Walk on red. Sights of the Red Square. Shopping center Okhotny Ryad - history

I begin to tense up, looking at him incredulously. And he continues: "There is a cool house, there are Atlanteans inside and you can walk around and take pictures everywhere. Only 100 rubles entrance." I thought the museum was offering me some, but then it turns out that this is a watchman and he needs a hangover, and there is not a boring museum at all, but an awesome abandoned estate.

The place is called - the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, located next to the Volokolamsk highway in the park of the same name in the north-west of Moscow.

This is a former noble estate near Moscow, which is adjacent to a large green park. It consists of a manor house in the style of classicism and a temple of the 17th century, there are also buildings in the pseudo-Russian style. It is an object of cultural heritage. According to the watchman, the estate will be restored in 2019, but this is not certain ((

The estate belonged to the Streshnev family. This is a Russian noble family that rose after the marriage in 1626 of Evdokia Streshneva with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Many of the queen's relatives were granted boyars. From this marriage there were 10 children, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. But the family ceased to exist in the 19th century, at the moment there are no descendants.

2. Here is such an arch leading to the Volokolamsk highway. There is also a watchman who happily escorts you inside.

3. The only danger is a bunch of dogs that are barking and ready to pounce. But the watchman said that they do not bite, it is hard to believe, so it is better to take a stick.

4. The house consists of three floors, where there are 200 rooms.

5.

6.

7. It used to be beautiful here.

8. It will take 1-2 hours for a photo walk and inspection of all rooms.

9.

10.

11. This is what the roof looks like.

12.

13.

14. Despite the fact that somewhere there are no floors, you can safely walk everywhere.

15. Found two Atlanteans.

16. First floor.

17.

18.

19.

20.

On the other side, it turns into a once magnificent pine park. But, apparently, earlier a spruce forest prevailed here, according to which the area received the name Podjolki. Wasteland under this name in the middle of the XVI century. belonged to Stepan and Fyodor Tushin and was first noted in the scribe book of 1584 after its acquisition by Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent political figure in the second half of the 16th century. In 1573, he participates in the wedding ceremony of King Magnus with the niece of Ivan IV, Princess Marya Vladimirovna. In 1580, he was sent with peace proposals to Stefan Batory, but returned without achieving anything. Three years later, his name is mentioned among the participants in the reception of the British Ambassador Bowes in Moscow.

Perhaps the most terrible and difficult years this area experienced in the Time of Troubles. In the spring of 1608, False Dmitry II began his campaign against Moscow. "Tushinsky thief", as they will call him, set up his camp on the banks of Khimka, directly opposite the Podelok. Up to 50 thousand people gathered in the camp. Marina Mnishek came here, who was persuaded to recognize another impostor and even marry him. Here, the impostor was elevated to the rank of patriarch Filaret Romanov, the father of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty. But the fall of False Dmitry II is associated with these same places. After the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, defeats near Tver and Pskov, the impostor was forced to flee from the Tushino camp to Kaluga, where Marina Mnishek followed him.

Among the associates of the impostor, Andrei Fedorovich Palitsyn stood out, a man who, in accordance with the mores and customs of that difficult time, served "both ours and yours." His son Fyodor later wrote in a petition addressed to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: “My father served the former sovereigns and your father the sovereign, the sovereign ... Mikhail Fedorovich, 40 years old, and my father was sent to your sovereign services many times with your sovereign military people, with the nobles and boyar children, and with atamans and Cossacks as a governor against your sovereign enemies of the Polish, and Lithuanian, and German people, and Russian thieves, and fought in many battles with Lithuanian and German people, and sat in sieges, and was wounded and mutilated in those battles many crippled wounds. And many services and blood of my father were known in blessed memory to your sovereign father, sovereign ... Mikhail Fedorovich, and your sovereign boyars and duma people: and for, sovereign, his many services and the blood of your sovereign salary, the local salary was to my father 1000 honors, money out of four 130 rubles.

In 1622, the documents are called A.F. Palitsyn by the owner of Podyolok. Andrei Fedorovich was the son of a boyar, he began his service with the okolnichi Ya.M. Godunov, after whose death in 1608 he "departed" to the "Tushino thief". A year later, together with other Tushins, he went to Totma to release the disgraced from prison, and for this purpose he wrote a “false” letter there on the spot, which aroused “doubt” from the authorities. At the "cruel" interrogation of A.F. Palitsyn showed everything he knew about the "Tushino thief": about his origin and all those who served the impostor. Having received his freedom, the ambassador of the "Tushino thief" immediately switched to the service of the Polish king and in 1610 received from Sigismund III a letter of award to the solicitors.

But already in 1611 he was among the military people of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. As soon as the rector and the cellarer found out about the attempts of the interventionists to set fire to Moscow, it was A.F. Palitsyn rushes to the aid of the city with 50 warriors. He also distinguished himself in 1614, when, being a governor in Ostashkov, he fought with the Lithuanians, took the "language" and sent him to Moscow. In 1618 he served as governor in Murom, in 1629-1631. in the distant Mangazeya, in 1633 he returned to Moscow with a drawing of the Lena River and a painting of “landers and people”, “nomadic and sedentary” along its banks. Between the service in Murom and Mangazeya, Palitsyn sold his Tushino wasteland to the clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov.

M.F. Danilov can be quite called a successful official of his time. Starting his career at the beginning of the XVII century. in the Time of Troubles, he consistently went through the entire career ladder, sometimes carrying out very responsible assignments, and it should be noted that he never went over to the side of the enemy. Immediately after the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, clerk Danilov receives a diplomatic mission to take the news of the appearance of a new Russian tsar to the Turkish sultan. The trip continued until December 1614, and in September 1615 he became a deacon of the Discharge Order. In 1622, having decided to acquire land in Khimka, he turns the wasteland into a village, where he sets up a yard with business people. The Patriarchal Treasury Order notes that in 1629 a stone “newly arrived church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God appeared, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, in the estate of the discharge clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovsky - Podyolki”.

In 1641-1642. M.F. Danilov was listed as a clerk of the Detective Department, and in 1645-1646. rewrote the treasury and money in the Siberian order and the Order of the Kazan Palace. And, apparently, the service was successful, since he managed to turn the wasteland into a village. The census book of 1646 reports: “...behind the duma clerk, behind Mikhail Danilov, the son of Fefilatiev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Podelki, too, and in it the church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and near the church in the courtyard of priest Simeon, and the cells of the mallow, and 8 peasant yards , there are 26 people in them. But the main thing: instead of the original 29 and a half ten, the village of Pokrovskoye "pulled" about 300 acres - Danilov increased the estate almost ten times.

The clerk did not go well only in his personal life, as can be judged by the rich contributions that he made to monasteries in memory of the souls of his deceased relatives. For example, in 1639 he gave the Trinity-Sergius Monastery 100 rubles, and 100 gold Ugric and Moscow ones, “yes, he put 3 velvet covers on the miracle-working coffins, gilded silver crosses and shotguns, at a price of 90 rubles. And for that contribution of his parents, his 51 names are written in the synodics and in the fodder books. Of the whole family, he survived, and even then only for a year, only his daughter.

For a short time, the village was owned by Fyodor Kuzmich Elizarov, who began his service from the lowest position - a tenant (1616). For more than 40 years of leisurely promotion through the ranks, in 1655 he reached the rank of roundabout and he is subject to the Local Order, which he was in charge of until his death in 1664. During his service, he managed to make a good fortune. Shortly before his death, he had 500 households, and earlier "according to his story" there were 220 households.

In 1664, Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev acquired Pokrovskoye, and from that moment on, the estate belonged to the Streshnev family for almost 250 years. This surname came to the fore due to the fact that in 1626 Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married the daughter of an obscure nobleman (“of dark origin,” according to contemporaries) Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, whose relatives quickly took a prominent place in the court hierarchy.

Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev is a unique and very noticeable person in Russian history. He had to serve all four of the first tsars from the Romanov dynasty throughout his life. He began his service as a steward and progressed rather slowly: from 1653 he was a courtier and only 23 years later (1676) he received the title of boyar. He had to carry out diplomatic missions, fight, lead various orders. Famous for his independence and steadfastness of character, he tried to resolve the conflict between Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. From the end of the 1670s until the end of his life, he served as the uncle of the future Emperor Peter Alekseevich, whom, in fact, he fostered.

At the first Streshnev, life in Pokrovsky freezes. This Moscow region clearly did not promise him any special benefits. The main wedge of land remained under the forest. In 1678, there were “9 people of bonded people, 10 families of workers, 30 people in them, a clerk's yard, a peasant's yard, 7 people in it, and a Bobyl yard, 3 people in it”. Of particular importance in the economy was given to specially dug fish ponds on the Chernushka River.

In 1687, Streshnev's son, Ivan, the only heir, inherited a huge fortune, amounting to a total of 13.5 thousand acres of land in different counties. Under him, in 1704, in the village of Pokrovsky, Podelki, too, consisted of: the yard of estates, in it the clerk and the groom, the cattle yard, in it 4 people, and 9 peasant yards, in them 34 people.

In 1739 Ivan Rodionovich died. Of his two sons, Vasily and Peter, Pokrovskoe was assigned to the latter according to the section. The service of Peter Ivanovich was difficult. Hof-junker of Peter II, the chamber junker of the sister of the young emperor Natalya Alekseevna, under the Empress Anna Ioannovna, he paid for his closeness to the children of Tsarevich Alexei by sending him as prime minister to the field regiments. Only towards the end of her reign did he manage to reach the rank of major general, but the same circumstance causes the next empress Elizabeth Petrovna to distrust him. Only in the 1750s did he achieve the rank of General-in-Chief. Then, taking advantage of the decree "On the Liberty of the Russian Nobility", he retired and devoted himself entirely to economic affairs. It is with this circumstance that the construction of a new manor house in Pokrovsky, completed in 1766, is associated.

Relatively small in size - only ten rooms on the ground floor, with a suite of front rooms characteristic of the Elizabethan era - the Streshnevsky house was a very successful, judging by the surviving drawings, building solution in the spirit of French rocaille, moreover, made in stone. The atmosphere was not particularly rich, but Pokrovskoye was famous for its extensive gallery of 25 family portraits and 106 paintings. Comfortable and hospitable near Moscow attracted numerous and very influential relatives of the owners. The sister of Peter Ivanovich Marfa was married to Prince A.I. Osterman, the younger Praskovya - for the famous historian M.M. Shcherbatov. The favorite of Catherine II A.M. Dmitriev-Mamonov, and the family of Admiral Spiridov, and the brothers Mikhail and Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev.

The estate in Pokrovsky was the direct opposite of another estate of the Streshnevs - Znamenskoye-Rayek, near Torzhok, two versts from the Petersburg road, which was built for show, "for the parade." The house in Pokrovsky was built specifically for their own needs as a country residence for recreation. But still, during the celebrations dedicated to the celebration of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, the Empress visited Pokrovsky. In any case, local historian A. Yartsev, who visited here at the beginning of the 20th century, saw a sign with an inscription that said that on July 10, 1775, Catherine II "ate tea" at Elizabeth Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva.

Elizaveta Petrovna was a colorful figure even for her time. Already in childhood, she showed her unbridled disposition. Her father lost his wife early, and out of 9 children, only one daughter survived, whom he loved very much and spoiled immensely. Not only her father, but also all the household bowed before her, and it is quite possible that it was precisely this circumstance that developed in her despotism, intransigence, which distinguished her from other ladies of that time. She made her father fulfill all her whims. Once her uncle, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, the envoy in London, gave her a doll. A special dwarf was assigned to the toy, nicknamed Katerina Ivanovna. The most memorable was the festive departure of little Elizabeth with a doll: “The carriage was all gilded and enameled, with gold tassels; four hussars accompanied her on horseback, two haiduks rode behind, and a walker ran in front, wearing the Streshnevs' coat of arms on a staff. The whole house was in an uproar: the lackeys were powdering their hair and braiding their braids. Everyone was bustling about, and the preparations went on for at least two hours. Finally, Katerina Ivanovna and the dwarf were put into a carriage, and the people who met them bowed to the ground.

No matter how her father indulged her, he nevertheless opposed her desire to marry Fedor Ivanovich Glebov (1734-1799), a widower with a daughter in her arms. However, a year after the death of her father, Elizaveta Petrovna achieved her goal: “I have never been in love with him, but I realized that this is the only person I can rule over, while respecting him.”

Of the four children of Elizabeth Petrovna, only two survived. The successor of the eldest son, Peter, was Catherine II herself. But if the eldest managed to marry against the will of the "mother", then the youngest, Dmitry, she did not allow either to marry or serve. After his death and after the widow remarried, Elizaveta Petrovna left the children of her eldest son with her. “The education that these unfortunate children received, for a long time occupied all of Moscow. The strictness of their grandmother was so great that they hardly dared to open their mouths in front of her.” Her granddaughters walked around in shabby dresses, used children's appliances at the table until almost 20 years old, asking the "grandmother" for permission to take this or that piece. Not wanting to marry them off, she called all the suitors boys, and sometimes just fools, ordering the lackeys to drive them out of the house. She did not allow her grandson Fedor to enter the service because of an elementary whim: all of a sudden you need to look for some "paper" to prove your origin. They say that Nicholas I, having learned about this, ordered the necessary papers to be straightened out to Fyodor Petrovich without the usual formalities, which strengthened the old woman in her rightness. After all, everyone knows the Streshnevs.

Her granddaughter, Natalya Petrovna Brevern, not holding a grudge against her grandmother, in her old age said about her that this was “one of the last examples of ancient tyranny, only without the outbursts and eccentricity that usually accompany it: it is the personification of some kind of systematic tyranny.” And indeed, Elizaveta Petrovna spoke the most cruel words without raising her voice (“only men and women shout”). But at the same time, according to the recollections of others, her gaze became “stunning”. And the manager called him "like a log on the back."

Her character softened only in her declining years. And she justified her harshness in raising her children and grandchildren by the fact that she herself was greatly spoiled in childhood, which brought her so much evil. "I feel like I'm a fiend and don't want them to be the same." However, she also had her attachments. In particular, the Kalmyk girl Pavlov sent to her by Prince Volkonsky as a gift, to whom she became very attached and even asked for an officer rank for him.

Her brothers died at an early age, and it seemed that the Streshnev family would end. Elizaveta Petrovna collects family relics, creates a gallery of family portraits. She buries her mother in the Miracle Monastery of the Kremlin along with the “real Streshnevs”. Family coats of arms also appear in her manor house, and a genealogical tree hangs in the front hall. After the death of her cousin (the last of the Streshnevs), who, as they said, in his youth was in love with her, and later also passionately hated, in 1803 she seeks the right to be called Glebova-Streshneva and passes this surname to posterity.

Under Elizabeth Petrovna, the estate was also renovated. In place of the old house, a new three-story building in the spirit of late classicism appears. Under him, a regular garden is laid out, on the edge of which there is a fish pond and six greenhouses with fruit trees. Aside from the garden, a menagerie is set up with deer, Schlon goats and rams, Chinese, Persian and Cape geese, geese, swans, blue turkeys, cranes, peacocks. A model for E.P. Glebova-Streshneva served as the farm of the palace village of Izmailov. A verst from the estate, on the steep bank of the Khimka River, a magnificent and cozy summer house is being built, called "Elizavetino" - a tribute to the outgoing estate age.

As for the actual agriculture of Pokrovsky, over the past hundred years its scale has hardly changed. In 1813, these are the same as in the time of Peter the Great, 300 acres of land and seven peasant households, in which there were 57 (instead of 34) people.

The manor house was built and rebuilt, finally formed by the beginning of the 19th century. The internal layout and interior remained almost unchanged until 1928. The author of the project, unfortunately, remained unknown, but it was done soundly. Of course, the house in Pokrovsky was inferior to such country palaces as Kuzminki, Ostankino and Kuskovo, but such magnificent festivities were not held here either: the house in Pokrovsky served as a family summer residence. It is quite characteristic of its era and therefore it makes sense to take a closer look at it.

In the vestibule, which first of all got guests, the portrait gallery of the Romanov dynasty, with whom Elizaveta Petrovna was proud of her relationship, attracted attention. Among the royal portraits, a plaster bust of the owner herself, painted in bronze, stood out. He depicted a rather elderly woman, or rather an old woman with sharp features in a ruffled cap. At the top, the vestibule was decorated with a balcony-gallery: a wide front staircase, framed by four columns, led upstairs. In the corner stood two tall staffs, adorned with silver knobs with coats of arms. They were intended for parade trips. According to the customs of that time, walkers with staves-maces ran in front of the carriage of the eminent nobleman and cleared the way. Among the Streshnevsky runners, the Negro Pompey stood out.

When the museum was created in the estate after the October Revolution, almost all family portraits, one way or another related to the owners, were hung in one room. Not equal in their artistic merits, they nevertheless gave a complete picture of the Streshnev family, of the time in which they lived. According to the inventory of 1805, the number of paintings reached 328, including 76 royal portraits and images of the Glebovs and Streshnevs. Among them stood out the portraits painted by Jan (Ivan) Ligotsky, an artist of the “Polish nation”. For five years he studied with the famous K. Legren, from whom he mastered not only drawing and painting, but also learned to “ceiling writing” (that is, the ability to paint ceiling lamps), decorate interiors, and paint images. I. Ligotsky was attested by prominent St. Petersburg artists of the Elizabethan era - Caravakk and Perezinotti. The latter testified that “Yagan Ligotsky, who studied ornaments, figures and other things with master Karl Legren in painting science, has the dignity to be in the service of Her Imperial Majesty.” From the mid-1760s, Ligotsky specialized in portraiture, and among his works one could see the appearance of Pokrovsky's owners and their relatives. Among them is a portrait of 1776 of the Kyiv Governor-General P.I. Streshnev, father of Elizaveta Petrovna. From the canvas, an elderly man with a flabby face, but with surprisingly lively black eyes, is looking at us, confident in himself. And next to it is a portrait of his wife, a young woman with a highly whipped hairstyle, who took the tonsure during her husband's lifetime, dedicated herself to God, perhaps because of the death of almost all her children. Nearby hung a portrait of a girl dressed as a flower girl. This is Lisa captured at a tender age, in the future Elizaveta Petrovna.

The portrait room was decorated with chairs upholstered with coats of arms, mirrors in carved gilded frames, and ornaments on the walls.

From the portrait room one could get into the dining room, decorated in antique style. The ceiling was decorated with a plafond, on which two chariots driven by female figures with torches in their hands are depicted in an ornamental setting. The medallion in the center of the ceiling represented the profiles of the famous ancient Greek painters Apelles and Zeuskis. The paintings on the walls of the dining room depicted landscapes, battle scenes, ruins, and so on. The room was decorated with porcelain sets, tea and dining rooms, bronze sculptural miniatures. With walnut furniture, the short room grand piano "Offenberg" was well combined. Of great interest was the 18th century buffet. with sliding doors.

The second door from the “portrait room” led to a large white hall. Decorated with white Corinthian columns, it was built in the form of an octagon inscribed in an oblong room. English furniture adorned the white room - light armchairs with lancet slots in the backs, two card tables, two "bobby" tables (that is, made in the form of beans), decorated with marquetry - mosaic paintings overlooking seaside cities, attracted attention. A bronze chandelier with crystal pendants was suspended from the ceiling.

Interesting were in the white hall and in the adjacent blue living room the type-setting floors, lined with multi-colored pieces of wood, and in good harmony with the marquetry furniture. The blue living room got its name from the color of the walls, reminiscent of the color of the paper in which the sugar loaves were wrapped. The parquet in this room radiated in circles from the central rosette. Eight Corinthian columns formed the inner rotunda. The walls were decorated with panels, on the backs of chairs and sofas there were copies of antique bas-reliefs. The room was lit by a lantern suspended from chains. Perhaps this room was the most strict in style.

From the white hall one could get into the library, where books of the 18th century were stored in high bookcases. and the Streshnev family archive, which was of considerable interest to researchers of everyday life and socio-economic life in an estate near Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries.

From the library began a whole series of "deceased" rooms overlooking the garden. Among them is an office decorated with furniture from the Catherine era: armchairs upholstered in colored fabric, console tables with the finest carvings, painted in pale colors, a card table with a tabletop made from pieces of multi-colored wood and depicting a medieval castle with a moat and a drawbridge. The Empire chandelier went well with the furniture.

Through a small lavatory one could get into the “front” bedroom, divided by arches into two parts, between which false (painted) doors stood out. The bedroom was filled with furniture from the Pavlovian period - a table with beveled corners and a sphinx on the bottom shelf, chairs with high backs. Among the portraits decorating the room, the portrait of M.I. Matyushkina by F.S. Rokotova. The painting, which was dated to the 1780s, showed a middle-aged woman in a white dress trimmed with lace along the neckline and closed, in fashion, with a light transparent gauze.

Nearby there was a second study, furnished with furniture of the Alexander era (“Jacob” style) - armchairs, tables, bureau. The room was decorated with an English clock in a case. In the corner of the office, in a special rack, were long shanks and canes. French and English colored prints hung on the walls, and a chandelier suspended from the ceiling by chains lit the room; horns for candles in the form of caryatids were fixed on its hoop. In this study, one could note the drawing of a female head inserted into the frame. It is notable for the fact that it was performed by the already mentioned Natalya Streshneva (married Brevern), the granddaughter of Elizabeth Petrovna. Nearby hung a portrait of her father, a hussar who died in the Napoleonic invasion.

The bedroom adjoining the study was furnished with soft quilted furniture, the walls and ceiling were covered with fabric with lace trim.

The manor park consisted of two parts: regular - French, and landscape - English. It was formed mainly in the 19th century. For many years, deciduous trees were cut here and conifers were cultivated - pine, spruce, larch. In the “Memorial book for planting various plants in the village of Pokrovsky” one could read: “Everywhere, take out deciduous trees near the main house, do not let wild animals grow, so that the nature of the culture is coniferous.” Once a regular part of the park, its parterres, alleys, curtain walls were decorated with sculpture, which was mostly handicrafts. But there were also marble statues by Antonio Bibolotti, made especially for Pokrovsky in Italy.

Winding paths through the English park led to the steep bank of the Khimka River, on which there was a small, like a toy, house - "Elizavetino". The legend says that it was built as a gift to the wife of F.I. Glebov. Two-story, with small rooms, it was connected by columns with small outbuildings, forming a cozy courtyard. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find the name of the architect, but the impeccable taste and high artistry of execution undoubtedly speak of his great talent. A beautiful view opened from the balcony-terrace of the Khimki valley.

Pokrovskoye was a family nest, but all efforts to support the male line of the family were in vain. After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, one of her granddaughters married the merchant Tomashevsky, after which her name was no longer mentioned in the family. The second, Natalya, became the wife of General V.F. Brevern. The estate passed to the grandson of Elizabeth Petrovna - Guard Colonel Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshiev, for whom it was listed in 1852. Then in Pokrovsky there were 10 courtyards, where 40 male and 42 female souls lived, a church and a manor house with 10 yard people. But Evgraf Petrovich died without male offspring, and in 1864 his younger brother Fyodor Petrovich, who had no children, filed a petition to transfer his surname to Evgraf Petrovich's son-in-law. The State Council allowed Colonel F.P. Glebov-Streshnev to transfer his name to the captain of the Cavalier Guard Regiment, Prince Mikhail Shakhovsky and henceforth be called Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. The triple surname in the future could only be inherited by the eldest in the family.

His wife, the last mistress of Pokrovsky, a very rich woman, a millionaire, whose name did not leave the pages of gossip (the owner of the famous Demidov villa San Donato, her own yacht worth over a million rubles for trips around the Mediterranean Sea, a private wagon for trips to Italy) and which did a lot of charity work - this is the Ladies' Committee for Prisons, and the Moscow Council of Orphanages, and the orphanage named after Prince V.A. Dolgorukov (former governor of Moscow), and the Alexander shelter for crippled soldiers. For the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies, headed by her, she handed over two of her dachas near Ivankovo. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. she provided her estate as an infirmary for the wounded for 25 people.

During her reign, the manor house was rebuilt, which art critics now call an "architectural paradox". A fantastic mixture of all conceivable and unthinkable styles and sham architecture fit in it. The house was decorated with high brick towers in the Romanesque style, Russian towers, and the wooden completion of the house was painted like a brick. But from a distance, it makes a solid impression and looks like an ancient castle, especially when light and shadows play on the brick walls. The restructuring of the manor house was carried out according to the project of the academician of architecture A.I. Rezanov. The estate is surrounded by a brick wall with towers.

Great lovers of art in general, and theatrical art in particular, the Prince and Princess Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev almost simultaneously build two theater premises - one in Moscow, on (now the Mayakovsky Theater), and the other - in Pokrovsky. The theater in the estate differed significantly from the usual summer theaters near Moscow. The solid building of the theater, attached to the main house, was small, but cozy. It could also be accessed from the palace. The extensive front and two round staircases, along which the audience climbed into the hall, represented a spectacular entrance to the theater. The impression was intensified by the luxurious Gothic windows with multi-colored glass, giving refracting light. The hall consisted of a parterre and a small box in the middle of the right wall, which was occupied by the hosts with their guests. From the box there was a direct passage to the inner rooms. A small stage was quite suitable for the performances that were staged here. The hall was lit by candles, and on especially solemn occasions, electricity was turned on. The provincial actor Dolinsky managed the troupe and the theater. Performances were once a week, on Sundays. The owners granted all summer residents who lived in Pokrovsky the right to attend the theater, and the princess took a direct part in the performances.

The main house stood on the outskirts of a pine park. The dachas of Pokrovsky-Streshnev were buried in its greenery. Even Elizaveta Petrovna, not devoid of a commercial streak, made good use of her suburban area, especially since the beautiful and healthy area has long attracted Muscovites. Already at the beginning of the XIX century. here "houses for summer housing, with all their accessories" were rented. In 1807, an eminent summer resident, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, lived in Elizabeth, who worked here on the History of the Russian State. Pokrovskoye is also connected with the name of L.N. Tolstoy. On May 25, 1856, Lev Nikolayevich, together with K.A. Islavin ("Kostenka") goes to Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo to his sister Lyubov Alexandrovna Bers, who had three daughters: the second of them, Sofya Andreevna, later became the writer's wife. And at that time she was only 12 years old. From his apartment in Moscow, on the corner of and, Tolstoy went almost daily to the Berses in Pokrovskoye and back.

Dachas in Pokrovsky have always been considered fashionable and very expensive. Only people with high incomes could shoot them. To protect them from other people, all the roads leading to the estate were blocked off with barriers and a watchman was posted. The road to neighboring Nikolskoye was also blocked, and because of this, the Nikolsky peasants sued the owners for almost 10 years, eventually winning the lawsuit.

By the mid-1880s, Pokrovskoye began to grow in size - there were already 15 courtyards in which 263 people lived, two shops, 22 dachas, and not only masters, but also peasants. The opening of the Moscow-Vindava road in 1901 not only enlivened dacha life in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo, but also contributed to the emergence and development of a dacha settlement that grew in just 3-4 years. Already in 1908, a stone station building of original architecture was built on the railway platform according to the project of the architect Brzhozovsky.

Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo enjoyed success not only among permanent summer residents, but also among temporary vacationers. In the summer of 1908, a bus was launched here to Petrovsky Park, and there were so many passengers that, as the newspapers wrote, “sometimes there are disputes among them about the queue, which even required the intervention of the police.” The price was set at 30 kopecks, and on holidays - 40 kopecks. In that year, furnished cottages, mansions, with all amenities, were given from 100 to 2000 rubles per season.

After the revolution in Pokrovsky-Streshnev a labor colony for children was organized by the People's Commissariat of Railways. The upbringing of children by labor was in accordance with the old traditions. Children were engaged in subsidiary farming - bred pigs, rabbits, poultry, worked in the garden, planted an orchard. Gradually, a whole children's town was formed here, which since 1923 bore the name of M.I. Kalinin, which included a sanatorium for 70 children, a commune of 35 people, a kindergarten for 35 kids. Children's institutions of other departments joined them. By the summer of 1923, the heyday of the town, there were 26 orphanages, 2 kindergartens, 2 children's colonies, a detachment of young pioneers. In the children's town of about a hundred buildings lived 1509 children and 334 adults.

In 1925, in the main manor house, an attempt was made to organize a museum of general art, similar to the museum in Arkhangelsk. But he did not last long. Gradually, his building began to be used for housing. In 1928 the museum was closed and essentially ruined. Part of the situation was saved. The palace soon became fully occupied. But in 1933, Aeroflot liked it, and a rest home for pilots was created here. In the 1970s, the Institute of Civil Aviation was located in the estate, and later it was given over to the reception house of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Since 1949, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo has been within the boundaries of Moscow, and since the beginning of the 1970s it has become a mass housing development.

Ivankovo

The history of Pokrovsky-Streshnev and the names of some of its owners is closely connected with the fate of the village of Ivankovo, located on the right bank of the Khimka River. The scribe book of 1584 reports: “Behind Elizar for Ivanov’s son Blagovo in the patrimony, what was previously for Stepan and Fedor for the Tushins: ... the village of Onosino at the mouth of the Khinka River, plowed arable lands of the middle land 6 couples, and fallow 4 couples in the field , and in two because hay is 100 kopecks, wood-burning forest is 4 acres.

During the Time of Troubles, these places were severely devastated, and in 1623 it was already “a wasteland that was the village of Onosina on the river in Khimka,” which was owned by the Duma clerk Ivan Tarasevich Gramotin.

A prominent official of the first half of the 17th century, at the beginning of his career he was written as Ivan Kurbatov - by the nickname of his father, also a deacon, Taras Kurbat Grigorievich Gramotin. The first information about him dates back to the end of the 16th century, when in 1595 he traveled with the embassy of M. Velyaminov to the Roman Caesar, and four years later he again visited him with the ambassador A. Vlasyev. With the beginning of the Time of Troubles, he served in various orders. In 1604, he went over to the side of False Dmitry I, was granted a Duma clerkship, and in 1606 negotiated with the Poles. He served Gramotin and Vasily Shuisky, but, having betrayed him, he fled to Tushino, to False Dmitry P. From there, he went to the Trinity Monastery, persuading the monks to surrender to the enemies besieging the monastery. In 1610, he was sent as an ambassador to the Polish king Sigismund, who elevated Gramotin to the duma clerks and appointed him to the Ambassadorial and Local orders, thus distinguishing him from the rest of the traitors, because Ivan Gramotin began to serve him "above all." In addition to positions, he is also awarded with estates. During the occupation of Moscow by the Poles, Gramotin was perhaps the most zealous accomplice of the interventionists. About him and those like him in the “New Tale of the Orthodox Russian Kingdom” it was said: “... our adversaries, who are now with us, are at the same time with our traitors, co-religionists, new apostates and bloodshed, and destroyers of the Christian faith, satanic relatives, brothers of Judas, traitor of Christ, with our superiors and with their other servants, accomplices and like-minded people who are unworthy of their evil deeds to be called by their true name (they should be called soul-destroying wolves).

The Polish governor in Moscow, Gonsevsky, formally held meetings with the Boyar Duma, but actually planted Gramotin, Saltykov, Mosalsky, Andronov next to him, and the offended boyars reproached Goisevsky more than once: “And we don’t even hear what you are saying with your advisers.” Historian Dm. Baitysh-Kamensky said of the Competent that he was "a statesman, a clever courtier, a crafty one, who dishonored his name with vile betrayal and shameful selfishness."

In 1612, Gramotin participated in the embassy of the Moscow boyars, who asked for the kingdom of Prince Vladislav. Then he returned to Rus', persuading the Moscow chiefs to submit to Vladislav. And although the letter on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom speaks of him as a traitor, nevertheless, he, who appeared in Moscow at the beginning of 1618, quickly managed to rehabilitate himself, having received an appointment to the Novgorod couple, and then a duma deacon. An important role in this was played by his friendship with Patriarch Philaret, the father of the new king, which arose during their joint stay in Poland. Yes, and the clerk himself was not a blunder: he knew how to show off eloquence, owned the confidence of the sovereign. In 1626, he attended the wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Streshneva and, among the boyars, followed the trainees in front of the sovereign. And yet, in the winter of that year, for arbitrariness and disobedience, at the insistence of the patriarch, he was exiled to Alatyr. Only in 1634, after the death of Filaret, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich returned him to Moscow and brought him closer, favoring Gramotin as a printer, i.e. the custodian of the state seal, with the command to write with "wich", i.e. Ivan Tarasevich.

The deacon was very mercenary. So, in 1607, taking advantage of his position, he took the best palace villages on the estate, while in Pskov, robbed the surrounding villages, tortured, as the chronicle says, "many Christians", tortured them and "on the bribe of the great release."

Gramotin died on September 23, 1638, having taken the tonsure before his death according to the custom of that time (in monasticism - Joel) and indicated the boyar Prince I.B. as his executors. Cherkassky and okolnichiy V.I. Streshnev, although other persons are indicated in the contribution book of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where the clerk made rich contributions and where he is buried.

The clerk died childless, leaving behind a huge fortune, in the assessment of which the executors differed, quite possibly not without intent. In any case, in the unsubscribe of the boyar F.I. Sheremetev addressed to the tsar: “... And about Ivan’s bellies Gramotin Danila and Ilya Miloslavsky and Ivan Opukhtin we were told that the guards de at Gramotin’s Ivan’s soul are your sovereign boyar Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky and the devious Vasily Ivanovich Streshnev, and thousands of money left after Ivan from three, otherwise junk; and the clerk Dmitry Karpov told us that after Ivan there was 5,000 rubles of money left, otherwise junk, but he told him, Dmitry, about that money.

Ivan Azeev, son of Opukhtin, and he, Dmitry, saw that money; and 500 rubles were taken out of that money, when Ivan died, and Ivan Azeev son Opukhtin took out that money, and de Ivan Gramotin ordered the clerks to build their souls with that money, to give magpies for forty churches for three years, and to feed the poor for three years ". And although the clerk lived far from being sinless, his money went to a good cause. Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich “having listened to this replies, he indicated ... money by decree as a slave and what the patriarch and metropolitans and Moscow nearby monasteries give, from Gramotin’s Ivan’s bellies, and then send to recoup the slaves.”

After the death of Ivan Tarasevich, the village, which received a new name after the deacon, passes to the Streshnevs, and in the future its entire history is connected with Pokrovsky-Streshnev. The census book of 1678 reports that the boyar Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev, in addition to Pokrovsky, also included “the village of Onosina, and Blazhenki Ivanovskoye, too, on the river on the Khinka, which was before this for Ivan Gramotin, and in it on the two mill yards of business people 20 people, 5 peasant yards, 12 people in them, and 2 bobyl yards, 6 people in them.

Until the middle of the XIX century. Ivankovo ​​is developing, as it were, in the shadow of Pokrovsky-Streshnev. According to K. Nistrem's reference book, in the village, which belonged to the guard colonel Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, there were 8 courtyards, where 43 male and 44 female souls lived. After the reforms of the 1860s, newly appeared merchants, yesterday's peasants, came here. Ivan Nikandrovich Suvirov, a merchant of the 2nd guild, arranged a paper-spinning factory, a local Ivankovo ​​resident, also enrolled in the merchant rank, Alexander Dorofeevich Dorofeev, who, before opening his own factory in 1871, worked for Suvirov for almost 8 years, placed a dyeing establishment nearby.

Having rented about two acres of land from Princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, he erected 11 small buildings on the banks of Khimka. His factory produced dyeing and finishing of paper fabrics. We painted about 90 pieces a day. The colors were simple - wild (as gray was then called) and black. The number of workers rarely exceeded fifty, and they were mostly peasants from neighboring provinces and a small part from the Ruza district of the Moscow province. There were no locals at all. They worked only during the day, for 14 hours. The working conditions were the most difficult: in the dryer the temperature did not fall below 50 ° in the dyehouse, the steam was so dense that it was difficult to see the figure a meter away. Young children were not uncommon among the workers, who worked mainly in pounding work, under tokmaks, with the help of which they split and pressed goods folded in pieces. Tokmaks were long iron bars, weighing 9 pounds each, which were raised and lowered with the help of a drive and at the same time, with all their weight, hit a copper board placed under them, on which a piece of cloth was laid flat before impact. After the impact, when the tokmak rose again, the goods were quickly pulled out, turned around and again exposed to impact. The boys sat on the floor, each in front of his own tokmak, of which there were 10-15 or more on each beating machine. Safety was not held in high esteem by Dorofeev, as, indeed, by most industrialists of that time.

HELL. Dorofeev, who died in 1895, bequeathed all his small fortune to charitable causes. 8,000 rubles were intended "for the establishment" of four beds in the Alexander shelter for the terminally ill and crippled of all classes of the "Christian Aid" Committee. The money received from the sale of property, he bequeathed to contribute to the city council for the issuance of interest from them to the poor before Easter and Christmas.

Next to the dye house, downstream, on the site of the former cloth factory of I.N. Suvirov, who was transferred to Bratsevo, in August 1880, a nailing establishment of Varfolomey Petrovich Mattar, a French subject, arose. The factory produced wire nails and gratings, hand presses, sofa springs, for which they used old telephone wire. The lack of ventilation, metal and wood dust in the workshops greatly undermined the health of the workers, although Mattar's earnings were several times higher than those of Russian entrepreneurs. The owner even showed some concern for labor protection - all drives, gears were closed or inaccessible. The working day was a little shorter - 11 hours.

The owner of Pokrovsky and Ivankov, Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, like many ladies of high society, was involved in charity work. In particular, she took an active part in the work of the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies and was elected its lifelong chairman. For the society's summer camp, she provided dachas on her estate. On May 30, 1884, the grand opening of the camp took place. The society existed on charitable donations, which, however, were not numerous. The whole camp was located in two small dachas, which stood on a hillock in a large shady garden. The Society reached its peak before the First World War.

Pupils of women's gymnasiums aged from 9 to 18 came here mainly. As a rule, these were the children of insolvent parents who needed treatment. Two months of life in a pine forest, under the supervision of Dr. Ya.I. Zenkin, who had been working in the colony since 1892, increased nutrition paid off and improved the health of children. In the last pre-war years, the colony was led by K. S. Buyanova, who, when she was a schoolgirl, spent 6 years in it and, naturally, knew everything that the pupils needed, not from the outside.

Ivankovo, along with Pokrovsky, became famous as a summer cottage. The Moscow local historian S. Lyubetsky noted it in his notes: "... the village of Ivankovo, beautiful in its mountainous terrain and convenience: Moscow settlers live there in the summer." Perhaps there was not a single village in the district that would have enjoyed such popularity. The staff of the Moscow Art Theater also liked the beautiful area. One of the first to settle here was Viktor Andreevich Simov (1858-1935), a talented decorator who occupies a worthy place in the history of the Moscow Art Theater. Thanks to his innovative work, perhaps the Moscow Art Theater style was created. On the northern outskirts of the village, he built a dacha-workshop, where “everything was original, convenient, and at least pretentious, but talented. The interior is like a ship. Clean, as everything is made of wood and removable pillows. Instead of curtains on the terrace - sails. The fountain strikes the bells and emits harmonies. He named his dacha "The Seagull". In Soviet times, it was nationalized and a government rest house was set up in it.

The leading actor of the theater Vasily Vasilyevich Luzhsky settled nearby. At his dacha, he planted a magnificent garden in which he grew amazing roses and bred new varieties of lilacs. A whole-brick chapel, ruined in the late 1920s, built at the beginning of the 20th century, has been preserved in the village. architect V. Borin in the form of a "chapel" with intricate columns, patterned arches.

After the revolution, dachas-mansions were confiscated: they housed sanatoriums and rest houses for party and Soviet workers. In 1920 V.I. Lenin visiting children I. Armand.

The industrial boom of the 1930s did not bypass Ivankovo ​​either. In 1931, a factory for children's educational toys and thermometers was opened here. She gave work to almost 350 people. But the lack of housing (there were not even enough barracks), low wages led to a huge turnover of staff. So, in 1934, 206 people were hired at the factory, and 237 left. With the start of the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, part of the factory territory was occupied by the camp of the Dmitrovlag system, which contained prisoners who were building the canal. Its channel passed through the lands of Ivankovo, and the Khimka river was blocked by a dam, which formed the Khimki reservoir. Later, the village became part of the capital, and its name was preserved in the names of the street, passage and

In contact with

It includes a manor house in the style of classicism, a patrimonial temple of the 17th century and buildings in the pseudo-Russian style.

Early history: "Podёlki, Pokrovskoe identity"

In the Middle Ages, on the site of the current Pokrovsky, there was the village of Podjolki - its name shows the nature of the forest that existed at the time the village was founded. The area, like neighboring Tushino, from the XIV century. belonged to the boyar Rodion Nestorovich and his descendants, the Tushins, from whom, at the end of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, it was bought by the deacon E. I. Blagovo.

By this time, the village was deserted, as evidenced by cadastral books for 1584-1585, in which the current Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo is mentioned for the first time:

For Elizar for Ivanov's son Blagovo in the estate, which was the same for Stepan and for Fedor for the Tushins: the village of Onosina<Иваньково>on the Khinky River ... The path that was the village of Podyolki ... And just beyond Elizar in the estate there are 2 villages of living and wasteland, and in them the yard of estates, and the yard of business people.

In 1608, False Dmitry II set up his camp in these parts. Among his associates was the new owner of the wasteland, Andrei Fedorovich Palitsyn. He soon went over to the side of the legitimate authorities, advanced in the service, became governor in Murom, and in 1622 sold Podyolki to the clerk Mikhail Danilovich Fefilatiev.

Under Danilov, a village with the same name reappeared on the site of the wasteland. Already in 1629, a stone

"The newly arrived Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, in the estate of the discharge clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovsky - Podyolki", so that the village, apparently, from that moment began to bear a double name. The census book of 1646 notes “behind the duma clerk, behind Mikhail Danilov, the son of Fefilatiev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Podyolki, too, and in it the church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos is stone, and near the church in the courtyard is priest Simeon, and a cell of a mallow, and 8 peasant yards, there are 26 people in them”.

Manor under the first Streshnevs

After the death of the clerk, the estate was briefly owned by F.K. Elizarov, who in 1664 sold Pokrovskoye to Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev, the owner of neighboring Ivankovo. Since that time, the estate has belonged to the Streshnev family for almost 250 years. This clan was considered ignoble until 1626, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married Streshneva Evdokia. From this marriage there were 10 children, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Since then, the family has advanced and occupied a prominent place in the court hierarchy.

R. M. Streshnev served the first four tsars from the Romanov dynasty and from the end of the 1670s. was an educator ("uncle") of Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich (Peter I), took part in his wedding to the kingdom. After the purchase of Pokrovsky, R. M. Streshnev did not particularly rebuild the village: he simply put up a “boyar yard”, and several economic services. In 1678, the village had “9 people of bonded people, 10 families of workers, there are 30 people in them, a clerk’s yard, a peasant’s yard, there are 7 people in it, and a Bobyl’s yard, there are 3 people in it”.

In 1685, he ordered to dig ponds in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (a tributary of the Khimka, now mostly enclosed in a pipe) and breed fish in them.

After the death of Rodion Mikhailovich in 1687, the estate passes to his son Ivan Rodionovich. Under him in 1704, in the village of Pokrovskoye, there were: a yard of estates, in it a clerk and a groom, a cattle yard, in it 4 people, and 9 peasant yards, in them 34 people.

Manor under P. I. Streshnev

After the death of Ivan Rodionovich (1738), his rich inheritance is divided among his sons, and Pokrovskoye goes to General-in-Chief Peter Ivanovich Streshnev (d. 1771). Under him, the family estate begins to expand and change in the spirit of the times, especially after the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility (1762), upon the publication of which Streshnev immediately retired.

In the 1750s the church is rebuilt in the Baroque style, to which the refectory is attached; in 1766, a stone manor house in the Elizabethan Baroque style was erected with a suite of 10 front rooms and a collection of paintings from more than 130 paintings (including 25 generic ones), however, according to experts, they were of rather mediocre quality. By the end of the century, the number of paintings in the collection exceeded 300. It was a noble nest in all its splendor.

Manor under E. P. Glebova-Streshneva

Pyotr Ivanovich's joy was his daughter Elizabeth, whom he spoiled so much in childhood that he raised an unbridled tyrant out of her. However, although the father fulfilled all the whims of his daughter, he opposed her desire to marry a widower with a child, Fedor Ivanovich Glebov. A year after the death of her father, Elizaveta Streshneva married Glebov, explaining this as follows: “I have never been in love with him, but I realized that this is the only person over whom I can rule, while respecting him”. When, in 1803, after the death of her cousin Glebova, the male line of the surname ceased, she obtained from Alexander I the right to be called Glebov-Streshnev with all her offspring.

A verst from the estate, on the banks of the Khimka, F. I. Glebov built an elegant two-story bathroom house, called "Elizavetino", as a gift to his wife. It was distinguished by good proportions and exquisite exterior decoration. Elizavetino was destroyed by a German bomb in 1942.

Next to the bathroom house was a menagerie. According to the inventory of 1805, it contained deer - 21, rams - 13, goats - 9, rare birds - 109, among them Chinese, Persian geese, geese, swans.

In 1775, Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo was visited by Catherine II, who was in Moscow at the celebrations on the occasion of the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainarji peace.

Fyodor Ivanovich died in 1799. Instead of the old house in 1803-06. a new three-story building was built in the Empire style, to which a garden with ponds adjoined, six greenhouses appeared. Elizaveta Petrovna continues to diligently keep family portraits and relics. The relationship of the Streshnevs with the queen became a tribal cult. In the main manor house, on the walls of the front rooms, the coats of arms of the Streshnevs and Glebovs in the most diverse designs hung. Elizaveta Petrovna ruled her estate imperiously and arbitrarily. In society, she was known as an educated woman, so the house had a good library, modern technical innovations such as a telescope and a microscope were purchased. She was well acquainted with N.M. Karamzin, whom she provided Elizavetino to work on the pages of the History of the Russian State. In his book “Old Estates: Essays on the History of Russian Noble Culture”, one of the most famous art historians of the early 20th century, Baron N. N. Wrangel, writes about “Pokrovsky-Streshnev”:

It is as if you see behind a high facade in narrow windows overgrown with ivy, the pale images of Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, her son Peter, niece Lisa Shcherbatova, the old, old serf Darya Ivanovna Repina, who died at ninety-eight years old in November 1905. Nice blue, "the color of sugar paper", living room in a large house, decorated a l'antique in the Pompeian style, with beautiful white wood furniture of the late 18th century.

Then you walk through the garden with endless straight roads, bordered by hundred-year-old trees, you walk for a long time to the Bath House, the entrance to which is guarded by a small marble Cupid. The house stands over a gigantic cliff, overgrown with dense forest, which seems to be small shrubs stretching into the distance. This charming toy was built by the husband of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a surprise for his wife. The house is full of fine English engravings, good old copies of family portraits. And at every step, in every room, it seems as if the shadows of those who lived here are wandering. In the red small living room one can see the inscription:

“On July 16, 1775, Empress Catherine the Great deigned to visit Elizavetino and have tea with her owner, Elizabeth Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva.”

country life

At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the estate from Vsekhsvyatsky to Tushino (that is, the current Volokolamsk Highway), a settlement of 22 elite dachas appeared - "houses for summer housing with all their belongings." Dachas in Pokrovsky were very expensive, and there was a barrier at the entrance to the village. In 1807, N. M. Karamzin lived here, who worked here on the "History of the Russian State". Here in 1856, L. N. Tolstoy often visited the dacha, which was rented from year to year by the family of the court doctor A. E. Bers. Here he first met the Bersov's twelve-year-old daughter Sonechka, who was born at this dacha, and after 6 years of acquaintance she became his wife. Tolstoy stayed in a room for visitors on the first floor, and on the second floor there were children with a nanny and servants. According to the memoirs of the third daughter of the Berses, Tatyana, from their window a “cheerful, picturesque view of a pond with an island and a church with green domes” opened up. And here is how Sonya Bers recalls the dacha: “... What wonderful evenings and nights were then. As now, I see that clearing, all illuminated by the moon, and the reflection of the moon in the nearest pond. “What crazy nights,” Lev Nikolayevich often said, sitting with us on the balcony or walking around the dacha with us. Subsequently, this dacha was rented by the historian S. M. Solovyov, and his son V.S. Solovyov left a story about life in these places. The dacha was demolished during the life of S.A. Tolstaya.

Summer residents here were many entrepreneurs and rich people of free professions; among them is the brother of the famous doctor S.P. Botkin, P.P. Botkin, who rebuilt the Church of the Intercession with his own money.

New heyday of the estate under E. F. Shakhovskaya

After the death of E. P. Glebova-Streshneva in 1837, the estate passed to Colonel E. P. Glebov-Streshnev, and then, in 1864, to his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, who married Prince M. V. Shakhovsky and, in view of the suppression of the male line of the Glebov-Streshnevs, who received (together with her husband) the triple surname Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. At this time, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo was increasingly called Pokrovskoye-Glebovo, since the Glebovs were in the first place in the names of family members.

In 1852, in the village of Pokrovskoye, there were 10 households, where 40 male and 42 female souls lived, a church and a master's house with 10 courtyard people. 30 years later - 15 households, in which 263 people lived, two shops, 22 dachas, and not only masters, but also peasants.

Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, who turned out to be the last owner of the estate, decided to turn the family estate into a kind of fairy-tale medieval castle. In 1880, according to the project of the architects A. I. Rezanov and K. V. Tersky invited by her, an original ensemble of lordly services was built here, planned in the form of a horseshoe.

Outbuildings were added to the front sides of the manor house, some of them in the form of stylized castle turrets, and a superstructure was made over the old house in the form of a battlemented wooden tower painted like brick. In 1889-1890, according to the project of the architect F. N. Kolbe and A. P. Popov, a powerful stone fence with red brick towers in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate, and later the old Church of the Intercession was rebuilt. Many guests came, especially in summer. Evgenia Fedorovna was very rich. She owned a villa in Italy, a yacht in the Mediterranean, and a railway carriage to travel south. However, she spent most of her time at her family estate.

In 1901, the Moscow-Vindava (now Riga) railway was built, and a railway platform was opened in front of the estate. In 1908, a stone station building of original architecture was built according to the project of the architect Brzhozovsky.

The princess, as the diagram from her archive shows, divided the estate into three zones: 1) the surroundings of the house with a regular park and greenhouses and paths in Elizavetino - for the personal use of the family and specially invited guests: “Let them walk only by special order, without tickets. Do not allow riding or in carriages. 2) "Carlsbad", that is, the area above Khimka and behind the Ivankovskaya road. Here it was allowed to walk on tickets, fish in the river, and go boating. The borders of "Carlsbad" were highlighted with a sheared spruce fence. 3) The eastern part of the park from the road to Nikolskoye to the border with the lands of the village of Vsekhsvyatsky and with Koptevsky settlements. Here it was also allowed to pick mushrooms and walk on the grass with tickets. S. A. Tolstaya in a letter to her husband in 1897 complained: “In Pokrovsky, it is very sad that the anger of the hostess is visible everywhere: everything is fenced with barbed wire, evil watchmen are everywhere, and you can only walk along dusty, big roads”.

Dacha life at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries

Pokrovskoe continued to be a popular dacha place. At the beginning of the XX century. dachas were rented at a price of 100 to 2000 rubles per season and were so popular that in the summer season of 1908 a bus service was arranged between Pokrovsky and Petrovsky-Razumovsky (along the Petersburg highway).

At the end of the 19th century, dachas appeared at the other end of the current Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park, on the site of a former menagerie - in the Ivankovsky forest near the village of Ivankovo, in a hilly area above Khimka, which the owner herself called "Karlsbad" (probably because of the spring). They were chosen by the actors of the Art Theater, one of the first was the theater decorator Viktor Andreyevich Simov, who built an original dacha-workshop. Simov also built dachas for his colleagues, for example, the Grekovka dacha (1890s), Vasily Luzhsky's Chaika dacha (1904) that has survived to this day, and the dacha of the millionaire Vladimir Nosenkov, which Simov built in 1909 in co-authorship with one of the Vesnin brothers, Leonid Aleksandrovich, later known as an avant-garde artist. Among other things, Aleksey Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived at his dacha in Ivankovo; his story "The Tempest" is marked in the manuscript: "June 10, 1915 Ivankovo". In Ivankovo ​​in 1912, Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron rented a dacha.

The reference book of 1912 notes the possessions of: Simov, Nosenkov, S. Umansky, as well as the estate of the owner of the Trekhgornaya manufactory N. I. Prokhorov.

Manor after the revolution

After the revolution, the estate, together with the dachas, was requisitioned and turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, then transferred to the textile workers' rest home. In 1925, it became the set of the film "Bear's Wedding". In 1921, a museum was opened in the main house, in which the atmosphere of the former manor was recreated, but it did not last long. In 1928 the museum was closed and ruined. In 1933, a rest home for military pilots was arranged in the estate, in wartime there was a hospital. Since 1970, there was a research institute of civil aviation. In the 1980s, it belonged to the Aeroflot company, and in connection with plans to build a reception center for civil aviation here, studies of the estate and restoration work began, as part of which the distortions of the old part of the main house that arose during its restructuring of the late 19th - early 20th centuries were eliminated, under Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, the original appearance of the beginning of the 19th century was returned to her. In addition, the corner tower of the fence and the arched part of the wall with the front gate were restored. In the spring of 1992, a serious fire broke out in the palace, destroying the attic floor and seriously damaging the state rooms on the second floor. The restoration of the palace began, already in the mid-90s the volume of the main house was restored and interior finishing work began, but were interrupted and since then the palace has actually been abandoned and dilapidated.

In the post-revolutionary years, there was a children's sanatorium in the Elizavetino pavilion, but during the years of World War II, during one of the air raids, the main part of the house was destroyed by an air bomb, and later the wing was demolished and used as housing. The site of the pavilion is still visible on the edge of the park above the mouth of the Elizabethan ravine.

Dachas in Ivankovo ​​remained a sanatorium of the Central Committee, then of the Moscow City Party Committee, which received the name "Seagull" after Luzhsky's dacha (since 1991 - a boarding house of the Moscow Mayor's Office). In 1920 Lenin visited Inessa Armand here. Alexei Tolstoy continued to rest in Ivankovo. M. A. Bulgakov wrote in his diary on September 2, 1923: “Today I went with Kataev to the dacha of Alexei Tolstoy (Ivankovo). He was very nice today."

Homestead today

In 1979, in accordance with the historical and architectural plan of Moscow, the entire Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo (Pokrovskoye-Glebovo) area was declared a protected area. After a fire in 1992, the restoration of the buildings of the manor's estate began. The lost volume of the palace was restored. Approximately half of the restoration work has been completed, including in the ceremonial halls of the second floor.

A large part of the red-brick fence was restored, the Church of the Intercession was restored. Its strict white silhouette behind the front cast-iron gates successfully fits into the break in the walls of the stone fence overlooking the Volokolamsk highway. The greenhouses have been restored. Nevertheless, at some point, due to a change in ownership, the work was interrupted, and the palace and buildings were abandoned. The greenhouse was again devastated and desecrated, in May 2012 an auxiliary house burned down, which is not of historical interest.

In 2003, the estate was sold by Aeroflot to CJSC Stroyarsenal. The transaction was declared illegal by the court. At the moment, the estate is in a terrible state ... At the end of 2012, the estate was transferred to the balance of the Higher School of Economics, but work on its restoration did not begin, since a judicial arrest was imposed on the disputed property. Four years later, in 2016, the Higher School of Economics abandoned its use. In fact, since 1981, for three and a half decades, the unique estate within the capital has been in an ownerless, unexploited state.

Photo gallery

Helpful information

Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo
Other names are Pokrovskoe-Glebovo and Glebovo-Streshnevo.

Cost of visiting

for free

Opening hours

Address and contacts

Moscow, Volokolamskoe sh., 52

How to get there

On foot

From Schukinskaya metro station on foot 900 m, from Voikovskaya metro station 1.4 km (20 min.).

public transport

By tram number 6 from the Voykovskaya metro station.

From the Sokol metro station, by trolleybuses No. 12,70,82 to the stop. "Pokrovskoe-Glebovo".

Railway

Railway platform Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo (Rizhskoe direction).

You can get to the Pokroveskoe-Streshnevo-Glebovo park as follows: from the station. metro station "Voykovskaya" by trolleybus number 6 or 43 to the stop "Cinema and concert hall "Swan", then walk 5 minutes.

Manor in cinema

• In 1925, the film "Bear Wedding" was filmed in the estate. The picture well conveys the appearance of the estate at a time when there were Gothic superstructures over the central part of the palace.
• In 1962, the gates of the estate were featured in the movie Seven Nannies.
• In the autumn of 2012, some scenes of the mini-series "Love for Love" were filmed in the estate.

Forest Park Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo

See also: Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo (forest park)

At present, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo forest park is a rather large natural massif and one of the largest recreational areas in the North-West of Moscow along with Serebryany Bor. A regular linden park adjoins the manor house on the north side; rather old trees have been preserved. The central part of the park has an irregular layout, pines, maples, larches, lindens, oaks, birches, elms grow in it, there are cedar, spruce, apple, mountain ash.

A favorite place for recreation of local residents are the ponds located in the eastern part of the park. There is a beach area around a large pond, where medium-sized trees with a spherical crown are clearly visible. This is one of the decorative forms of willow.

The northern and northwestern parts of the park were created relatively recently on the basis of the originally existing mixed forest. The layout is based on a system of alleys and paths, between which there are trees and shrubs.

The northwestern natural boundary of the park is the Khimka River, near which is the Tsarevna-Swan spring, the only clean source of drinking water in Moscow as of 2009. The spring is landscaped, has several water pipes, from which residents of neighboring and remote areas like to collect clean drinking water.

Above the springs, above the cliff, a clearing is noticeable, on the site of which until 1942 there was the Elizavetino pavilion, built by F. I. Glebov for his wife Elizaveta Petrovna (destroyed by a Nazi bomb)

Squirrels, voles, beavers, muskrat, rats, numerous species of birds live in the park - ducks, nightingales, woodpeckers, nuthatches, finches, warblers, buntings, tits, jays, robins, blackbirds.

In the 14th century, on the site of modern Pokrovsky-Streshnev, there was the village of Podjolki, the name of which indicates the nature of the surrounding forest area. Podjolki and neighboring Korobovo (future Tushino), Ivankovo, Bratsevo, Spas and Petrovo were part of the patrimony granted in 1332 by Ivan Kalita to the boyar Rodion Nestorovich for joining the Novgorod part of Volok Lamsky (Volokolamsk) to the Moscow department. Subsequently, the Skhodno allotments granted by the prince passed into the possession first of the son of Rodion Nestorovich - Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya (Kvashnya - a nickname given for the friability of the body), - and then to his grandson - Vasily Ivanovich Kvashnin, nicknamed for his impressive volumes of Carcass, the ancestor of the boyar family of Tushins.

The Tushins were unable to keep the family estate in their hands, and by 1584-1585 it was sold out. Empty and abandoned by that time, the village of Podjolki was acquired by the clerk Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent embassy figure who carried out responsible diplomatic missions for the Moscow sovereigns.

In 1573, in Novogorod, Blagovo participated in the wedding ceremony of the Livonian king Magnus and Princess Marya Vladimirovna, niece of Ivan the Terrible. In 1580, he was sent with peace proposals as part of an embassy mission to the camp of Stefan Batory, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Name E.I. Blagovo is mentioned among the participants in the reception of the ambassador of the English Queen Elizabeth Jerome Bowes in Moscow in 1583.

After the erection at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries (presumably in 1600; the exact date of construction is unknown) of the wooden church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, the wasteland of Podjolka became known as the village of Pokrovsky. The new owner of the village is the boyar's son Andrey Fedorovich Palitsyn. A.F. Palitsyn began his service with the roundabout Yakov Mikhailovich Godunov, and after his death he joined the associates of False Dmitry II. In the spring of 1608, the "Tushinsky Thief", as False Dmitry II would be called, began a campaign against Moscow and pitched his camp on the banks of the Khimki River, directly opposite Podyolok. Already in 1609, Palitsyn, like most of the supporters of False Dmitry, left the impostor and swore allegiance to the Polish king Sigismund III. And in 1611, he was already listed among the soldiers of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, who defended Moscow from the Poles. Such throwing from one opposing side to another, serving "both ours and yours" is a completely ordinary picture for the Time of Troubles. It also seems logical to assume that during the Time of Troubles a wooden church was burned in Pokrovsky, and the village itself was devastated.

Finally entrenched on the side of the Moscow militia, and then - elected to the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, A.F. Palitsyn advanced in the service, reached the rank of governor and was repeatedly sent to command in different cities: Pereslavl, Uglich, Murom, Mangazeya. Employment and a long absence of Palitsyn did not allow him to farm, and during his voivodeship in Murom, in 1622, he sold the empty village of Pokrovskoye to the clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov.

M.F. Danilov is an example of a successful official of his time. He began his career in the Time of Troubles and consistently went through all the steps of the career ladder, sometimes carrying out very responsible assignments. And it should be noted that, unlike the numerous "flighters", which included the previous owner of Pokrovsky, he never went over to the side of the enemy. He happened to serve in the local, bit, detective and Siberian orders.

A successful service allowed Danilov not only to acquire land plots on the Khimki River, but also to resume economic activity on them. In place of the wasteland, he puts a yard with business people. The parish books of the Patriarchal State Order for 1629 note the appearance in the village of "the newly arrived Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, in the estate of the discharge clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovsky-Podyolki." The census book for 1646 mentions “...behind the duma clerk, behind Mikhail Danilov, the son of Feofilatyev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Podelki, too, and in it the church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and near the church in the courtyard, priest Simeon, and the cell of the mallow, and 8 peasant yards, people in there are 26 of them. During his ownership of Pokrovsky, Danilov increased the land adjacent to the village from the original 29.5 acres to 300 - almost 10 times!

After Danilov's death, in 1651 his widow sold Pokrovskoye to the devious Fyodor Kuzmich Elizarov, who in 1664 ceded the village to Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev, the owner of neighboring Ivankovo. Since that time, almost 250 years of possession of Pokrovsky by the Streshnevs began.

Manor under the first Streshnevs

The small local family of the Streshnevs, originating from a native of Poland, was considered ignoble until 1626, when Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The widowed, childless tsar was looking for a new wife, for which a bride review was organized, at which he did not like any of the 60 selected beauties, but liked the confidante (friend for an interview) of one of the participants - Evdokia Streshneva. She conquered the king with her beauty, courtesy and meekness of character. And although the king's parents did not approve of his choice, Michael remained adamant and married a noble girl, not by blood, but by essence. So Evdokia Streshneva became the queen, and later, having given birth to children to her husband, the first king of the Romanov family, she became the ancestor of the dynasty. From this marriage, 10 children were born, including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Tsarina Evdokia Lukyanovna, wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, nee Streshneva. Lithograph from a portrait by P.F. Borel.

After the conclusion of this marriage, the Streshnev family advanced, became significantly enriched and took an honorable place in the court hierarchy.

Rodion (Iradion) Matveevich Streshnev, the first of the Streshnevs, the owner of Pokrovsky, although he was a distant relative of Tsarina Evdokia - a fourth cousin - was close to the court and played a significant role in the life of the state. He was famous for his independent and steadfast character, he moved through the service rather slowly but surely: having started his service as a steward (the first mention of him in this rank dates back to 1634), in 1653 he became a roundabout and only in 1676 received the title of boyar. Throughout his life, he had to serve the first four tsars from the Romanov dynasty. During his service, he carried out diplomatic missions, fought, headed various orders, and from the end of the 1670s until the end of his life he served as an uncle (educator) of the prince, and then tsar Peter Alekseevich (Peter I).

Under Rodion Matveyevich, life in Pokrovsky is being revived. This estate near Moscow did not promise him significant benefits, but he began to vigorously renew the estate. He put here the "boyar yard" and several economic services. The main part of the estate remained under the forest. From the Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod estates of the owner, 11 families of peasants were resettled in Pokrovskoye. In 1678, there were “9 people of bonded people, 10 families of workers, 30 people in them, a clerk's yard, a peasant's yard, 7 people in it, and a Bobyl yard, 3 people in it”. In 1685, by order of the owner, in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (a tributary of the Khimka, today mostly enclosed in a pipe underground), three ponds were dug and fish were bred in them for the master's needs. An orchard was planted around the lord's wooden choirs, and a flour mill was set up near the confluence of the Chernushka with the Khimka.

After the death of Rodion Mikhailovich in 1687, Pokrovskoye passes to his son Ivan Rodionovich, who received from his father a huge fortune, which included 13.5 thousand acres of land in various counties. I.R. Streshnev, an active assistant to Peter I, almost never visited the estate. According to the census books, in 1704, in his village of Pokrovsky, there were: "the yard of estates, in it the clerk and the groom, the cattle yard, in it 4 people, and 9 peasant yards, in them 34 people."

Manor under P. I. Streshnev

The rich inheritance of Ivan Rodionovich Streshnev after his death in 1738 is divided among his sons, and in accordance with the "amicable separate record", Pokrovskoye becomes the property of the youngest - Peter.

The service of Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev at court, having begun briskly in 1729, proceeded rather difficult in the future. Turning out to be a short-lived favorite of Princess Natalya Alekseevna, the daughter of Tsarevich Alexei, the sister of Peter II, he almost immediately stepped from the rank of clerk under Peter II to the post of tsarevna chamber junker. But under Empress Anna Ioannovna, for being close to the children of Tsarevich Alexei, he had to pay disgrace and being sent as a prime minister to field regiments. Only towards the end of her reign P.I. Streshnev reached the rank of major general. When the next empress, Elizabeth Petrovna, came to the throne, he was again unlucky: he and his brothers were first arrested on suspicion of complicity in the palace intrigues of Count A.I. Osterman, to whom their sister Marfa was married, and then sent to serve in remote provinces, away from the court. In connection with the next disgrace of the highest military rank - General-in-Chief - Peter Ivanovich achieved only in 1758.

Petr Ivanovich Streshnev. Portrait by an unknown artist.

After the appearance in 1762 of the manifesto "On the granting of liberties and freedom to all Russian nobility" P.I. Streshnev retired and devoted himself entirely to economic affairs, taking up the arrangement of his Pokrovskoye estate near Moscow.

Since the end of the 17th century, no one could be surprised by the vanity and desire to stand out as nobility, the state in Russia since the end of the 17th century, and yet it was the Streshnevs, as their contemporaries said about them, who were distinguished by their arrogance and desire to demonstrate the significance of their kind, although the only objective reason for family pride was marriage of Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Nevertheless, the Streshnevs had ambitions of the nobility, and both funds and efforts were put into their implementation. In itself, the acquisition of Pokrovsky by Rodion Matveyevich Streshnev in 1664 already testified more likely not to economic calculation, but to the satisfaction of ambition. The main part of the land of the estate was occupied by forests, and the village had no agricultural value, which means that it did not bring significant income, and most likely even lived at the expense of other estates of the owner. It is not surprising that the grandson of Rodion Matveyevich, Pyotr Ivanovich, continues the family tradition and takes on the expansion and transformation of the family estate in accordance with the spirit of the times and personal claims to aristocracy.

Back in 1750, during the service of Peter Ivanovich, on the eve of the birth of a long-awaited child in the family (8 previously born children died), the dilapidated Intercession Church was being renovated in the village. There was no time to rebuild the old church, and it was dismantled, and when building a new church, a brick outbuilding near the master's house was used as the basis, rebuilding and decorating it in the Baroque style. The new church was a single-domed, single-altar quadruple without an apse, with three windows on three sides and a door on the west. In the church that exists today, this quadrangle formed the altar part. The church did not have a bell tower in the 1750s. Two bells from the old church - weighing one and two pounds - hung on wooden poles next to the temple. The stone bell tower was probably added to the new church only in 1769, in the year of the death of Streshnev's wife Natalia Petrovna, when he ordered the master Mikhail Mozhzhukhin a large one of 13 pounds and 4 small bells.

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photo taken in 1995, during the restoration of the church. In the frame, the quadrangle of the modern temple, which was the main volume of the church of the 1750s.

After retiring, P.I. Streshnev begins to closely engage in the construction of a stone manor house, hiring a good architect for this. The building was completed in 1766. The wooden mansion on a high stone foundation, one-story, with a mezzanine was small in size, in the style of the Elizabethan Baroque, with a suite of 10 ceremonial rooms characteristic of this architectural direction. The mezzanine was smaller than the first floor in area and had a lower ceiling height; apparently, it was used for living only in the summer, and possibly it was completely non-residential and was used as a warehouse for furniture and other property. The house was divided into halves of husband and wife, in each half - an office and a bedroom, in the corner rooms - living rooms, and in the middle of the house - a dining room with a "picturesque old table" and a hall. The living room and the hall that went out on both sides of the house were preserved during all subsequent restructuring of the house, they were decorated with columns and paintings. The furnishings of the house were not particularly luxurious, were simple and not numerous, but differed from the modest utensils of the previous choirs. The main decoration of the estate was an art gallery, composed of 25 portraits of representatives of the Streshnev family and 106 more paintings (according to contemporaries, they were rather mediocre and had no significant artistic value). The gentlemen's rooms were turned to the north-west, to the main courtyard, to which an access alley led from the gate in the northern side of the manor fence. The orchard was still green around the house. In the same period, stables were built in Pokrovsky to keep thoroughbred horses.

Facade of the main house in Pokrovsky in 1766.

The master's house in Pokrovsky was a typical example of a country residence of representatives of the middle nobility, who were well-to-do and rose to the highest ranks, but never possessed fortunes equal, for example, to Sheremetev's, and did not occupy a really significant position among the highest circle of people, but only close to it. and trying to match him, in his own circle trying to excel or, at least, to look no worse than others.

In the renovated house, Pyotr Ivanovich often and with pleasure received guests, the doors of his comfortable and hospitable estate near Moscow were always open to numerous relatives and influential acquaintances.

Probably, during the period of activation of secular ties in the estate under Pyotr Ivanovich, she had a double name "Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo", which at first was used in everyday life, informally, gradually begins to be found in official written sources.

Manor under E. P. Glebova-Streshneva

Petr Ivanovich Streshnev was widowed early, and of his nine children, only his daughter Elizabeth survived, who became his only joy. He loved and spoiled her without measure, fulfilled any whims and whims, the girl from early childhood did not meet any resistance from her parent to her most ridiculous and extravagant antics. Hypertrophied paternal love became the reason for the difficult, uncontrollable nature of her daughter, who turned into a real little tyrant. Not only Pyotr Ivanovich himself, who found himself in complete submission to his daughter, but all the household members walked on tiptoe in front of her.

Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna Streshneva as a child. Artist Argunov I.P. 1760. GIM.

One day, Elizabeth's uncle, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, gave her a doll, which became her favorite. The girl called her Katerina Ivanovna, took her everywhere with her and demanded from those around her no less respect for her than for herself, a dwarf was even assigned to the toy as a servant. So, for example, everyone entering the living room had to bow to the doll, so as not to incur the wrath of its owner. It happened that one of the guests did not bow by chance, and the little despot immediately defiantly left society and made him wait for an hour for dinner, putting his father in a mercilessly awkward position in front of the visitors.

Very colorful notes of the granddaughter of Elizabeth Petrovna, Natalya Petrovna Brevern, have been preserved about this doll:

“She used to take the doll with her when walking; but when she herself did not want to leave, she went up to her father and said to him:

Katerina Ivanovna wants to skate.

Okay, mother. Which card to put in? Turkish?

No, front.

This carriage was all gilded and enameled, with gold tassels and eight glasses; four hussars accompanied her on horseback with silver plaques on saddles; two hajduk rode behind, and in front ran a runner, who wore the silver coat of arms of the Streshnevs on his staff. The whole house was in an uproar: footmen were powdered and braided. Everyone was bustling about, and the preparations went on for at least two hours.

Finally, Katerina Ivanovna and the dwarf were put into a carriage, and the people who met them bowed to the ground.

Pride, arrogance, intransigence and despotism of Elizaveta Petrovna had no limits. So later, having matured and even more established in character, she became a colorful and impressive figure even for her time.

Perhaps the only case when the father showed strictness in relations with his daughter was his refusal to consent to her marriage to General Fedor Ivanovich Glebov, whom Elizaveta Petrovna chose as her life partner. F.I. Glebov was a widower with a young daughter in his arms, besides, he was 17 years older than Elizaveta Petrovna, so Pyotr Ivanovich was categorically against such a union.

But a year after the death of her father, in 1772, Elizaveta Streshneva nevertheless married Glebov. About her choice of a spouse, she wrote: "I was never in love with him, but I realized that this is the only person over whom I can dominate, at the same time respecting him."

Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna Streshneva, married Glebova. Unknown artist. 1770s.

After the wedding, the newlyweds settled in Moscow, in the spacious house of Glebov's city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, where Elizaveta Fedorovna led an active social life. F.I. Glebov was the governor of Kyiv for a long time, at times he was in the army with G.A. Potemkin. Once every three years, he received a vacation for six months, and, as a rule, the spouses went to their beloved Pokrovskoye for the duration of it. Upon arrival at the estate, Elizaveta Petrovna usually ordered a bath from the road in the neighboring estate, behind the park. One day she mentioned to her husband that it would be nice to have a holiday home there. The husband did not answer, but prepared a surprise for his beloved wife for the next vacation. A verst from the manor house, on the bank of Khimka, on the top of a high cliff, he built an elegant two-story bathroom house, named after his wife "Elizavetino", and arranged a solemn reception in it, inviting many guests and in their presence "handing over" a gift with nothing suspicious wife. Elizaveta Petrovna liked the refined, tastefully decorated house in the classical style so much that she immediately after the reception wished to stay in it for the whole summer. Since then, she always took turns spending one summer in Elizabeth, and the other in the manor house in Pokrovsky.

By the way, this was not the only such gift from Glebov to his wife. Elizavetino became a kind of prelude to the construction of a real luxurious palace in another estate of the Glebov-Streshnevs - in Znamensky Rayka - which Fyodor Ivanovich also presented as a gift to Elizaveta Petrovna.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". View from the front yard. Photograph 1900-1910

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Rear facade. Photography 1907-1909 "Satellite on the Moscow-Vindava railway" 1909.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". One of the side wings connected to the house by a gallery. Photo from the 1920s Archive MNIP

The exact date of construction of the Elizavetino bathroom house in Pokrovsky is unknown; the house was erected between 1773 and 1775. But there is an accurate record of another event. Baron N.N. Wrangel, in his 1910 essay on old estates, wrote: “On July 16, 1775, Empress Catherine the Great deigned to visit Elizavetino and have tea with her owner, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva!” (The arrival of Catherine II to Moscow was associated with the celebrations on the occasion of the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainarji peace.)

Unfortunately, the Elizavetino bathroom house has not survived to our time; it was destroyed by a German bomb in 1942. But photographs and descriptions of the building remained, testifying to its extraordinary beauty and harmony of style. The subtlety and lightness of the general silhouette, a pair of graceful Ionic columns with an impeccable pattern on the semicircle of the building, the elegant rustication of the portico, stucco medallions on the facade made Elizavetino one of the most remarkable buildings in the classicism style, a first-rate architectural monument of that time.

The house was located on a cliff overlooking the valley of the Khimki River with the villages of Ivankovo ​​and Tushino sheltering in it, and the distances running away abroad for tens of miles. Of course, this place is exceptional in its beauty, here even a much more modest building would have looked picturesque, but Elizavetino, of course, even more emphasized the magnificence of nature, subtly harmonized with her pensive calmness. The rear façade facing the cliff, highlighted by a semicircular ledge of the rotunda and decorated with double columns and thin bas-reliefs, was always bathed in light, even on cloudy days, and this made it seem unusually light, radiant, and elegant. The terrace area behind the house was bordered by a white stone balustrade with finely carved balusters. The main façade overlooking the front courtyard with a figure of cupid in the center towering on a pedestal was distinguished by strict elegance. Its main decorative accent was a four-columned portico protruding forward. On the sides of the building stood small, strong, like monoliths, outbuildings, connected to it by concave covered column galleries. In one wing there was a kitchen, in the other - a human one. The house and outbuildings were plastered and painted yellow, the columns white, the roofs red. Inside the house, only a lead bath built into the floor of the bedroom, and a copper box with doors for extracting steam on the ceiling, reminded of its purpose as a bath. Water was supplied to the bath through pipes from the closet, where the stove and boiler were located. The rest of the rooms - the living room, the dining room, the office - were decorated smartly, in an original and cozy way: plaster columns, fireplaces decorated with tiles, painted ceilings and walls, floors painted like parquet, numerous engravings and mirrors on the walls, original chandeliers, bronze decorations, glass doors, white and blue curtains with tassels on them and on the windows. A staircase lit by original tin lanterns led to the library located in the mezzanine. The furniture in the house was varied, trimmed with colored leather, marble, bronze.

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Rotunda and terrace balustrade. Photo from the 1930s GNIMA archive

Bathroom house "Elizabethino". Interior of the main oval hall. Photo by www.nataturka.ru

The author Elizavetina, who showed so much skill and taste in architectural form, detailing and decorative design, has not yet been established, but he would have every right to be included among the best architects of his time, if he was not already included in it at the time the house was built. Here is what the well-known art critic A.N. wrote about the bathroom house in Pokrovsky. Grech: “All architecture is infinitely harmonious, musical. White columns, modest decorations, wonderful sophistication of relationships - all this makes one see here the hand of a subtle master. Perhaps this is the Chevalier de Guerne, the builder of the same charming pavilion in Nikolsky-Uryupin? Perhaps this is N.A. Lvov - this tireless Russian Palladium? For now, we can only guess.”

The project of the bathroom house "Elizavetino". Rear facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

The project of the bathroom house "Elizavetino". Front facade of the building. Unknown architect. 1770s. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Regarding the church in Pokrovsky, it is known that in 1779 a stone bell tower was added to it, and in 1794 - a refectory. At the end of the 18th century, a fence with corner turrets was erected around the church.

After the death of her husband in 1799, Elizaveta Petrovna moved to Pokrovskoye for permanent residence and lived here for thirty-seven years. She ruled her estate despotically and imperiously. Even based on the meager materials of the family archive and the memoirs of contemporaries, the image of a tyrant lady who was in charge of her patrimony near Moscow stands out quite clearly. Elizaveta Petrovna was a wayward, resolute woman with great willpower and indefatigable arrogance, her inner circle and relatives were afraid of her, everyone was in awe and confusion at the slightest change in her expression, no one even dared to open her mouth without her permission. All the pleasures of serfdom were at her service: tens of thousands of peasants who lived on estates that belonged to her, scattered in different counties, countless servants, hosts and hosts, dozens of pugs and “pugs”, toilets in the latest fashion, solemn receptions of guests, festivities and trips into the world.

The lady lived in her country estate, like a queen in a small principality, and never forgot about her relationship with the royal family, which she tirelessly emphasized throughout her life, turning the family tree and its symbols into a real cult. Tribal affiliation was so important for Elizaveta Petrovna that after the death of her cousin - the last man from the Streshnevs - in 1803, using her connections, she obtained permission for herself and her heirs to be called Glebova-Streshneva, so that the Streshnev family would not formally end.

The Streshnev family tree, compiled by E.P. Glebova-Streshneva.

In society, she was considered a very enlightened and educated lady. The manor house had a good library, the art gallery already had more than 300 paintings. Glebova-Streshneva acquired such modern technical innovations as “kamershkur” (camera obscura), “English mitroskur” (microscope), a telescope and other items that testified to a passion for “natural philosophy”. But all this was more a tribute to fashion than evidence of real education. She maintained acquaintances with some prominent figures of that era, it is known, for example, that N.M. Karamzin even lived in Elizabeth, kindly provided to him by the mistress, where he worked on the History of the Russian State. As the granddaughter of Elizaveta Petrovna, N.P. Brevern, “a type died out in her, perhaps not yet completely disappeared in Rus', but since then it has not manifested itself in such strength: a mixture of the most opposite qualities and shortcomings, refined civilization and primitive severity, a European grand dame and a pre-Petrine lady.”

The increase in income, growing needs and modern tastes were reflected not only in the lifestyle of the owner of the estate, but also in the changed appearance of the manor house. In 1803, Elizaveta Petrovna took on the complete restructuring of the manor house in Pokrovsky and the arrangement of the territories adjacent to it in the spirit of new tastes. All work was completed in 1806. According to the project of which architect the mansion was rebuilt, it has not been established, but, undoubtedly, it was a good master. The house has become three-story and more strict and thin in facade decoration. The decor of the building was not strictly maintained in a single style, it was a kind of symbiosis of mature classicism and empire. The lower floor of the house was intended for the residence of the owner's family, the second had a ceremonial character, and the upper one served for storing things and living for servants, governesses, footmen. A semi-circular stone terrace adjoined the north-western facade, to which stairs encircling it on both sides led. There was an exit from the hall to the terrace. Carriages drove up here, and guests went up to the hall and dining room. The interiors of the mansion also changed, mahogany furniture with inlaid and bronze trim, marble clocks, crystal dishes appeared in the rooms, and the art gallery expanded. In terms of decoration, it was not the house of a nobleman, but of a rich, well-to-do landowner.

Project for the reconstruction of a manor house in Pokrovsky. Northwest facade (left) and southeast facade (right). Unknown architect. Beginning of the 19th century.

In accordance with the new trends, a small “regular” French park was laid out next to the house, decorated with numerous statues, including marble ones, commissioned in Italy from the sculptor Antonio Bibolotti. Wide long alleys radiated from the central points, led out to clearings cultivated with circles, led into thickets that intimately concealed gazebos and benches, and ended at ponds with islands. The rest of the estate was formed like an English landscape park, where winding paths circled among shady trees leading to a cliff above the Khimka River, to a bath house. Grottoes were built on a steep cliff above Khimka, in which springs beat. Labyrinth canals, two fish ponds (the so-called "planters") and a small pond were dug on the shore, a large dam was made on the river and an island with a gazebo in the middle and bridges across the channels. In the French part of the park there are 6 greenhouses with fruit trees. In the English part, not far from Elizavetin, in imitation of the Izmailovo estate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a menagerie appeared, which contained deer, Shlen goats and rams, Chinese, Persian and Cape geese, swans, blue turkeys, geese, guinea fowls, pheasants, peacocks and cranes .

Baron N.N. Wrangel in his work "Old Estates: Essays on the History of Russian Noble Culture" wrote about Pokrovsky-Streshnev:

“It is as if you see behind a high facade in narrow windows overgrown with ivy the pale images of Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, her son Peter, niece Liza Shcherbatova, the old, old serf Darya Ivanovna Repina, who died at ninety-eight years old in November 1905. Nice blue, "the color of sugar paper", living room in a large house, decorated a l'antique in the Pompeian style, with beautiful white wood furniture of the late 18th century.

Then you walk through the garden with endless straight roads, bordered by hundred-year-old trees, you walk for a long time to the Bath House, the entrance to which is guarded by a small marble Cupid. The house stands over a gigantic cliff, overgrown with dense forest, which seems to be small shrubs stretching into the distance. This charming toy was built by the husband of Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva as a surprise for his wife. The house is full of fine English engravings, good old copies of family portraits. And at every step, in every room, it seems as if the shadows of those who lived here are wandering.

Following the construction of a new house, in 1822 Elizaveta Petrovna renovates the manor church with a bell tower, rebuilding them in the Empire style, which by that time had firmly occupied a dominant position in architecture.

The village of Pokrovskoye on the plan of a part of the outskirts of Moscow by Lieutenant Lyapunov, 1825.

The heirs of E.P. Glebovoy-Streshnevoy

Elizaveta Petrovna and Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov had four children, of which two - a son and a daughter - died in infancy, while the other two sons - Peter and Dmitry - lived to middle age, but still died before their mother.

Dmitry Glebov-Streshnev (1782-1816), chamber junker, died unmarried. The domineering mother never allowed him to serve or marry. He lived in an outbuilding of the family city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often said he was ill, so as not to see his stern mother and not be subjected to her control and discipline.

Pyotr Glebov-Streshnev (1773-1807), major general, participant in the Napoleonic wars, chief of the Olviopol hussar regiment, died of wounds. He was married to Princess Anna Vasilievna Drutskaya-Sokolinsky, a girl from a poor family, the daughter of his fellow soldier. He entered into marriage against the will of his mother. He left behind four children: sons Evgraf and Fyodor and daughters Natalya and Praskovya. 3 years after the death of her husband, Anna Vasilievna married a second time - to Alexander Dmitrievich Leslie.

After the death of her son Peter and the remarriage of his widow, Elizaveta Petrovna took in her grandson Fyodor and two granddaughters to raise them, hiring the best tutors and teachers for them. As with her own children, she was immensely strict and despotic with them. Their childhood, adolescence and youth were the subject of endless gossip in Moscow society. The grandchildren were afraid to utter a word in the presence of their grandmother, they stood at attention for hours while she deigned to eat coffee. At dinner, before touching each dish, they had to ask permission to do so. They dressed them even during guest visits in the most worn dresses and suits. Until the age of twenty, even at magnificent balls, they were served children's dishes, and this habit was eliminated only after a remark thrown on this subject by one high-society lady. When the granddaughters grew up, the grandmother categorically refused to give them in marriage, rejecting all the proposals of the matchmakers and calling the suitors in the face boys and fools, and even ordering some of them to be driven out of the house. The grown-up grandson, who began to show obstinacy, after a big struggle with his grandmother, finally got permission from her to serve in the public service. “Babenka” agreed to this, but refused to bother about the documents necessary for entering the service, angrily indignant that some baker needed the papers, but for Streshnev they were superfluous, he did not need to prove his nobility. Emperor Nicholas I, having learned about the trick of the wayward old woman, laughed and, by personal command, ordered that the papers be given to the young Glebov-Streshnev without any petitions from him.

For decades, Elizaveta Petrovna practiced a similar system of education in relation to her children and grandchildren. Realizing from her own experience the harm brought to children by permissiveness and excessive parental guardianship and adoration, she sought to apply opposite principles in the education of her heirs, however, going into pure despotism and tyranny. Her granddaughter, Natalya, already in her old age, said that she did not hold a grudge against her grandmother, and remembered her as one of the last examples of ancient tyranny, only without the outbursts and eccentricity that usually accompany it. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Elizaveta Petrovna, indeed, even made her most cruel and caustic speeches without raising her voice, because. “Only men and women scream.” Sometimes it was enough for her to put a person in his place. Only in her declining years did the character of the lady soften a little, nevertheless, the discipline and awe she aroused in those around her remained as strong as before.

After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna in 1837, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate was inherited by her eldest grandson Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, a guard colonel. The grandchildren, who suffered in their youth from the grandma's tribal arrogance, were far from the customs adopted by her, alien to the passion for tribal genealogy and almost hated family traditions that claim to be aristocratic. Fyodor Petrovich, for example, often said: “These Streshnevs are boring me over my head!” After the division of the inheritance, many historical relics of the Streshnev family were destroyed, for example, the silver parts of the decoration of old carriages and coats of arms were broken and melted. After Elizaveta Petrovna, who carefully collected items related to the history of the family, and simply expensive things, countless jewels were found, only 300 snuff boxes were counted, of which 80 were gold. Apparently, they really had a considerable cultural, artistic and material value, since the Chamber of Facets wished to acquire most of the antiquities left to the heirs. Much has been sold, much has been given away. The granddaughter of Elizabeth Petrovna Praskovya, who was distinguished by great piety, gave her inheritance to monasteries and priests, in particular, she ordered a miter for the archimandrite from a whole bag of pearls and expensive stones.

Left without "lady's" control, both of her granddaughters managed to arrange their personal lives. Natalya Petrovna in 1839 married a nobleman of the Estland province, Major General Friedrich von Brevern, who was called Fedor Logginovich Brevern in the Russian manner. In 1840 he retired, from 1853 to 1856 he was the leader of the nobility in the Kolomna district, in 1863 he was elected to the Duma commission. The Breverns had two daughters: in 1840 - Eugene and in 1842 - Varvara.

The second granddaughter - Praskovya Petrovna - in 1847 married the monk Fyodor Fedorovich Tomashevsky, who became a merchant, and went with him to Tula, where she died in 1857. For a representative of a noble boyar family, this was too unequal an alliance, so the marriage caused great indignation among her relatives, and after marriage, her name was no longer mentioned in the family.

But the family life of the grandchildren of Elizabeth Petrovna did not differ in prosperity. The family idea of ​​​​fixing the preservation and maintenance of the Streshnev family was not crowned with success, all efforts to support the male line of the family were in vain. Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev died without issue (date of death unknown, presumably 1850s). His younger brother Fyodor Petrovich was not married and also had no children. Since 1848 he was paralyzed, he was transported in armchairs. In her book “My Life”, Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya wrote about him: “This dear, kind, last of his kind Fedor Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev was a paralyzed, pale and sick man who loved our family extremely.” Already at an advanced age and worried about the further preservation of the family name, in 1864, at the request of his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern, after her marriage to Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky, he filed a petition with the State Council for the transfer "in the absence of other male representatives of the family" surname Glebov-Streshnev to the husband of his niece, so that henceforth he, his wife and their children could be called Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. The petition was followed by the Highest permission, according to him, the eldest child in the family could inherit the triple surname in the future.

As for the inheritance of the Pokrovskoye estate, in 1852 it was still registered with Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, and in the village there were 10 households in which 40 male souls and 42 female souls lived, the church and the master's house with 10 yard people also appeared on the estate . After the death of Evgraf Petrovich, the estate was inherited by his brother Fyodor Petrovich. And after his death in 1864, Pokrovskoye went to his niece, Princess Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva. Since that time, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo has increasingly become known as Pokrovsky-Glebov, since in the compound surname of the owners "Glebovs" stood before "Streshnevs".

The village of Pokrovskoye and its environs on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

The Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

Dacha life in Pokrovsky

With all her aristocratic vanity, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva also had a commercial streak and profitably used part of her estate near Moscow, organizing a summer cottage settlement in it. At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate from the side of the road leading from the village of Vsekhsvyatsky to Tushino (the current Volokolamsk highway), as well as in the manor park, not far from the ponds, several small houses were built "for summer housing, with everything to them belonging." The area here was picturesque, the prospects for a comfortable and healthy holiday attracted Muscovites, so the dachas in Pokrovsky were popular with the wealthy public and were quite expensive. The Pokrovsky dacha settlement was considered fashionable; people with high incomes and social status could afford to rent housing in it. In order to protect eminent summer residents from unnecessary contacts with ordinary people, all entrances to the village were blocked by barriers and guarded by watchmen.

Dacha fishing near Pokrovsky-Streshnevo was so successful that over time (in the second half of the 19th century), the subsequent owners of the estate expanded their business by allocating additional plots on the estate for building summer houses. This is how the holiday villages of Ivankovo ​​(in the Ivankovsky forest, across the Khimka River, near the village of the same name), Elizavetino (opposite the village of Ivankovo, next to the bath house) and Grishino (a little to the north, in the place of the menagerie) were formed.

Summer residents in Pokrovsky were many entrepreneurs and wealthy people of free professions. It is known that in 1807 N.M. Karamzin, who was engaged in writing the "History of the Russian State" here. From the 1840s to the 1860s, from season to season, one of the dachas was rented by the family of the court doctor A.E. Bers. In 1856, L.N. often visited them. Tolstoy, here he met the 12-year-old daughter of Bersov Sonechka, who became his wife 6 years later. By the way, Sonya Bers was born in this country house. Tolstoy went almost daily to Pokrovskoye from his apartment in Moscow, on the corner of Tverskaya Street and Kamergersky Lane. Staying for several days at the Berses, he was accommodated in a guest room on the first floor of the house, and on the second floor the children lived with a nanny and servants. According to the memoirs of another daughter of the Berses, Tatyana, from the window of their nursery a “cheerful, picturesque view of a pond with an island and a church with green domes” opened up. And here is how Sonya Bers herself recalled the days of living in the country: “... What wonderful evenings and nights were then. As now, I see that clearing, all illuminated by the moon, and the reflection of the moon in the nearest pond. “What crazy nights,” Lev Nikolaevich often said, sitting with us on the balcony or walking around the dacha with us.

Plan of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, 1864. The letter "H" marks the former dacha of the Bersov.

In the 1840s, the families of the famous Moscow merchants Kumanins, Alekseevs, Krestovnikovs, Vedenisovs, Zhivago, Moskvins rested in the summer at the Pokrovsky dachas. In the early 1860s, the historian S.M. Solovyov, his son - a poet, publicist and religious philosopher V.S. Solovyov - left memoirs of this period. Since 1874, the large dacha of Grishino was rented by Count P.A. Zubov, and since 1886 - the banker A.P. Kayutov with his wife N.P. Lamanova, a talented dressmaker.

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, dachas near Ivankovo ​​were chosen by the actors of the Art Theater. One of the first to settle here was the theater decorator V.A. Simonov, who built an original dacha-workshop according to his own project. Colleagues followed him, for some of whom he also developed projects for houses, for example, for the Grekovka dacha (1890s) that has survived to this day, Vasily Luzhsky's Chaika dacha (1904). Also, V.A. Simonov, in collaboration with the later famous avant-garde artist L.A. Vesnin built in 1909 the cottage of the millionaire Vladimir Nosenkov.

Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy lived and worked at the Ivankovo ​​dachas. The manuscript of his story "The Storm" is marked with the entry "June 10, 1915, Ivankovo". In 1912, spouses Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron rented a dacha in Ivankovo.

The Moscow-Vindava railway, which opened in 1901, enlivened dacha life in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo even more and contributed to the expansion of dacha development, which increased significantly over the next 3-4 years. The peasants of Pokrovsky, who received compensation for the land alienated for the railway and built dachas on their allotments, also became landlords. They made more money from renting country houses than from cultivating the land. The public arable land was also handed over for development. So two large dachas of the "Vacation Colonies" and the mansion of F.K. Zeger.

According to newspaper reports, it is known that in 1908, in Pokrovsky and Ivankovo, furnished dachas-mansions with all amenities were rented out for a lot of money - 100-2000 rubles per season - which did not affect their popularity in the least, on the contrary, the number of tenants only increased. At the same time, the estate was in demand not only among permanent summer residents, but also among vacationers who came for one day. During this season, a bus was even launched for the first time from Petrovsky Park to Pokrovsky with a one-way fare of 30-40 kopecks, and there were sometimes so many who wanted to become its passengers that “among them there were sometimes disputes about the queue, requiring even the intervention of the police” .

New heyday of the estate under E. F. Shakhovskaya

In 1840, Natalya Petrovna and Fyodor Logginovich Brevern had a daughter, who was named Eugenia, a rare name in Russia in those years, in honor of the heroine of Honore de Balzac's novel Eugene Grande. Parents gave their daughter a good education and upbringing, which fully corresponded to her noble origin, the ideas of that time about them. According to the observations of contemporaries, Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern inherited many character traits of her legendary great-grandmother Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva, all her life she honored her name, admired her, tried in every possible way to imitate her, succeeded in something and even surpassed the famous tyrant. Aristocratic traditions, trampled on by the heirs of Elizabeth Petrovna, were revived again under the great-granddaughter, and vain ambitions and family pride took on even larger forms. This was largely due to the successful marriage of Yevgenia Fedorovna, who married Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky in 1862, and with the receipt of the huge inheritance of the Glebov-Streshnevs.

M.V. Shakhovskoy (1836-1892 years of life) made a brilliant career. After graduating from the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, for more than ten years he served as a chief officer in the department of the General Staff, where he showed outstanding abilities in military affairs. In 1969 he was appointed chief of staff of the Riga Military District, in 1970 he was promoted to major general and appointed Estonian governor, in 1975 he was assigned to the Ministry of the Interior and transferred to the governorship in Tambov. As governor, he attracted attention with his excellent administrative abilities and a firm, active character. During his service in Estonia, he twice received royal favor and was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav I degree and St. Anna I degree, while serving in Tambov, he was declared the Highest Gratitude and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir II degree. From 1979 until the end of his life, he was the honorary guardian of the Moscow Presence of the Board of Trustees of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, who was engaged in charity work. In 1881 he was promoted to lieutenant general, in 1885 he was awarded the Order of the White Eagle. He was a member of the City Duma, a district judge of the peace.

Princess Evgenia Feodorovna and Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

In 1864, the Shakhovskys received the triple surname Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. By the way, it was one of the few triple surnames in Russia. On October 5, 1866, a new family coat of arms was approved, which in terms of splendor was not inferior to the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, with the motto "With God's help, nothing will stop me." He combined the symbolism of the coats of arms of two families: from the princes Shakhovsky he received images of a bear with a golden ax on his shoulder, an angel with a flaming sword and shield and a cannon with a bird of paradise sitting on it, and from the Glebov-Streshnev family he borrowed silver lilies, a horseshoe crowned with a golden cross , a running deer and a stretched bow with an arrow.

Family coats of arms: 1) Streshnev; 2) Glebov-Streshnev; 3) Shakhovsky; 4) Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev.

Along with the surname, the Shakhovskys in 1864, after the death of their uncle Evgenia Fedorovna, Fyodor Petrovich, inherited half of the vast fortune of the Glebov-Streshnevs left from him. The peasant reform of 1861 abolished serfdom in Russia, but the landowner's ownership of the land was preserved, and the peasants were obliged to redeem the allotments received from the landowners. The government provided the peasants with a loan in the amount of 80% of the value of the plots, paying this part of the ransom to the landlords at a time. Within 49 years, the peasants had to return the loan to the state in the form of redemption payments with an accrual of 6% per annum. The remaining 20% ​​of the value of the plots, the peasants returned to the landowners on their own by paying dues and performing labor duties. Since the Glebov-Streshnevs had more than 10,000 serfs in 20 districts in 1837, the one-time ransom received from the state amounted to a decent amount, and cheap labor was available to landowners for many years to come. So the family budget of the Glebov-Streshnevs won rather than lost from the reform. Not satisfied with the possessions inherited by her and her husband, Yevgenia Fedorovna bought the estate from her sister Varvara for 120 thousand rubles, which she got when dividing the family fortune. Thus, all the land holdings of the Glebov-Streshnevs ended up in the hands of Princess Shakhovskaya.

We can say with confidence that a successful marriage and the inheritance brought Yevgenia Fedorovna Brevern, who became Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, to a new social level.

After his appointment in 1879, M.V. Shakhovsky as an honorary guardian, he and his wife were able to thoroughly settle in Moscow. The couple settled in the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and often traveled out of town to Pokrovskoye. In Moscow, they led an active social life, befitting people of their class and including family and official visits, balls, concerts, trips to the theater, walks in parks, picnics, holiday horseback riding. In the 1880s, they also spent a lot of time in Europe, where they purchased from the Demidovs the luxurious villa of San Donato near Florence, which added another title to them - the princes of San Donato. For trips from Moscow to the south, the Shakhovskys had their own railway carriage, which was the first carriage of private individuals on Russian railways. One of the Moscow newspapers wrote about him: “He has just arrived from abroad, and combines comfort with artistic luxury. The main interest of the wagon is that it is so far the only one of the wagons owned by private individuals that makes free movement not only on Russian, but also on foreign narrower gauges. The carriage was built in Russia, but the interior and bedroom were finished in Paris. In Europe, the Shakhovskys traveled a lot, including the Mediterranean Sea on a pleasure yacht they owned, bought for no less than 1.25 million rubles, rested in the resorts of Hesse in Germany, where the von Breverns, the ancestors of Evgenia Fedorovna, were from. In the archives of Pokrovsky-Streshnev, an album with pasted newspaper clippings from the foreign press has been preserved, which reports: then the princess or princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva arrived in Paris, then departed on her yacht for Venice, on such and such a day at there was a ball in her villa, etc. The name of Shakhovskikh did not leave the pages of the Russian press either. All these sketches, testifying to a beautiful and respectable life, were carefully preserved and, probably, were shown to guests at soirees and other social events to give additional brilliance to the appearance of the princely couple.

Evgenia Fedorovna loved art, had an irrepressible imagination, creative energy and a special passion for everything new. True, her tastes were not subtle, her knowledge was very superficial, and her attitude to art objects sometimes bordered on vandalism. So, for example, they said that she could remake the paintings acquired from European masters, without hesitation, at her discretion, adding something to them. Trips abroad and acquaintance with European architecture awakened in her an indomitable creative ardor. She could, impressed by some medieval castle, conceive a grandiose construction project in Moscow based on its motives, or send a postcard to her architect with the image of a European sight that she liked, accompanying her with an order to make changes to the project or recreate one or another in nature. part of the building.

The village of Pokrovskoye on the topographical plan of the outskirts of Moscow in 1878.

Having settled in Moscow, Evgenia Fedorovna almost immediately set about rebuilding the manor house in Pokrovsky, deciding to turn it into a kind of fairy-tale tower, the boyar choirs of ancient Moscow. The princess did not just follow the architectural fashion of that time, which gravitated towards ancient Russian stylizations. Honoring and carefully protecting the family traditions and past of the family, she also wanted to emphasize her blood and spiritual connection with the history of Ancient Rus'. E.F. Shakhovskaya was very rich, but in society she was not loved and respected. Many aristocrats drove past Pokrovsky to their estates, but none of them was eager to pay visits to his owner. Having remade the classical manor into the "terem of the Streshnev boyars", she once again wanted to loudly declare the nobility of her family, its antiquity, and kinship with the royal dynasty.

In 1880, Evgenia Feodorovna attracted the architect Alexander Ivanovich Rezanov, an academician of architecture, known for the construction of grand ducal palaces in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Livadia, to implement her idea. A.I. Rezanov created a very unusual project for the restructuring of the manor house in the pseudo-Russian style popular in those years. He proposed, with virtually no changes in the spatial composition and main elements of the facade of the existing foundation - an Empire mansion - to make side extensions to it, create a new asymmetric composition of the expanded building and arrange everything in a single style, in fact, simply by superimposing ancient Russian forms on the existing order system.

The project of a manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Facade from the garden. Architect A.I. Rezanov. 1880s

The surviving drawings of A.I. Rezanov demonstrate a completely harmonious and picturesque structure - an elegant and peculiar tower palace with turrets, tents, double windows in an arched frame, openwork lattices on the ridges of the roofs, an expressive peaked silhouette ... But what happened in the end ... Today, art critics call the result of the reconstruction of the estate an "architectural paradox" . The building was a fantastic mixture of several completely incompatible styles, a strange combination of a romantic European castle with a country residence of a respectable Russian nobleman-landowner.

The implementation of the project developed by Rezanov was carried out by another eminent architect - Konstantin Viktorovich Tersky, teacher F.O. Shekhtel. It is difficult to say what he felt while working on it, and how he himself assessed the result of his work. How can one explain the fact that the name of an authoritative architect, famous for his buildings, appeared on the drawings of the building, which is some kind of unimaginable eclectic vinaigrette? Perhaps this is due to the protracted restructuring of the estate (the refurbishment of the manor house continued until 1916). The princess, who had already begun the reconstruction of the house, had a new idea, and she decided, under the influence of what she saw abroad, to once again “re-profile” the house into a Western European castle, and in the course of the ongoing construction. The project was constantly being finalized and changed at the request of the customer, who was changeable in her preferences, and simply was not brought by the architect to the final stage, at which it would be fair to judge its harmony and stylistic uniformity. Or maybe the work on the reckless undertakings of the princess was so generously paid that Tersky considered it possible to sacrifice his image. Meanwhile, as a precedent, when one of the architects, in order to save his professional reputation, refused to work with Princess Shakhovskaya because of her extravagant ideas that were constantly introduced into the project, there was - during the construction on Bolshaya Nikitskaya.

What was the manor house in Pokrovsky, rebuilt by Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva? The ensemble of the manor services was planned in the form of a horseshoe. Two brick outbuildings, stylized as ancient Russian stone chambers, were added to the end sides of the empire-style mansion, one of which was dominated by a pointed tower. On the roof of the mansion, by order of Yevgenia Feodorovna, a wooden superstructure was made in the form of a large quadrangular donjon tower, with loopholes-mashikules, teeth in the form of swallowtails and small round turrets protruding at the corners. This was the first significant intervention in the original project, and others followed.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwest facade. Photograph 1909-1910

General view of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate from the side of the park. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the northwestern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

A little later, two more large low drum towers were built on the roof, covered inside with semicircular domes and decorated with teeth along the contour, as well as several small decorative turrets with pointed ends.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Northwest facade. Photograph 1910-1914

Most of the outbuildings made had elements of the Old Russian style: jug-shaped columns of the entrance porch, keeled pediments of windows, figured columns of architraves, etc.

The main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Southeast (which became the main) facade. There is no superstructure in the form of a donjon tower yet. Photograph 1909-1910

Side view of the southeastern (which became the main) facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1909-1910

The southeastern facade of the house in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from the 1930s GNIMA archive

The upper part of the building acquired the features of Romanesque fortification architecture. The base - the old mansion - remained mostly Empire style. The main facade of the house was facing the ponds, the entrance was emphasized by a high gentle arch and a ledge of the front porch, above which there was a balcony with a balustrade and Corinthian columns. The facade from the side of the park was decorated with a protruding semicircular rotunda-balcony with columns, which could be climbed from the garden along two staircases encircling it. In order to somehow smooth over the obvious stylistic inconsistencies in the appearance of the building, the princess ordered to hang garlands of “leaves” made of painted tin on the facades of the old house. This "camouflage net" is visible in one of the photographs.

By 1883, the construction and decoration of a semicircular extension on the southwestern side of the manor house, where the theater was located, was completed. It was a "test of the pen" of the Shakhovskys, who were passionate about theatrics and dreamed of creating a home theater. After the theater was tested in a small format in Pokrovsky, they started building a larger institution on Bolshaya Nikitskaya. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the theater in Pokrovsky-Glebov, despite the small stage, was comfortable, well equipped and furnished. It was located on the second floor of the extension, the public came here from the park, climbed the stairs to the rotunda balcony, passed through the front of the house and got into the stalls. In the middle of the right wall of the extension was the only box of the theater, which was occupied by the owners with their guests. From the box there was a direct passage to the inner rooms of the house. A small stage was quite suitable for the performances that were staged here. Tall arched windows with multi-colored inserts gave the room a beautiful iridescent light. In the evening, the cozy auditorium was lit with candles, and on especially solemn occasions, electric lamps were turned on in it. The provincial actor Dolinsky managed the theater and the troupe. Performances were given once a week, on Sundays. The bulk of the spectators were summer residents living in Pokrovsky and the surrounding villages.

The wall of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. View from the Vindava railway bridge. Naprudnaya Tower (on the right), the main manor house and the bell tower of the Intercession Church (in the center) and the Konyushennaya Tower (on the right). Photo from 1904

In 1880-1890, a powerful brick fence in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate. The project of the wall and the entrance gate was developed by the academician of architecture Alexander Petrovich Popov, and the two towers - Naprudnaya and Konyushennaya - were designed by the architect, modernist master Fyodor Nikitich Kolbe. This fortress wall further marked the "castle" of the manor's house and fenced it off from the noise of the road and strangers. The high fence hid the main architectural inconsistencies behind it, and the house, which peeped out from behind it only with its towers, made a relatively unified impression from a distance.

Entrance gate of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. On the gates, pointed ends are visible, which have not survived to this day.Photograph 1904-1914

Around the rebuilt manor house, the "Versailles Garden" was re-planned, more than 40 statues and busts of handicraft work were placed on the paths and lawns. In their arrangement, an imitation of the decoration of the upper terrace in front of the palace in the Arkhangelskoye estate is guessed.

Gemma "Summer" in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo from the 1920s Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

Statue in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photo taken in 1927.

Statues in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photograph 1927

Evgenia Fedorovna paid great attention to the park. For many years, deciduous trees were systematically replaced with conifers - pines, spruces, larches, cedars and firs. In the "Memorial book for planting various plants in the village of Pokrovsky" you can read: "Everywhere take out deciduous trees near the main house, do not let the wild grow, so that there is a character of coniferous culture." Conifers were planted in the park by the hundreds. Seedlings for planting were ordered from the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy, from the forestry in the Porechye estate of Count A.S. Uvarov and grown in Pokrovsky's own nursery. Princess Shakhovskaya personally supervised the planting, giving instructions to the gardener when to collect tree seeds, where to sow them in the nursery, in which parts of the park to plant young trees. At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, this forest between Elizavetin and the estate was called either the Elizabethan Grove or Pokrovsky Serebryany Bor (not to be confused with Khoroshevsky and All Saints Serebryany Bory). Unfortunately, many coniferous plantations on the estate have not survived to this day due to the poverty of local sandy soils and periodic droughts in the 1930s. Of the surviving coniferous plantations, the only surviving cedar, planted at the end of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the former menagerie, is especially valuable. The exact age of the pine growing from the side of the Volokolamsk highway near the wing with the former theater is known; it was planted in 1886.

Lilac, honeysuckle, jasmine, elderberry, yellow acacia, hazel, spirea were planted from shrubs. Near the manor house, near the tower in the fence and near the well, girlish grapes were planted, the shoots of which almost completely covered the walls. Grown in Pokrovsky-Glebov and numerous flowers. The Streshnevs' family archives preserved elegant designs for the flower decoration of the parterres in front of the main house, developed by the gardener Rash. Standard, shrub and polyanthus roses, levkoy, gladiolus, petunias, geraniums, begonias, vervains, cheiranthus and ageratums grew in the park. Flowers for planting were grown in manor greenhouses. In addition to flowers, lemons, peaches, pomegranates, oranges, and strawberries grew in greenhouses. Some of the plants and fruits were sold.

Energetic and practical E.F. Shakhovskaya, in German, prudent and thorough (it was not for nothing that her father was von Brevern), did not forget about the direct benefit from her enterprises. From the centuries-old unprofitable Pokrovskoye estate, she began to actively make a profit. She fenced off the park, which she landscaped and became very popular, from outsiders, allowing visitors to walk in it, subject to payment of entrance tickets. The princess fenced her vast possessions with a high stone wall, barbed wire, installed barriers at the entrances and posted guards everywhere, grabbing anyone who dared to violate the outlined boundaries. Even the ancient road through the park from neighboring Nikolsky was blocked, which caused the owner of Pokrovsky to get into an unpleasant lawsuit. Near this road, at the border of the park, there were 26 dachas of the timber merchant F.M. Nizhivin, his summer residents often walked along the road and, of course, were dissatisfied with the restrictions made. Therefore, Nazhivin persuaded the Nikolsky peasants to sue E.F. Shakhovskaya due to the fact that by her innovation she prevented them from attending church. The princess hired the well-known lawyer F.N. Plevako, but he was opposed to her and skillfully failed the defense.

The scheme compiled by E.F. Shakhovskaya to rationalize the recreational load of the estate, which included the entire park area and the Khimka River. In accordance with it, the estate was divided into three zones. The surroundings of the main house with a regular park, greenhouses and a central park array on the sides of the road to Elizavetino, designated as plot No. 1, were intended for the personal use of the owners' family and invited guests. It was supposed to “let people walk only by special order, without tickets” and “not allow riding or in carriages.” The western section No. 2, called "Karlsbad", included the Khimka River with the picturesque hills surrounding it and part of the park behind the Ivankovskaya road, its borders were marked with a sheared spruce fence. Here it was allowed to walk on tickets, ride boats, and fish. On site No. 3, in the eastern part of the park from the road to Nikolskoye to the border with the village of Vsekhsvyatsky and Koptevsky settlements, it was also allowed to walk on tickets, pick mushrooms, and walk on the grass.

Ponds in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Photograph 1904-1914

The greed of the owner of Pokrovsky sometimes reached the point of absurdity. Even summer residents who rented houses in the park had to purchase tickets in order to be able to move around it. Commerce Advisor P.P. Botkin, brother of the famous doctor S.P. Botkin, who rented a dacha almost in the center of the park, was indignant at such injustice, but received a comment from Prince Shakhovsky that if he didn’t like something, then he “could clear the dacha”. Sofya Tolstaya, in a letter to her husband in 1897, complained that “in Pokrovsky it is very sad that the hostess’s anger is visible everywhere: everything is fenced with barbed wire, evil watchmen are everywhere, and you can only walk along dusty, high roads.”

In the village of E.F. Shakhovskaya rented a vegetable and beer shops and a laundry. The greenhouse, garden and kitchen garden bore fruits, which, along with personal use, were sold to summer residents. After the reforms of the 1860s, newly-minted merchants, yesterday's peasants, began to show interest in the use of estate lands. Using this interest, the princess willingly rented out land near Ivankovo, on the banks of Khimka. The merchant of the 2nd guild, Ivan Nikandrovich Suvirov, was the first to open his paper-spinning factory here. In 1871, Alexander Dorofeyevich Dorofeev, an Ivankovo ​​resident, who had previously worked at Suvirov's factory for almost 8 years, placed his dyeing enterprise next to him. In connection with the activities of the dye factory, the water in Khimka was hopelessly spoiled: industrial effluents from the dye house were brought directly into the river, and the fabrics produced were also washed in it. Because of this, the surrounding residents and summer residents were forced to limit themselves to drinking water from springs, which, fortunately, the area abounded. In 1880, on the site of the Suvirov weaving factory, transferred to Bratsevo, the nail factory of Bartholomew Petrovich Mattar, a French citizen, was located. In the park above Khimka, two plots of land were rented by the Prokhorovs as a sanatorium for the workers of their manufactory.

Zealously modifying and improving the manor house and park, Yevgenia Fedorovna did not want to rebuild and expand the Intercession Church, which had long ceased to accommodate all the parishioners, whose number especially increased in the summer due to visiting summer residents. She even had a protracted conflict with the peasants on this basis. Since 1876, she tried to solve the problem in the least costly way for herself - seeking the transfer of part of the worshipers to the Znamensky Church in the village of Aksinina, located many kilometers from Pokrovsky. But the peasants protested against the need to visit a distant temple, and the church authorities supported them, allowing them to expand the Church of the Intercession.

Church of the Intercession Project. Architect G.A. Kaiser. 1897

Local wealthy summer resident P.P. Botkin willingly took upon himself all the costs of rebuilding the temple. With his financial assistance, the architect G.A. The Kaiser developed a project for the expansion of the church and carried out construction. After the work, the temple premises almost doubled in size. The aisles, which were once in a small refectory and were abolished in the 18th century to save space, now reappeared in the side parts of the temple. In 1897, the right aisle was consecrated in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul (in honor of P.I. Streshnev), and the left one - in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker (in memory of the abolished church in the village of Nikolsky, the icons from which were transferred here).

Practicality and acquisitiveness of Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya was wonderfully combined with her wide charity. In her city households, she rented almost every corner - for shops, cheap housing, a theater, holding festive events - on the estate she made a profit from literally every tree and bush. True, she asked not to write about all this in the press, so as not to drop her prestige in the eyes of society (often in vain, since the fame of her greed spread faster than newspapers were printed). The image of a famous and generous philanthropist was on display. Princess Shakhovskaya was one of the patronesses of the Alexander shelter for crippled warriors, located in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, adjacent to Pokrovsky-Glebov, and the shelter named after Prince V.A. Dolgoruky, she was among the directors of the Women's Committee on Prisons, she was the vice-chairwoman of the Moscow Council of Orphanages, and she also headed the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies. After reading in English magazines about the organization of recreation for schoolchildren with poor health, Evgenia Fedorovna created in 1884 at two dachas in Pokrovsky the first Russian summer health shelter for schoolgirls. According to principles similar to it, pioneer camps of the Soviet period were subsequently organized. The orphanage received mostly girls from poor families, for two summer months they lived in a pine forest under the supervision of a staff doctor and under increased guardianship and care, which was often shown personally by Princess Shakhovskaya, who visited the pupils and made sure that they were in no way needed. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, an infirmary for wounded soldiers was equipped on the estate of the princess, designed for 25 people.

Alley of the school colony in the park of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate. Photography 1903-1913

Evgenia Fedorovna's passion for philanthropy was initiated by the service of her husband in the department involved in charitable affairs. In addition, this philanthropic activity, as it was then called, was largely an imitation of the activities of the ladies of high society, a tribute to the fashion for charity that existed at that time, because it is not for nothing that the 19th century is called the golden age of patronage.

Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev was ill a lot in the last years of his life and at the end of 1891 he went to Germany for treatment, from where he never returned, having died in Aachen in February 1892, at the age of 56. He was buried at the Russian Orthodox Cemetery in Wiesbaden. After the death of her husband, Evgenia Fedorovna finally left the city estate on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, immediately adapting it for commercial use, and moved to Pokrovskoye, from where she continued to manage affairs.

It happened to Princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva to make grand gestures. So, for example, shortly before the First World War, she gave the Elizavetino bathroom house to her friend Nadezhda Petrovna Lamanova, a famous dressmaker who sheathed the entire Moscow world and bohemia. It was a sign of gratitude and admiration for Yevgenia Fedorovna's talent as a fashion designer. With the outbreak of hostilities, Nadezhda Petrovna organized an infirmary for wounded soldiers in the donated Elizabeth at her own expense. As you can see, many wealthy women in Russia arranged such hospitals to the best of their ability. Not a single Russian lady wanted to be known as a "non-patriot".

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of the Moscow-Vindava railway began, a section of which was supposed to pass through the territory of Pokrovsky-Glebov. The owner of the estate transferred part of the land belonging to her to the railway department for laying tracks. In 1901, when the Moscow-Vindava direction was opened, by decision of the board of the railway, one of its stations in the Volokolamsk district was named after Evgenia Fedorovna - "Shakhovskaya". This event is evidenced by the Sputnik on the Moscow-Vindava Railway, published in 1909 in Moscow. The platform opened in front of the Pokrovskoye estate was originally a model of modesty and was a small landing area with a tiny canopy and a nook for the ticket office. The platform was so small that most of the passengers arriving on it had to jump off the train straight to the ground. In 1908, the situation was corrected: an original station building was built here in the northern modern style according to the project of the architect S.A. Brzhozovsky.

Railway station of Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo station. Photograph 1908-1909 "Satellite on the Moscow-Vindava Railway" 1909

The unusual and elegant station consisted of a stone building, which housed the cash desks and premises for the attendants, and a wooden covered platform adjoining it with beautifully designed arches. Unfortunately, only the stone half of the station building has survived to this day; the wooden part collapsed from decay in the 1980s.

Memories of kinship with the royal family never left Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, and on the day of the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, she erected a granite obelisk in Pokrovsky near her manor house. She probably believed that she, by right of kinship, had some grounds for such a monument. The monument still stands opposite the entrance gate. But there is also an alternative legend about its creation, of a more romantic nature. According to her, the obelisk was erected in honor of the dog that once saved Evgenia Fedorovna from death when she was still a girl. The legend also claims that the monument was crowned with a small statue of a dog, which has not survived to this day. Moreover, the figurine of the dog on the monument personified not only a specific savior dog, but also reminded of the emblematic symbolism of the Streshnevs: the image of the dog was present on the family coat of arms and migrated from coat of arms to coat of arms with each subsequent unification of surnames.

The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnevs had no children; ironically, the Streshnev family, so carefully preserved, was never destined to continue. Evgenia Feodorovna had no direct heirs, she did not maintain contacts with relatives from her husband's side, none of them was mentioned in her spiritual will. In a fit of patriotism and family affection for the imperial family, the princess decided to bequeath Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo to Nicholas II. The revolution prevented this next extravagant undertaking from being realized.

Manor after the revolution

In 1917, the Pokrovsko-Streshnevo estate was nationalized. The revolutionary authorities took away everything from Princess Evgenia Feodorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, leaving only a small room in her former house on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, in which she huddled after the revolutionary events. And on October 19, 1919, the princess was completely arrested by the Cheka and on October 29 was sentenced by a revolutionary tribunal to imprisonment for political reasons. She spent two and a half years in the Taganka prison. On February 9, 1922, Evgenia Fedorovna was released, the case was dismissed. After her release, she was able to travel abroad, and spent the last two years of her life in Paris, at number 30 on Boulevard Courcelles. The Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev family always kept most of their capital abroad, this allowed Evgenia Fedorovna to live comfortably in exile. The former owner of Pokrovsky died in November 1924, a notice of her death was published in Russkaya Gazeta on November 14 of this year. The funeral service was held in the church of Saint-Francois-de_sal on Rue Ampère. The princess was buried at the Batignolles cemetery in Paris. E.F. Shakhovskaya was rehabilitated by the Moscow prosecutor's office in 2003.

The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo estate, requisitioned after the revolution, was turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, then transferred to the textile workers' rest home. Furniture, paintings, porcelain, bronze, crockery, jewelry and other valuables were taken from the former manor house. The lower floor was inhabited by employees who guarded the remaining property, the attic was occupied by a responsible party official, and the main second floor, in essence, turned into a warehouse of books, furniture and other utensils. The Elizavetino bathroom house was adapted in 1920 as a “red sanatorium” and during the reconstruction of the building, its interiors were almost completely destroyed. During the Great Patriotic War, the house burned down and was never restored.

The dacha character of the area of ​​the park in Pokrovsky-Streshnev and adjacent territories was preserved after the revolution, only now the dachas have become departmental. The best dachas, including those where the artists of the Moscow Art Theater lived, were occupied by Soviet officials and Chekists. Ivankovsky dachas were adapted for the sanatorium of the Central Committee, which received the name "Seagull" after the name of Luzhsky's dacha.

On the territory of the park in Pokrovsky, a labor children's colony of the People's Commissariat of Railways was arranged, which gradually grew to the size of a whole children's town, which received the name of M.I. Kalinin. By the summer of 1923, there were 26 orphanages, 2 kindergartens, 2 children's colonies and a detachment of pioneers in the town. Children here were engaged in subsidiary farming: they raised pigs, poultry, rabbits, planted an orchard and worked in the garden. 1509 children and 334 adults lived in the children's town in 1923.

In 1925, the Museum of Noble Life was opened in the main manor house, similar to the museum in Arkhangelsk. From the vaults where things confiscated in various estates were located, they brought furnishings, most of which were historically alien to Pokrovsky. In the meager funds of the museum, of the things that really previously belonged to the owners of the estate, there were only a family archive, portraits and some furniture. The museum did not last long. A year after its establishment, the Communist Academy, to which it belonged, did not have the funds to urgently repair the roof, "leaking in many places." Izvestia wrote: “... until recently, the palace was in complete safety. The lack of supervision over the state of the building led to the fact that the roof began to leak ... destroyed the ceiling ... and destroyed part of the building ... "

Fragments of sculptures in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park during the destruction of the estate. Photo taken in 1926. Photo by nataturka / www.nataturka.ru

The lawns in the park were trampled down, the sculpture was damaged and destroyed, the premises of the palace gradually began to be used again for housing, and the new residents washed the parquet with water, grandiose laundry was arranged in the front halls, stoves were installed in the rooms for heating, and a little later a boiler room was placed on the first floor of the house. . The paintings on the walls were painted over with paint, and a kennel was set up in the former greenhouse. In 1927, the museum was liquidated and, in fact, ruined, only a part of its fund was saved. After the closing of the museum, a rest house was organized in the estate, then the Institute of the Brain was located here.

In 1931, the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was closed and destroyed. Its rector, priest Pyotr Velezhev, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment; he spent three years in prison. After the Great Patriotic War, the fuel laboratory of the Research Institute of Civil Aviation was located in the temple. The church building was badly damaged: the upper tier of the bell tower was dismantled, some window openings were hewn, the head of the temple was lost, brick extensions appeared on the sides of the refectory, the interior decor was completely lost and, in part, the details of the facade design.

View of the building of the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo in 1992.

Since 1932, the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet (Aeroflot Airlines) liked the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev, and a rest home for pilots was created in it. During the Great Patriotic War, a hospital was located in Pokrovsky. In the 1970s, the Institute of Civil Aviation worked in the estate. In the late 1970s, Aeroflot decided to restore the main manor house and organize a Reception House for foreign delegations in it, and restore the greenhouse while preserving its historical function. In the early 1980s, large-scale field and archival studies of restoration objects began, which dragged on for almost 10 years: the owner was in no hurry to start construction work.

At the same time - in the late 1980s - early 1990s. - Restoration work began on the Church of the Intercession. In the course of the restoration, the later extensions of the building were demolished, the bell tower and the cupola of the temple, the hewn window openings, and details of the facade decoration were restored. In 1992, the temple was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, services were resumed in its restored building, and fundraising began to continue restoration work (which is still ongoing).

In March 1992, a major fire broke out in the main house of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate, which destroyed the roof, the attic floor with a wooden tower superstructure and seriously damaged the main halls of the second floor, the interiors of which were largely lost. The causes of the fire remained unclear. After the fire, the restoration of the building began, but this process was not completed, in the mid-90s, about half of the restoration work stopped, and since then the palace has actually been abandoned and dilapidated.

In the process of restoration, the red-brick fence of the estate was largely restored and the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos was restored. Until now, they have survived better than other manor objects.

Homestead today

In 2003, Aeroflot sold three buildings of the estate to CJSC StroyArsenal for 268.43 million rubles: the main house, the greenhouse and the corner tower of the red-brick fence. What were the plans for the use of this part of the estate by the new owner is unknown. It is only clear that they did not carry out any work to continue the restoration or at least maintain the buildings in proper condition. The state of the main house disconnected from communications continued to deteriorate, and the previously restored greenhouse was completely ruined and destroyed.

Three years later, in 2006, the Federal Property Management Agency filed a lawsuit against Aeroflot, stating that the company had no right to sell the estate, because. back in the 70s, it received the status of a monument of federal significance and was not part of the property privatized by Aeroflot, i.e. remained in federal ownership. In 2007, all three buildings were placed under judicial arrest. The court recognized the deal between Aeroflot and StroyArsenal as invalid and decided to transfer the subject of the deal to the Federal Property Management Agency. The state ownership of the alienated estate objects was formalized only in 2010. At the end of 2012, the estate was transferred by the Federal Property Management Agency to the balance of the Higher School of Economics, which, however, could not formalize its right to operational property management for several more years, since the arrest imposed on it was never lifted. Only in January 2015, all legal difficulties were resolved, the Higher School of Economics became the full owner of Pokrovsky-Streshnev and signed security obligations. By June 2015, a project for the restoration of the estate was developed.

However, at the beginning of 2016, the HSE, having not found a worthy use for the buildings of the estate and, probably considering them an unnecessary burden for itself, abandoned the property entrusted to it. Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo again lost its owner. At the moment, the Federal Property Management Agency and the Government of Moscow are taking measures to transfer the estate from federal ownership to the ownership of the city of Moscow. There is hope that the city will restore the complex from its own budget. However, these are only assumptions, and the prospects for restoring the crumbling historical monument are still very vague.

Panorama of the manor house in Pokrovsky-Streshnev. Photo by Maria Gorskaya / mariagorskaya.artphoto.pro

Greenhouse. The room of the central rotunda. Photo by pila_dotoshnaya / livejournal.com

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Photo by www.hrampokrovastr.ru

The last surviving statue in the Pokrovsky-Streshnev park. Photo by marcolfus / livejournal.com

symbolic epilogue. Photo by saoirse-2010 / livejournal.com