Piazza Bra (I century) - the arena, which is the second largest after the Roman Colosseum, the church of San Zeno (V century).
Florence- Santa Maria del Fiore, Giotto's bell tower and the Signoria tower (Palazzo Vecchio) of the medieval city hall, the Uffizi Building, the Bargello Palace, Palazzo Pitti - the most grandiose palace in Florence, a huge number of museums and parks.
Venice- square of St. Mark, Cathedral of the Palazzo Doge, the building of the Old and New Procurations, the library, the Clock Tower, the Canal Grande, Merceria shopping street.
Pisa- Prato de Miracoli (Field of Miracles), on which rises the Baptistery, the "leaning tower" and the "Camposanto" cemetery. Natural :
Dolomites, active volcanoes Etna and Vesuvius, beaches and seaside resorts of Portofino, Pietra Ligure, Rimini, Riccione, Pesaro, Lido di Jesolo, San Remo. Thermal springs of the island of Ischia. Italy is also famous for its lakes. Alba, located right in the crater of the volcano, Lake Nemi, Como - and ski resorts - Bormio, Murano, etc.
General information. Italy
Capital: Rome - 2661 thousand people (1995). Square: 301302 sq. km. Population: 57910000 people. admin. division: 20 regions, 112 provinces and over 8,000 communes. Language: The official language is Italian. In Italy, you can speak English, in some cities and tourist centers in German and French. Spanish is not common. Currency: Italian lira: 10000 ITL = 4.45599 USD. Time: Behind Moscow for 2 hours.
· Geographical position: State in southern Europe. In the north it borders with Switzerland and Austria, in the east - with Slovenia, in the northwest - with France. In the east it is washed by the Adriatic Sea, in the south - by the Ionian and Mediterranean Seas, in the west - by the Tyrrhenian, Ligurian and Mediterranean Seas. Italy also owns the islands of Elba, Sicily and Sardinia.
· Climate: The climate in most of Italy is subtropical, Mediterranean, in the north - continental, turning into temperate, in mountainous areas - alpine. Summers are dry and hot, the average temperature in July is 28 - 30 degrees C, with the southern sirocco wind it can rise to 40 degrees C. Winters are mild. The average temperature in January is from 0 degrees C in the Padan Plain (northern Italy) to 12 degrees C in the Apennine Peninsula and islands in the southern part. Snow lies only in the mountains.
Miscellaneous: Italy is a classic country of tourism, extremely popular all over the world. Over the years, it has not lost its attractive power. And although the locals demand a very impressive payment for their southern hospitality, this sunny country has an atmosphere conducive to fun and communication. Temperamental, sometimes uncontrollable Italians are cheerful by nature, they know a lot about food and are always ready to keep the conversation going. Italy offers holidays for every taste. Not only beautiful diverse landscapes, extensive beaches, but also numerous cultural monuments of this country invariably fascinate travelers. Here, every stone, every street, the very air is saturated with the magic of creativity. Italy is an open air museum.
Greece
Greece is a country beloved by the gods! This is the sun, sea, mountains and relaxation, this is a thousand-year history and culture that has given humanity the greatest cultural monuments.
Traveling in Greece, we are immersed in the history of human civilization. Ancient Olympus, the famous temple of Pallas Athena, the ruins of ancient cities, theater arenas - all this is at every step. The country is incredibly beautiful. There are many islands, picturesque bays - it's a pleasure to bask in the sun, swim in the warm sea, and learn a lot of interesting things.
Greece offers tourists a variety of excursion programs and numerous options for recreation in the resorts of the coast of the mainland and numerous large and small islands.
Athens.
The capital of Greece today, as in ancient times, is the center of the spiritual and cultural life of the country. Everything is concentrated here. It is the city of art, science and politics, it is a long-awaited destination for every traveler.
Thessaloniki.
The capital of Macedonia, the second largest city after Athens, is located in the north of the country and is the starting point of many tourist routes.
Crete
If you prefer to combine a holiday on a remote island with unforgettable excursions in the footsteps of ancient civilizations, Crete is the best choice. This is the southernmost island of Greece, the southernmost point in Europe and one of the best tourist centers in the world.
Sights of Greece
In Central Greece, the main tourist sites are in Athens. First of all, this Acropolis, a rocky hill 156 m high, is a symbol of Greek civilization. At the top of the hill, the majestic temple of the virgin goddess Athena occupies a central place - Parthenon, which is considered the most perfect building of Greek antiquity. The temple was built in 448-438 BC. Other ancient buildings are also impressive - Erechtheion Temple, Theater of Dionysus .
A very special feeling of contact with ancient history and culture is caused by the cities of the ancient world - Delphi, Thebes, Eleusis. The historical ruins of Delphi include Doric Temple of Apollo(510 BC) stadium, gymnasium, Sacred Square, Kastalsky spring and other buildings. Museum in Delphi houses a large collection of archaeological finds discovered here, including the famous bronze statue of a charioteer (circa 470 BC).
In Thebes, which Alexander the Great destroyed to the ground in 335 BC, only minor evidence of its former greatness has survived: remains of the royal palace, the sanctuary of Apollo and the ancient aqueduct. But nowhere in the world is there a more complete collection of Tanagra terracotta figurines than in the archaeological museum of the city.
The Peloponnese peninsula is known for the ruins of ancient buildings (in Mycenae, Patras, Olympia, Corinth) and magnificent frescoes (in Daphni). On the island Crete are major Archaeological Museum(in Heraklion) and labyrinth palace(in Knossos). A lot of interesting things on the islands of the Aegean Sea
Rhodes is famous for the monuments of Mycenaean culture, the Middle Ages; Samos - the birthplace of the great Pythagoras, the construction of the ancient aqueduct; the poetess Sappho lived on Lesbos in the 6th century BC, the ruins of a castle of the 14th century have been preserved here; Lemnos attracts with its medieval fortified castle, numerous archaeological sites from different periods.
In Northern Greece, there are noticeably fewer historical and cultural monuments. However, here, on the border of Macedonia and Thessaly, one of the most exotic sights of Greece is located - Meteora Monastiriya, as well as the so-called monastic republic on the Athos peninsula.
On the Athos peninsula(eastern phalanx of the Chalkidiki peninsula) is located Mount Athos- Shrine of the Christian world. The wooded slopes, indented with terraces and gorges, are extraordinarily picturesque.
In Western Greece, the coast of the Ionian Sea and the Ionian Islands are of great interest from the point of view of educational tourism. The largest city of Western Greece, Ioannina, is picturesquely spread along the shores of the lake of the same name. The old quarters of the city are distinguished by a bright oriental flavor. Local handicrafts, especially carpets, are very popular.
General information. Greece
Capital: Athens. Square: 132000 sq. km. Population: About 10 million people; of these, approximately 1.4 million are inhabitants of the islands. admin. division: 51 nomes and 1 special administrative division. Language: The official language is Greek. English, German, Italian, French are also used. Currency: Greek drachma: 1000 GRD = 2.53203 USD. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 5000, 1000, 500, 100 and 50 drachmas. Time: Time is one hour behind Moscow.
· Geographical position: Most of Greece's borders are by sea. The westernmost point of the country is the island of Corfu, the southernmost - the island of Crete, the easternmost - the small island of Kastellorizon. About a fifth of the territory of Greece is occupied by islands.
· Climate: The climate in Greece is mild, Mediterranean. Average January temperature: 4 - 12 degrees C, July - 27-30 degrees C. The swimming season in Greece starts from mid-May and ends at the end of October. The average sea temperature in July is 26.5 degrees C.
Miscellaneous: A trip to Greece will give any tourist an unforgettable experience and become an exceptional event in life. Greece is the cradle of Western European civilization and culture. Its history spans five millennia. Everything here - large cities and small villages, countless islands and high mountains, every stone - is covered with time, legends and myths. ATHENS - the capital of Greece, is named after the ancient Greek goddess of wisdom and knowledge. For the entire civilized world, Athens is a symbol that embodies freedom, democracy, and art.
Cyprus
Hot sun, blue skies and golden beaches - these criteria determine the choice of a holiday destination for many people, and Cyprus is undoubtedly a champion.
This is an amazing island of unique natural contrasts - a real pearl of the Mediterranean, attracting millions of tourists from around the world.
In Cyprus, the remains of Stone Age settlements, Greek gymnasiums and temples, Roman villas and theaters, Byzantine temples and monasteries with priceless mosaics, Crusader castles and Venetian fortresses, Gothic cathedrals and Turkish mosques have been preserved. All this determines today's unique character of the island, where beauty and peace, ancient culture and living modernity are combined. Therefore, Cyprus is an unforgettable holiday destination for people of various interests.
Cyprus may be a small country, but it is located on a fairly large island - the third largest in the Mediterranean. In addition, it is an island with a big heart - an island that welcomes its guests and welcomes them as its friends.
Cyprus is an island of beauty and a country of contrasts. Cool, cedar forests in mountain ranges are a complete change of atmosphere and landscape after golden, sun-drenched sandy beaches. The tranquility and traditionalism of small villages is a striking contrast after visiting modern cities; the view of luxury hotels on the seashore is replaced by the virgin beauty of nature. And besides, the distances in Cyprus are pleasantly short, thanks to modern highways.
In Cyprus, the atmosphere of a carefree holiday reigns. Any tourist can get rid of the stress of modern city life and relax in an atmosphere of security, since crime is so insignificant that it can be considered non-existent.
Spain
Each of us has been attracted to Spain since childhood. We knew her from Don Quixote by Cervantes, the Sheep Spring by Lope de Vega, from numerous descriptions of famous travelers, we saw her in the paintings of the great El Greco, Velazquez, Goya ... Medieval knights, bullfighting, brave fighters for the freedom of the country, the brightest colors, violent temper... This is Spain
There are many reasons to travel to Spain. These are dizzying rides in PortAventura and exciting bullfighting, incredibly tasty paella and famous red wine.
Spain is inevitable. Any cultured person should at least once visit the homeland of the brave bullfighters and passionate carmen. Freeze with delight near the Sagrada Familia, a fantastic creation of Gaudí. Visit the Prado Museum and the house of El Greco. See incendiary flamenco dances. Hear the Spanish guitar.
Fans of excursions will find in this country everything that the most meticulous local historian can imagine. Medieval castles and monuments of the Roman era, the Salvator Dali theater-museum and the El Prado art gallery, the El Escorial monastery - the tomb of the Spanish kings and the city of Jerez with wine cellars ... But, even having examined everything and everywhere, you can never say that know Spain. This country is incomprehensible.
Sights of Spain
Cultural attractions
Spain is a country with a long history that has seen the rise and fall of several powerful states . The most ancient cultural monuments in Spain belong to the Paleolithic era. These are rock paintings on the walls of the Altamira cave. From the architecture of the Iberians, the ruins of gigantic stone walls in Tarragona remained.
The Arabs had a great influence on the development of medieval Spanish art and architecture. The Alhambra palace-fortress in Granada, the mosque in Cordoba, the La Giralda minaret in Seville are world famous.
Mosque-Cathedral in Cordoba (VIII-X centuries) - the largest mosque in the world after the famous Kaaba in Mecca. Its 19 naves with 32 arches occupy a significant area (175x140 m). A double monument - a mosque and a cathedral - testifies to the attempt of the Christian state to get rid of even a hint of Muslim influence. In 1236, King Ferdinand III ordered to turn it into a Christian church. 19 doors facing the courtyard were closed, chapels were built along the inner walls of the building, and the minaret was turned into a bell tower.
Alhambra (in Arabic "red"), a palace-fortress of the XIII century, is a miracle of Muslim architecture. Depending on the lighting, its walls and towers change color during the day. Particularly beautiful is the courtyard of Lviv, surrounded by columns of white marble. In the middle of the courtyard is a fountain. Its huge marble bowl rests on 12 lions. There are several magnificent halls in the palace: the Hall of Ambassadors with a huge dome made of cedar wood, the Royal Hall with golden lace arches in the form of stalactites, the Hall of Secrets with amazing acoustic effects.
La Giralda- the former minaret of the mosque, built by the Arabs in the XII century. The mosque was not preserved, and the minaret was turned into the bell tower of the cathedral. This is the most famous monument in Seville. Its silhouette is amazingly graceful. If you climb the bell tower, to a height of 97 m, then a beautiful view of the city opens from there.
Numerous medieval castles - paradors - have been preserved in Spain. Now it is a whole complex of buildings and structures that combine strict architectural lines with modern interior rooms. For lovers of outdoor activities in such buildings, a swimming pool, tennis courts, and gyms are necessarily provided.
Madrid- National Museum of Painting and Sculpture Prado, Museums of Modern Art and Natural Sciences, archaeological and ethnographic, of the Spanish people. Royal Palace 18th century and the Sabatini Gardens, the Church of San Francisco el Grande of the 18th century, the Bueno Petiro Park with the zoo and the Botanical Garden, the residence of the monarch Zarzuela, the monasteries of El Esprial, the Valley of the Fallen - a memorial to the victims of the civil war.
Barcelona- Maritime and Archaeological Museums, Museums of Catalan Art and Pablo Picasso, Montjuic Fortress, Sagrada Familia, Church of San Pablo del Campo - 914, Gothic Cathedral of Santa Junania.
Zaragoza- La Seo Cathedral 12-16th century, El Pilar Cathedral 17th century, the residence of the Aragonese kings of Castillo de la Alyaferis.
Toledo- the architecture of the Moorish period, the Alcazar castle of the 13th-18th centuries, the Gothic church of San Juan delos Rees, the synagogue of the 14th century, the place of burning of heretics - Plaza del Zoco.
Granada- the ruins of the Alhambra fortress, the cathedral of the 16th-18th centuries, the chapel where Ferdinand V and Isabella I are buried, the Generalife gardens.
Cordova- a Moorish mosque, the ruins of a palace-fortress, a 16-arch bridge of the Roman period, the largest mosque in Europe, rebuilt in 1236 into a Christian church.
Seville- the royal palace of 1181, the Giralda tower of the 12th century - the former minaret, Moorish architecture, the cathedral of the 13th century, the Moorish castle Alcazar of the 12th-16th centuries, the church of Santa Catalina.
Palma de Mallorca(on the Balearic Islands) - a Gothic cathedral of 1230, a chapel with vaults by Antonio Gaudi, the church of St. Francis 13th century, Almudaina Palace, Belvedere Castle 14th century.
General information. Spain
Capital: Madrid - 2962 thousand people (1994). Square: 504750 sq. km. Population: About 39276000 people. admin. division: 50 provinces. Language: The official language is Spanish. German, French, Italian are also used. Currency: Spanish pesetas: 1000 ESP = 5.18565 USD. Time: Behind Moscow for 2 hours.
· Geographical position: A state in southwestern Europe, occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the north it borders with France and Andorra, in the west - with Portugal. In the north it is washed by the Bay of Biscay, in the east - by the Mediterranean Sea, in the south - by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, in the west - by the Atlantic Ocean.
· Climate: Mediterranean, dry and quite hot. Winter is mild.
Miscellaneous: The ancient Greeks believed that golden apples grow here, and for the Arabs it was the foot of Heaven. There are very few places that would so vividly excite the human imagination. Despite the constant movement of tourists to seaside resorts and back, in the eyes of foreigners, Spain remains a mysterious and semi-mystical country. Fiesta and flamenco seduce not only with their brightness, but also with undoubted exoticism, in which the influence of Europe can be traced.
Portugal
Portugal is one of the oldest countries in Europe with a rich history .
Extensive sandy beaches and harsh coastal cliffs against which the waves of the Atlantic Ocean break, gentle hills covered with greenery and mountain peaks, an abundance of flowers and red earth ... Portugal is that rare land where everyone can find something for themselves: untouched landscapes, striking with amazing diversity, so atypical for a state with a small territory, and majestic monuments of the past - witnesses of the country's eight centuries of history. Treat yourself to a vacation at the "edge of the world" - here you will spend unforgettable days full of impressions!
Cities of Portugal
Braga
Old city- these are three dozen churches and palaces in small streets and squares decorated with fountains.
Originally Romanesque, Cathedral today shows a mixture of styles. It houses the Chapel douges Reis (XIV century) - the burial place of Henry of Burgundy and his wife Teresa, parents of the founder of the state, Alfon Henry.
Arch da Porto Nova- one of the surviving arches - the gates to the Old City.
Surviving medieval walls visible in Santa Barbara Park Archbishop's Palace .
Church of Miserecordia was built in the Renaissance style in the 16th century.
Church of Santa Cruz in the Rococo style was built in the 17th century. It has a very high nave, the walls of which are built of square stone blocks.
City Hall building XVIII century is located on the square of the same name with a fountain with a figure of a pelican.
St. Mark's Chapel It was founded in the 15th century and reconstructed in the 18th century.
Gothic chapel of Casa dos Coimbras dates back to 1525.
5 kilometers from Braga is the world famous Church of Christ on Calvary(Bon Jesus do Monte) is the most popular place of pilgrimage in Portugal after Fatima.
An imposing 18th-century staircase, decorated with white railings and statues, leads to the church (an example of Portuguese Baroque), standing on a mountain terrace (564 meters). Some pilgrims climb it on their knees. You can use the funicular.
Porto
Porto is an industrial center and its Leixois harbor is the second largest port in Portugal. Citizens are distinguished by their diligence and unpretentiousness. Every Portuguese knows the saying: They hang out in Lisbon, they work in Porto, they study in Coimbra, and they pray in Braga ".
Praça da Liberdade- a wide square from which Avenida dos Allados begins. On the square is an equestrian statue of Don Pedro IV. On the night of June 24, a feast is held here in honor of the Apostle John.
Avenida dos Allados with imposing houses of the late XIX - early XX century passes through the business center of the city, climbs the hill and ends with the Town Hall with a 70-meter bell tower built in 1920.
Despite the later reconstructions, the appearance of the Cathedral gives it an old fortress, which it was back in the 12th century. The cathedral has two powerful crenellated towers and a round stained-glass window. The interior of the cathedral, modernized in the 17th and 18th centuries, leaves a gloomy impression. In the chapel there is a massive altar of chased silver. There is a small 14th century Gothic cloister with beautiful rococo wall paintings.
Niccolo Nasoni, an architect of Italian origin, built the Bishop's Palace with a 60-meter long facade - a masterpiece of Portuguese baroque architecture of the 18th century.
Evora
The central square Do Geraldo with arcades (some columns of antique origin) is decorated with a fountain. Here is the church of Santo Antan (XVI century). Even before 1821, executions of victims of the Inquisition continued on this square.
Cathedral(Se), which began to be built from 1186 in the transitional (from Romanesque to Gothic) style, belongs to the best examples of medieval episcopal churches in Portugal. Its Gothic cloister dates from the 14th century. The interior of the cathedral is made in the Baroque style of pink, black and white marble.
Church of Our Lady of Graça is an amazing building. The facade is made in the Renaissance style: a triangular pediment, atlantes supporting the vault.
On a high plinth stands a Roman Temple of Diana with 14 Corinthian granite columns, it is the only well-preserved Roman temple in the country.
Coimbra
The old university city of Coimbra lies on the steep bank of the Mondego River. The university - one of the oldest in Europe and until 1910 the only one in Portugal - dates back to the 12th century. The courtyard of the Old University with a statue of João III, who transferred the royal palace to the university in the 16th century, is built up on three sides. The fourth is left as a viewing terrace overlooking the river. Sala dos Capelos, the luxurious assembly hall of the university. The baroque tower clock has a bell with a playful nickname "goat" - the victim of many student pranks.
Nearby is a portal with columns at the entrance to the old library (1716-1728), founded João V - the builder of Mafra. The luxurious hall is designed in red, blue and gold tones. The obelisks and the balustrade are decorated with lacquer paintings with delicate ornaments. The huge ceiling painting, from which His Majesty João V looks down, forms a colored sky above the richly decorated cornices. The reading tables are made of the finest types of wood and decorated with inlays.
The former main gate in the medieval city wall, Arcu Almedina, retained its Arabic name. A steep stairway with the meaningful name of Quebra Costas ("backbreaker") leads from here to the cramped and confusing old town.
Se Velha(old cathedral) - a building crowned with battlements from stone blocks that turned gray from time to time was laid by the first king Alfonso Henrik. It looks more like a fortress than a temple and is Portugal's most impressive Romanesque episcopal church (12th century).
Palace of Sobre-Ripash was once the tower of the city wall and retains the Manuelist framing of doors and windows.
Augustine Monastery of Santa Cruz, once occupied a much larger area and was the cultural center of the country - the forerunner of the university. In 1502, this neglected Romanesque monastery was completely renovated by the best masters of the Manuelist era. By this time, the facade of the church portal with beautiful sculptures dates back (the arch at the entrance is from the 18th century).
The New Cathedral (Se Nova) was built in 1600 as the church of the Jesuit College. It was built in the 17th century Baroque style, typical of the Coimbra school of architecture.
Lying on a hillside, the Botanical Garden is the oldest in the country. Beautiful old greenhouses and a castle-type park have been preserved here. In the collection of plants from many countries of the world there are 40 different types of eucalyptus. From here, this tree began its victorious procession throughout the country.
Slovenia
European Green Treasury. This small country is still little known in Ukraine. Meanwhile, everything is here to make your vacation unforgettable and bright.
The highest peak and symbol of Slovenia - Triglav Height - 2863 meters
Slovenia is a hospitable country with a surprisingly friendly atmosphere, open to tourists. The country is attractive for tourists who value respect for their origins and history. Ancient castles and medieval streets of small towns have retained their former charm.
Architecture lovers it will be interesting to appreciate the features of the Gothic and Baroque of this part of the European continent. In the rural part of the country, many monasteries and temples have been preserved, built on the hills, which previously played not only a religious, but also a defensive role.
Sights of Slovenia
The main tourist centers are Ljubljana, Maribor, Postojna, located near the karst cave Postojna Pit, and the seaside resort of Portorož on the Adriatic coast.
Bland Castle is the former seat of the Bishops of Brixen. Ptuj - preserved Roman ruins, a place of traditional carnivals.
The cities of Slovenia have largely retained their medieval flavor. Narrow streets with 2-story buildings prevail, ancient city walls, town halls, and numerous castles have been preserved. Ljubljana - the old part of the city is remarkable with three bridges, one of which leads to the Town Hall (1718), with a baroque fountain and two open courtyards. On the hill rises an ancient castle and the Ljubljana Cathedral, in which ancient frescoes have been preserved. Of interest are the City Museum, the National Museum, the National Gallery, the Municipal Gallery and the Modern Art Gallery, the Church of St. Cyril and Methodius. Maribor is a cathedral and a castle built in the 12th century. Piran - maritime museum, town hall and court building, church of St. George (1344). Koper - Gothic cathedral (XV century) and Prestor's palace (1452).
General information. Slovenia.
Capital: Ljubljana - 271 thousand (1994). Square: 20.3 thousand sq. km. Population: About 1984 thousand people (1995). admin. division : Language: The official language is Slovenian. Serbo-Croatian is also common, on the coast - Italian. Currency: Slovenian toler: 1000 SIT = 3.95085 USD. Time: Time is 2 hours behind Moscow time.
· Geographical position: The country is located in the southeast of Europe in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula. In the southwest it is washed by the Adriatic Sea. To the northwest are the Julian Alps. The highest point is Triglav in the northwest (2863 m). The Sava River (a tributary of the Danube) flows from northwest to southeast.
· Climate: In the mountains and central Slovenia, the climate is alpine, Central European. In the east of the country, the climate is temperate continental, with hot summers and harsh winters. Despite the small size of the country, three climatic zones can be distinguished in it. In the northwest, in the valleys of the Alps, there is an alpine climate with cold winters and moderate summers. The Adriatic coast and much of the westernmost Maritime Province has a Mediterranean climate with hot, sunny summers and mild winters. Most of eastern Slovenia has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The average temperature in January is from -4 to +4 C, in July - from 20 to 24 C.
Miscellaneous: God did not deprive Slovenia of the beauties of nature. And Slovenes know how to take care of them and protect them. This is a country of fertile valleys, rivers and lakes, meadows and forests. There are charming towns and villages with ancient architecture everywhere. Having visited this country, it is impossible not to fall in love with it. Slovenia is good at any time of the year. The wonderful Lake Bled has become a favorite vacation spot for the aristocracy and crowned persons since the Middle Ages. The atmosphere of romance and sophistication reigns here until now.
Croatia
Discover Croatia - a small country with very friendly people and great opportunities for recreation and excursions!
Being in Croatia, you can see half of Europe along the way. Tourists from Croatia are allowed one day to stay without a visa in Venice. Not far from the Croatian resort of Dubrovnik is the Italian town of Bari, where excursions to nearby Italian monasteries are organized. And by paying $30, you can visit neighboring Slovenia.
The sixteen lakes of the Plitvice Lakes National Park are connected by 92 different waterfalls. This amazing place arose about four thousand years ago, and, perhaps, thanks to its beauty, the Croats got the custom to get married under a waterfall. . The Plitvice Lakes are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Sights of Croatia
The following are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List: the city-museum of Dubrovnik (XIII - XVII centuries), Split (the historical center and the palace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian) and the Plitvice Lakes National Park.
Dubrovnik in terms of the number of Renaissance monuments (fortifications and towers, public buildings, churches, houses and palaces) perfectly preserved to this day can be compared in Europe only with Venice or Amsterdam.
It may seem incredible that in such a small country like Croatia there can be so many monuments of world significance: Sipan island(Renaissance period) Cathedral in Sibenik(Juraj Dalmatinac, XV century, the only cathedral in Europe built of stone slabs), Chapel in Trogir(Nikola Firentinac, XV century, it has 150 sculptural and bas-relief images of a human face), about eighty original summer residences of the nobility built during the Renaissance in the Republic of Dubrovnik (XVI century), etc.
There are 7 amazing national parks in Croatia . Three of them are located on the offshore islands: Brijuni near Pula, Kornati near Zadar and Mljet near Korcula.
Roman antiquity is especially felt in Poole(the well-preserved Amphitheater, Sergievac Arch and the Temple of Augustus) and in Split(monumental Diocletian Palace, IV century).
The early Byzantine period (VI century) includes Mosaic of the Euphrasian Church in Poreč, equal in historical value to the mosaic in Ravenna.
The early Romanesque style is Zadar(The rotunda of St. Donat is one of the largest churches in Europe of the 9th century, which can be compared with the Cathedral of Charlemagne in Aachen). Romanesque style is typical for Krka, Rab and Trogir(Cathedral and portal of Radovan, 1240), Gothic - for Pazina, Zagreb("the easternmost" cathedral of the 13th century) and Ston, the Renaissance defined the look Osora, Pag, Sibenik, Hvar, Korculi and Dubrovnik, baroque - Varazdina, Belo-vara, Vukovara, and in the 19th century Rijeki, Osijek and again Zagreb .
Can we say almost one hundred temples and churches of the period of the ancient Croatian kingdom of the IX-XII centuries, decorated with unusual "florid" bas-reliefs and retaining their original appearance? Particularly noteworthy are the well-preserved Bouvine wooden gate(early 13th century) in Split with 38 bas-reliefs depicting the life of Christ.
In the north of the country, the Renaissance has its own interesting distinctive features. The northern cities served as fortresses and were built solely to protect against attacks by the Turks. Of the fifty such fortresses, at least two are must-sees: oval Great Tabor with powerful towers (XVI century) and Karlovac, an "ideal" city built in the Renaissance in the form of a six-pointed star (1579). Baroque features are characteristic of many northern cities of Croatia (Varazhdin, Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Vukovar, Belovar, Daruvar).
In Slavonia and in the "reserved" Zagorje not far from Zagreb, numerous castles of the nobility have been preserved (you can see them if you go on a romantic trip along these routes). In the 19th and 20th centuries, Zagreb developed most actively (public buildings, parks and Mirogoj, probably the most beautiful cemetery in Europe), as well as Osijek and Riska. In Zagreb you can see the palace of the 18th century, and in Rijeka - the castle and the cathedral of the 14th century.
General information. Croatia
Capital: Zagreb - 726 thousand people. Square: 56538 sq. km. Population: 4,784 thousand people. Croats - 80%, Serbs - 12%. admin. division: Language: The official language is Croatian, German is widely used. Currency: Croatian kuna: 10 HRK = 1.1752 USD. Time: Behind Moscow for 2 hours.
· Geographical position: The country is located in the southern part of Central Europe, in the north of the Balkan Peninsula and borders on Slovenia in the north, Hungary and Yugoslavia in the east, and Bosnia in the south. In the west it is washed by the waters of the Adriatic Sea. There are about 1185 islands and small islets in Croatia along the tectonic flooded Adriatic coast. Only 66 of them are inhabited. The total length of the coast with the islands is 5790 km.
· Climate: Moderate, continental. The average annual temperature is +12 degrees C.
Miscellaneous: Croatia has amazingly beautiful nature and is considered one of the most environmentally friendly places in the world. The Adriatic Sea is visible off the coast to a depth of 50 meters. In addition to the Adriatic coast, Croatia is famous for its thermal and mineral springs. On the territory of this country there are 7 amazing national parks. Three of them are located on the offshore islands: Bruini near Pula, Kornati near Zadar and Mljet near Korcula. The country has excellent conditions for winter recreation and treatment.
Malta
Many call Malta a toy country. Indeed, there are no rivers or mountains here, and only two or three streets with several houses are called the city.
The Maltese archipelago consists of three main islands: Malta, Gozo and Comino; and also from the many uninhabited - Cominotto, Filfla, St. Paul's and others. For many centuries, these three small Mediterranean islands were at the very center of the dramatic events of Europe; they absorbed everything - both a great history and a rich culture. There is no such corner on Earth where so many unique cultural monuments of human history would be concentrated in such a small space.
Every year more than a million tourists come to Malta, mainly from European countries. What attracts tourists to Malta? Excellent geographical position, warm climate, sun, clear sea, rich history, ancient culture, safe environment, hospitable English-speaking local people - all this gives Malta a huge attraction. Malta is graceful and rich in mysterious events of the past, amazing architecture and wonderful, hospitable people. Each traveler will discover a lot of new and interesting things, everyone will find something to their liking in this country warmed by the sun and smiles.
There are no rivers or mountains in Malta. The terraced fields descending from the slopes of the hills, separated from each other by low stone walls, are the most characteristic feature of the Maltese landscape. The deeply indented coast of Malta forms numerous harbours, rocky bays and sandy beaches.
Serbia and Montenegro
On the territory of Serbia and Montenegro, many historical and cultural monuments have been preserved, and most of them, despite the numerous wars that have swept through this land, are in excellent condition. Hundreds of medieval monasteries and ancient cities, dozens of balneological resorts, unique natural complexes of the southern part of the Balkans, tens of kilometers of beaches of the Montenegrin Riviera, good-natured and friendly people - this is not a complete list of the advantages of this country.
Belgrade
The heart of the city is the medieval Kalemegdan fortress made of white stone, lying at the confluence of the Sava and the Danube, one of the oldest fortresses in Europe (XII-XVII centuries, now the Military Museum is located here). Most of the buildings on the territory of the fortress, including medieval gates, Orthodox churches, Muslim graves and Turkish baths, date back to the 17th century. In front of the entrance to the fortress there is a Monument of gratitude to France (1930), and around the defensive structures there is a beautiful park, on the territory of which almost all the flora of the European mainland is represented, as well as the remains of the Austrian fortress.
Next to the fortress is Stari Grad - the oldest part of Belgrade. Now, among its winding streets, most of the museums of the capital are concentrated, the most expensive restaurants and palaces carefully restored back in the days of Yugoslavia are located here. It is worth visiting the old quarter of Skadarlie, the Ada Siganlija park, the National Museum (1844) on Republic Square with an extensive archaeological collection and a collection of paintings, the house of Prince Milos (1831), the Old Palace (1882), the Ethnographic Museum on Studentski Trg Square with a collection of Serbian costumes and folk art, the Church of St. Sava (XIX century), the Bayrakli-Jamia Mosque (1690), the Fresco Gallery, the Palace of Princess Ljubica (1831) in the Balkan style with a large collection of furniture of the XIX century, the Museum of Modern Art ( 1965), examine the remains of Roman, medieval Serbian and Turkish fortifications, mosques of the 16th-17th centuries. and numerous colorful houses of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
The new city grew south of the Belgrade fortress, its bright and spacious quarters were built according to the latest architecture, with many parks, alleys and boulevards, framed by modern buildings. The buildings of the National Assembly (1937), the industrial fair construction complex (1950-57), the Orthodox Church of St. Mark (1932-1939), the Union Executive Veche (1958), the Museum of the Revolution (one of the last in Eastern Europe), the Assembly building (Parliament, 1907-1932), a small Russian Orthodox church, the former residence and grave of Marshal Tito, the May 25 sports center (1973), the Sava Congress Center (1977) and many houses in the pseudo-Stalinist style.
Not far from Belgrade, in Smederevo, there is the largest flat fortress in Europe - the fortress of Brankovich (XV century), occupying an area of 11 hectares and surrounded by a whole complex of structures of the "Small" and "Big" cities. Kragujevac has a beautiful Byzantine-style cathedral. You can visit the unique medieval monasteries of Zica and Mileshev, and Studenica and Sopochany are even protected by UNESCO. South of the capital, near the small town of Priepolye, is one of the most famous and ancient Serbian monasteries - Mileshevo (1218-1219), founded by the nephew of St. Sava of Serbia - Prince Vladislav. It was here that the relics of St. Sava were transferred from Tarnovo in 1237, and the world-famous fresco "White Angel on the Holy Sepulcher" is also located here. Currently, the monastery houses the residence of Bishop Mileshevsky.
Nis
The number of historical buildings here is simply huge, and many of them are not located in Nis itself, but in the towns and villages adjacent to it, which turns the area around the city into an extensive historical and cultural reserve. The most ancient monuments of the city include an early Christian crypt of the 4th century on the Kosovske-Devozhka street in Nis, a mausoleum of the same period in Nishka-Banya, the ruins of the church of St. Archangel Gabriel (date of foundation is unknown) on the slopes of Mount Oblik (Sichevachka-Klisura gorge), a Byzantine basilica and a crypt in Ostrovitsa, the ruins of a Roman palace, a baptistery, a term and a nymphaeum (4th century) in Mediana, as well as an early Christian basilica (presumably the 4th century) in the Nis region of Yagodin-Mala.
The main attractions of Niš are its many places of worship, which are scattered in abundance throughout the city and its environs. The center of Orthodoxy has always been considered the Nis monasteries of the Holy Mother of God (1644-1883, belfry - 1880), the monastery and church of Hilandarski metoch (XVI century), as well as the temple of St. Sava (1987), St. Paraskeva of Iverskaya, which is part of the monastery complex (St. Petka Iverice, XIV-XVI centuries, the modern building was built in 1898), the monastery of St. George (second half of the XV century) in a picturesque valley near the village of Kamenice, the monastery of the Mother of God (1575-1880) in the Sichevachka gorge -Klisura, the monastery of Gabrovac with the Church of the Holy Trinity (1833, restored in 1873) and a memorial to those who died in the liberation wars of 1912-1918, as well as the monastery of St. Jon (presumably the 16th century) near Krazhkovac.
City churches also bear the imprint of past eras. The most famous of them include the Cathedral Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit (1856-1872), the Church of St. Nicholas (St. Nicholas, built in 1722 on the site of the legendary St. Procopius Church of the 11th century, rebuilt in 1737) and the chapel of the Transfiguration (1907), the modest Church of St. Paraskeva (St. Petke, XIV-XVI centuries) near Donji Matezhevac, the Church of St. Panteleimon (1878) on the foundation of temples of the 4th-11th centuries, the Church of St. Nicholas (1838) in Manastira, St. Elijah near Nishka Banya, St. Paraskeva (1925) and the Byzantine basilica in Kurlin, the ruins of the church of St. Elijah (presumably IX century) near the village of Batusinac, the medieval fortress Zelenik and the monastery church of St. Nicholas (1654 , the modern church building was built at the beginning of the 20th century), the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1839) in Milkovac, the Church of St. Nicholas (1831, restored in 1933) in Kamenica, the Church of St. Archangels Michael and Gabriel (XIV-XV centuries ., restored in 1839), as well as the modest church of St. Jovan (presumably XIV century) in the village of Orlyane.
Later architectural monuments include the buildings of Banovina (1887) and Gradska-Kupa (1926-1927) in the style of late neoclassicism, the City Assembly (House of Assembly, 1939), the Pasteur Factory (monument to L. Pasteur, 1900), the city library (XIX c), the building of the People’s Pozorishte (1938-1939, designed by the architect V. Tatarinov), the Nis Radio Center building (1900, in 1914-1915 it served as the residence of King Peter I), the monumental building of the Main Post Office (the beginning of the XX c), the Gymnasium (1912-1914), the "Leader's School" and the building of the Opshtyn court with a clock tower.
The village of Gornji Mateževac, one and a half kilometers northeast of Niš, is another open-air museum of medieval architecture. Here are such places of worship as the Latin Church (XI century), the temple of Gabrovac (until 1498), the monastery of St. John (XV century, modern buildings date from the XIX-XX centuries) to the north of the village and the Church of St. Michael the Archangel (1838 ).
Not far from the town of Cacak, in the beautiful gorge of the Morava River, there is the "Serbian Athos" - a monastic complex, most often called Trinity. Here, in a small area, on the picturesque slope of Mount Ovchar, are the Vvedensky, Voznesensky, Preobrazhensky, Sretensky and Holy Trinity monasteries, and on the other side of the Morava, under Mount Kablar - the Blagoveshchensky, Nikolsky (Nikolye) and John the Baptist (Yovanya) monasteries , as well as three churches - Ilyinskaya, Assumption and Savvinskaya (all buildings date back to the period of the XIV-XVI centuries).
Novi Sad
The capital of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, is interesting for the Petrovaradin fortress (1699-1780, now there is a hotel, a restaurant and two museums) and the museums of the Revolution, Painting and Archeology. Also noteworthy are the Church of the Great Martyr St. George (György, 1848-1849), the Assumption Church (1776), the Nicholas Church (1730), the Calvinist Church (1808-1863) on Safarikova Street, the Slovak Evangelical Church (1886 ) at the crossroads of Masarikova and Jovana-Subotica streets, the Catholic Church of St. Rok (1801), the Vavedenska (Peter and Paul) Church in the Petrovaradin Military Hospital complex (1922), the Franciscan monastery of St. Ivan Capistran (1938-1942), the Catholic Cathedral St. Mary (1893-1895) with a 76 m high tower, Almas Church (Cathedral of the Three Bishops, late 18th century), Synagogue (1909), Methodist Church (1911), St. Peter and Paul Catholic Church (1780 -1820), the Catholic Church of St. Elizabeth (1930), the Church of St. Yuri (1701-1714) and the Church of St. Antun (1938) at the Belgrade Gates of the Petrovaradin Fortress.
The rich cultural heritage of the city is preserved by numerous museums, among which the most interesting are the Museum of Vojvodina and the ethnic complex of Brvnar, the City Museum of Novi Sad in the fortress and its collection of foreign art, the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of Vojvodina on M. Pupin Boulevard, the Theater Museum of Vojvodina on King Alexander Street , the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Serbian Institute for the Protection of Nature on Radnička Street, the Živanović Cultural Museum and the Agricultural Museum in Kulpina.
Subotica
Of interest here are the old Town Hall (1910) with an interesting Historical Museum, the City Museum, the Art Gallery in Lenin Park, the Bishop of Subotica on Kharambasicheva Street, the Gothic Cathedral of St. George, the Gradska Kucha complex (City Hall, 1908-1912), " Reichl Palace" and other buildings built by the architect Ferenc Reichl in the traditional Hungarian style at the end of the nineteenth century, a Franciscan monastery with the oldest Catholic church in the country (dating from 1640) on Kara-Jovan Square, Folk Kazaliste (National Theater, 1749 - the oldest theater in the country), the Synagogue, as well as the Palic lake recreation area (8 km east of Subotica) with a zoo, a beautiful lake, sports fields, restaurants and a park. The town of Bač is famous for its medieval fortress (the oldest in Vojvodina), as well as the gate tower built by the Crusaders (1169).
At present, there are more than 20 health centers in Serbia based on the unique properties of local healing waters and mud, equipped with the most modern medical facilities - the Zlatibor plateau with the famous sanatorium Cigota, Buyanovachka-Banya, Vrnjachka-Banya, Nisska-Banya, Soko-Banya, Banya-Koviljacha and others
Podgorica
17 km from Podgorica, on the edge of a mountain plateau near the village of Gornji Crntsi, is the monastery of Chelia Piperskaya (1637-1815). In the very center of the monastery complex rises the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos (XIX-X centuries), in which the relics of the founder of the monastery, St. Stephen of Piper, are kept.
Cetinje
More picturesque is the old capital of Montenegro - Cetinje, a real museum town founded in the 13th century. Noteworthy are the mausoleum of the poet and philosopher Petar Negosh on the very top of Mount Lovcen (1660 m, national park), Cetinje Monastery (1484-1785) - the residence of the Montenegrin metropolitans, within the walls of which are the embalmed hand of St. John the Baptist, part of the cross, on which the Savior was crucified and the first printed book of the southern Slavs - "Oktoih" ("The Book of Eight Voices", 1494), "Vladin's House" (the former Government House, 1910, now the National Gallery), the house of the prince-bishop, rich Museum of Local Lore (1871), Palace of King Nikola I, residence of King Peter II, covered pavilion with a relief map of Montenegro (1917), Blue Museum, Vlaška Church, rich Art Gallery, Central Historical Museum and many other interesting places.
Ulcinj
Ulcinj (more often his name is pronounced "vice versa" - Ulcinj) is the southernmost city of Montenegro and one of the oldest cities in the country. The Old Town, the Catholic Church of St. Mark, the ruins of the ancient Svach, the Turkish barutan (XVIII century), the Balsic palaces, the Venetia Chamber, the exotic Shatsk Lake and many other historical places are interesting here. You can visit the City Museum, which is a whole historical and cultural complex, the remains of the Venetian walls and the ethnographic museum with an excellent collection of exhibits. To the south of Ulcinj stretches the famous Velika Plaža (Large Beach), almost 13 km long, consisting of the purest dark sand with healing properties.
Hercegnovi
The town of Hercegnovi is one of the most famous resorts in the country, located at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotor) and on the slopes of Mount Orien. The city park deserves attention, in which several hundred species of subtropical and tropical plants grow, including several species of mimosa. In winter, the famous "Mimosa Festival" is held here, which lasts a whole month. The city was founded over 1600 years ago, so many monuments of medieval architecture have been preserved here - the bastions of Forte Mare, Kanli-Kula, Shpanyola, the fortresses of Mamula, Prevlaka, Arza and others, the famous Savina Monastery (1030), the churches of St. Geronimo, St. Anton, St. Franjo, St. Leopold Mandik, the National Museum, many colorful old houses, as well as the seven-kilometer sea promenade of Pet Danitsa, practically connecting the city with the neighboring resort area of Igalo. You can visit the Art Gallery and the regional museum, as well as numerous cozy restaurants and cafes, scattered in abundance throughout the surroundings.
Kotor
The most interesting are the Cathedral of St. Trypun (1166, dedicated to St. Tryphon - the patron and defender of the city) with frescoes of the XIV century, numerous old fortifications, the churches of St. Luke (1195), St. Anna (XII c), St. Mary (1221), St. Michovil (VII-XV centuries), Virgin of Health (XV century), St. Nikola (XX century), princely palace (VII century), Drago palaces (XV century), Bizanti (XVII century ), Pima (XVI century), Grubonia (XV century), Gergurina (XVIII century, now the Maritime Museum is here), the Clock Tower (XVI century) on the main square, Napoleon's theater and much more.
On the shores of the Bay of Kotor there are picturesque small towns of Perast and Risan, the peninsula of Lushitsa, the "Isle of the Dead" and the artificial island of Bogoroditsk-Shkrpjela with a unique church - extremely popular tourist places.
Budva
The fortified walls encircling the Old Town (IX-XV c.), the seaside fortress of the Citadel (XV c.), the fortress gates, the Church of the Virgin Mary (IX c.), the churches of the Holy Trinity, St. Ivan (VII-XVII centuries) and St. Antona, Mogren Fortress, ancient monasteries, picturesque narrow winding streets built up with small houses of a characteristic Mediterranean style, small squares lined with stone tiles, as well as many other no less colorful places. At the mouth of the Zeta River lie the ruins of the city of Duklja, which in the Middle Ages was the center of an independent Slavic state in the Balkans.
Not far from Budva is the island of St. Nikola, which the locals call "Hawaii" - this is one of the most popular holiday destinations in Montenegro. 120 km from Budva lies one of the shrines of the Orthodox world and the main shrine of Montenegro - carved into the rock above the Zeta River, at an altitude of 1700 m, the famous Ostrog Monastery, in which the relics of St. Basil are buried.
canyons
Montenegro is often called the country of canyons, since nowhere else in Europe there are so many river valleys so deeply cut into the rock masses as here. The Tara River Canyon is one of the most beautiful and also the largest in Europe. The Tara (by the way, one of the cleanest rivers in Europe) cut through this deep valley in an ancient rock mass, so the height of the banks in some places reaches 1300 m, and the width in some places does not exceed 3 m with a canyon length of 80 km. This unique natural complex is included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List.
The canyons of the rivers Mrtvitsa, Moracha (depth up to 400 m.), Platie and Sushitsa, lakes Plavsko, Ridsko, Vizitorsko, Ali Pasha springs, waterfalls in the Prokletiye mountains, etc. are exceptional in beauty.
Two national parks adjoin the Tara valley - Durmitor and Beogradska Gora. Durmitor National Park (39 thousand hectares) is located on the slopes of the country's highest mountain range of the same name and is famous for its nature, excellent conditions for skiing, picturesque Black Lakes (Big and Small) and the nearby Morocha Monastery (XIII century) - one of the most significant cultural monuments of the republic and a recognized center of fresco painting. Beogradska Gora (5.4 thousand hectares) is known for its untouched nature, diverse flora and fauna, as well as for its beautiful glacial lakes Gorske Ochi ("Mountain Eyes").
Macedonia
The ancient land of Macedonia, the birthplace of the ancient Macedonian civilization and proud people, the birthplace of Orthodox writing and one of the cleanest countries in Europe, is still poorly studied by tourists today. Meanwhile, this is one of the most interesting countries of the Balkans and one of the youngest states of the continent. In all Macedonian cities, many architectural monuments of the Middle Ages and antiquity are carefully preserved.
Skopje
The capital of the country is Skopje, as the city has been known since the time of the Roman Empire. The modern capital of the country is divided into two parts - the Old City, populated mainly by Muslim Albanians, and the New, "Zarechny Skopje", populated by Macedonians. After the devastating earthquake of 1963, when Skopje was destroyed by almost 70%, the architectural appearance of the city has changed a lot - rebuilt "by the whole world" under the leadership of the Japanese architect K. Tange, it still has unrestored quarters surrounded by houses of ultra-modernist architecture, rising above the narrow winding streets of the old districts. From the old Skopje, only the central part, adjacent to the Kale fortress (XI century), has survived - Charshia, which has recently turned into a colorful market area, considered the best eastern bazaar in Europe. Of interest are the Turkish baths Daud Pasha (1466, part of the building given over to the City Art Gallery), the tiny Orthodox Church of Sveti Spas (XVII-XVIII centuries) with a carved iconostasis (1824), the Mustafa Pasha Mosque (1492) , a colorful Turkish stone bridge (XV century) across the Vardar, caravanserai Kurshumli Khan (1550, served as a prison in the XIX century), Suli Khan and Kapan Khan, the Sultan Murat Mosque and the Clock Tower, the Museum of Modern Arts and Museum of Macedonia, Theater of National Minorities, Macedonian National Theater and University.
In the new part of the city, it is worth visiting the Orthodox Cathedral at the corner of Paritzanski Odredi and Arm boulevards, the building of the Academy of Sciences with the Concert Hall behind it, the City Museum on the street. M.H. Jasmin, Macedonian Parliament Building, Skopje Historical Archive, Museum of Contemporary Art, National Museum of History, National Art Gallery, Cultural Gallery, Natural History Museum of Macedonia, Macedonian Tourist Information Center and the gypsy suburb of Suto Ornzari. Near Skopje are the ruins of the Roman city of Skupi, the center of the province of Dardania. On the slopes of the nearby Vodno mountain rises the Church of St. Panteleimon (1164), decorated with frescoes of exceptional artistic value. Also nearby are the monasteries of Sveti Nikita (1307-1308), Marko (XIV century), Sveti Andrey (XIV century) and Matka (XV century), as well as the Church of St. Anastasia (XVI century).
Bitola
Bitola is the second largest city in the country, located in the very south, near the border with Greece. The main attraction of the city are the ruins of the ancient Heraclea Lincestis, founded by Philip II of Macedon in the 4th century BC. BC e. No less interesting is the Doyran Lake in the east of the country, whose surroundings can be considered one of the most beautiful in the country, the Debar mineral springs, the picturesque canyons of the Matka and Treska rivers, the most beautiful canyon in Europe - the Radika Gorge and the waterfall of the same name - the highest in the Balkans, the most beautiful cave area in mountains of Bistra, caves Vrelo ("spring"), Krstalnya and Ubava ("beautiful") in Treska canyon, Lake Matka and nearby monasteries Matka (XIV c.), St. Andrew (1389) and St. Nikola Shishovsky (XIV c.), the monastery of St. Jovan Bigorski with its unique wooden iconostasis, the capital of winemaking Kavadarci, lake Prespa (274 sq. km.) with the island of Golem Grad, the picturesque area of Tsarev Dvor, the church of St. George (1191) in the village of Kurbinovo, the capital of ceramics Oteshevo (located under the auspices of UNESCO), etc.
Ohrid
The real pearl of Macedonia is Lake Ohrid (area 358 sq. km., depth up to 285 m.), located at an altitude of 695 m above sea level near the Albanian border, and, apparently, connected by underground karst cavities to Lake Prespa. This is one of the most beautiful and cleanest lakes in Europe, and one of the oldest lakes in the world.
Located on the shore of the lake, the city of Ohrid is one of the oldest cities in the Balkans. Ancient Lychnis, which flourished during the Great Macedonian times, during the Roman Empire guarded the shortest route from Rome to Asia Minor - Via Egnatia, and later only strengthened its position. Neither numerous wars nor earthquakes could cause any noticeable damage to the city, which is why even today Ohrid is one of the most interesting cities in the Balkans. The Slavic tribes who settled in this area at the beginning of the 7th century began to call it "A-Hrid" ("on the hill"), from where the modern name came from.
Ohrid is famous for its architectural monuments - the real masterpieces are Samuil's Fortress (XI century) with walls 16 m high, the Gorna Port Gate (XVIII century), the Sveti Sofia Basilica (XI century, the church itself was rebuilt by the Turks into a mosque) in the old city in the center, the church of Sveti Kliment (Church of the Virgin Perivlepta, 1295, restored in 2002) with unique frescoes and a gallery of Ohrid icons of the 11th-19th centuries, the Robevu Palace (1827, now the Archaeological Museum), the Imaret Mosque (rebuilt monastery of St. Panteleimon, 9th century by the Turks), the ruins of an early Christian basilica with amazing mosaics with anthropomorphic descriptions of the four rivers of paradise (5th century) in Plaosnik, the dwelling of St. Panteleimon (nowadays a museum) in the park under the fortress of Samuil, the church of Sveti Jovan Kaneo (XIII century) on the cape of the same name, the National Museum of Ohrid with an excellent antique collection and the ruins of the ancient theater in the central part of the city (Varosh).
Along the coast of the lake, many small Orthodox churches with medieval frescoes have been preserved, among which the famous Sveti Naum Monastery (29 km from Ohrid, X-XII centuries) stands out on the southern shore of the lake - the most important medieval center of Slavic writing and Orthodoxy in the Balkans. Both the city of Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were listed by UNESCO as a World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site in 1979.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the oldest crossroads of civilization. Naturally, many architectural monuments of both the Byzantine and Ottoman periods have been preserved on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which made it one of the tourism centers of the countries of the socialist camp. But the war that swept in the early 90s wiped out many unique historical monuments, the tourist infrastructure was completely destroyed, and now Bosnia and Herzegovina is only just beginning to restore its former greatness with the help of the international community.
Sarajevo
The city of Sarajevo was founded in 1263 and then received the name "Bosnovar" (Vrhbosna in Serbian). The city is located in a basin surrounded by mountains and open only from the western side, at an altitude of 450 m above sea level.
The eastern Christian part of the city lies on a plain and is an almost continuous mass of houses of the most diverse architecture, while in the Muslim quarters, located on the slopes of the mountains and separated by the Milyachka River, houses are scattered in small groups, and gardens are spread between them. Miraculously, two Orthodox churches have been preserved - the old Church of Saints Michael and Gabriel (presumably 1478-1539) and the Cathedral Church of the Holy Mother of God (1863-1868), 4 Catholic churches, including the spiritual center of Bosnian Catholics - the Cathedral (XVIII century ), 3 synagogues, including the Old Synagogue (1566-1581), which now houses the Jewish Museum with the famous "Hagad Code", as well as the Town Hall ("Vechnitsa", 1896) in the Moorish style and the Regional Administration Palace.
But the urban landscape is dominated by colorful Muslim buildings, most of which are considered masterpieces of Ottoman architecture - the Tsareva-Jamia mosque ("Royal Mosque", XVI century), the largest in the country "Begova-Jamia" (XV century), Ali- Pasha-Jamia (1560-1561) and about a hundred more mosques, the Kursumli madrasah (1537) with a library, which today has about 50 thousand manuscripts and books, the Barcharshiya tower (XV century), the Brusa-Bezistan shopping center, the old caravan a barn (XV c) on Morika-Khan, a Turkish fortress with 12 towers on a rocky ledge, and many trading buildings of the Turkish era.
A single-span "Goat Bridge" is thrown across the Milyachka River, which is one of the oldest monuments of the city. The "Latin Bridge" across the same Milyachka, where Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Mlada Bosna organization, killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, is considered another attraction of the city - today the Princip Museum is located next to it. Also noteworthy are the Bosnian Regional Museum, the Museum of Local Lore Zemalski-Museum, as well as Olympic facilities.
But another attraction of Sarajevo since ancient times was the "charshia" market and the "Bar-charshia" market square, which are a whole area in the old part of the city, dissected by narrow streets and alleys, literally dotted with shops and shops. People walk along the narrow streets, looking into cafes, souvenir shops, numerous jewelry shops and pastry shops - "sweets". The famous Pigeon Square, indeed chosen by hundreds of depths, crowns this whole ever-buzzing market. Not far away is the Gazi-Khosrov-Beg trading square, where there are also many shops of all stripes, and the Brus trading square, which was once one of the major stations of the Great Silk Road.
egg
The medieval city of Jajce, a colorful mixture of old houses climbing the mountain slopes, cobbled streets and fortress walls, was the capital of the Christian rulers of Bosnia until the 15th century. Here, on the banks of the Pliva and Vrbas rivers, during the Nazi occupation, the temporary capital of the country was located, the capital of independent Yugoslavia was proclaimed here and the Constitution was created, which formalized the principles of the new federal country. The arena of fierce battles of the recent war, the city, however, in some incomprehensible way has retained its ancient appearance, still attracting the attention of tourists from all over the world. The main attractions of Yaytse are the famous complex of buildings of the Esma-Sultan Mosque (1753-1763, now destroyed and planned to be restored), the Church of St. Luke, many colorful old houses, as well as a cascade of small, but very colorful waterfalls and a complex of ancient water mills on the river Pliva.
Mostar
The visiting card of the city is the Stari-bridge ("old bridge", built by the architect Mimar Khairuddin in 1566), arching its steep back 20 meters above the green waters of the Neretva, a unique engineering structure of the Middle Ages, is one of the main architectural monuments of the country, and is included in UNESCO Cultural Heritage List. The bridge was destroyed by Croatian artillery fire in November 1993, and was restored only in July 2004. On this occasion, traditional competitions in diving from the bridge "Mostarski Ikari" were held, and even the administrative division of the city into 6 districts according to ethnic principle was abolished. Also preserved (or restored) Mostar University, the Kriva-Kupria bridge ("crooked bridge"), supporting the Stari-bridge of the Halebia and Tara towers, a few mosques and a monument in honor of the fallen during the years of the struggle against fascism. The fortresses in the village of Pochitel (XV century), a few kilometers southwest of Mostar, and the fortress of St. Stephen just downstream of the Neretva remain a unique historical monument.
Blagay
In the town of Blagaj, 10 km south of Mostar, there is a massive fortress of the same name.
Banja Luka
This once humble city on the banks of the Vrbas ("vrba" - willow), in the northwestern part of the country, is now known to the world as the capital of the Serbian Republic. Banja Luka ("St. Luke's bath", the first mention of it dates back to the end of the 15th century) was never known as a tourist center, it was a large industrial city that did not attract many visitors to the country, and besides, it lost part of its historical heritage in 1993 year, when Serbian militias blew up all 16 mosques in the city. Therefore, now only the fortress (XVI century) on the banks of the Vrbas, the recreated Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the Presidential Palace and the famous warm sulphurous springs near the city, which are considered one of the most famous balneo-climatic resorts in Europe, deserve attention here.
Also noteworthy is the most southeastern city of the country - Trebin, on the outskirts of which the national shrine of the Serbs rises - the Hercegovachka-Gracanitsa church, the Kravice waterfall on the Trebizhat river in Herzegovina, the Zhitomislich monastery in the Neretva river valley, as well as the old residence of the Turkish governor in the city of Travnik (between Jajce and Sarajevo).
2.2 Tourist tourism consumer profile
People of the older age group (from 55 to 59 years old) are beginning to play an increasingly important role in excursion tourism. In 1997 (Table 2.1.). More than 100 million arrivals by older people have been registered and the number continues to rise. The main suppliers of this category of tourists are the USA, Canada, Japan and other EU countries, whose population, despite the rapid aging, remains physically active and, no less important, better off.
An increase in the level of education will increase the human desire for knowledge. Interest in another culture will make you want to travel and experience new things. The consumer will feel the need for a new multi-variant tourist product.
The value of age when choosing the type of tourism. Table 2.1.
Section 3
3.1 Prospects for the development of excursion tourism
Realization by a person that he is a citizen not only of his country, but also of the world, leads to the expansion of the market for tourist trips, especially targeted ones. At the WTO conference in Lisbon, based on the results of the “Tourism: 2020 Vision” study, five promising tourism destinations of the 21st century were proclaimed.
1. Adventure tourism.
2. Cruises.
3. Ecotourism.
4. Cultural and educational tourism (excursion).
5. Thematic tourism.
Forecasts of the most popular tourist destinations by 2020 Table 3.1
The main features of the development of world tourism in the first decade of the 21st century are: further growth in the indicators of international tourism activities; the constant impact of the economic and political situation in the world on tourism; polarization of activities of tourist operators engaged in both global and medium and small businesses; socio-demographic changes, electronic information and communication systems will become determining factors of tourism.
3.2 Measures needed to attract tourist flows to the region
A region interested in attracting tourists should wisely plan and develop special programs and events that increase interest in its culture in order to attract potential tourists. The historical heritage of the region needs to be promoted to the tourist market. Therefore, national tourism organizations should be engaged in the dissemination of information about the historical potential of the area.
In connection with the increased interest in educational tourism, the importance of protecting cultural monuments is increasing. It is required to apply effective measures for the preservation of cultural monuments and the management of tourist flows.
The southern Mediterranean region is the most significant tourist destination in Europe. For 9 months of 2004, 152.3 million tourists arrived in the region, who spent 844019 nights here, of which 91.2 million were foreign visitors. 16%.
Tourism development strategy in 2007 - 2008 in Europe will focus on improving the use of the cultural, historical and productive potential of the region. Tourism revenues will increase significantly and the image of the region as an attractive tourist destination will improve. Europe is a region that has sufficient potential for tourism values, hotels, restaurants, information and other additional services. Combining it all into an attractive product with good publicity, Europe is a magnet for tourists. The strong point of Europe is its advantageous geographical position, cultural and historical monuments, improved transport accessibility, as well as the relative safety of the region. The main goals for the next two years are to increase the number of overnight stays in the region by 15%, improve the level of information and services provided, and ensure income from advertising of the city's information material entrepreneurs. The products of the highest importance in the European Region are cultural and educational tourism, targeted at the historical centers of cities. There are also special programs aimed at groups, such as tours dedicated to a certain historical period, programs for children, religious groups, etc.
Expenses for planned activities in the field of tourism in 2007 will be financed at a rate of 15% of the annual income from the local tax for the settlement, in 2008 30%. CONCLUSIONS
The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of a particular region. In the economy of a particular country, excursion tourism performs a number of important functions: 1. International tourism is a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country and a means of providing employment.2. International tourism expands contributions to the balance of payments and the country's GNP.3. International tourism contributes to the diversification of the economy, creating industries that serve the tourism industry.4. With the growth of employment in the tourism sector, the income of the population is growing, and the level of well-being of the nation is increasing.
Excursion tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is primarily due to different levels of socio-economic development of countries and regions. Excursion tourism has received the greatest development in the southern European countries. This region accounts for over 70% of the world tourism market and about 60% of foreign exchange earnings.
So, sightseeing tourism, a characteristic feature of which is that a significant part of the services is produced with minimal costs on the spot, plays an increasingly prominent role in the regional economy. The tourism industry is one of the economic forwards, providing an impressive amount of added value.
Excursion tourism occupies a significant place in international relations. About 150 million people annually visit the South European countries for the purpose of excursion tourism. Excursion tourism is not only a popular type of recreation, but also an actively developing area of the world economy.
However, information on the development of excursion tourism is not absolutely accurate, since it is quite difficult to measure tourist flows. Due to the lack of a single way of recording them, it is much more difficult to compare statistical data between countries.
Excursion tourism has an impact on the development of both individual countries and the regional economy as a whole. With the expansion of international trade and other forms of international economic relations, the improvement of culture and education, excursion tourism will also develop.
On average, about 65% of all international tourist trips are to Europe, about 20% to America and about 15% to other regions.
The development of excursion tourism in countries that mainly receive tourists is due to the desire to increase the inflow of foreign currency and create new jobs. Many European countries through excursion tourism are trying to solve the problems of the balance of payments.
As a result of the expenses incurred by foreign tourists in the host country, firstly, the income of travel companies increases (direct effect); secondly, the demand from the tourism sector of the economy for goods and services of suppliers is increasing, which in turn contributes to an increase in demand for goods and services of their suppliers and, consequently, an increase in income in all sectors (indirect effect), thirdly, personal income of the population directly or indirectly associated with the tourism business, which causes an increase in consumer demand (forced effect). The indirect effect and the forced effect are collectively referred to as the secondary effect.
So, sightseeing tourism has come a long way in its development and today is one of the most successfully developing branches of tourism. Like any other area of economic activity, the tourism industry is a very complex system, the degree of development of which depends on the degree of development of the country's economy as a whole.
Currently, industrialized countries account for over 60% of all foreign tourist arrivals and 70-75% of travel worldwide. At the same time, the EU countries account for about 40% of tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings.
In Europe, tourism is a developed industry. In all spheres of tourism activity, both at the level of state structures and in the field of the emerging tourism business, there is a search for new forms of work, expansion of the scope of supply and deepening of its specialization.
List of used literature
1. Alexandrova A. Yu. "International tourism": a textbook for universities. - M.: Aspect Press, 2001. - 464 p.
2. Kvartalnov V. A. "Tourism": - M .: Finance and statistics, 2004. - 120s.
3. Senin S. V. "Organization of international tourism": a textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. -400s.
4. http//www.rin.ru.
5. http//www.tourbest.ru.
6. http//www.travel.ru.
7. http//www.vip_incom.ru.
Application
Tour of Italy
8 days / 7 nights
Day 1: Departure to Naples. Upon arrival at the Naples airport, in the arrivals hall, a meeting with the attendant under the PAC-GROUP sign. Transfer to Pompeii, guided tour of Pompeii. Moving to Naples, sightseeing tour with a guide in Naples. Accommodation in a 3* hotel (Naples-Sorrento zone). Dinner.
Day 2: Breakfast. Free time. Optional excursion to the island of Capri (€28 including boat trip). Dinner.
Day 3: Breakfast. Departure to Sicily (~550 km). Arrival at the port of Villa San Giovanni, ferry across the Strait of Messina (~30 min). Arrival in Messina. Walking tour of Messina with a group guide. Transfer to Taormina (~95 km). Walk in the center of Taormina with an escort. Accommodation in a 3* hotel in the area of Taormina - Letojanni. Dinner.
Day 4: Breakfast. Free time, rest. For those wishing to travel: to Catania (20€) or to Milazzo for an excursion to the Aeolian Islands (90€). Dinner. For those who wish, after dinner, a trip to Taormina, a walk in the evening Taormina (10 €).
Day 5: Breakfast. A trip to Mount Etna with an escort. Transfer to Syracuse (~65 km). Guided sightseeing tour of Syracuse. Accommodation in a 3* hotel in Syracuse. Dinner.
Day 6: Breakfast. Departure to Piazza Armerina (~150 km), visiting the ancient Roman Villa Cosale (with unique mosaics), entrance ticket 8 euros paid on the spot. Transfer to Agrigento (~100 km). Guided tour of the Valley of the Greek Temples, entrance ticket 8 euros to be paid on the spot. Accommodation in a 3* hotel in the Agrigento area.
Day 7: Breakfast. Departure for Palermo (~125 km). Guided sightseeing tour of Palermo. Free time. 19:00 - boarding the ship, accommodation in sleeping cabins, sailing to Naples. Dinner on the ship is paid on the spot.
Day 8: 7:00 - arrival in Naples, breakfast on the boat - paid on the spot. Transfer to Naples airport. Flight to Moscow.
The service cost includes:
Accommodation: 3* hotels: Naples-Sorento area (2 nights), Syracuse (1 night), Agrigento area (1 night); cabin on the ferry (1 night);
Nutrition: half board (breakfast and dinner) - 6 days;
All transfers: on buses according to the program;
Sea transfers: by boat across the Strait of Messina, night port Nave Tirrenia (sleeping cabins);
Excursion service: Guided sightseeing tours: Naples, Pompeii, Syracuse, Agrigento, Palermo, Mount Etna, Piazza Armerina;
Registration of an entry individual tourist visa;
Medical insurance policy;
Accompanying services.
Air flight: air tickets Moscow-Naples-Moscow.
* - single accommodation only in hotels according to the tour program, except for the last night (accommodation in a 2-bed cabin on the ferry); supplement for a single cabin on the ferry + 77€ (net supplement to the tour);
For those who wish, combined tours are possible: Southern classic + rest:
Southern classic (7 nights) + rest on the island. Ischia, in Sorrento, on the coast of Naaples, on the Riviera di Ulisse (7 nights);
Southern classic (6 nights) + holidays in Sicily (3 nights or 10 nights).
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Kharkiv National Academy of Municipal Economy
Faculty of Management
Department of Tourism and Hotel Management
COURSE PROJECT
"Features of the organization of the excursion type of tourism A »
in the discipline "Organization of tourism"
Executor:
1st year student
Faculty of Management
Group TUR-2006-1
Litvinova
Alexandra Yurievna
Checked by: Pokolodnaya M.M.
Kharkov-2006
Introduction
Section 1.
1.2 Statistics on the development of excursion tourism in Europe
1.3 Motives for the development of excursion tourism
Section 2
2.1 Resources for the development of excursion tourism in the countries of the Southern European region
2.2 Tourist tourism consumer profile
Section 3
3.1 Prospects for the development of excursion tourism in the South European region
3.2 Measures needed to attract tourist flows to the region
List of used literature
Application
Introduction
Excursion tourism is today an important object of study, as it is an essential complex of the world economy. Over the last decades of the twentieth century, international tourism relations have become an integral part of the socio-economic relations of the world community. In this regard, the process of studying tourism as a science is of great importance.
The relevance of this work lies in the fact that with the help of the data obtained and analyzed in this work, it will be possible to determine the profitability of this tourist product for Ukrainian businesses.
The purpose of the course project is to highlight all the problems and advantages of organizing excursion tourism in southern Europe. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the course project:
Determination of the necessary types of tourist resources for the development of excursion tourism.
Study of the development of excursion tourism in southern Europe.
Determination of further prospects for the development of excursion tourism.
Define the concept of excursion tourism.
To obtain the results, during the study, methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific articles from the Internet and additional literature will be used.
The work consists of an introduction, three sections, conclusions, a list of references and additions. The first section is devoted to the definition of the concept of excursion tourism. The second section provides a detailed description of the tourist resources of the region of southern Europe. The third section outlines the prospects for further development of excursion tourism. The research results in a systematic and generalized form are presented in the final part.
Section 1
1.1 Definition of excursion tourism
Excursion activity - activities to organize the acquaintance of travelers with tourist resources in the country of temporary stay, which does not provide for the provision of accommodation services (overnight stay).
There are people for whom there is nothing more boring than a beach holiday. For them, one thought that you can fry all day on hot sand is already hated. There are others - they don’t hate beaches, they simply don’t come up with such a type of vacation. By this give, so that "cities and countries, parallels and meridians flash by." There is also a third category - an intermediate one: they are ready to warm their sides in the sun and see the world.This is tourism .
Cultural tourism . The largest flows of turites traveling for educational purposes are observed in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. For small groups of tourists, it is possible to organize educational tours in the form of one-day excursions with visits to cultural monuments.
Ukrainian people have always had a special interest in museums. Yes, but the choice turned out to be small. But after the borders opened, we all gasped. It turns out that in the world in a natural form there are the Egyptian pyramids and the Museum of the History of Plumbing in England, the Eiffel Tower and the Tie Museum in Zagreb, Venice and the Museum of Torture in Prague, the American Statue of Liberty and the Opium Museum in Thailand, Jerusalem and the Red Light District in Amsterdam with a monument Stalin on one of his streets.
And compatriots rushed to explore this world, familiar to them only from books and albums. Those who are especially eager for excursions manage to wind up impressions from two, three, four, or even five countries at a time. But I still want to warn the most greedy: do not chase the number of cities, museums, historical monuments and other sightseeing delights - the human brain has its own threshold of impressions and knowledge. A tourist who has traveled five countries in 14 days often returns home in a state of complete stupor.
When buying a sightseeing tour in a company, do not rush to buy all the excursions that are offered to you in a row: look at the guide and map on the way, look around when you arrive at the place, and if there are not enough impressions, buy a couple more walks to remarkable places. They can sometimes turn out to be more expensive, and there will be no Russian-speaking guide - but what is this compared to the boredom and fatigue of a sightseeing day packed to capacity? The main thing here is to be the master of the situation. After all, if you are lucky, you can discover amazing routes and sights hitherto unknown to Ukrainians in any city.
The schedule of any sightseeing trip is quite tough, and if you decide to leave the group, you must notify the accompanying person in advance. In any case, ask him for phone numbers and addresses of hotels along the route. If you fell behind the group or got into a situation, immediately contact the police and ask to be sent to the Ukrainian consulate, where you should be assisted.
Now for the always nasty, but nonetheless possible emergency. Among the places where the “attention!” signal should light up in your head are all train stations, bus stations and tourist gathering places - it is here that all sorts of crooks can draw you into gambling and rob you like sticky, or simply “cut” your wallet.
And a few more tips - "easy gait."
Shoes . An excursion tourist is a creature wandering for hours on his own two feet, so no hairpins and hoof-shaped "martins": soft comfortable shoes - and no problems.
Money . You cross several countries - somewhere you are delayed for three hours, somewhere for two days. It is clear that a Ukrainian is carrying his cash in “green”, so he should take care of small bills in case he stops in a country that he will leave in a couple of hours: in some Poland, he is unlikely to be given change from a steward in dollars during an exchange - and that it will do with złoty in germany?
Age and weight of the excursionist . Travel agencies, as a rule, do not recommend going on sightseeing tours to those who are overweight (clothing size over 56), tall - about two meters (this clause is for those traveling by bus, who have nowhere to put their legs), advanced years - more than 70 years old, or too young - less than 5 years. The listed circumstances are capable to poison any excursion so that it will not seem a little.
And the most important advice that should be given to everyone who is thirsty for the beauties and sights of the world is where to go for them. But today's Ukrainian tourist does not really believe in the press, but the opinion of relatives, friends, neighbors is the main expert assessment.
Favorite sightseeing tourism - Europe. Any Ukrainian can get there either by train or by bus.
Bus tours
Among the offers of travel companies, one of the main directions, especially during the recession of the so-called "high season", is the organizationbus tours in Europe . These are exciting trips lasting from two days to two weeks along the chosen route. There are a lot of route options, and everyone will find something interesting among them. This andweekend tours to Prague and Warsaw and city travelItaly, France, and romantic trips to Venice. On holidays (New Year, Christmas), bus services are organizedtours according to a special program . A particularly interesting and at the same time inexpensive option are tours for schoolchildren with visits to Prague, Paris, Rome, etc., timed to coincide with school holidays.
1.2Statistics of the development of excursion tourism in Europe
Indicators of intensive and stable growth of international tourist arrivals, presented in Table. 1.1 indicate that since tourism began to develop, it has become available to the general public.
International tourist arrivals by European sub-regions (1990-2002) Table 1.1
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International tourist arrivals, million people |
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In the world |
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Europe |
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Northern Europe |
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Western Europe |
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Central/Eastern Europe |
43,8 |
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Southern Mediterranean Europe |
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