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And where is the cart?

So, in a huge country, there is practically no infrastructure left for the production of low-power piston engines. Those who would be able to raise our small aircraft and put it on what is called "on the wing".

However, there is a way out of this situation. The way out may not be the fastest, and the easiest, but there is. This is the development of our own, domestic micro and mini-engines GTE (gas turbine engine).

Huge holdings, consortiums and all kinds of federal state unitary enterprises (who do not know this Federal State Unitary Enterprise), study the problem, develop conceptual projects, create enterprises with foreign participation and master public investment. Probably, after a certain amount of time, we will end up with all these corporate efforts and get some kind of finished product.

CIAM conducts R&D

Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Central Institute of Aviation Motors named after V.I. P.I.Baranova” conducts R&D on a wide front to create promising gas turbine and piston engines in the interests of developers of unmanned aerial vehicles, aircraft and small aircraft helicopters. AviaPort provides a systematic presentation of the speeches of the head of the CIAM sector (small gas turbine engines) Vladimir Lomazov and the head of the CIAM sector (PD) Alexander Kostyuchenkov at the II International Conference "Unmanned Aviation - 2015".

«… Work on advanced piston engines

In Russia, there is currently no production of piston aircraft engines for drones and light aircraft and helicopters, which forces domestic designers to use foreign-made aircraft engines. Due to the huge demand for such engines, CIAM is conducting research and development and is working on projects for advanced piston aircraft engines for their use on unmanned aerial vehicles, light aircraft and helicopters.”

«… Basic requirements for aircraft engines

The main criteria for the creation of promising engines were the cost of operation, the assigned overhaul life and fuel efficiency, which together determine the cost per flight hour. The calculations showed that for engines of this class the cost of a flight hour should be no more than 500 rubles per hour of flight (excluding the cost of fuel and lubricants), the technical resource should be at least 8000 hours. With such indicators, the cost of the life cycle will be 3.2 million rubles in today's prices.”

“... New technologies for creating small-sized gas turbine engines

CIAM is working on the introduction of the latest technologies to reduce weight, improve the quality of individual components and parts. A reduction in the cost of manufacturing a compressor wheel by almost 20 times compared to a classic wheel with plug-in blades has been confirmed. Due to the use of modern casting technologies, the price of the rotor has been reduced by about 15-18 times compared to the rotor of a standard auxiliary power unit of the same dimension that is on domestic aircraft. As a prototype, a starter-generator with the ability to spin up to 90 thousand revolutions has been manufactured and will be tested at the stand, which is placed on a shaft without a gearbox and significantly reduces the weight of the engine. It provides power up to 4 kW and has a mass of only 700 grams, compared to today's 10 kg.

(according to the materials of the portalairport http://www.aviaport.ru/news/2015/05/08/338921.html

Laboratory of Intellectual Mechanics "Audit Analyst" (AA+)

Behind this intriguing name lies a group of enthusiasts who have developed, created, and are currently testing the first prototype of a micro gas turbine engine.

Sergey Zhuravlev General Director, inspirer and generator of ideas of the Laboratory with his brainchild in his hands.

Here is what Sergey Zhuravlev, General Director of the Laboratory of Intelligent Mechanics "Audit Analyst" (AA+) says about his team:

"Who are we?

A team of developers of models and prototypes of complex systems (ecosystems), and algorithms for managing them, both in the technical and humanitarian fields.

Our competencies are based on our own concept of organizing a research and development community, distributed (networked) production and a continuous process of improving the line of high-tech products in the test and installation complex. We do not consider it necessary to buy machines and build a factory. There is already so much overcapacity in Russia and purchases of the latest equipment that they need to be kept busy.”

Sergey is full of optimism and healthy realism, and he has every reason for this.

“We have a rare chance to become one of the world's elite manufacturers of small turbines. Minimization and localization, robotization and autonomy - trendsXXIcenturies, in which it is still possible to fit in on an equal footing with the leaders in the energy supply of small aircraft manufacturing, unmanned aircraft, and local energy. Russia has very strong physical and mathematical, materials science and engineering schools. Their potential allows, in the minimum volume of the turbine, to achieve maximum efficiency values, primarily operational, with small forces and means.”

Prototype of low-thrust gas turbine engine of the MkA series

It should be noted that the development of low-thrust gas turbines is only one of the areas that the AA+ Laboratory is engaged in, and this project is completely private, and perhaps that is why, after all the calculations, studies and tests, they have a ready-made prototype at the output.

So everyday, on the windowsill, on a notebook with calculations and diagrams, the first experimental low-thrust gas turbine engine of the MkA brand fit in. The ancestor of a series of engines of different power, which can be used in various industries.

The engine is already being tested on the stand in the laboratory. Here are some of its parameters that are already clearly defined:

The main data of the prototype GTE of small thrust of the MkA series (micro aviation):

Weight - 2060 gr.
Length - 324.00 mm
Main diameter – 115.00 mm
Width with pylons - 128.00 mm

Working characteristics:

Thrust maximum - 200N
Working draft - 160N
Fuel consumption (at max. thrust) - 460.00ml\ min
Fuel used - kerosene\diesel fuel
Maximum rotation speed - 120,000 rpm

“The developed engine differs from the analogues studied by our design bureau in terms of design, materials, and characteristics. As well as pre-thought-out integration into a number of products.

Dmitry Rybakov

Deputy Director for Innovation, Unmanned Systems Group of Companies

The Unmanned Systems Group of Companies is so confident in the prospects of a series of engines developed by the Laboratory that they began designing a promising UAV specifically for them.

I am absolutely sure that after some time, we will see light, powerful and economical engines of the AA+ Laboratories not only on light aircraft, gyroplanes and helicopters, but also on large aircraft.

In conclusion, I would like to cite one more statement by Sergei Zhuravlev:

“Our team decided to develop a small gas turbine engine with big ambitions. Presenting it to you, we are proud that we did not copy the analogues available in the world, but using modern methods of analysis and modeling, the latest technologies and materials, we created the most complex energy device as a platform for scientific and technical solutions with a great potential for development and a range of applications.

Experimental samples of gas turbine engines (GTE) first appeared on the eve of World War II. Developments came to life in the early fifties: gas turbine engines were actively used in military and civil aircraft construction. At the third stage of introduction into the industry, small gas turbine engines, represented by microturbine power plants, began to be widely used in all areas of industry.

General information about GTE

The principle of operation is common to all gas turbine engines and consists in the transformation of the energy of compressed heated air into the mechanical work of the gas turbine shaft. The air entering the guide vanes and the compressor is compressed and in this form enters the combustion chamber, where fuel is injected and the working mixture is ignited. Gases formed as a result of combustion pass under high pressure through the turbine and rotate its blades. Part of the rotational energy is spent on the rotation of the compressor shaft, but most of the energy of the compressed gas is converted into useful mechanical work of rotation of the turbine shaft. Among all internal combustion engines (ICE), gas turbine units have the highest power: up to 6 kW/kg.

GTEs operate on most types of dispersed fuel, which compares favorably with other internal combustion engines.

Problems in the development of small TGDs

With a decrease in the size of a gas turbine engine, there is a decrease in efficiency and power density compared to conventional turbojet engines. At the same time, the specific value of fuel consumption also increases; the aerodynamic characteristics of the flow sections of the turbine and compressor deteriorate, the efficiency of these elements decreases. In the combustion chamber, as a result of a decrease in air consumption, the coefficient of completeness of combustion of fuel assemblies decreases.

A decrease in the efficiency of GTE units with a decrease in its dimensions leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the entire unit. Therefore, when upgrading the model, designers pay special attention to increasing the efficiency of individual elements, up to 1%.

For comparison: when the compressor efficiency increases from 85% to 86%, the turbine efficiency increases from 80% to 81%, and the overall engine efficiency increases immediately by 1.7%. This suggests that at a fixed fuel consumption, the specific power will increase by the same amount.

Aviation gas turbine engine "Klimov GTD-350" for Mi-2 helicopter

For the first time, the development of the GTD-350 began back in 1959 at OKB-117 under the command of designer S.P. Izotov. Initially, the task was to develop a small engine for the MI-2 helicopter.

At the design stage, experimental installations were applied, and the node-by-node finishing method was used. In the course of the study, methods for calculating small-sized blades were created, constructive measures were taken to dampen high-speed rotors. The first samples of the working model of the engine appeared in 1961. Air tests of the Mi-2 helicopter with the GTD-350 were first carried out on September 22, 1961. According to the test results, two helicopter engines were smashed to the sides, re-equipping the transmission.

The engine passed state certification in 1963. Serial production opened in the Polish city of Rzeszow in 1964 under the guidance of Soviet specialists and continued until 1990.

Ma l The first gas turbine engine of domestic production GTD-350 has the following performance characteristics:

- weight: 139 kg;
— dimensions: 1385 x 626 x 760 mm;
- rated power on the free turbine shaft: 400 hp (295 kW);
- frequency of rotation of the free turbine: 24000;
— operating temperature range -60…+60 ºC;
— specific fuel consumption 0.5 kg/kWh;
- fuel - kerosene;
- cruising power: 265 hp;
- take-off power: 400 hp

For the purpose of flight safety, 2 engines are installed on the Mi-2 helicopter. The twin installation allows the aircraft to safely complete the flight in the event of a failure of one of the power plants.

GTD - 350 is currently obsolete, modern small aircraft need more capable, reliable and cheap gas turbine engines. At the present time, a new and promising domestic engine is the MD-120, the Salyut corporation. Engine weight - 35kg, engine thrust 120kgf.

General scheme

The design scheme of the GTD-350 is somewhat unusual due to the location of the combustion chamber not immediately behind the compressor, as in standard samples, but behind the turbine. In this case, the turbine is attached to the compressor. Such an unusual arrangement of units reduces the length of the power shafts of the engine, therefore, reduces the weight of the unit and allows you to achieve high rotor speeds and efficiency.

During engine operation, air enters through the VNA, passes through the stages of the axial compressor, the centrifugal stage and reaches the air collection volute. From there, air is fed through two pipes to the rear of the engine to the combustion chamber, where it reverses the direction of flow and enters the turbine wheels. The main components of the GTD-350: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, gas collector and gearbox. Engine systems are presented: lubrication, adjustment and anti-icing.

The unit is divided into independent units, which allows the production of individual spare parts and ensure their quick repair. The engine is constantly being improved and today Klimov OJSC is engaged in its modification and production. The initial resource of the GTD-350 was only 200 hours, but in the process of modification it was gradually increased to 1000 hours. The picture shows the general laughter of the mechanical connection of all components and assemblies.

Small gas turbine engines: areas of application

Microturbines are used in industry and everyday life as autonomous sources of electricity.
— The power of microturbines is 30-1000 kW;
- the volume does not exceed 4 cubic meters.

Among the advantages of small gas turbine engines are:
- a wide range of loads;
— low vibration and noise level;
– work on various types of fuel;
- small dimensions;
— low level of emission of exhausts.

Negative points:
- the complexity of the electronic circuit (in the standard version, the power circuit is performed with double energy conversion);
- a power turbine with a speed maintenance mechanism significantly increases the cost and complicates the production of the entire unit.

To date, turbogenerators have not received such wide distribution in Russia and the post-Soviet space as in the US and Europe due to the high cost of production. However, according to the calculations, a single gas turbine autonomous unit with a capacity of 100 kW and an efficiency of 30% can be used to supply standard 80 apartments with gas stoves.

A short video, using a turboshaft engine for an electric generator.

Through the installation of absorption refrigerators, the microturbine can be used as an air conditioning system and for the simultaneous cooling of a significant number of rooms.

Automotive industry

Small gas turbine engines have demonstrated satisfactory results during road tests, but the cost of the car, due to the complexity of the structural elements, increases many times over. GTE with a power of 100-1200 hp have characteristics similar to gasoline engines, but mass production of such cars is not expected in the near future. To solve these problems, it is necessary to improve and reduce the cost of all components of the engine.

Things are different in the defense industry. The military does not pay attention to cost, performance is more important to them. The military needed a powerful, compact, trouble-free power plant for tanks. And in the mid-60s of the 20th century, Sergei Izotov, the creator of the power plant for the MI-2 - GTD-350, was involved in this problem. Izotov Design Bureau began development and eventually created the GTD-1000 for the T-80 tank. Perhaps this is the only positive experience of using gas turbine engines for ground transport. The disadvantages of using the engine on a tank are its voracity and pickiness to the purity of the air passing through the working path. Below is a short video of the tank GTD-1000.

Small aviation

Today, the high cost and low reliability of piston engines with a power of 50-150 kW do not allow Russian small aircraft to confidently spread their wings. Engines such as Rotax are not certified in Russia, and Lycoming engines used in agricultural aviation are obviously overpriced. In addition, they run on gasoline, which is not produced in our country, which further increases the cost of operation.

It is small aviation, like no other industry, that needs small GTE projects. By developing the infrastructure for the production of small turbines, we can confidently talk about the revival of agricultural aviation. Abroad, a sufficient number of firms are engaged in the production of small gas turbine engines. Scope of application: private jets and drones. Among the models for light aircraft are the Czech engines TJ100A, TP100 and TP180, and the American TPR80.

In Russia, since the times of the USSR, small and medium gas turbine engines have been developed mainly for helicopters and light aircraft. Their resource ranged from 4 to 8 thousand hours,

To date, for the needs of the MI-2 helicopter, small gas turbine engines of the Klimov plant continue to be produced, such as: GTD-350, RD-33, TVZ-117VMA, TV-2-117A, VK-2500PS-03 and TV-7-117V.

In this manual, only one type of gas turbine engines of gas turbine engines is considered. Gas turbine engines are widely used in aviation ground and marine technology.1 The main objects of application of modern gas turbine engines are shown. Classification of gas turbine engines by purpose and objects of application At present, in the total volume of world production of gas turbine engines in value terms, aircraft engines make up about 70 land and sea about 30.

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Lecture 1

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GAS TURBINE ENGINES

1.1. Introduction

In modern technology, many different types of engines have been developed and used.

In this manual, only one type is considered - gas turbine engines (GTE), i.e. engines incorporating a compressor, a combustion chamber and a gas turbine.

GTEs are widely used in aviation, ground and marine engineering. On fig. 1.1 shows the main objects of application of modern gas turbine engines.

Rice. 1.1. Classification of gas turbine engines by purpose and objects of application

Currently, in the total volume of world production of gas turbine engines in value terms, aircraft engines account for about 70%, land and sea - about 30%. The volume of production of land and sea gas turbine engines is distributed as follows:

Power gas turbine engines ~ 91%;

GTE for driving industrial equipment and ground vehicles ~ 5%;

GTE for ship propulsion drive ~ 4%.

In modern civil and military aviation, gas turbine engines have almost completely replaced piston engines and have taken a dominant position.

Their widespread use in power engineering, industry and transport has become possible due to higher energy efficiency, compactness and low weight compared to other types of power plants.

High specific parameters of gas turbine engines are provided by design features and thermodynamic cycle. The gas turbine engine cycle, although it consists of the same basic processes as the cycle of reciprocating internal combustion engines, has a significant difference. In piston engines, the processes occur sequentially, one after another, in the same engine element - the cylinder. In gas turbine engines, these same processes occur simultaneously and continuously in various elements of the engine. Due to this, in a gas turbine engine there is no such uneven operating conditions of engine elements as in a piston engine, and the average speed and mass flow rate of the working fluid are 50 ... 100 times higher than in piston engines. This makes it possible to concentrate large capacities in small GTEs.

Aviation gas turbine engines, according to the method of creating traction force, belong to the class of jet engines, the classification of which is shown in fig. 1.2.

Rice. 1.2. Classification of jet engines.

The second group includes air-jet engines (AJE), for which atmospheric air is the main component of the working fluid, and atmospheric oxygen is used as an oxidizing agent. The involvement of the air environment can significantly reduce the stock of the working fluid and increase the efficiency of the engine.

Gas turbine WFDs, which got their name due to the presence of a turbocompressor unit, which incorporates a gas turbine as the main source of mechanical energy.

Jet engines, in which all the useful work of the cycle is spent on accelerating the working fluid, are called direct reaction engines. These include rocket engines of all types, combined engines, direct-flow and pulsating VRD, and from the group of gas turbine engines - turbojet engines (TRD) and bypass turbojet engines (TRDD). If the main part of the useful work of the cycle in the form of mechanical work on the engine shaft is transferred to a special propeller, for example, an air screw, then such an engine is called an indirect reaction engine. Examples of indirect reaction engines are a turboprop engine (TVD) and a helicopter gas turbine engine.

A piston propeller unit can also serve as a classic example of an indirect reaction engine. There is no qualitative difference in the way of creating tractive effort between it and a turboprop engine.

1.2. GTE for land and sea applications

In parallel with the development of aviation gas turbine engines, the use of gas turbine engines in industry and transport began. B1939r. Swiss company A.G. Brown Bonery commissioned the first 4 MW gas turbine-driven power plant with an efficiency of 17.4%. This power plant is currently in working order. In 1941, the first railway gas turbine locomotive, equipped with a gas turbine engine with a capacity of 1620 kW, developed by the same company, went into operation. From the end of the 1940s. Gas turbine engines are beginning to be used to drive marine ship propulsion, and since the late 1950s. - as part of gas compressor units on main gas pipelines for driving natural gas blowers.

Thus, constantly expanding the scope and scale of their application, gas turbine engines are developing in the direction of increasing unit power, efficiency, reliability, automation of operation, and improving environmental performance.

The rapid introduction of gas turbine engines in various industries and transport was facilitated by the undeniable advantages of this class of heat engines over other power plants - steam turbines, diesel engines, etc. These advantages include:

Big power in one unit;

Compactness, small weight fig. 1.3;

Balance of moving elements;

Wide range of used fuels;

Easy and quick start, including at low temperatures;

Good traction characteristics;

High throttle response and good handling.

Rice. 1.3. Comparison of the overall dimensions of a gas turbine engine and a 3 MW diesel engine

The main disadvantage of the first models on land and sea gas turbine engines was relatively low efficiency. However, this problem was quickly overcome in the process of continuous improvement of engines, which was facilitated by the advanced development of technologically close aircraft gas turbine engines and the transfer of advanced technologies to ground engines.

1.3. Areas of application for ground-based gas turbine engines

1.3.1. Mechanical drive of industrial equipment

The most widespread use of gas turbine engines of a mechanical drive is found in the gas industry. They are used to drive natural gas blowers as part of gas compressor units at compressor stations of main gas pipelines, as well as to drive units for pumping natural gas into underground storage facilities (Fig. 1.4).

Rice. 1.4. Application of GTE for direct drive of natural gas blower:

1 GTD; 2 transmission; 3 supercharger

GTEs are also used to drive pumps, process compressors, blowers at oil, oil refining, chemical and metallurgical industries. GTE power range from 0.5 to 50 MW.

The main feature of the listed driven equipment is the dependence of power consumption N from rotational speed n (usually close to cubic: N~n3 ), temperature and pressure of injected media. Therefore, gas turbine engines of a mechanical drive must be adapted to work with variable speed and power. This requirement is best met by the GTE scheme with a free power turbine. Various schemes of ground gas turbine engines will be discussed below.

1.3.2. Drive of electric generators

GTE for driving electric generators fig. 1.5 are used as part of gas turbine power plants (GTPP) of a simple cycle and condensing power plants of a combined steam-gas cycle (CCGT) that produce "clean" electricity, as well as as part of cogeneration plants producing jointly electrical and thermal energy.

Rice. 1.5. The use of gas turbine engines to drive a generator (through a gearbox):

1 - gas turbine engine; 2 - transmission; 3 - reducer; 4 generator.

Modern simple cycle GTPPs with relatively moderate electrical efficiencyη el =25...40%, are mainly used in peak operation - to cover daily and seasonal fluctuations in demand for electricity. The operation of gas turbine engines as part of peak gas turbine power plants is characterized by a high cyclicity (a large number of cycles "start-up - load work under load - stop"). The possibility of accelerated start is an important advantage of gas turbine engines when operating in peak mode.

CCGT power plants are used in the basic mode (permanent operation with a load close to the nominal one, with a minimum number of start-stop cycles for routine maintenance and repair work). Modern CCGTs based on high power gas turbine engines ( N >150 MW ), achieve power generation efficiencyη el =58...60%.

In cogeneration plants, the heat from the exhaust gases of the GTE is used in a waste heat boiler to produce hot water and (or) steam for process needs or in centralized heating systems. The joint production of electrical and thermal energy significantly reduces its cost. The fuel heat utilization factor in cogeneration plants reaches 90%.

CCGT power plants and cogeneration plants are the most efficient and dynamically developing modern energy systems. At present, the world production of power gas turbine engines is about 12,000 units per year with a total capacity of about 76,000 MW.

The main feature of gas turbine engines for driving electric generators is the constancy of the output shaft speed in all modes (from idle to maximum), as well as high requirements for the accuracy of maintaining the speed, on which the quality of the generated current depends. These requirements are best met by single-shaft gas turbine engines, so they are widely used in the power industry. high power gas turbine engine ( N >60 MW ), operating, as a rule, in the basic mode as part of powerful power plants, are carried out exclusively according to a single-shaft scheme.

The power industry uses the entire power range of gas turbine engines from several tens of kW to 350 MW.

1.3.3. The main types of ground gas turbine engines

Ground-based gas turbine engines for various purposes and power classes can be divided into three main technological types:

Stationary gas turbine engines;

GTE converted from aircraft engines (aircraft derivatives);

Microturbines.

1.3. 3.1. Stationary gas turbine engines

Engines of this type are developed and manufactured at the enterprises of the power engineering complex in accordance with the requirements for power equipment:

High resource (at least 100,000 hours) and service life (at least 25 years);

High reliability;

Maintainability under operating conditions;

Moderate cost of used structural materials and fuels and lubricants to reduce the cost of production and operation;

Absence of strict size and mass restrictions essential for aviation gas turbine engines.

These requirements have shaped the appearance of stationary gas turbine engines, which are characterized by the following features:

The most simple design;

Use of inexpensive materials with relatively low performance;

Massive cases, as a rule, with a horizontal split for the possibility of excavation and repair of the GTE rotor under operating conditions;

The design of the combustion chamber, providing the possibility of repair and replacement of flame tubes under operating conditions;

The use of plain bearings.

A typical stationary gas turbine engine is shown in fig. 1.6.

Rice. 16 . Stationary gas turbine engine (model M 501 F from Mitsubishi)

with a capacity of 150 MW.

Currently, stationary gas turbine engines are used in all areas of application of ground-based gas turbine engines in a wide power range from 1 MW up to 350 MW.

At the initial stages of development in stationary gas turbine engines, moderate cycle parameters were used. This was due to some technological lag behind aircraft engines due to the lack of powerful state financial support, which was used by the aircraft engine industry in all countries producing aircraft engines. Since the late 1980sy.y. the widespread introduction of aviation technologies began in the design of new models of gas turbine engines and the modernization of existing ones.

To date, powerful stationary gas turbine engines in terms of thermodynamic and technological perfection have come close to aircraft engines while maintaining a high resource and service life.

1.3.3.2. Ground gas turbine engines converted from aircraft engines

Gas turbine engines of this type are developed on the basis of aircraft prototypes at enterprises of the aircraft engine building complex using aviation technologies. Industrial gas turbine engines converted from aircraft engines began to be developed at the beginning of 1960- x year, when the resource of civil aviation gas turbine engines reached an acceptable value (2500 ... 4000 hours).

The first industrial units with an aircraft drive appeared in the power industry as peak or standby units. Further rapid introduction of aircraft derivatives of gas turbine engines in industry and transport was facilitated by:

Faster progress in aircraft engine building in terms of cycle parameters and reliability improvement than in stationary gas turbine building;

High quality manufacturing of aircraft gas turbine engines and the possibility of organizing their centralized repair;

The possibility of using aircraft engines that have completed their flight life, with the necessary repairs for operation on the ground;

The advantages of aviation gas turbine engines are small weight and dimensions, faster start-up and throttle response, lower required power of starting devices, lower required capital costs in the construction of application objects.

When converting the base aircraft engine into a ground-based gas turbine engine, if necessary, the materials of some parts of the cold and hot parts, which are most susceptible to corrosion, are replaced. So, for example, magnesium alloys are replaced by aluminum or steel, in the hot part more heat-resistant alloys with a high chromium content are used. The combustion chamber and fuel supply system are modified to operate on gaseous fuel or for a multi-fuel version. Units, engine systems (starting, automatic control (ACS), fire-fighting, oil system, etc.) and piping are being finalized to ensure operation in ground conditions. If necessary, some stator and rotor parts are reinforced.

The volume of design modifications to the base aircraft engine in the ground modification is largely determined by the type of aircraft gas turbine engine.

A comparison of a converted gas turbine engine and a stationary gas turbine engine of the same power class is shown in fig. 1.7.

Aviation theaters and helicopter gas turbine engines are functionally and structurally more than other aircraft engines adapted to operate as ground-based gas turbine engines. They actually do not require modification of the turbocharger part (except for the combustion chamber).

In the 1970s, the HK-12CT ground-based gas turbine engine was developed on the basis of the HK-12 single-shaft aviation theater, which was operated on TU-95, TU-114 and AN-22 aircraft. The converted HK-12CT engine with a capacity of 6.3 MW was made with a free CT and operates as part of many GPUs to this day.

At present, converted aircraft gas turbine engines of various manufacturers are widely used in energy, industry, marine conditions and transport.

Rice. 1.7. Comparison of typical designs of a GTE converted from an aircraft engine and a stationary GTE of the same power class 25 MW :

1 thin body; 2 rolling bearings; 3 remote KS;

4 massive cases; 5 plain bearings; 6 horizontal connector

Power range - from several hundred kilowatts to 50 MW.

This type of gas turbine engine is characterized by the highest effective efficiency when operating in a simple cycle, which is due to the high parameters and efficiency of the basic aircraft engine units.

1.3.3.3. Microturbines

In the 1990s, ultra-low power gas turbine engines (from 30 to 200 kW), called microturbines, began to be intensively developed abroad.

Note: it must be borne in mind that in foreign practice, the terms "turbine", "gas turbine" denote both a separate turbine unit and a gas turbine engine as a whole).

Features of microturbines are due to their extremely small dimension and scope. Microturbines are used in small-scale power generation as part of compact cogeneration plants (GTU-CHP) as autonomous sources of electrical and thermal energy. Microturbines have the simplest possible design - a single-shaft circuit and a minimum number of parts Fig. 1.8.

Rice. 1.7. Microturbine (model TA-60 from Elliot Energy Systems with a capacity of 60 kW)

A single-stage centrifugal compressor and a single-stage centripetal turbine are used, made in the form of monowheels. The rotor speed due to the small dimension reaches 40000 ... 120 000 rpm Therefore, ceramic and gas-static bearings are used. The combustion chamber is multi-fuel and can operate on gaseous and liquid fuels.

Structurally, the gas turbine engine integrates as much as possible into the power plant: the rotor of the gas turbine engine is combined on the same shaft with the rotor of the high-frequency electric generator.

The efficiency of microturbines in a simple cycle is 14...18%. Exhaust gas heat regenerators are often used to increase efficiency. The efficiency of the microturbine in the regenerative cycle reaches 28...32%.

The relatively low efficiency of microturbines is explained by the small size and low cycle parameters that are used in this type of GTE to simplify and reduce the cost of installations. Since microturbines operate as part of cogeneration plants (GTU-CHP), the low efficiency of gas turbine engines is compensated by the increased thermal power generated by the mini GTU-CHP due to exhaust gas heat.

The fuel heat utilization factor in these units reaches 80%.

1.4. The main global manufacturers of gas turbine engines

General Electric USA. General Electric Company (GE ) is the world's largest manufacturer of aviation, land and marine gas turbine engines. The division of General Electric Aircraft Engines (GE AE) is currently engaged in the development and production of various types of aircraft gas turbine engines - turbofan engines, turbofan engines, turbofan engines and helicopter gas turbine engines.

Pratt & Whitney, USA. Argy & Whitney (PW) is part of the company United Technologies Corporations (UTC).PW is currently engaged in the development and production of medium and high thrust aircraft turbofans.

Pratt & Whitney Canada , (Canada). Pratt & Whitney Canada (PWC) is also part of UTC's PW Group. PWC is engaged in the development and production of small-sized turbofan engines, theater engines and helicopter gas turbine engines.

Rolls-Royce (UK). Rolls-Royce currently designs and manufactures a wide range of gas turbine engines for aviation, land and marine applications.

Honeywell (USA) . Honeywell is engaged in the development and production of aviation gas turbine engines - turbofan engines and turbofan engines in a small thrust class, theater engines and helicopter gas turbine engines.

Snecma (France). The company is engaged in the development and production of aviation gas turbine engines - military turbofan engines and civil turbofan engines together with GE. Together with Rolls-Royce, they developed and produced the Olimp turbofan engine.

Turbomeca (France). Turbomeca mainly develops and manufactures small and medium power HPT and helicopter gas turbine engines.

Siemens (Germany). The profile of this large company is stationary land-based gas turbine engines for power and mechanical drive and marine applications in a wide power range.

Alstom (France, UK).Alstom designs and manufactures stationary single-shaft power gas turbine engines of low power.

Solar (USA). Solar is a Caterpillar company that designs and manufactures small stationary gas turbine engines for power and mechanical propulsion and marine applications.

OJSC Aviadvigatel (Perm). It develops, manufactures and certifies aviation gas turbine engines - civil turbofan engines for mainline aircraft, military turbofan engines, helicopter gas turbine engines, as well as aircraft derivatives of ground-based industrial gas turbine engines for mechanical and power drives.

GUNPP "Plant named after V.Ya. Klimov (St. Petersburg). State unitary research and production enterprise "Plant named after. V.Ya. Klimov" in recent years specializes in the development and production of aircraft gas turbine engines. The range of developments is wide - military turbofan engines, aircraft theater engines and helicopter gas turbine engines; tank gas turbine engines, as well as converted industrial gas turbine engines.

JSC "LMZ" (St. Petersburg).OJSC "Leningrad Metallic Plant" develops and manufactures stationary power gas turbine engines.

Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Motor" (Ufa).The Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Research and Production Enterprise "Motor"" is developing military turbojet engines and turbofan engines for fighters and attack aircraft.

"Omsk MKB" (Omsk).JSC "Omsk Motor-Building Design Bureau" is engaged in the development of small-sized gas turbine engines and auxiliary control systems.

OAO NPO Saturn (Rybinsk). JSC "Scientific and Production Association "Saturn"" in recent years has been developing and producing military turbofan engines, theater engines, helicopter gas turbine engines, converted ground gas turbine engines. Together with NPO "Mashproekt" (Ukraine) participates in the program of single-shaft gas turbine engine with a capacity of 110 MW.

JSC "SNTK im. N.D. Kuznetsova.OJSC "Samara Scientific and Technical Complex named after. N.D. Kuznetsova develops and produces aircraft gas turbine engines (TVD, turbofan engines, turbofan engines) and ground gas turbine engines converted from aircraft engines.

AMHTK Soyuz (Moscow).JSC "Aviamotor Scientific and Technical Complex "Soyuz"" develops and manufactures aviation gas turbine engines - turbofan engines, turbofan engines, lift-and-flight turbofan engines.

Tushino MKB "Soyuz" (Moscow). The state enterprise "Tushino Machine-Building Design Bureau "Soyuz"" is engaged in fine-tuning and modernization of military turbofan engines.

NPP "Mashproekt" (Ukraine, Nikolaev). Research and Production Enterprise "Zorya-Mashproekt" (Ukraine, Nikolaev) develops and manufactures gas turbine engines for marine power plants, as well as ground-based gas turbine engines for power and mechanical drives. Land engines are modifications of marine application models. GTE power class: 2...30 MW . Since 1990 NPP Zorya-Mashproekt is also developing a stationary single-shaft power engine UGT-110 with a capacity of 110 MW.

SE "ZMKB" Progress "im. A.G. Ivchenko" (Ukraine, Zaporozhye).State Enterprise Zaporizhia Machine-Building Design Bureau Progress named after Academician A.G. Ivchenko" specializes in the development, manufacture of prototypes and certification of aviation gas turbine engines - turbofan engines in the thrust range 17 ... 230 kN , aircraft theater engines and helicopter gas turbine engines with a capacity of 1000 ... 10000 kW , as well as industrial ground gas turbine engines with a capacity of 2.5 to 10000 kW.

Engines developed by ZMKB Progress are mass-produced inOJSC "Motor Sich" (Ukraine, Zaporozhye). The most massive serial aircraft engines and promising projects:

TVD and helicopter gas turbine engines - AI-20, AI-24, D-27;

TRD - AI-25, DV-2, D-36, D-18T, D-436T1 / T2 / LP.

Ground gas turbine engines:

D-336-1/2, D-336-2-8, D-336-1/2-10.

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