What is the capital in Europe. European states and their capitals by number, area and development
So, the list of European countries in alphabetical order. But first, two words about this continent.
Europe- part of the world, with an area of about 10.5 million square meters. km. It is washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The population is 830.4 million people.
A
Austria
Albania
Andorra
B
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
IN
Vatican
Great Britain
Hungary
G
Germany
Holland
Greece
Georgia
D
AND
Ireland
Iceland
Spain
Italy
L
Latvia
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
M
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
H
Norway
P
Poland
Portugal
R
Russia
Romania
WITH
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
At
F
Finland
France
X
Croatia
H
Montenegro
Czech
W
Switzerland
Sweden
E
1. Austria (capital - Vienna)
2. Albania (capital - Tirana)
3. Andorra (capital - Andorra la Vella)
4. Belarus (capital - Minsk)
5. Belgium (capital - Brussels)
6. Bulgaria (capital - Sofia)
7.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital - Sarajevo)
8. Vatican (capital - Vatican)
9. Hungary (capital - Budapest)
10. Great Britain (capital - London)
11. Germany (capital - Berlin)
12. Greece (capital - Athens)
13. Denmark (capital - Copenhagen)
14. Ireland (capital - Dublin)
15. Iceland (capital - Reykjavik)
16. Spain (capital - Madrid)
17. Italy (capital - Rome)
18. Latvia (capital - Riga)
19.
Lithuania (capital - Vilnius)
20. Liechtenstein (capital - Vaduz)
21. Luxembourg (capital - Luxembourg)
22. Macedonia (capital - Skopje)
23. Malta (capital - Valletta)
24.
Moldova (capital - Chisinau)
25. Monaco (capital - Monaco)
26. Netherlands (capital - Amsterdam)
27. Norway (capital - Oslo)
28.
Poland (capital - Warsaw)
29. Portugal (capital - Lisbon)
30. Romania (capital - Bucharest)
31. San Marino (capital - San Marino)
32.
Serbia (capital - Belgrade)
33. Slovakia (capital - Bratislava)
34. Slovenia (capital - Ljubljana)
35. Ukraine (capital - Kyiv)
36. Finland (capital - Helsinki)
37. France (capital - Paris)
38.
Montenegro (capital - Podgorica)
39. Czech Republic (capital - Prague)
40. Croatia (capital - Zagreb)
41. Switzerland (capital - Bern)
42. Sweden (capital - Stockholm)
43. Estonia (capital - Tallinn)
How many countries are in Europe?
There are 50 independent states on the political map of Europe, most of which are highly developed industrial and agricultural countries. Among the largest European countries are Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Ukraine, Spain, Poland.
This figure also includes six dwarf states: Andorra, Vatican, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino.
Full list of European countries
Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia.
In order to give a correct answer to the question: “How many countries are there in Europe”, it must be taken into account that the exact count of the number of states located in Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe and the criteria for including unrecognized and partially recognized states, taking into account dependent territories.
It should be borne in mind that since the Caucasian ridge and the Black Sea straits are traditionally considered the geographical borders of Europe and Asia, the inclusion of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Cyprus, Kazakhstan and Turkey in the list of European countries is based primarily on political, economic and cultural considerations and is not unambiguous. .
Unrecognized and partially recognized states of Europe: Abkhazia, Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand, South Ossetia.
Home > Wiki-textbook > Geography > 11 grade > Foreign Europe: general characteristics, resources, population, economy
General information about Foreign Europe
Foreign Europe is one of the centers of world civilization, and is of incomparable importance for world politics, economics and culture.
On its territory there are 40 sovereign states, which are interconnected by a historical past, close cultural and political relations.
If we talk about the economic and geographical position of countries, then it is determined by two main criteria.
The countries of foreign Europe are relatively close to each other, they either closely border on natural boundaries, or there is an insignificant distance between them, which does not affect the convenience of transport links.
The second main criterion is the coastal position of most countries that are connected to each other and countries of other continents by sea.
Countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands have been connected with the sea since ancient times.
Political pictureForeign Europe
The political picture of foreign Europe changed significantly three times during the 20th century.
The First and Second World Wars significantly changed it, and at the end of the century there were significant changes associated with the Social Democratic parties that came to power.
As for the structure of states in this territory, in foreign Europe there are republics, unitary states, monarchical and federal.
By the 21st century, the Organization for Security and Cooperation - the OSCE, was formed, which is represented by 56 countries (it also includes the USA, Canada and the CIS countries).
Natural conditions and resources
On the territory of foreign Europe there are many minerals.
The northern part includes ore and fuel minerals.
And hydropower resources fall on the territory of the Alps, Dinaric and Scandinavian mountains.
Forestry is developed in Sweden and Finland, for which forest landscapes are typical.
Population of foreign Europe
The number of inhabitants of this part of the world is growing very slowly; a rather difficult demographic situation has been recorded in foreign Europe.
The territory is a hotbed of world labor emigration; there are about 20 million foreign workers here.
It is important to note that most European countries are highly urbanized, with the highest rates of urbanization being in Belgium, Great Britain and the Netherlands.
The countries of Europe belong to the Indo-European family, there are four main types of states according to their national composition.
These are mononational (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark), with a sharp predominance of one nation (Great Britain, France, Finland), binational (Belgium) and multinational (Switzerland, Latvia).
EconomyForeign Europe
Europe occupies a leading position in the world economy in terms of agricultural and industrial production, the development of tourism and the export of goods and services.
The most powerful countries in terms of economic situation are called Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy.
They have the most developed complexes of various industries, unlike other countries, which have one or two industries strongly developed.
The leading sectors of Europe are mechanical engineering (especially automotive), the chemical industry, the fuel and energy sector and the metallurgical industry.
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If you are going to Europe, then preliminary information about the country of destination will not hurt. Including historical information. Since no trip to any country usually bypasses its capital, data on the main city of the state are of the greatest interest. Acquaintance with the city begins with its name. The names of the capitals of European countries should be known to us from school. But few people know about the origin of these names. The following selection of etymological references will fill this gap in knowledge.
Amsterdam. Capital of the Netherlands. The city is located at the mouth of the river Amstel. Fishing village at this place with the name Amstelredamme known since 1282. Translated as "village near the dam on the river Amstel".
Athens. Capital of Greece. The first settlements on this site are known from the 15th-13th centuries. BC e. The ancient Greeks associated the name of the city with the name of the goddess Athena Pallas - its patroness. It is believed that this name appeared even before the ancient Greeks and was given by the Pelasgians. Translated from the language of the latter, it may mean "hill, hill".
Belgrade. Capital of Serbia. The city was founded by the Celts in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. entitled Singidun (dun- "Hill"). After the conquest by the Slavs in 878, it was first mentioned by the name of the White City. The modern name is the same, only in Serbo-Croatian. The word "white" is believed to have a symbolic meaning in this case. Only the latter is interpreted differently. Some link the element white with water, since all the "white cities" are located by the river. Others explain it as a synonym for beautiful. Still others believe that in this case white= "free" (that is, a city that has certain privileges).
Berlin. Capital of Germany. The name has been known since 1244. The origin of the name has not yet been precisely established. Many explanations have been offered. The following are considered the most convincing: 1. From a personal name Berla. 2. From Slavic brl"bog, swamp" 3. From Slavic brlen"a dam on a river for fishing or timber rafting."
Berne. Capital of Switzerland. The city has been known since 1191. Many explanations have been proposed. The most convincing are the following: 1. From the Celtic "mountain". 2. This is a name transferred from Italy Verona, reworked into Berne. The coat of arms of the city depicts a bear. And popular rumor connects the name of the city with the word "bear". This explanation is rejected by etymologists as unacceptable.
Bratislava. Capital of Slovakia. BC on the site of the city was a Roman fortified camp Posonium. Later, a Slovak city was formed here Preslav named after a personal name. Subsequently, this name was transformed into Breslavsburg, and then Pressburg. After the formation of Czechoslovakia, the Slavic name returned to the city Bratislava(this is a modified version of the toponym Preslav).
Brussels. Capital of Belgium. The city was first mentioned in the 8th century in the form Brocela, which then transformed into modern French Bruxelles and Flemish Brussels. Toponym consists of Flemish roots brock"bog" and sela"housing", that is, Brussels - "village by the swamp."
Budapest. Capital of Hungary. In 1872, the cities of Buda and Pest, located on opposite banks of the Danube, were merged into one city, which received the name Budapest. Both parts of the toponym are Slavic: buda"house, building, village"; pest“stove” in the meaning of “home, dwelling”.
Vein. Capital of Austria. It is named after the river that flows into the Danube at this point. The name of the river is derived from the Celtic vedunia"tree". Others are from Celtic vindo"white", "building". Another version - from the Celtic vedunis"forest stream"
Bucharest. Capital of Romania. Under this name, the city was first mentioned in 1459. The toponym was formed from a personal name Bucur, apparently, belonged to the feudal owner. Suffix -eat common in the names of Romanian settlements.
Vaduz. Capital of Liechtenstein. The toponym has been known since 1342. It is a modified name of the valley, the name of which was given by the Romans - Vallis-Dulcia – Vallis"sweet, nice" + dulcis"valley". Through the intermediate Valduz the city received its present name Vaduz.
Warsaw. Capital of Poland. The city has been known under this name since the 13th century. Concerning etymology different opinions were expressed. The most convincing is the construction to a personal name Varsh+ affiliation suffix -Eve. That is Warsaw- Varsha village.
Vilnius. Capital of Lithuania. Until 1939 it was called Vilna. It was founded in the 10th century on the river Viliya (lit. Neris) at the confluence of the Vileyka (Vilnia) into it. The city got its name from the names of these rivers. The name of the river Viliya - from the Slavic velha"large".
Zagreb. Capital of Croatia. Known since the 11th century. The most convincing is the version about the Slavic origin of this toponym. Its etymology is "behind the embankment (dam, moat)".
Kyiv. Capital of Ukraine. The city arose in the 5th century. The etymology of its name is controversial. At present, the most common version is the formation of a toponym from the Slavic kuyava"mountain, steep hill, pinnacle". In the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" the name is derived from the name cue. However, already in the annals they could not decide who this Kiy was - a simple man or a prince? In ancient times, the cities received the names of princes, so the princely version seems more plausible. But then the name still lived Kiev transport, therefore, a version appeared that Kiy was a carrier across the Dnieper. Adherent version of a personal name cue was A. I. Sobolevsky, who derived this name from the Slavic cue"stick, pole". There is also a version about the non-Slavic origin of the toponym, which many famous Slavists reject. In this case, we are talking about an attempt to connect the toponym with Prakrit (Middle Indian languages and dialects) koyawa, in the sense of "the place of the throne." In the Middle Ages Kyiv was called Sambatas. The origin of this toponym causes a variety of conjectures.
Kishinev. Capital of Moldova. The toponym has been known since the 15th century. According to Radlov, from Moldovan nou"new" and Turkic qishlakh"winter hut". Another version: from ancient Moldavian chisinau"well, well, spring" Among other hypotheses, there is a version from the Polovtsian origin: from swarming burial place, mausoleum.
Copenhagen. Capital of Denmark. The toponym has been known since 1231. It consists of two bases from the words of the Danish language: kjobmann"merchant, merchant" + havn"harbor, pier"
Lisbon. Capital of Portugal. First mentioned in the 2nd century BC. e. The origin of the name is unclear. So, they try to derive the second component from the Phoenician ippo"fence", the second component is unclear. In another case, they try to explain from the Phoenician alis ubbo"joyful bay (joyful bay)". There is also a hypothesis about the appearance of the name from Lisso or Lucio is the pre-Romanesque name of the Tagus River on which Lisbon stands.
London. The capital of Great Britain. The city has been known under this name since 115 – Londinium. Several explanations have been proposed: from a personal name londin("city of Londina"), from the name of the tribe londin("city of the Londines"), from Celtic lon dun"fortification on the hill", etc.
Ljubljana. Capital of Slovenia. The toponym has been known since the 6th century. To date, the semantic meaning of this name is unclear, although there are many versions: from the Slavic basis love, from ethnonym ljubljana, on behalf of the river deity Lubarus, from an ancient Slavic name Lubovid etc. However, the presence of numerous toponymic parallels indicates the pre-Slavic origin of the toponym. So, trying to deduce from the Latin alluviana "flooding".
Madrid. Capital of Spain. The city was founded in 927. In 939 it is mentioned as Magerite. It was believed that it comes from Arabic madarat- "city". But then another explanation appeared: the name is pre-Arabic and comes from Roman Maderita"forest growth".
Minsk. The capital of Belarus. The city has been known since 1067. The chronicle forms of the toponym are Menesk, Mensk, Mensk. Ancient Minsk arose somewhat southwest of the historical core of the modern city, on the river Meni (Menki), by which he got his name. The origin of the name of the river is not completely clear. Someone sees a parallel with the name of the river Mine(a tributary of the Rhine) in Germany. Someone deduces from Latvian main- "swamp".
Oslo. Capital of Norway. Founded in 1048. There are at least two versions of the origin of this toponym. From os"mouth" + Lo- the name of the river, i.e. "river at the mouth of the river Lo". Another version: from ass og lo"glade (clearing) in the forest." Since 1624 the city was named after King Christian Christiania (Christiania). In 1925, its original name was returned to it.
Paris. Capital of France. At the turn of our era, the city was called Lutetia Parisiorium. It was the main city of the Gaulish tribe of the Parisii. It is assumed that the first part of the toponym is from the Celtic lut"swamp". The etymology of the ethnonym Parisii is debatable. According to one version it means "ship", according to another - "border people".
Prague. Capital of the Czech Republic. The name has been known since the 10th century. Of the numerous explanations, the most convincing is the construction to the Czech pražiti"a place where a forest is burned or dried up." The interpretation through the word threshold is very common. But it is erroneous, since it is not confirmed either linguistically or geographically (there are no river rapids here).
Reykjavik. Capital of Iceland. The city was founded by the Vikings in 875 and named after the bay on the shore of which it stands. The steam above the hot springs along the shores of the bay was called smoke. Hence the name of the bay. Reykjavil-reyka"smoke" + vik"bay, gulf"
Riga. Capital of Latvia. The city was founded at the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. The name is derived from the Baltic languages - from the word ring, ring"bend, bend" From this word the name of the river was formed, which later acquired a diminutive form of Ridzene. This river was covered up. Thus, the city was named either after the river or after the bend at which the settlement arose.
Rome. Capital of Italy. The legend about the connection between the name of the city and the name of the founder Romulus is a toponymic myth, a classic example of folk etymology. It is believed that the toponym originated from the ancient name of the Tiber River, on which it is located - Rumo, Rumon. The name of the river, perhaps, is associated with the name of one of the Etruscan tribes, who were the ancient population of these places.
holm stack bay, and stock stake, pile, pillar.
Stockholm. Capital of Sweden. The city was founded in the middle of the 13th century. The second part of the toponym holm means "island". The first part is less transparent. It could be stack bay, and stock stake, pile, pillar.
Tallinn. Capital of Estonia. The city has been known since 1154. The modern name arose in the 13th century, when the Danes captured the city and named it Taani Linn"Danish City" Officially, this name was fixed only in 1917. However, the city is also known under other names. In Russian chronicles and in later sources up to the 18th century - Kolyvan. Its origin is unclear. Derived from a personal name Kalev(hero of the epic "Kalevala"), and from the Lithuanian Kalvis"forge". Until 1917, the official name of the city was Revel. The origin of this toponym is also debatable. Some deduce from the name of the entire coastal region - Ryavala. Others are from the Swedish "stranded". Third - from the name of the trading area Rebala. Debatable and the origin of the earlier name of the city Lindanis.
Helsinki. Capital of Finland. The city was founded by the Swedes in the 16th century near a waterfall and named by them. Helsingfors. Second component fors- "waterfall" The origin of the first is unknown. It is assumed that from the ethnonym helsings. The city moved from the waterfall, but the Swedish name existed in pre-revolutionary Russia for a long time.
Sources
Nikonov V. A. Brief Toponymic Dictionary. M., 1966.
Pospelov E. M. School toponymic dictionary. M., 1988.
Detailed map of Europe in Russian. Europe on the world map is a continent, which, together with Asia, is part of the Eurasia continent. The border between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountains, Europe is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. There are 50 countries on the territory of Europe, the total population is more than 740 million people.
Map of Europe with countries and capitals in Russian:
Large map of Europe with countries - opens in a new window. The map shows the countries of Europe, their capitals and major cities.
Europe - Wikipedia:
European population: 741 447 158 people (2016)
Europe Square: 10,180,000 sq. km.
Satellite map of Europe. Satellite map of Europe.
Satellite map of Europe in Russian online with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses:
Sights of Europe:
What to see in Europe: Parthenon (Athens, Greece), Colosseum (Rome, Italy), Eiffel Tower (Paris, France), Edinburgh Castle (Edinburgh, Scotland), Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain), Stonehenge (England), St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican) , Buckingham Palace (London, England), Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), Leaning Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy), Louvre Museum (Paris, France), Big Ben (London, England), Sultanahmet Blue Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey), Building Parliament of Hungary (Budapest, Hungary), Neuschwanstein Castle (Bavaria, Germany), Old Town of Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik, Croatia), Atomium (Brussels, Belgium), Charles Bridge (Prague, Czech Republic), St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow, Russia), Tower bridge (London, England).
The largest cities in Europe:
City Istanbul- population of the city: 14377018
people Country - Turkey
City Moscow- population of the city: 12506468
people Country Russia
City London- population of the city: 817410
0 people Country - UK
City Saint Petersburg- population of the city: 5351935
people Country Russia
City Berlin- population of the city: 3479740
people Country: Germany
City Madrid- population of the city: 3273049
people Country - Spain
City Kyiv- population of the city: 2815951
people Country Ukraine
City Rome- population of the city: 2761447
people Country - Italy
City Paris- population of the city: 2243739
people Country - France
City Minsk- population of the city: 1982444
people Country - Belarus
City Hamburg- population of the city: 1787220
people Country: Germany
City Budapest- population of the city: 1721556
people Country - Hungary
City Warsaw- population of the city: 1716855
people Country - Poland
City Vein- population of the city: 1714142
people Country - Austria
City Bucharest- population of the city: 1677451
people Country - Romania
City Barcelona- population of the city: 1619337
people Country - Spain
City Kharkiv- population of the city: 1446500
people Country Ukraine
City Munich- population of the city: 1353186
people Country: Germany
City Milan- population of the city: 1324110
people Country - Italy
City Prague- population of the city: 1290211
people Country - Czech Republic
City Sofia- population of the city: 1270284
people Country - Bulgaria
City Nizhny Novgorod- population of the city: 1259013
people Country Russia
City Belgrade- population of the city: 1213000
people Country - Serbia
City Kazan- population of the city: 1206000
people Country Russia
City Samara- population of the city: 1171000
people Country Russia
City Ufa- population of the city: 1116000
people Country Russia
City Rostov-on-Don- population of the city: 1103700
people Country Russia
City Birmingham- population of the city: 1028701
people Country - UK
City Voronezh- population of the city: 1024000
people Country Russia
City Volgograd- population of the city: 1017451
people Country Russia
City Permian- population of the city: 1013679
people Country Russia
City Odessa- population of the city: 1013145
people Country Ukraine
City Cologne- population of the city: 1007119
people Country: Germany
Microstates of Europe:
Vatican(area 0.44 sq. km - the smallest state in the world), Monaco(area 2.02 sq. km.), San Marino(area 61 sq. km.), Liechtenstein(area 160 sq. km.), Malta(area 316 sq. km - an island in the Mediterranean) and Andorra(area 465 sq. km.).
Sub-regions of Europe - regions of Europe according to the UN:
Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, France, Switzerland.
Northern Europe: Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Macedonia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Vatican, Greece, Malta.
Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova.
EU countries (members and composition of the EU in alphabetical order):
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Republic of Cyprus, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Finland, Croatia , Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.
Climate of Europe mostly moderate. The European climate is particularly influenced by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf Stream. In most European countries, there is a clear division into four seasons. In winter, snow falls on most of the continent and the temperature is below 0 C, while in summer the weather is hot and dry.
Relief of Europe- these are mainly mountains and plains, and there are much more plains. Mountains occupy only 17% of the entire European territory. The largest European plains are Central European, East European, Middle Danube and others. The largest mountains are the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, etc.
The coastline of Europe is very indented, which is why some countries are island states. The largest rivers flow through Europe: the Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Dnieper and others. Europe is distinguished by a special careful attitude to its cultural and historical heritage and natural resources. There are many national parks in Europe, and almost every European city has preserved unique historical monuments and architecture of past centuries.
Reserves of Europe (national parks):
Bavarian Forest (Germany), Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus), Belovezhsky National Park (Poland), Borjomi-Kharagauli (Georgia), Braslav Lakes (Belarus), Vanoise (France), Vikos-Aoos (Greece), High Tauern (Austria), Dwingelderveld (Netherlands), Yorkshire Dales (England), Kemeri (Latvia), Killarney (Ireland), Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Koto De Doñana (Spain), Lemmenjoki (Finland), Narochinsky (Belarus), New Forest (England), Pirin (Bulgaria), Plitvice Lakes (Croatia), Pripyat (Belarus), Snowdonia (England), Tatras (Slovakia and Poland), Thingvellir (Iceland), Sumava (Czech Republic), Dolomites (Italy), Durmitor ( Montenegro), Alonissos (Greece), Vatnajokull (Iceland), Sierra Nevada (Spain), Retezat (Romania), Rila (Bulgaria), Triglav (Slovenia).
Europe is the most visited continent in the world. Numerous resorts of southern countries (Spain, Italy, France) and a rich and varied historical heritage, which is represented by a variety of monuments and attractions, attracts tourists from Asia, Oceania and America.
Castles of Europe:
Neuschwanstein (Germany), Trakai (Lithuania), Windsor Castle (England), Mont Saint-Michel (France), Gluboka (Czech Republic), De Haar (Netherlands), Coca Castle (Spain), Conwy (Great Britain), Bran (Romania) ), Kilkenny (Ireland), Aegescove (Denmark), Pena (Portugal), Chenonceaux (France), Bodiam (England), Castel Sant'Angelo (Italy), Chambord (France), Aragonese Castle (Italy), Edinburgh Castle (Scotland) , Spissky castle (Slovakia), Hohensalzburg (Austria).
"How many countries are located in the European part of the world?". This question interests many travel enthusiasts. It is also curious which of them are the most famous, and which are the smallest and inconspicuous on the map? This article will focus on European states and their capitals.
General information
Europe is one of the parts of the world, which is located on the territory of more than 10 million km 2. The population is 10% of all people living on Earth and has about 730 million people.
Currently, there are 43 countries on the European part of the Eurasian continent, excluding Russia. Among them there are large states, such as Germany, France or Poland, as well as very tiny ones, including Liechtenstein, Andorra, San Marino and others. Russia is not included in this list, since geographically, one part of it belongs to Europe, and the other to Asia.
European states and their capitals are very different: large and not very large, with different populations, with a high standard of living and poorly developed. They are all completely different. Geographically, Europe is divided into parts: Southern, Northern, Western, Eastern and Central. You can tell a lot of interesting facts about each country, but first of all, you should get acquainted with their main cities.
Majors and their capitals
A significant place in terms of area and population is occupied by the eastern part, where 34% of the population of Europe lives, the second place is the western side, the third is the south, and the last place is the north. But we should not forget that some organizations also single out and include several countries from different parts.
Major European states and their capitals include:
- In the southern part: Spain (Madrid), Greece (Athens) and Portugal (Lisbon).
- There are no large countries in Northern Europe, except for Sweden (Stockholm), where 9.6 million people live.
- In the Western part, this list includes Belgium (Brussels) and the Netherlands (Amsterdam).
- Eastern Europe is Ukraine (Kyiv), Poland (Warsaw), Romania with the capital Bucharest and the Czech Republic (Prague).
One of the most important states in the European part are those that are included in the "big seven". These include: Germany (Berlin), France (Paris), Great Britain (London), and Italy (Rome).
The most sparsely populated countries, where the number of citizens does not reach 3 million people, are:
- Montenegro - Podgorica;
- Slovenia - Ljubljana;
- Malta - Valletta;
- Macedonia - Skopje;
- Albania - Tirana;
- Estonia - Tallinn;
- Lithuania - Vilnius;
- Latvia, Riga;
- Iceland - Reykjavik;
- Luxembourg - Luxembourg.
A separate list should include states where the population does not exceed 100 thousand people, but there are few of them, although some of them occupy a rather large area. These include the isolated Vatican, the Principality of Liechtenstein (Vaduz), the Principality of the Principality of Andorra (Andorra la Vella) and San Marino (San Marino).
Other European Capitals
The list of countries located in Europe can be continued further. It includes the so-called "medium" states, where several million people live. These include:
- Croatia - Zagreb;
- Serbia - Belgrade;
- Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo;
- Finland - Helsinki;
- Norway - Oslo;
- Denmark - Copenhagen;
- Slovakia - Bratislava;
- Moldova - Chisinau;
- Hungary - Budapest;
- Bulgaria - Sofia;
- Belarus - Minsk;
- Switzerland - Bern;
- Ireland - Dublin;
- Austria Vienna.
Each country is amazing in its own way and rich in its historical heritage, traditions and culture. If you are going to travel around Europe, look carefully at the map and make a route by choosing the countries you want to visit.
Union) have grown significantly in number in recent decades. Until the summer of 2011, this union was called Western European. The list of European countries is extensive, but not all countries from this list are included in the European Union.
Background and creation of the European Union
Today this community is very similar to the deceased USSR, and it was formed in 1948 as a counterbalance to the "eastern monster". The named reason for the creation of a new entity is not to allow Germany to be reborn as an independent unified state, to prevent the revival of fascism after the end of the war.
A separate conversation could take place on the position of Germany in the bosom of the European Union: it is a locomotive that pulls almost the entire economy of the community. Of course, there are differences with the Soviet Union in the European Union.
Similarities and differences
There is no single currency. But the federal structure has common legislation, it is possible to use a common cash desk, a single central bank and customs space. Management is also akin to a planned economy, the board is command-administrative.
For example, at the top, all limits on sown areas for agricultural crops are approved. This applies to every country in the European Union. The list of results is truly depressing.
Greeks in the sultry and fertile south buy Dutch vegetables and are not allowed to trade in the European Union with the original Greek product - olive oil. The Czech Republic also stopped growing vegetables, but it grows rapeseed, the oil from which is even added to diesel fuel. There is almost no good oil in the Czech Republic now. But in this way profitability among agricultural producers increases.
Foreign policy
This is solved more successfully than the economic problems. The list of European countries that have developed a single and coherent foreign policy with an almost complete absence of disagreements can be omitted, since Brussels unanimously decides who to pardon and who to execute.
Recent years, however, show some slippage, the global economic crisis has made governments less courageous and friendly. Still: the loss of eastern markets due to sanctions against Russia may well lead the least prosperous owners to complete economic degradation.
Legislation and executive bodies
Here the most similarities with the Soviet Union are: only the parliament has a multi-party basis, but everything else is present: the European Commission as an executive body is headed by the chairman, and the European Council consists of the heads of EU member states. The European Parliament oversees the law (with its own President), together with the Council of the European Union.
Here you have the Politburo with the Central Committee of the CPSU, and the party congresses with the Supreme Soviet, and the General Secretary is present, and even the chairman of the presidium! But there is no constitution yet.
Borders between countries are conditional, customs points are abolished, free movement of all citizens within the community. But labor markets are regulated by strict regulations and require permission from the authorities for employment. This is practiced by all countries of the European Community. The list of amenities and inconveniences of life in modern Europe is endless.
The list of European countries is constantly changing. At the moment, Europe has 44 states. Not only the quantity changes, but also the names. Metamorphoses of recent times: the Soviet Union, during the collapse, gave Europe Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Yugoslavia in the same circumstances replenished the continent with Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the GDR and the FRG became a single Germany.
This process has not stopped. Boil not only the list of unpleasant consequences of the global crisis is extensive and eloquent. Separatism is strong in Catalonia and in the area where the Basques live (this is in Spain), in Scotland and northern Ireland (this is Great Britain), Flanders is worried in Belgium. They are trying in every possible way to recognize Kosovo as a separate state (this is Serbia). The borders of European countries, if you put next to the maps of recent years, have become unrecognizable. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to consider the list of European countries with capitals temporary.
Austria
Republic. 8.5 million population. The capital city of Austria is Vienna. The official language is German.
Albania
Republic. Population 2.830 million. The capital of Albania is Tirana. The official language is Albanian.
Andorra
Principality. Dwarf European state. 700 thousand people of the population. The main city is Andorra la Vella. The official language is Catalan, but in fact it is replaced by Spanish and French.
Belarus
Republic of Belarus. 9.5 million people. The capital city of Belarus - Minsk. The official languages are Russian and Belarusian.
Belgium
Kingdom. 11.2 million people. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. The official languages are Dutch, German, French.
Bulgaria
Republic. 7.2 million people. The capital city of Bulgaria is Sofia. The administrative language is Bulgarian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Confederation, federation, republic. The population is 3.7 million. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo. State Serbian and Croatian.
Vatican
Absolute monarchy, theocracy. A dwarf enclave state associated with Italy. City within a city, 832 people. Latin, Italian.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom, which includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Parliamentary monarchy. 63.4 million people. The main city of Great Britain is London. English.
Hungary
Parliamentary republic. Population 9.85 million. - Budapest. The official language is Hungarian.
Germany
Federal Republic. Population 80 million. The main city of Germany is Berlin. The administrative language is German.
Greece
Republic. Population 11.3 million. The capital city of Greece is Athens. The official language is Greek.
Denmark
Kingdom. 5.7 million people. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen. The official language is Danish.
Ireland
Republic. Population 4.6 million. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. State and English.
Iceland
Parliamentary republic. 322 thousand people. The main city of Iceland is Reykjavik. The official language is Icelandic.
Spain
Kingdom. The population is 47.3 million. The capital of Spain is Madrid. The official language is Spanish.
Italy
Republic. 60.8 million people. All roads in Italy lead to Rome. The official language is Italian.
Latvia
Republic. Population 1.9 million. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The state language is Latvian.
Lithuania
Republic. 2.9 million people. The main city of Lithuania is Vilnius. The state language is Lithuanian.
Liechtenstein
Principality. A dwarf state associated with Switzerland. The population is 37 thousand. The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz. The official language is German.
Luxembourg
Grand Duchy. 550 thousand people. The capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg. The official language is Luxembourgish, French, German.
Macedonia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital of Macedonia is Skopje. The state language is Macedonian.
Malta
Republic. The population is 452 thousand. The main city of Malta is Valletta. The official languages are Maltese and English.
Moldova
Republic. The capital is Chisinau. 3.5 million people. The administrative language is Moldovan.
Monaco
Principality. A dwarf state associated with France. 37.8 thousand people. The official language is French.
Netherlands
Kingdom. The population is 16.8 million. The capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam. The official languages are West Frisian and Dutch.
Norway
Kingdom. Population 5.1 million people. The main city of Norway is Oslo. The official languages are Norwegian and Sami.
Poland
Republic. Population 38.3 million. The capital city of Poland is Warsaw. The official language is Polish.
Portugal
Republic. 10.7 million people. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon. The official languages are Portuguese and Mirandese.
Russia
Federation. The population is 146.3 million. The capital city of Russia - Moscow. National language - Russian.
Romania
Parliamentary republic. unitary state. 19 million people. The capital of Romania is Bucharest. Administrative
San Marino
Radiant Republic. The population is 32 thousand. The capital of San Marino is San Marino. The official language is Italian.
Serbia
Republic. 7.2 million people. The main one is Belgrade. The official language is Serbian.
Slovakia
Republic. 5.4 million people. The capital city of Slovakia is Bratislava. The state language is Slovak.
Slovenia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital city of Slovenia is Ljubljana. The official language is Slovenian.
Ukraine
A unitary state plus a parliamentary-presidential republic. The population is 42 million. The main city of Ukraine is Kyiv. The state language is Ukrainian.
Finland
Republic. 5.5 million people. The capital of Finland is Helsinki. State and Swedish.
France
Republic. Population 66.2 million. The main city of France is Paris. The official language is French.
Croatia
Republic. Population 4.2 million. The capital is Zagreb. The official language is Croatian.
Montenegro
Republic. 622 thousand people. The capital city of Montenegro is Podgorica. The state language is Montenegrin.
Czech
Republic. Population 10.5 million. The capital city of the Czech Republic is Prague. The official language is Czech.
Switzerland
Confederation. 8 million people. The capital of Switzerland is Bern. Official languages German, French, Italian, Swiss.
Sweden
Kingdom. Population 9.7 million. The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. The official language is Swedish.
Estonia
Republic. 1.3 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian.
To date, the list of European countries is just that.
