The last time Niagara Falls froze over. Abnormally low temperatures caused the Niagara Falls to freeze. The consequences of cold weather for the US economy

Their job is not to provide services, but to control this process. They are guided exclusively by the law. The labor day of a civil servant includes several mandatory stages:

1. correspondence and study of current news;
2. making important decisions;
3. control of the actions of subordinates;
4. participation in events.

Municipal employees of the profession - list Municipalities employ specialists with higher education in the specialty "Municipal and State Administration". However, depending on the size of the staff, highly specialized individuals may also be involved. According to Federal Law 131, these are accountants, managers of the medical and social sphere, occupational health and sports specialists, lawyers, economists and architects. In some municipal institutions, journalists are involved in public relations.

5. categories of personnel

OKPDTR consists of two sections: a classifier of occupations for workers; the classifier of positions of employees, which contains the positions of managers, specialists and employees. 33. Workers include persons directly involved in the process of creating material values, as well as those engaged in repair, movement of goods, transportation of passengers, provision of material services, etc.

In OKPDTR, the occupations of workers are listed in section 1. Workers, in particular, include persons employed: 33.1. management, regulation and monitoring of the operation of automatic machines, automatic lines, automatic devices, as well as direct management or maintenance of machines, mechanisms, units and installations, if the labor of these workers is paid at tariff rates or monthly wages of workers; 33.2.

Employees of the profession

OKPDTR) and the Qualification Directory of the positions of managers, specialists and other employees. Since qualification is understood as both a profession and a specialty, according to the existing tradition, the number of employees performing a labor function according to a certain qualification includes only persons who have been trained to obtain the corresponding profession. In other words, this category of workers includes workers, and the names of their professions are determined based on the mentioned OKPDTR and the Unified Tariff and Qualification Reference Book of Works and Professions of Workers (the corresponding issue). persons who have a diploma of assignment of the relevant specialty, and persons who do not have a professional education or have a certain profession.

5. categories of personnel

Naturally, this is not an exhaustive list of persons related to technical and managerial personnel. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the distribution of employees by categories of personnel should be carried out in accordance with OKPDTR and UNDS. As for the term "administrative and managerial personnel "(AUP), then it was used during the period of organizing and conducting a one-time accounting of the number and distribution of persons working in their positions as of September 15, 1990 (directive letter of the Goskomstat of the RSFSR dated July 17, 1990 No. 6-7-107). In order to carry out this accounting, on 06/03/1988 the USSR State Committee for Labor, the USSR State Statistics Committee and the USSR Ministry of Finance approved the Nomenclature of Positions for the Management Personnel of Enterprises, Institutions and Organizations for the development of accounting forms for this personnel.
At present, the State Statistics Committee of Russia does not use this Nomenclature.

Who is in the administrative staff of the company?

• Control and support of the company's file system.
• Ordering tickets, providing visa support and booking rooms for company employees.

For an office manager, the following requirements regarding experience and qualifications are relevant:

• Relevant education (secondary special or higher).
• Desirable knowledge of one or more foreign languages.
• Excellent knowledge of computer technology.
• Knowledge in office technology.
• At least one year experience in administration.
• Communication skills, stress resistance, organizational skills.

Head of the Legal Department The head of this department reports exclusively to the General Director. His subordinates include all employees of the legal department.

• Control of the availability of stocks that are necessary for the uninterrupted production process of the company's divisions (components, materials, transport, equipment).
• Organization of operational control over the production process, delivery of the finished product, performance of work or services according to the schedule of the production process.
• Maintaining a dispatch log, generating reporting reports and other technical documentation in terms of the production process.

In the case of a controller, the following qualifications and experience requirements are relevant:

• The presence of secondary vocational education.
• Knowledge in the field of production planning at the enterprise.
• Resilience, communication.

Secretary of the General Director In another way, the position may be referred to as a personal assistant or assistant secretary.

Secretary driver belong to which service

Managers include employees holding positions of heads of enterprises and their structural divisions. The position in OKPDTR, which has a category code 1, refers to managers.

Attention

Managers, in particular, include: directors (general directors), chiefs, managers, managers, chairmen, commanders, commissars, foremen, foremen of work at enterprises, in structural units and divisions; chief specialists: chief accountant, chief dispatcher, chief engineer, chief mechanic, chief metallurgist, chief welder, chief agronomist, chief geologist, chief electrician, chief economist, chief researcher, chief editor; government inspectors. The category of managers also includes deputies for the above positions.

Info

However, this practice is not widespread in relation to large-scale private property organizations - here the management department is an independent structure, of course, headed by a leader. It is important to note that administrative personnel often do not include personal assistants to managers and departmental assistants.

The industry employs engineers, designers and designers. The service sector is represented by IT specialists and managers. Teachers, lecturers and graduate students are employed in the field of education. Cashiers and sellers work in trade. Professions related to employees As mentioned above, the professions of specialists and employees are aimed at ensuring the functioning of the state apparatus, providing services to the population and supporting the economy. Employment is characterized by creative and intellectual, non-physical activity. The work requires high qualifications, an analytical rationalization mind, erudition, confirmed by a university diploma.
Often, having a diploma is not enough and a master's or postgraduate degree is required from the applicant.

To ensure the life of the country, it is necessary to ensure the stable operation of all industries. These are the national economy, law enforcement agencies, the socio-cultural sphere, environmental and educational institutions and political organizations.

To organize the performance of the functions of these devices, specially hired employees work, who belongs to them, a list of professions is presented in this article. They coordinate social and financial processes, deal with issues of law and order, health and education.

In the performance of their duties, employees must comply with the legislative interests of those whose service their work is directed to. This requires ensuring the qualification of personnel, providing means for intellectual production and regulating the product of services, as well as determining working hours.

A paradoxical situation has formed in the labor markets of individual states: people no longer want to earn a living with their mind, since “manual” professions are paid better and do not require so much emotional costs. That is why it is necessary to clearly understand the difference between workers and employees. This will help you choose work to your taste, which will be suitable not only for payment, but also for other parameters.

Who are employees and workers

• Employees- non-manual workers employed in such segments of the economy as public administration (officials, top management), industry (designers, engineers, designers, secondary personnel), education (teachers, graduate students), services (tour manager, IT- specialist), trade. This social group is related by such common features as the need for specialized (most often higher) education, the absence of heavy workloads, the need to use a creative approach in solving tasks.
• workers- owners of labor resources employed in the manufacturing sector of the economy and engaged in physical labor. These include both the traditional "working class" and assembly line workers, drivers, builders. Workers do not have the means of production and most often receive wages on a piece-rate basis.

The difference between employee and worker

Thus, the characteristics of the work of social groups differ significantly. Starting with the fact that employees most often work "from 9 to 6", and workers - around the clock, but in shifts. The places of residence of social groups differ significantly. For a worker, this is a machine tool, a construction site, a workshop where he creates a real product that can be calculated and measured by physical means. For employees, the place of work is an office in the office or a table. There he creates a "mental" product that can be calculated speculatively.

The difference between an employee and a worker is as follows:

• Qualification. In most cases, workers need a secondary specialized education, while employees need higher education.
• Means of production. Workers use "manual" labor tools, employees - "intellectual".
• product of labor. The worker produces realistically quantifiable objects, the employee provides services.
• Prestige. The work of an employee is considered more honorable than that of a worker.
• features of the working day. Employees, as a rule, work from 9 am to 6 pm, workers of industrial specialties work around the clock in shifts.

OKPD has the profession of "car driver" and the position of "freight forwarder". The staffing table of the organization may include a staff unit with the name "forwarding vehicle driver for the transportation of goods", which will be classified as "workers".

The employer has the right to enter the staffing unit "car driver" and a certain part of the unit with the name "forwarding agent for the carriage of goods" into the staffing table, if this is economically justified. In this case, the driver of the car for performing, along with the main work, additional work on the named position of the freight forwarder, an additional payment for combining professions (positions) is established. The procedure for establishing such a surcharge is provided for in Art. 67 TK.

G.F. Asoskova, Chief Economist of the Department of Labor Regulation and Standardization of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus

What category does a car driver belong to?

• SPO "Organization of transportation and transport management" (190701); "Transport Service" (100120);
• VPO "Ground transport and technological means by profile: cars and tractors" (23.05.01).

Passenger transport driver, auto mechanic, combine operator, tractor driver, excavator driver

Type of profession according to the subject of labor: the work of a driver is related to driving a car, therefore the profession belongs to the type of "Human - Technique". Additionally, the profession can be attributed to the type "Man - Man", since the work of a driver involves constant interaction with people.

Type of profession by purpose: transformative.

Occupation type by means of work: an occupation associated with the use of manually operated machines.

Free legal advice:

Occupation type according to working conditions: outdoor work.

Profession class: performing (algorithmic); by the nature of work, the profession is associated with the same type of work, organized according to a given pattern, with the precise implementation of established algorithms when solving standardized tasks, and full compliance with all rules, regulations, and instructions.

The driver of a car is a person who drives a vehicle.

The main activities of the driver are related to the operation and maintenance of the car.

The main duties of the driver include:

Free legal advice:

• ensuring the technically sound condition of the car assigned to the driver;
• ensuring correct professional smooth driving of the car;
• control of the technical condition of the car;
• independent performance of the necessary work to ensure the safe operation of the car (according to the operating instructions), timely maintenance at the service center and technical inspection;
• keeping the engine, body and interior of the car clean, protecting them with appropriate care products for certain surfaces;
• a clear study of the route before departure, its coordination with the senior group and the immediate supervisor;
• daily waybill management.

The most important personal qualities that a driver must possess are a tendency to perform monotonous and monotonous actions, patience, perseverance, accuracy, dexterity, personal organization and responsibility, methodicalness and consistency in the implementation of work.

Professionally important qualities of a driver include:

• excellent vision and accurate volumetric eye;
• physical strength, endurance;
• fine tactile sensitivity of the fingers, the general development of hand-eye coordination, good hand coordination, their dexterity, dexterity and speed;
• the ability to concentrate and switch attention;
• good reaction;
• speed of decision making;
• good visual memory;
• good spatial imagination;
• ability to distinguish colors.

A professional driver should know: traffic rules, penalties for their violation; the main technical characteristics and the general arrangement of the car, the readings of instruments and meters, the controls (the purpose of the keys, buttons, handles, etc.); the procedure for installing and removing alarm systems, the nature and conditions of their operation; rules for maintaining the car, caring for the body and interior, keeping them clean and in a condition favorable for long-term operation; the timing of the next maintenance, technical inspection, checking tire pressure, tire wear, steering wheel free play angle in accordance with the vehicle operating instructions.

The driver must be able to:

Free legal advice:

• professionally drive cars of a certain category in any weather conditions, at any time of the day, on roads with different surfaces;
• avoid emergency situations and be able to get out of them;
• carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles;
• carry out adjustment and operation of equipment for the maintenance and repair of vehicles;
• carry out technical control during the operation of vehicles and transport equipment.

The profession of a driver is in demand everywhere. A specialist who knows how to drive a car will never be left without work. Drivers are required at enterprises of all forms of ownership. Drivers are especially in demand in organizations directly related to transportation: in the taxi service, transport companies, delivery services.

Drivers can work independently or in a team of several specialists.

Mostly representatives of this profession work in the open air, being directly in the car. Drivers spend part of the day in the garage doing car maintenance.

The main means of labor of the driver is a car.

The design of all elements of production equipment and the organization of the workplace of a specialist must comply with the anthropometric, physiological and psychological characteristics of working disabled people.

Free legal advice:

During vehicle maintenance, drivers usually wear overalls that protect against dirt.

The main professional risks of drivers are associated with a high accident hazard on the roads, which can cause serious injuries.

The working posture of the driver is a sitting position, therefore occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system are possible. The driver is financially responsible person. He is responsible not only for the safety of the vehicle, but also for paying for refueling and maintenance.

You can get a driver's profession at any driving school. Special education is not required. However, employers welcome workers with secondary vocational and higher education in related specialties.

Educational organizations of secondary vocational education:

Free legal advice:

Educational organizations of higher education:

Currently, the profession of a driver is quite in demand in the labor market.

Further career growth is associated with obtaining additional education in specialties related to the operation, maintenance or design of vehicles. The driver, as he gains experience and improves his professional qualities, can open his own business (for example, a company engaged in road transportation). A managerial path of career development is also possible. In this case, it will be necessary to obtain an education in the field of management.

Your browser does not support iframes!

If you close the number with a piece of paper, what is the penalty

What is the fine for not having an exclamation mark on a car

Weekend driver vacancies Lyubertsy

accident perm region 2017 february

Work international transportation driver Minsk companies and firms

business trips by car

What category does a car driver belong to in the position

Get category a3 in Arkhangelsk

Work with the rights of the category in and a private car

The work of a driver for international transportation in St. Petersburg

Jobs with business trips in Russia Tula

Found a typo? Select the fragment and send it by pressing Ctrl+Enter.

Free legal advice:

Assigning a qualification class to a driver

An employee is accepted into our organization as a driver. The presented driver's license contains the following marks: B, C1, C, D1, D.

Driver experience - 10 years.

What qualification class can be assigned to such a driver?

(Verkhnedneprovsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region)

Free legal advice:

First of all, it should be noted that the class of the driver confirms his qualifications. Qualification is the level of general and special training.

Classes (III - the lowest, II - medium, I - the highest) - this is the criterion for assessing the level of professional skills of drivers. They depend on the complexity of driving, professional training and experience (length of service) of the driver.

A prerequisite for establishing qualification class III, II and I drivers is the presence of marks in the driver's license that allow them to drive the relevant categories of vehicles.

According to clause 3 of the Regulation on the procedure for issuing driver's licenses and admission to driving vehicles, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of May 08, 1993 No. 340(Further - Regulation No. 340), vehicles that are allowed to be driven with a driver’s license, depending on their types and purpose, are divided into categories:

B - vehicles with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) and with 8 seats other than the driver's seat;

Free legal advice:

C1 - vehicles intended for the carriage of goods, the maximum authorized mass of which is from 3500 to 7500 kg (from 7700 to pounds);

C - vehicles intended for the carriage of goods, the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 7,500 kg (16,500 pounds);

D1 - buses intended for the carriage of passengers, with the number of seats, except for the driver's seat, not more than 16;

D - buses intended for the carriage of passengers, with more than 16 seats, excluding the driver's seat;

BE, C1E, CE, D1E, DE - combinations of vehicles with a tractor of categories B, C1, C, D1 or D, which the driver has the right to drive, but which does not belong to the specified categories of combinations of vehicles;

Free legal advice:

T - trams and trolleybuses.

The right to drive vehicles of the corresponding category is confirmed by a vehicle driver's license.

In accordance with clause 27 of Regulation No. 340 driver's license issued before entry into force Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine to Improve the Regulation of Relations in the Field of Road Safety" dated September 24, 2008 No. 586-VI, can be exchanged for a new one according to Clause 25 of Regulation No. 340. At the same time, the following categories are indicated in the new driver's license:

Free legal advice:

Free legal advice:

The class III driver's license must contain a permit to drive vehicles of categories "B" or "C" or only "D".

The procedure for assigning qualifications to drivers is defined p. 4 sect. II Reference book of qualification characteristics of occupations of workers. Issue No. 69 "Motor transport", approved by order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine dated February 14, 2006 No. 136(Further - Directory), And clause 8.7 Guidelines on the safety of road transport, approved by order of the State Department of Road Transport dated September 19, 2003 No. 111, according to which a driver in the process of working on a motor vehicle can be awarded a qualification of II or I class after being sent for retraining (advanced training).

To assign class II, the driver's license must have a permit to drive vehicles of categories B, C, E or D or categories D and E, as well as continuous work experience as a class III driver in an enterprise for at least 3 years.

To assign class I, you must have a permit to drive vehicles of categories B, C, D and E, as well as continuous work experience as a class II driver for at least 2 years at this enterprise (institution, organization).

In addition to the above requirements, in order to be awarded the qualifications of class II and I, car drivers must have good performance in work, observe labor and production discipline, and also not have violations of traffic rules that led to traffic accidents or deprived of driver’s rights, violations of technical rules. operation, safety precautions and work instructions.

Free legal advice:

Thus, a driver who is hired by an enterprise, institution, organization is considered a class III driver, and later (in the course of work) he can be awarded a higher qualification.

Assignment to drivers of classes II and I is carried out by the qualification commissions of the enterprise, institution where they work. Such commissions should include a safety engineer or a traffic safety officer. Drivers who have undergone retraining (advanced training) are issued an appropriate certificate.

The decision of the qualification commission (increase or decrease in the class of qualification) is approved by the order (instruction) of the employer on the establishment of qualifications of a certain class with an entry in the work book.

Please note: the qualification commission may decide to award drivers qualifications of II or I class and in a shorter time than those determined Directory, or about reducing the class of qualification if the driver does not fulfill the qualification requirements. To do this, the employer needs to fix the procedure for establishing class in the collective agreement or other local document of the enterprise, institution.

On the requirement for continuous work experience Directory to drivers driving vehicles of categories C1, C, D1, D, BE, C1E, CE, D1E, DE, we will indicate the following. The continuous guard of driving a motor vehicle includes work as a driver on a motor vehicle with a maximum allowable break not exceeding one month ( second paragraph p.p. 2.3.5 Licensing conditions for the implementation of economic activities for the provision of services for the transportation of passengers and goods by road in accordance with the types of work defined by the Law of Ukraine "On Road Transport", approved by order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine dated 02.07.2010 No. 427).

Free legal advice:

Continuous experience is confirmed by an extract from the work book or a certificate from the place of work indicating the date of the order to appoint a person to a position, the date from which such a person works as a driver, the brand of the assigned vehicle and its license plate, certified by the signatures of officials and sealed. This indicator affects the possibility of allowing the driver to carry out certain types of transportation.

For drivers driving vehicles of category "B", there are no requirements for experience.

It should be noted that the requirements for enrolling an employee in the workplace "driver of a vehicle" were provided by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine in a joint letter dated February 19, 2010 No. 1/12-625, No. 141/0/15-10/021, No. 3184/14, No. 869/05/14. The authorities have clarified that the right to drive a motor vehicle is evidenced by a driver's license issued in accordance with Regulation No. 340. In order to carry out professional activities related to driving vehicles, a necessary condition for admission to the appropriate workplace, in addition to a driver’s license, must be a certificate of assignment (increase) of working qualifications issued in accordance with Regulations on the procedure for qualification certification and awarding qualifications to persons receiving vocational education, approved by the joint order of the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Education of Ukraine dated December 31, 1998 No. 201/469.

In the event that persons were hired only on the basis of a driver's license and permission to drive vehicles, the employer must take care of such persons obtaining professional driver qualifications in the prescribed manner.

Based on the foregoing, an employee who is hired for the position of a driver is assigned the III qualification class. In the process of working in this organization, on the basis of the marks in the driver’s license: B, C1, C, D1, D, the qualification commission of the organization can establish the II qualification class for him, subject to fulfillment the above requirements.

Free legal advice:

Classiness is assigned by the qualification commission of the enterprise where the driver works!

№21 dated 10.11.2011

m. Kharkiv, st. Sumska, 106-a

tel./fax:

Vidannya:

Come join us

Winickly food?

©, Factor Group. All rights reserved.

Free legal advice:

Any choice of materials, placed on the site, is allowed to be sent to the portal buhgalter.com.ua.

When copying materials from the “Statti” distribution, for Internet viewing - obov’yazkove directly open for hyperspace systems. Possilannya may be placed in independence in the form of a general or private selection of materials. Hyperposition (for Internet viewing) - due to placement in the subheading or in the first paragraph of the material.

Drivers are classified as workers

1. Drivers are classified as workers.

2. A person who has the appropriate professional education is appointed to the position of driver:

Free legal advice:

To work on a passenger car - a driver's license issued for the right to drive cars of category "B" (cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "A", the maximum permitted weight of which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats in which, in addition to the driver's seat, does not exceed eight);

To work on a truck - a driver's license issued for the right to drive a car of category "C" cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the maximum permissible mass of which exceeds 3500 kg:

For work on the transportation of passengers - a driver's license issued for the right to drive a car of category "D" (cars intended for the carriage of passengers and having more than eight seats, "in addition to the driver's seat);

To work on a car with a trailer - a driver's license issued for the right to drive a car of category "E" (combinations of vehicles with a tractor belonging to category "B", "C" or "D", which the driver has the right to drive, but which are not themselves fall into one of these categories or into these categories).

3. Appointment to work as a driver and release from it is made by order of the chairman of the agricultural artel on the recommendation of the head of the garage or the chief engineer.

Free legal advice:

4. The driver must know:

4.1. Legislative and regulatory legal acts, recommended instructions for road safety.

4.2. Traffic Laws.

4.3. Internal labor regulations

4.4. Rules and norms of labor protection, safety measures, production

Free legal advice:

sanitation and fire protection

4.5. Carry out current and major repairs, as well as maintenance of the vehicle.

5. The driver reports directly to the garage manager or garage mechanic.

6. During the absence of the driver (illness, vacation, etc.), his duties are performed by a person appointed by the head of the garage (chief engineer, chairman).

II. Job responsibilities.

1. Before leaving the line, the driver must:

Pass a pre-trip medical examination;

Upon receipt of travel documentation, present your certificate for the right to drive a vehicle;

In the steering, check: tightness, amount of play of the steering wheel, reliability of fastening of the steering wheel column; adjust the brakes (foot and hand);

Check for leaks of gasoline, oil, water, and in the ignition system - tightness and cleanliness of the contacts;

2. The driver on the line must:

Follow the indicated route;

In the event of a malfunction of the vehicle that threatens traffic safety, take measures to eliminate it. 3. The driver is obliged to constantly monitor the serviceability of electrical equipment and engine power systems. The car should always have: a checked fire extinguisher, a driver's tool kit, a first aid kit, an emergency stop sign and hammers (for bus drivers) for breaking windows on the bus.

4. After returning from the route, the driver must hand over the waybill to the dispatcher with the necessary documents attached to it. The driver is prohibited from:

Drive a car under the influence of alcohol or drugs, sick or overtired;

Transfer driving to persons who do not have a certificate for the right to drive a car of this category or not specified in the waybill, or who are in a state of alcohol and drug intoxication;

Use the vehicle for personal gain

The driver has the right:

1. Get acquainted with the draft decisions of the leadership of the agricultural artel regarding the activities of drivers.

2. Make proposals for improving the activities of the fleet.

3. Ask the garage manager or mechanic for spare parts, documents, etc., necessary for the performance of job duties.

4. IV. Responsibility.

The driver is responsible:

1. For improper performance or non-performance of their official duties provided for by this job description - to the extent determined by the current labor legislation in force in the Russian Federation.

2. For offenses committed in the course of carrying out their activities - within the limits determined by the current administrative, criminal and civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. For causing material damage - within the limits determined by the current labor and civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

The job description was developed in accordance with the Tariffication and qualification characteristics of industry-wide positions of employees and industry-wide professions of workers.

Familiarized with the instruction: __________________________

Job Order

AGRICULTURAL ARTEL BREEDING FARM NAMED AFTER KARL MARX GERMAN NATIONAL DISTRICT ALTAI KRAI

Accept from 08.04.09:

Kornilov Sergey Vladimirovich, driver-forwarder, on a general basis, payment according to the official salary.

Reason: employment contract No. 23 dated 04/08/09, application.

Number of characters with spaces:

Number of tables: 0

Number of images: 0

On amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. However, since these norms are included in paragraph 10 of Art. 83 of the Labor Code, the basis under consideration, related to the initiative of the employer, has lost its legal force. Features of termination of the employment contract at the initiative of the employer are manifested in the fact that: 1) dismissal on the grounds specified in paragraphs 2, 3 is allowed if it is impossible to transfer the employee with his consent to another.

Unfortunately, trade unions do not unite all workers, especially in medium and small businesses. And from this, of course, arises insecurity from the point of view of the law. Conclusion Having considered this topic of the course work “Legal grounds for changing the content of an employment contract”, it can be noted that a change in a labor function or a change in the terms of an employment contract, as well as a transfer to a permanent job c.

As for the literature on labor law (and educational literature in this case is the most revealing), both in Soviet literature and in recent literature, practically one idea is expressed: acts of the judiciary cannot be considered as sources of labor law. The highest judicial bodies are not authorized to create the law, they only interpret the normative acts.

Invalid. This is due to the fact that the legal consequences arising from the transactions in question do not provide for the emergence, change or termination of civil rights and obligations, as mentioned earlier. CONCLUSION The concept of "agreement" can be equally applicable, firstly, to the document itself, which contains the corresponding text that has no content in.

Categories of driving licenses in Ukraine 2017: designations and interpretation

Periodic changes in the legislation of Ukraine must be monitored by everyone, including car owners. Difficulties can arise due to constant innovation. New categories of driving licenses in Ukraine should be known not only to owners of cars, but also to other types of vehicles.

Legislative acts of Ukraine on the categories of driving licenses 2017

New rules in the legislative sphere directly affect the difficulty of obtaining a driver's license. They are set out in the relevant regulations. Their content regulates the rules for owning a car, the legal relations of road users and the rules for issuing documents.

To obtain information, you should familiarize yourself with the following laws:

• Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 340 "On the procedure for issuing driver's licenses". This document describes the current categories of driver's licenses in Ukraine in 2016. The decoding is indicated in paragraph No. 3. Last modified February 11, 2016;
• "Law of Ukraine on road users". Based on the name, this act describes the rights and obligations of drivers, as well as the institutions responsible for their training. Additionally, it regulates the rules for organizing roads of services that regulate traffic.

According to the latest data, categories of driving licenses have undergone minor changes since 2016. New provisions have been added, some obsolete ones have been cancelled. Therefore, before starting training, you should familiarize yourself with the current driver categories that currently exist. In this case, it is necessary to take into account changes in the above laws and regulations.

Deciphering the categories of driver's licenses

First you need to select the type of vehicle. Since the learning process is quite long, it is recommended to decide in advance on the necessary categories and familiarize yourself with their designation. In the future, to open a new one, you will need to improve your skills, which will take time and require additional cash investments.

To determine the optimal list, you should know which categories of driving licenses in Ukraine are currently in effect. Below is their description and interpretation:

• A1. It includes two- and three-wheeled vehicles, the working volume of the power plant, which does not exceed 50 cm³. Another indicator is the engine power - no more than 4 kW;
• A. Permits driving motorcycles, including those with a side trailer, as well as similar two-wheeled vehicles with an engine capacity of 50 cm³ or more and a power of 4 kW;
• IN 1. Applicable for ATVs and tricycles, the mass of which does not exceed 400 kg;
• B. The most common category, which includes the vast majority of cars. The main conditions are weight up to 3500 kg and the number of seats for passengers (except for the driver) - no more than eight;
• C1. Necessary for driving trucks, the weight of which varies from 3500 to 7500 kg;
• C. It opens to drive trucks, the mass of which exceeds 7500 kg;
• D1. The category is assigned after training to bus drivers, the number of passenger seats in which is not more than 16;
• D. As above, except for the number of passenger seats on the bus. Their number may be more than 16;
• T. Allows you to drive trams.

Separately, it is necessary to consider the decoding of the categories of a driver's license in Ukraine for cars with a trailer:

• VE. Allows driving a passenger car with a trailer weighing more than 750 kg;
• C1E and CE. Trucks of category "C1" and "C" with a trailer from 750 kg;
• D1E and D.E. Drivers, in addition to driving a passenger vehicle, can use a trailer weighing from 750 kg, which many cargo and passenger companies have.

If the total weight of the trailer (with load) is less than 750 kg, the opening of a separate category is not required. But if this indicator is exceeded, and the corresponding permission is not received, the employees of the State traffic inspectorate have the right to issue a fine or park the vehicle in the parking lot of their department.

Amendments to the law "On the procedure for issuing driver's licenses"

Correction of the legal act regulating the rules for obtaining a driver's license often entails the emergence of conflict situations between the driver and the representative of the State traffic inspectorate. In order to avoid such incidents, in addition to the main text of the document, it is recommended to study the current additions and changes.

• No. 627 dated 06/12/2013. It is the most significant addition to the current regulatory document. Categories A1, C1 and D1 were added, wording was changed in other groups. Also increased the validity of the driver's license - from 25 to 50 years;
• No. 905 of 09.11.2015. The changes mainly concern the relationship between the driver and the inspector of the Road Safety Administration. In addition to their representatives, employees of the health service, the National Police or the transport organizations may send the driver for a medical examination. Also, the procedure for obtaining rights and the regulations for the validity of a certificate for foreign persons wishing to obtain citizenship of Ukraine have been slightly changed;
• No. 955 dated 12/25/2013. The form of graduation from a driving school has become a document of strict accountability, it is printed in compliance with the standards. Mandatory presence of watermarks and other security measures;
• No. 284 dated 03/28/2012. In case of loss or theft of a driver's license after checking this fact, representatives of the service center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine issue new rights. Thus, temporary certificates were cancelled.

However, these are not final changes in the legislative acts regulating the relationship of the driver with government agencies. The gradual reorganization of the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the expansion of the rights of its representatives may further increase the influence of the National Police on traffic regulation.

Rules for obtaining a driver's license in Ukraine

After choosing one or more categories, you need to go through the learning process and, after successfully passing the exams, get the rights. To perform these actions, you should familiarize yourself with the current regulations. It is also set out in Resolution No. 430.

To obtain a driver's license by a citizen of Ukraine or a person with similar rights, you must complete the following steps.

1. Choose a driving school It must be a licensed organization. Additionally, you need to request a certificate of accreditation. It is issued only by the Department of traffic police.
2. Enrollment in a driving school is carried out if there is an application addressed to the head of the organization, a medical certificate of the appropriate sample, 4 color photographs 3.5 * 4.5, copies of documents (passport and identification code).
3. The term of study depends on the chosen category. To drive a passenger car, you will need to complete a course within 2.5-3 months.
4. Passing exams in the traffic police. This is carried out only at the place of registration, with the exception of the decisions of the heads of traffic police departments. A package of documents for passing exams is submitted by representatives of the driving school. When registering on your own, you should prepare a passport, an identification code, a medical certificate, two photographs and a receipt for payment for services (UAH 270).
5. Upon completion of the exams, a driver's license with a list of open categories, an examination card, a certificate of completion of a driving school and a medical certificate are issued.

Additionally, it is necessary to take into account the minimum age for obtaining one or another category of rights in Ukraine. It depends on the type of vehicle:

• 16 years - for category A;
• 18 years old - for category B, C;
• 19 years old - for category BE, C1E, CE;
• 21 years old - for category D, DE, T.

If for some reason, after completing the training, it was not possible to pass the exams at the traffic police, the document on graduation from the driving school will be valid for 10 years. During this period, it will be possible to obtain a driver's license in Ukraine without re-visiting an educational institution.

Possible innovations in 2017

The optimization of the set of laws governing the obtaining and operation of a driver's license in Ukraine does not stop. This is due to the emergence of new types of vehicles, as well as the desire to bring current legislation closer to European standards. But it is too early to talk about significant changes.

The main problem of regulation of road users is the presence of low-powered two-wheelers. These include the so-called scooters, mopeds, etc. Some of them fall under category A1, but some have other technical characteristics. Therefore, in order to obtain an appropriate driver's license, it is planned to introduce the following new categories:

• AM. Permits driving two and three-wheeled vehicles, the passport of which indicates a maximum speed of not more than 45 km / h;
• A2. Motorcycles whose power does not exceed 45 hp or 3.5 kW. In this case, the ratio of rated power to weight should not exceed 0.27 hp/kg.

It is too early to talk about possible adjustments to the age category of drivers. But given the increased responsibility for driving freight and passenger vehicles, the age for obtaining licenses is likely to be increased. For category D and D1 - from 24 years old, for C and CE - from 21 years old. But these are only assumptions, since the relevant bills have not yet been submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for consideration.

Record frosts shackled Niagara Falls on the US-Canada border. Streams of seething water turned into giant icicles, more than fifty meters high. Dozens of tourists come here to see the frozen miracle, despite the severe frost: it is now minus thirty-three degrees Celsius in the region. In the afternoon, the movement of the waterfall practically stopped - all the water turned into a mountain of icicles.

The last time Niagara froze like this was a hundred years ago. However, the ice kingdom will not last long: meteorologists promise warming in the coming days. Residents of the islands on the Niagara River are preparing for the floods.

This message reminded me of a summer trip to Niagara Falls, which I was going to write a post about, but never did ... Now I'm in a hurry to make a post in "hot pursuit" about the "frozen Niagara Falls". Niagara Falls completely froze over in 1848 and 1912; froze to such an extent that a crust of ice formed an "ice bridge" on the surface of the waterfall, along which people walked.

A post about the city said that Niagara Falls is a 30-minute drive from Buffolo.

Due to record frosts that hit the North American continent in January, Niagara Falls froze over. A huge part of the waterfall has been completely covered with ice in the last few days.
Chunks of ice periodically break off and fall into the river. In this regard, on both islands adjacent to Niagara Falls, local authorities have issued a warning of possible floods.
According to forecasters, in this region of North America, the thermometer mark reached a temperature of minus twenty degrees Celsius.
Note that the last time such low temperatures in North America were recorded by meteorologists seventy years ago. Thousands of flights have been canceled due to unprecedented cold weather in the US. .

Niagara Falls is located on the Niagara River between Lakes Erie and Ontario in eastern North America, on the border between the United States and Canada. The falls are partly in Canada, partly in the US, and are separated by Goat Island. The name refers to three separate waterfalls: American Falls, Veil Falls, and Horseshoe Falls (known as Canada Falls in Canada). Although the height difference is not very large, the falls are very wide, and in terms of the volume of water passing through it, Niagara Falls is the most powerful in North America.

Niagara Falls is frozen. Photo from 1911

In 1911, Niagara froze for half a day, enough to walk over the edge of the falls.

From an 1842 guide to Niagara Falls:
"Neither the Niagara River nor the waterfalls ever freeze through, the water continues to flow under the ice shell. What you see is just ice sculptures under which water flows. The thickness of the shell depends on the right temperature and how long it lasts ".

The phenomenon when ice covers the river and waterfall is known as the "ice bridge". In fact, the flow of water on Niagara never stops, although it may decrease. Falling water and fog in severe frost create ice formations below, under the waterfall. And if the winter is severe enough, then the ice covers Niagara Falls completely. This creates a so-called "ice bridge", which can extend several kilometers down the river.

This ice bridge can extend several miles downriver until it reaches an area known as the lower rapids. Until 1912, visitors were allowed to go directly onto the ice floe to view the falls from below. On February 24th, 1888, the local newspaper reported that at least 20,000 people were watching the neighborhood or sleighing on the ice floe. Liquor stalls, photographers and curious people abounded. On February 4th, 1912, the ice floe broke and three hikers died.

The flow of water at the waterfall completely stopped only once - 29 March 1848 and then for just a few hours. The reason for this was an ice jam upstream of the river.

The last time Niagara Falls completely froze over was in 1932.

From the Toronto Globe (now the Globe and Mail), February 1896, one gets an idea of ​​the activity on the ice bridge at the time:
... last Sunday there were about 20 thousand people on the ice bridge, mostly young people. We spent the whole day sledding and having fun. In the middle were several wooden booths offering broth, cakes and coffee."

In the same booths, souvenirs, photography services were offered, and alcohol was also sold illegally. If dissatisfaction was anticipated on the part of the American authorities, the booth was shifted to the opposite Canadian side, or vice versa. The chances that there would be no fine at all were very high, since the exact line of the border could be discussed in court for a very long time.

One day, the locals woke up from something strange - it was quiet. Usually the noise of the waterfall is heard far away, but on the morning of March 30, 1948, the Niagara stopped flowing, and the huge horseshoe-shaped waterfall, and the American Falls, stopped falling.
Some enterprising men went down to the empty leg, where water usually rumbles, and found a lot of interesting things there: weapons of the war of 1812, tomahawks, huge relic pine trunks 18 meters long. Pine trees were used to make furniture, and each item was sold with a unique story behind its creation. Thousands of parishioners in churches saw in what happened a sign of future misfortunes.
The water stopped due to the beginning of ice drift on Lake Erie, ice floes on Niagara formed an impenetrable ice dam, which blocked the flow of the river for a day. Then the wind changed, the dam broke - and the waterfall rumbled again, everyone sighed calmly, life returned to normal.

See also (1460×1152)

Perhaps no waterfall in the world is as popular as Niagara. Throughout the year, it is visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists who are fascinated by the unsurpassed beauty of this natural wonder. In 2014, people who visited this beautiful place were amazed by a very rare sight. They saw Niagara Falls frozen over. Why is this happening?

Reasons for the freezing of the waterfall

Many people wondered why it was cold. It's not a secret for anyone that in recent years the Earth has been subject to various natural disasters, which present very unexpected surprises to humanity. Thus, in recent years, abnormally cold and snowy winters have been observed in the United States almost every year. If a few decades ago it was impossible to imagine North America covered with a large layer of snow and freezing at a temperature of -30 ... -40 ˚С, now such weather is almost no surprise to anyone. contributed to the rapid freezing of even such a powerful stream of water as is in Niagara Falls.

Ice Complex Niagara Falls

Everyone knows that the height of this waterfall exceeds 50 m. The entire complex of the Niagara Cascade consists of 3 separate elements. So, the Canadian Falls, which is often also called the "Horseshoe", has a width of 792 m. The so-called "Veil" has the smallest size - only 17 m. And the third - the American Falls - is 323 m wide. In this huge complex, even after freezing, a certain amount of water still continues to flow. In this case, numerous ice growths are formed.

Excursion into distant history

The earliest documented evidence of the freezing of Niagara Falls dates back to 1948. At that time, people who saw such an extraordinary spectacle were not only delighted, but also frightened. It seemed to many that the end of the world had come, since in their memory such a phenomenon had never been observed before. And on March 29, 1848, the channel was completely blocked for several hours by a huge iceberg, which broke away. At this time, the flow of water almost completely stopped.

Some people who recently asked whether Niagara Falls freezes over did not know the information that such a rather rare phenomenon had already been recorded once, not only in documents. This miracle of nature was captured in photographs. So, in the USA, Niagara Falls froze back in 1912. Since at that time many people already had cameras, people had the opportunity to capture this unforgettable sight. Then Niagara Falls froze almost completely for 40 hours. Until 1912, onlookers were always allowed to go out onto the ice floes in order to watch the waterfall tamed by frost from below. Even tents were set up there for the sale of liquor. After a misfortune happened on February 4, 1912, namely the death of three tourists on a broken ice floe, people are not allowed to the foot of the frozen Niagara Falls. It is quite remarkable that after more than 100 years, such an unusual phenomenon again occurred twice in one month.

The freezing of Niagara Falls in 1932 is mentioned by very few sources, as it was very fast. Then severe frosts managed to stop the flow of water for only a few hours, so there were very few witnesses to this event.

Meteorologists Explain Why Niagara Falls Frozen

Many people cannot understand why such an unusual and rare phenomenon has arisen. In the area where the river flows Niagara, the air temperature in January very rarely drops to -6...-8 ˚С. That is why a sharp cold snap led to such an unforgettable phenomenon. According to meteorologists, Niagara Falls completely froze over due to the long-term impact of the polar vortex. It was she who brought abnormal frosts to the United States. Thus, in January 2014, the air temperature dropped below the norm by 16-19˚С for several days.

Falling water, forming a dense fog, during severe and prolonged frosts creates ice formations that are located under the waterfall. Only when the winter is extremely severe do they cover Niagara Falls almost completely. At the same time, a characteristic “ice bridge” is formed on the river, stretching for several kilometers.

Niagara Falls has frozen twice this year. For the first time, the streams of water were almost completely frozen. This spectacle was especially clearly visible at the American Falls, whose height reaches 34 m. It was he who was the main tourist attraction located on the border of the United States and Canada. The streams of water rushing down turned into multi-meter icicles. The refreeze was only partial. At the same time, the audience saw not only huge blocks of ice and icicles, but also streams of water seething among them. An amazing spectacle, presented by a waterfall frozen in several places, delighted the audience for only a few hours.

Impressions of people visiting Niagara Falls

Numerous tourists who visited this beautiful place at the beginning of January 2014 were delighted with the fact that powerful streams of water falling from the top of the cliff and not reaching the bottom turn into numerous blocks of ice with amazing patterns. As a result of forty-degree frosts, even the Niagara River turned into a small stream. However, in this anomalous event, tourists and local residents saw their pluses. A huge flow of people wishing to admire the giant icicles, the length of which sometimes exceeded 50 m, did not stop for several days.

The popularity of frozen waterfall images

Despite the losses caused by the cold, many photographers have successfully made money on images of a frozen waterfall. The most popular photographs of huge icicles and views with night illumination. Hundreds of bloggers around the world have posted unique photos on their websites and share their impressions of such natural beauty with everyone. At the same time, many experts say that there are a lot of fake pictures of the waterfall on the network.

Enterprising Americans even installed a video camera at their famous tourist site, which broadcast live from it. Anyone who wants to see with their own eyes how Niagara Falls froze over (2014) can see the photos here.

The consequences of cold weather for the US economy

Despite all the beauty of the frozen Niagara Falls, abnormal frosts brought huge losses. Thus, the damage caused by the cold weather of early 2014 in the eastern and central regions, according to the most conservative estimates, is estimated at $5 billion.