What is Ladoga lake or sea. Wonderful places in Russia - Ladoga. Where is Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga (has the second name Ladoga, formerly referred to as Nevo) is considered the largest freshwater reservoir in Russia. Ladoga in its popularity is only slightly inferior to Baikal, known throughout the world. Hundreds of tourists come to its coast every year to enjoy the wonderful views and capture the beauty of these places in memory.

In this article, you will learn the main features of this reservoir - where it is located, what characteristics it has, what surrounds the lake, what flora and fauna it has, what it is like in winter and summer periods.

Lake Ladoga belongs to two territories - the eastern and northern shores are located in the Republic of Karelia, and the southern and western ones please the residents of the Leningrad Region. The lake belongs to the basins of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea.

Characteristics

lake area

If we take the total area of ​​Ladoga, then we get an impressive figure - 17,870 km², and if we also take into account the islands, then 18,320 km² comes out. The volume of water in the lake is 838 km³. The maximum recorded width is 125 kilometers, and the total coastal length is as much as 1570 kilometers.

The height above sea level is small - only 4.8 meters, but the depth is tens more. It is impossible to accurately measure the depth throughout the lake, it is uneven - in the northern part the spread in numbers is from 70 to 220 meters, in the southern part - from 19 to 70 meters. But it was possible to measure the greatest depth, in Lake Ladoga it is 230 meters.

Water temperature

Like the entire Leningrad region, Lake Ladoga is in a cold and rainy haze all year round. The average water temperature in the warm periods of the year is about +19. In autumn it drops to +10 degrees, and in winter frosts it drops to -3 degrees. In August, if the year turned out to be successful, you can catch a temperature of +24 degrees on the surface of the lake, but closer to the bottom it will be only +17 degrees. At a depth of more than 200 meters, the water temperature is almost always +3, +4.

Nature of Ladoga

The northern and eastern coast (Karelia) belongs to the middle taiga zone, and part of the lake in the Leningrad region belongs to the southern taiga subzone. The northern subzone is characterized by the appearance of mosses and shrubs (mainly blueberries, blueberries), an abundance of spruce forests; dark coniferous forests are characteristic of the southern part, linden and maple are sometimes found, but the moss cover is less developed.

In Ladoga, scientists count more than 110 species of aquatic plants. There are more than 76 subspecies of blue-green algae alone, and there are also green algae and diatoms. Along with the lush underwater world, planktonic animals have also found shelter. The lake is home to cladocerans, copepods, rotifers, daphnia, cyclops, water mites, a wide variety of worms, mollusks and other crustaceans.

The waters of Ladoga are rich not only in ticks but in unicellular organisms, more than 50 species of fish are found here. For example, Ladoga slingshot, trout, whitefish, salmon, bream, smelt, rudd, zander, catfish, cheese, asp, palia, roach, perch, pike, sturgeon, silver bream, burbot and many others. The region of the lake richest in seafood is the shallow southern zone, where the depth is only 20 meters. But in the northern deep-water area, the catch will be less diverse.

In addition to fish, this reservoir can also show tourists more than 200 species of birds. The most attractive place for birds to live is the southern zone, however, many birds can be seen in Karelia. On the territory of Lake Ladoga there are: gulls, river ducks, geese, swans, cranes and shorebirds, eagle owls, grebes, short-eared owls, ospreys, red-footed falcons, herbalists, golden plovers and even white-tailed eagles.

Lake Ladoga has become a habitat for the world's only representative of pinnipeds - the Ladoga ringed seal (a special subspecies of the ringed seal). In total, there are about 4000 of them in the world, therefore these animals are listed in the Red Book and are strictly protected by law.

Cities

The following cities are located on the shores of the lake itself: Priozersk, Novaya Ladoga, Sortavala, Shlisselburg, Pitkyaranta and Lahdenpokhya. The largest of them are Priozersk and Novaya Ladoga, although the number of people there does not exceed 50 thousand.

Larger cities are located near Lake Ladoga, for example, St. Petersburg. From the northern capital of Russia, you can get to Lake Ladoga in various ways, ranging from public transport (trains, buses, trains, ferries) to traveling by car. At the same time, the travel time will be no more than three hours, and if you use the car and lay the right route on the map, you can manage it in one and a half.

From the northern part, the nearest city to Ladoga is Petrozavodsk. You can also get there by car or public transport. However, the road will have to spend a little more than 4 hours.

Climate and seasons of Lake Ladoga

It is no secret for avid tourists that in the autumn and winter months Ladoga looks extremely inhospitable. Even in Karelia, where there are picturesque cliffs and wild flowers making their way among thick grass, Lake Ladoga is inhospitable.

During cold periods, the Arctic anticyclone acts on the lake, which brings strong gusts of wind, storms, prolonged rains and sub-zero air temperatures. In October, the storm season begins, it becomes damp and wet, and frequent fog appears on the lake. The only outlet for lovers of autumn holidays is September, this month Ladoga is more or less ready to share its beauties - heavy rains do not come often, the water surface is calm and clean, the air retains a piece of summer.

In summer, the reservoir kindly welcomes guests with a southern anticyclone, delighting with picturesque places and clear water. Only seasoned people can swim here, but everyone will be able to enjoy the beauties. The average air temperature in July and August exceeds +20 degrees, so tourists will definitely be able to capture the sun glare playing on the surface of Ladoga.

The problem of the history of the development of Lake Ladoga and the formation of the river. The Neva is currently debatable in many respects. The currently available fundamental generalizations made by teams of authors 1 leave a number of important questions that require further scientific study and solution. The main ones are the time of occurrence of the river. Neva and the direction of flow from Ladoga before the formation of the river. Not you.

The basin of Lake Ladoga began to fill with water as the glacier of the last Valdai glaciation was destroyed and melted. According to recent studies on the problem of deglaciation of the basins of Lake Ladoga and Onega, using varvochronological, radiocarbon and paleomagnetic analyzes of ribbon clays, it was found that Lake Ladoga was freed from ice in the interval of 14000-12500 calendar years (11800-10300 14 C years ago) ( Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Stages of deglaciation in the basin of Lake Ladoga

Within the limits of the Ladoga basin, there was a deep-water cold oligotrophic near-glacial reservoir (Fig. 2), which was the eastern reach of the Baltic glacial lake 2 , in which a thick sequence of lacustrine-glacial banded clays 3 was formed over 2000 years.

A characteristic feature of banded clays is their distinct gradation layering. In sections of banded clays, there is an alternation of layers of two types: clayey, relatively thin and darker-colored, and coarser, silty or sandy, thick and light-colored.

The first are called winter layers, the second - summer layers. Ribbon clays were formed from glacial turbidity, a product of moraine washing, which was brought by melt water flows into the near-glacial reservoir (Fig. 3).

The sedimentation of coarser clastic material on the bottom of the lake in the spring-summer period and finer material in suspension in the autumn-winter season led to the formation of banded clays. In the cold, sharply continental climate of the Late Glacial, the productivity of lacustrine and terrestrial ecosystems was low, which was reflected in the very low content of organic matter in banded clays.

A thick layer of lacustrine-glacial deposits of the BLO covers almost the entire bottom of Lake Ladoga, and their thickness reaches 20-30m 4 . Deposits of the Baltic glacial lake are also found in bottom sediment sections of many lakes located in the northern lowland part of the Karelian Isthmus 5 .

Higher in the section of banded clays, the layers gradually thin until they completely disappear: banded clays are replaced by microlayered and homogeneous clays (Fig. 4).

This facies transition from one type of clay to another was associated with the gradual degradation of the glacier, the retreat of its edge from the catchment area of ​​the lake and, accordingly, with a decrease in the supply of detrital material and the precipitation of predominantly suspended matter.

According to existing ideas, the last reduction of the Baltic Ice Sheet occurred unevenly, as did the subsequent isostatic uplift of the territory. It is believed that about 10300 14 C years ago in the area of ​​the modern city of Billingen in central Sweden (Fig. 2), the collapse of the glacial blade led to the release of the straits, a sharp decrease in the runoff threshold and a drop in the level of the Baltic Glacial Lake (BLL), which caused the release of under the waters of a vast territory from the Baltic to the White Sea, adjacent to the edge of the ice sheet.

The descent of the BLO was catastrophic and short-lived. Sea waters of the World Ocean penetrate into the Baltic Basin, forming the brackish water conditions of the Yoldian Sea stage (Fig. 5). Lake Ladoga from this point in time is isolated from the Baltic.

The decrease in the BLO level was accompanied by strong processes of denudation and erosion of the exposed parts of the bottom, as a result of which, in the sections of bottom sediments of most lakes in the northern part of the Karelian Isthmus, a sandy interlayer is observed at the contact of clays and overlying silts or a sharp boundary between them, indicating a break in sedimentation. In the sediment structure of lakes located within the Karelian Isthmus - the Heiniok Strait, which connected Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea, interlayers of sand up to 0.5 m 6 thick are found, overlapping band clays. Higher in the sections, sand interlayers are overlain by organomineral lacustrine deposits (sapropels) and bog peat.

In the early Holocene (10,300-9,500 years ago), due to significant climate warming in the Northern Hemisphere, the rapid destruction of the Baltic ice sheet, the descent of the Baltic glacial lake, and, as a result, the isolation of Lake Ladoga, there was a change in the lake of glacial lacustrine type lacustrine sedimentation (Fig. 4). Characteristic thin gray homogeneous clays (0.2-0.8 m) are formed.

In the second half of preboreal time, the Ladoga level rose to 18-20m. This was a consequence of the ancestral transgression of the Baltic (Fig. 6) about 9200 years ago, which led to the impounding of the runoff from Ladoga and, as a result, to a rise in the water level in the lake (Fig. 7). During the maximum of the Ancylus transgression, the southern shallow waters of Lake Ladoga were flooded up to modern isobaths of about 20 m (Fig. 6).

About 9500/9000 years ago, approximately at the turn of the preboreal and boreal, lacustrine deposits - silts - began to accumulate in the basin of Lake Ladoga (Fig. 4). Due to the fact that the water area of ​​the lake was repeatedly reduced in the Holocene, the complete and thickest sections of silt deposits are observed in the northern deep-water region. In the process of sedimentation, the role of organic matter of autochthonous origin increases. Silts show an increase in the content of organic matter compared to clays.

At the turn of the preboreal and boreal about 9,000 years ago, the level of Ladoga again decreases due to the regression of the Baltic to levels below the present position, which is recorded according to the study of bottom sediments in the shallow southern part of the lake 8 .

The separation of Ladoga and Baltic takes place, the Heiniok Strait dries up, and many lakes of the Karelian Isthmus are isolated, in which organogenic silts are formed, and peat bogs are formed in the mouths of the rivers. According to different authors, the radiocarbon age of peatlands is 7870 ± 110 years in the Pitkyaranta region, 7970 ± 260 and 7960 ± 230 years at the mouth of the Oyat River, 7110 ± 170 years on the Vyun River, and 6900 ± 70 years on the Olonka River 9 .

The runoff from Ladoga at that time was directed through the channel system of the Vuoksa lake-river system to the Vyborg Bay, and the threshold of the runoff from Ladoga was in the area of ​​the modern village of Veshchevo (Finnish name for Heinioki) at an altitude of 15.4 m above sea level.

The most interesting and controversial period in the history of Ladoga is the period of the last 5000 years. This stage, which received the name "Ladoga transgression" in the literature, corresponds to the interval of 5000-3000 years ago (Fig. 8). The reasons for this transgression are interpreted ambiguously. M. Saarnisto 10 saw the main cause in the advanced isostatic uplift of the earth's crust on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic, as a result of which the flow of water from the Saimaa system of lakes into the Gulf of Finland ceased.

As a result of the skew, a new runoff threshold arose through the marginal ridge of the Salpausselkä-I moraine near the city of Imatra into the system of the river. Vuoksa, which at that time flowed from Ladoga to the Baltic. The waters of the largest Saimaa lake system in Finland, which is dammed by Salpausselkä moraine ridges, according to M. Saarnisto, broke into Ladoga, sharply increasing the incoming part of the lake's water balance.

According to A. V. Shnitnikov 11 , the development of the Ladoga transgression was due to another centuries-old rhythm of fluctuations in total moisture content, which was widely manifested in this period of the Holocene and could lead to an outburst of water from Lake Baikal. Saimaa and to a significant increase in runoff to Ladoga from a vast drainage basin. Apparently, during this period, the effect of several factors, endogenous and exogenous, contributed to significant transformations of the hydrographic network of the basin and the water balance of Ladoga.

The result of the development of the Ladoga transgression, as is commonly believed, was the overflow of Ladoga through the Mginsko-Tosnensky watershed and the formation of the Neva River. Most researchers, starting with G. de Geer, J. Ailio, E. Hyppä, who were later referred to by D. D. Kvasov 14, believed that the Neva channel between Ladoga and the Baltic was formed mainly as a result of the glacioisostatic uplift of the northern Ladoga region and the distortion of the Ladoga basin , as a result of which the waters of the lake flooded its southern part and intruded into the valley of the river. pra-Mga, flowing into Ladoga.

They reached the height of the Mginsko-Tosnensky watershed, represented by a ridge (about 18 m) composed of moraine loam, eroded it and carried out the descent of the waters of Ladoga along the valley of the river. Pratosna, which previously flowed into the Gulf of Finland. At the same time, the lower parts of the valleys were widened and deepened by the runoff from Ladoga (Fig. 8).

The time of the maximum of the Ladoga transgression and the beginning of the formation of the Neva River have different dates for different authors. Yu. Aylio 15 and S. A. Yakovlev 16 believed that the Neva arose in the period 4500-4000 years ago. Later, K. K. Markov et al. 17 pointed to the short duration of the Ladoga transgression, which fit within a part of the Subboreal period. O. M. Znamenskaya et al. 18 dated it 2000 years ago, and D. D. Kvasov 19 considered it in the interval 2300-1200 years ago. According to M. Saarnisto and T. Grönlund 20 p. The Neva appeared about 3100 years ago.

D. B. Malakhovskii et al. 21 present new conclusions about the time of the Ladoga transgression and the formation of the Neva River, which are refined according to the dating of terraces of different ages and the roof of peat bogs underlying the sediments of the transgression in the Nevsky Forest Park section (3000–2800 years ago) and overlapping them in the section "Nevsky Piglet" (2400 years ago).

Thus, on the basis of these data, in a short period of time, about 400 years, the level of Ladoga dropped from 18 m to 5-6 m, which is quite realistic, given that the southern watershed of the lake was composed of loose sedimentary rocks, while the northern one - Heinioksky - was crystalline. .

With the isostatic uplift of the northern part of the Karelian Isthmus, the Heiniok Strait dried up and swamped, as a system of lake-river channels on the line Priozersk - Veshchevo - Vyborg. During the regression of Lake Antsylovoe and the continuing uplift and skew of the northern part of the Ladoga Basin, the level of Ladoga and Baltica became equal.

It was at this time that a new runoff from the north broke through from the Saimaa system of lakes and its bifurcation arose. Part of this runoff went along the old hollow of the Heinioka Strait to the Priozersky Bay, and part of the runoff continued to the Baltic. A large volume of traction sediments ran along the western shore of Ladoga and contributed to blocking the runoff from Ladoga along the hollow of Sukhodolskoye Lake (former Lake Suvanto).

The powerful sandy coastal ridges of subboreal time studied by us, more than 17 meters high, adjacent to glacial deposits (an ancient lake stretching from north to south almost from Priozersk to Pyatirechye), are recorded along the western coast of Ladoga. They were broken by a water stream in 1818. in the area of ​​the modern mouth of the river. Burnoy (Taipole Bay).

It should be emphasized that the proposed blocking of the runoff from Ladoga could only occur as a result of block movements on the Karelian Isthmus, which were combined in time, caused by the activation of isostatic rises in the northern Ladoga region, an increase in moisture, and a change in the direction of runoff from the Saimaa system. The relative subsidence of the southern part of the basin could lead to a breakthrough of water from Ladoga and the formation of the river. Neva (or a significant increase in runoff along the channel of the great-Neva, if it existed before these events, i.e. there was a bifurcation of runoff from Ladoga).

The Burnaya River was formed as a result of a sudden breakthrough of the waters of the lake. Suvanto (Sukhodolsky) through a man-made canal and its descent to Ladoga only in May 1818. Lake level Suvanto dropped by 11m, and its bottom was exposed on an area of ​​more than 5000ha. The channel flowing from it to the west into the river. Vuoksu, completely dried up, a rocky isthmus formed in its place. From that time on, R. Vuoksa flowed back and began to flow into Ladoga, and numerous lakes of the Karelian Isthmus sharply lowered their level and became shallow.

This happened as a result of lowering the lake level by 10-11m. Suvanto and other local erosion bases in the Vuoksa basin. Significant changes were also caused by a further artificial increase in flow in the section of the river. Vuoksa - lake. Suvanto in 1857 and the formation of the Losevskaya duct. This event 119 also affected the entire hydrographic network of the Karelian Isthmus and led to a corresponding restructuring in the structure of its landscapes.

Numerous lakes of the Karelian Isthmus have sharply lowered their level, shallowed and significantly reduced the size of their water areas as a result of a decrease in local erosion bases in the basin of the river. Vuoksa. Comparison of the areas of the largest lakes on the maps of the Karelian Isthmus at the beginning of the 19th century and in 1983, reduced to the same scale, showed that, for example, the area of ​​Lake. Sukhodolsky decreased by 32.4%, lake. Balakhanovskoye - by 59.5%, lake. Cancer - by 88.6%, dozens of small lakes have completely disappeared.

Literature:
1 . Kvasov, D. D. History of Ladoga, Onega, Pskov-Peipsi Lakes, Baikal and Khanka / D. D. Kvasov, G. G. Martinson, A. V. Raukas (eds.). - L., 1990. - 280 p.; The evolution of natural settings and the current state of the geosystem of Lake Ladoga: Sat. scientific tr. / Ed. N. N. Davydova, B. I. Koshechkina. - St. Petersburg, 1993. - 118 p.; Kvasov, D. D. Late Quaternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. - L., 1975. - 278 p.; Davydova, N. New data on Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of Lake Ladoga / N. Davydova, V. Khomutova, M. Pushenko, D. Subetto // Report on Lake Ladoga Research in 1991-1993. Joensuu. 1994. - No. 111. - P. 137-143; Subetto, D. Contribution to the lithostratigraphy and history of Lake Ladoga / D. Subetto, N. Davydova, A. Rybalko // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology. Palaeoecology. - 1998. - No. 140. - P. 113-119; The First International Lake Ladoga Symposium // Hydrobiology. - 1996. - Vol. 322. - 328 p.
2 . Davydova, N. N. Late Pleistocene history of Lake Ladoga // History of the Pleistocene lakes of the East European Plain / V. I. Khomutova, N. N. Davydova, A. V. Raukas, V. A. Rumyantsev (ed.). - SPb., 1998, - S. 134-140; Kvasov, D. D. Late Quaternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. - L., 1975. -278 p.; Subetto, D., Davydova N., Rybalko A. Contribution to the lithostratigraphy and history of Lake Ladoga / D. Subetto, N. Davydova, A. Rybalko // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology. Palaeoecology. - 1998. - No. 140. - P. 113-119.
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4 . Subetto, D.A., General characteristics of bottom sediments. Lake Ladoga / D. A. Subetto, A. E. Rybalko, M. A. Spiridonov // History of Lake Ladoga, Onega, Pskov-Peipsi, Baikal and Khanka / D. D. Kvasov, G. G. Martinson, A. V. Raukas (ed.). - L., 1990. - S. 35-42.
5 . Sevastyanov, D.V., Subetto, D.A., Arslanov, Kh.A., et al., Izv. Russian Geographical Society. T. 128, no. 5. - 1996. - S. 36-47; Sevastyanov, D.V., Subetto, D.A., Sikatskaya, E.D., and Stepochkina, O.E., Peculiarities of evolution of the lake-river network in the basin of Lake Ladoga in the Holocene // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University Ser. 7, no. 1 (No. 7). -2001. - S. 88-100; Subetto, D. A., Davydova N. N., Wolfart B., Arslanov H. A. Subetto D.A., Davydova N.N., Volfart B., Arslanov H.A. Litho-, bio- and chronostratigraphy of lacustrine deposits of the Karelian Isthmus at the Late Pleistocene-Holocene boundary // Izvestiya RGS. T. 131, no. 5. - 1999. - S. 56-69; Subetto, D. A. Structure, features and history of the formation of bottom sediments // Lake Ladoga: past, present, future / V. G. Drabkova, V. A. Rumyantsev (ed.). - St. Petersburg, 2002. - S. 122-136.
6 . Sevastyanov, D.V., Subetto, D.A., Sikatskaya, E.D., and Stepochkina, O.E., Peculiarities of evolution of the lake-river network in the basin of Lake Ladoga in the Holocene // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University Ser. 7, no. 1 (No. 7). - 2001. - S. 88-100; Subetto, D. A. Structure, features and history of the formation of bottom sediments // Lake Ladoga: past, present, future / V. G. Drabkova, V. A. Rumyantsev (ed.). - St. Petersburg, 2002. - S. 122-136.
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8 . Kvasov, D. D. History of Ladoga, Onega, Pskov-Peipsi Lakes, Baikal and Khanka / D. D. Kvasov, G. G. Martinson, A. V. Raukas (eds.). - L., 1990. - 280 p.; Subetto, D. A., Davydova N. N., Wolfart B., Arslanov H. A. Subetto D.A., Davydova N.N., Volfart B., Arslanov H.A. Litho-, bio- and chronostratigraphy of lacustrine deposits of the Karelian Isthmus at the Late Pleistocene-Holocene boundary // Izvestiya RGS. T. 131, no. 5. - 1999. - S. 56-69; Subetto, D., Davydova N., Rybalko A. Contribution to the lithostratigraphy and history of Lake Ladoga / D. Subetto, N. Davydova, A. Rybalko // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology. Palaeoecology. - 1998. - No. 140. - P. 113-119.
9 . Abramova, S.A., Davydova N.N., Kvasov D.D. History of Lake Ladoga in the Holocene according to spore-pollen and diatom analyses. History of lakes of the North-West. / Rev. ed. S. V. Kalesnik. - L., 1967. - S. 113-132. Koshechkin, B. I. Holocene transgressions of Lake Ladoga / B. I. Koshechkin, I. M. Ekman // Evolution of natural conditions and the current state of the geosystem of Lake Ladoga / Ed. N. N. Davydova, B. I. Koshechkina. - St. Petersburg, 1993. - S. 49-60; Subetto, D. A., Davydova N. N., Wolfart B., Arslanov H. A. Subetto D.A., Davydova N.N., Volfart B., Arslanov H.A. Litho-, bio- and chronostratigraphy of lacustrine deposits of the Karelian Isthmus at the Late Pleistocene-Holocene boundary // Izvestiya RGS. T. 131, no. 5. - 1999. - S. 56-69
10 . Saarnisto, M. The Late Weichelian and Flandrian history of the Saimaa lake complex. -Helsinki, 1970. - 108 p.
11 . Shnitnikov, A. V. Variability of the total moisture content of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere. - M.; L., 1957. - 337 p. Shnitnikov, A. V. Intra-secular variability of the components of total moisture content. - L., 1969.
12 . Subetto, D. A. Structure, features and history of the formation of bottom sediments // Lake Ladoga: past, present, future / V. G. Drabkova, V. A. Rumyantsev (ed.). - St. Petersburg, 2002. - S. 122-136.
13 . Bjorck, S. A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0-8.0 ka BP // Quaternary International. - Vol. 27. - 1994. - P. 19-40.
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15 . Ailio, J. Die geographikche Entwicklung des Ladogasees // Fennia. - 1915. - Bd. 8, No. 3. -157 p.
16 . Yakovlev, S. A. Deposits and relief of Leningrad and its environs. - L., 1925. Part 1. -186 p.; 1926. Part 2. - 264 p.
17 . Markov, K. K., Poretsky V.S., Shlyamina V.E. On fluctuations in the levels of Ladoga and Onega lakes in the post-glacial period / K. K. Markov, V. S. Poretsky, V. E. Shlyamina // Tr. Committee by studied. quarter period. - 1934. - T. 4. Issue. 1.
18 . Znamenskaya, O. M., Sokolova V. B., Khomutova V. I. Comparative analysis of paleogeographic conditions for the development of the southern and western shores of Lake Ladoga / O. M. Znamenskaya, V. B. Sokolova, V. I. Khomutova // History of Lakes. - Vilnius, 1970. - S. 319-331.
19 . Kvasov, D. D. Late Quaternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. - L., 1975. - 278 p.
20 . Saarnisto, M. Shoreline displacement of Lake Ladoga - new data from Kilpolansaari / M. Saarnisto, T. Grönlund // Hydrobiologia. - 322. - 1996. - P. 205-215.
21 . Malakhovskii, D. B. New data on the Holocene history of Lake Ladoga / D. B. Malakhovskii, Kh. A. Arslanov, N. A. Gei et al. // Evolution of natural settings and the current state of the geosystem of Lake Ladoga / Ed. N. N. Davydova, B. I. Koshechkina. - SPb., 1993. - S. 61-73.
22 . Bjorck, S. A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0-8.0 ka BP // Quaternary International. - Vol. 27. - 1994. - P. 19-40.

Map coverage area:

Lake Ladoga, the Neva River, the Neva River Delta, the Neva Bay, the lake system of the Vuoksa River from the former sluice (Gremyachiy threshold) to Lake Ladoga, including Sukhodolskoye Lake, the Burnnaya River, the Vuoksi-Virtu channel and the Priozersky reach, Otradnoe, Pioneerskoye, Krasavitsa lakes, Krasnogvardeyskoye, Nakhimovskoye, Glubokoe, Pravdinskoye. Lake Ilmen, rivers Volkhov, Lovat. The cities of St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Priozersk, Shlisselburg, Strelna, Peterhof, Lomonosov, Sosnovy Bor, Veliky Novgorod.

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When we were just going there, they scared us very much that Ladoga was supposedly harsh and unpredictable, so if we suddenly get together there, we need to prepare a will in advance and we shouldn’t count on anything good. I don’t know where these horror stories come from, but in practice, more and more people walk along Ladoga every year and some problems, if they happen, are either with ice fishermen or with hard-drinking people. In general, people walk there quietly until late autumn.

Tourists have nothing to fear there, if you observe some kind of safety and do not climb into the water in objectively bad weather.

Here I want to talk about Lake Ladoga and how we saw it. Of course, we were far from everywhere - there are many islands, but we visited the Lakeside, Lahdenpokh, Sortaval and Pitkyarantsky skerries, as well as the archipelagos.

For example, we visited:

• Mykerikkyu Island
• Yalayansari Island (Yalayansaari, Finnish Jalajansaari, Hungry Island), part of the Western Archipelago.
• Heinäsenmaa Island, part of the Western Ladoga archipelago
• Verkkosaari Island is part of the Western Archipelago.
• Vossinoisaari Island in the Western Archipelago.
• Bayevy Islands on Ladoga, which are part of the Valaam archipelago.
• Cross Island (Ristisaari), which is part of the Eastern Archipelago.
• Kheposari Island is a small island in the Ladoga skerries, located near the city of Sortavala.
• Palosaret Islands, which are located in the Lakeside skerries.

To begin with, a little background information about Lake Ladoga

Lake Ladoga is located in two regions, the northern and eastern shores in the Republic of Karelia, and the western, southern and southeastern shores in the Leningrad Region.

Ladoga is considered the largest freshwater lake in Europe. The area of ​​the lake without islands is 17.9 thousand km². At least 40 rivers and large streams flow into Lake Ladoga, and one flows out - the Neva River. The water is clean, except for areas polluted by industrial effluents.

The cities of Priozersk, Novaya Ladoga, Shlisselburg, Sortavala, Pitkyaranta, Lahdenpokhya are located on the shores of Lake Ladoga.

There are about 660 islands on Lake Ladoga. Of these, about 500 are concentrated in the northern part of the lake, in the so-called skerry region, as well as in the Valaam (about 50 islands, including the Bayevye islands), the Western archipelagos and the Mantsinsaari group of islands (about 40 islands). The largest islands are Riekkalansari, Mantsinsaari, Kilpola, Tulolansari and Valaam.

The most famous on Lake Ladoga are the Valaam Islands - an archipelago of about 50 islands with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 36 km², due to the location of the Valaam Monastery on the main island of the archipelago. Also known is the island of Konevets, on which the monastery is located.

The islands of the lake are rocky, with high, up to 60-70 m, sometimes sheer shores, covered with forest, sometimes almost bare or with sparse vegetation.

The southern and southwestern shores of the lake are overgrown with reeds and cattails for 150 km.

There are shelters and nesting places for waterfowl. There are many nesting gulls on the islands, they grow blueberries, lingonberries, and larger ones have mushrooms.

The lake is rich in freshwater fish, which go to the rivers to spawn. In Lake Ladoga live: Ladoga slingshot, salmon, trout, char, whitefish, vendace, smelt, bream, cheese, blue bream, silver bream, rudd, asp, catfish, pike perch, roach, perch, pike, burbot and others.

The only representative of pinnipeds, the Ladoga ringed seal, lives in Lake Ladoga. The number of seals in the lake is estimated at 4000-5000 animals. You can meet them both in skerries and on archipelagos, however, seals prefer low rocky islands for recreation.

The lake freezes in December (coastal part) - February (central part), opens in April - May. The central part is covered with solid ice only in very severe winters.

Due to the long and strong winter cooling, the water in the lake is very cold even in summer; it warms up only in the thin upper layer and in the coastal strip. The water temperature on the surface in August is up to 24 °C in the south, 18-20 °C in the center, near the bottom about 4 °C, in winter under ice 0-2 °C.

There are an average of 62 sunny days per year. Therefore, during most of the year, days with cloudy, overcast weather and diffused lighting prevail.

The so-called "white nights" are observed over the lake, coming on May 25-26, when the sun drops below the horizon by no more than 9 °, and the evening twilight practically merges with the morning. The white nights end on July 16-17. In total, the duration of the white nights is more than 50 days.

Calms are rare. In October, storm winds with a speed of more than 20 m/s are often observed on Lake Ladoga, the maximum wind speed reaches 34 m/s. Breezes are observed along the entire coast in summer on windless sunny days and clear nights. The lake breeze starts at about 9 am and lasts until 8 pm, its speed is 2-6 m/s; it extends 9-15 km inland. Fogs are observed most often in spring, late summer and autumn.

There are constant disturbances on the lake. During severe storms, the water in it "boils", and the waves are almost completely covered with foam. In the water regime, surge phenomena are characteristic (fluctuations in the water level by 50-70 cm annually, up to a maximum of 3 m), seiches (up to 3-4 m), wave height during storms up to 6 m.

Seasonal fluctuations in the water level in the lake are small due to the large area of ​​the water surface of this reservoir and due to the relatively small annual variation in the amount of water entering it.

Nevertheless, in Lake Ladoga, in any case, the water level changes regularly and this must be taken into account. In the Sortaval skerries, we somehow passed a shallow channel between the islands and went calmly in one direction in August, and in September, returning, we already began to cling to the bottom, which caused us certain troubles.

In addition, not only can the water level vary throughout the year, but there are also thirty-year (Brickner) cycles in which the water level in the lake can vary by several meters.

Here in the photo, for example, you can see what the water level is now and what it was like 20-30 years ago. Where the water oscillated, the color of the stone became lighter and the structure polished. Can you imagine how many islands then appear out of the water, then disappear during such cycles?

The northern shores, starting from Priozersk in the west to Pitkäranta in the east, are mostly high, rocky, heavily indented, form numerous peninsulas and narrow bays (fjords and skerries), as well as small islands separated by straits.

The southern shores are low, slightly indented, flooded due to the neotectonic submeridional skew of the lake. The coast here is replete with shoals, rocky reefs and banks. It is inconvenient to walk here with a motor - unlike the northern coast, algae constantly cling to it, which also does not add joy.

The eastern shore is not very indented, two bays protrude into it - Lunkulanlahti and Uksunlahti, fenced off from the side of the lake by one of the largest islands of Ladoga - Mantsinsaari. There are wide sandy beaches here. The west coast is even less indented. It is overgrown with dense mixed forest and shrubs, coming close to the water's edge, along which there are scatterings of boulders. Ridges of stones often go far from the capes into the lake, forming dangerous underwater shoals.

World War II fortifications on Lake Ladoga

Heinäsenmaa, Verkkosaari, Vossinoisari, Myukkerikke, Rahmansari and several other small islands - this is the Western Archipelago. The people call them Defensive because during the Winter War of 39-40, they housed all kinds of Finnish fortifications related to the Mannerheim Line. Also, on the island of Rahmansari in September 1941, very heavy battles were fought - the Finns successfully knocked out ours from there.

Heinäsenmaa Island on Lake Ladoga

Since the 1950s, Soviet test sites have been located on the islands of the Western and Eastern Archipelago, where weapons of mass destruction were tested. In particular, there are several contaminated zones on Heinäsenmaa, fenced off with barbed wire and radiation signs.

Verkkosaari island

On Verkkosaari there is neither a training ground nor a burial ground, only old Finnish positions, a couple of shooting cells and a dugout inhabited by fishermen.

Rahmansari Island

Active battles were fought on Rahmansari during the Second World War, but we did not see any artillery positions there. All that is interesting on the island is a lighthouse and landing stage.

Mykerikkyu Island

I have already read somewhere that there are allegedly really zones with radioactive contamination on Mykkerikkyu, but even though we did not have a dosimeter, these zones seemed somehow doubtful. Enthusiastically turning our heads, we dragged the catamaran closer to the shore along flat pitfalls, deciding first to see what was happening here, and then have a bite to eat and decide whether we should go further or stay here for the whole day.

Ristisaari Island

Hiking routes along Ladoga

I was asked a question like this:

• Kayaks can be collected right in Priozersk - opposite the railway station - there is a convenient beach, there is a boat station. In this case, from Priozersk along Vuoksa, you can go straight to Ladoga through the Tikhaya River. The Quiet River is a rapid (more precisely, a shivers) - well, under the bridge there is such a stormy place - you just have to go straight, as the current carries, and calmly slip through, but it’s very fun to walk along it, and the river itself is pleasant and pretty.
• In Priozersk, you can call a taxi, it's cheap there, and it takes half an hour to get to some Ladoga beach - the drivers know all these beaches - they will take you right to the lake. From there you can start in any direction - both to the skerries and to the archipelagos.
• By car or taxi (from Priozersk) you can get to the island of Kilpola - there is a boat station, where you can leave your cars. Well, go along Ladoga right away.

You can also land on the island of Kilpola or in the village of Tervu or the village of Hiitola (you need to go up the river to it) or near the village of Burnevo, on the beach and call a taxi there. And, of course, you can leave cities like Sortavala or Pitkyaranta (if suddenly someone gets there).

Many go to the so-called "Kocherga" - you can google where it is, but there are usually a lot of tourists there. In that area on the islands there are large flat beaches for large companies and convenient mooring. True, most likely all these beaches will be busy in July, so you will have to look for less convenient places. Although, in July and August there will be people everywhere. I can't imagine where it isn't.

If we talk apart from the original question, then for a relaxed holiday it is better to go to the Priozersky, Lahdenpohsky, Sortavalsky or Pitkyarantsky skerries. And if you want to climb all sorts of Finnish fortifications and look at abandonment, then it’s better to go to the archipelagos, for example, to the island of Ristisaari, Heinäsenmaa, Myukerikkyu, etc.

The weather in July-August is usually warm and calm, there are usually no storms (only in autumn), and if there is, then just a slight wave, with a few exceptions. And in any case, in the summer there are usually no storms for more than two days in a row. You can swim, sunbathe, and generally have fun.

Border guards on Lake Ladoga

I was asked this question:

We are now thinking about a short trip to the skerries of Lake Ladoga. Can you tell me what pick-up and drop-off points are there, from where you can get to St. Petersburg? Is it possible to throw yourself out in the middle of the way between Priozersk and Lahdenpokhya?

We go by train to St. Petersburg and from St. Petersburg, and there we rely on electric trains or auto taxis for drop-off. Or maybe in general we can choose one place to start and end the journey, and just paddle around the area on different islands all day long, without big transitions.

How is the weather there usually in the second half of July, and are there any interesting and calm routes for five days of kayaking for a group of beginners and not so kayakers? Are there beautiful wild places for this option or only crowded ones?

And further. Are there any problems with border guards on Ladoga? We understand that the border zone passes nearby.

How to throw yourself on Lake Ladoga

1. Kayaks can be collected right in Priozersk - opposite the railway station - there is a convenient beach, there is a boat station. In this case, from Priozersk along Vuoksa, you can go straight to Ladoga through the Tikhaya River. The Quiet River is a rapid (more precisely, a shivers) - well, under the bridge there is such a stormy place - you just have to go straight, as the current carries, and calmly slip through, but it’s very fun to walk along it, and the river itself is pleasant and pretty.

2. In Priozersk, you can call a taxi, it's cheap there, and drive half an hour to some Ladoga beach - the drivers know all these beaches - they will take you right to the lake. From there you can start in any direction - both to the skerries and to the archipelagos.

3. By car or taxi (from Priozersk) you can get to the island of Kilpola - there is a boat station, where you can leave your cars. Well, go along Ladoga right away.

How to throw out (leave) from Ladoga

As for the drop, the easiest way to leave, of course, is from Priozersk, Kuznechny or Lahdenpokhya.

You can also land on the island of Kilpola or in the village of Tervu or the village of Hiitola (you need to go up the river to it) or near the village of Burnevo, on the beach and call a taxi there. And, of course, you can leave cities like Sortavala (if suddenly someone gets there).

Where to go on Ladoga on kayaks or catamarans

On Ladoga, you can go wherever you want, just along the islets - they are all interesting and beautiful.

Many go to the so-called "Kocherga" - you can google where it is, but there are usually a lot of tourists there. In that area on the islands there are large flat beaches for large companies and convenient mooring. True, most likely all these beaches will be busy in July, so you will have to look for less convenient places. Although, in July and August there will be people everywhere) I can’t imagine where it is not.

There will be almost no one on Verkkosaari or Mykerikkyu - it will be more precise, but less than in skerries. But newcomers probably will not dare to go to these islands. Yes, this is not necessary, since the next ones are also interesting. A good route (if not in your own car and you don’t need to return to it) from Priozersk to Lahdenpokhya. You'll get there in five days. Well, everything is along the coast, but it will work out on the islands. From Lakhdenpokhya, you can already go home by train.

You can also go to the archipelagos - for example, Heinäsenmaa or Verkkosaari or Vossinoisaari or Mykerikkyu. True, not everyone will agree to this, perhaps, because they believe that it is far and dangerous, although we calmly walked along these routes in kayaks. And many even swam to Valaam.

Weather on Ladoga in summer (in July and August)

The weather in July-August is usually warm and calm, there are usually no storms (only in autumn), and if there is, then just a slight commotion. You can swim, sunbathe, and generally have fun.

Border guards on Ladoga

Border guards can only be met on the train to Lahdenpokhya, and even then they will only check your passport and ask where you are going. Say that there are no problems on Ladoga. But if you land in Priozersk, then there will not even be border guards, most likely. In principle, no passes or anything like that is needed on Ladoga.

By the way, just in case, I'll write about GIMS. Kayaks do not need to be registered now. And many catamarans too.

Karelia is a wonderful land of forests and lakes. An inexhaustible stream of tourists and fishermen go to Karelian reservoirs. The largest lake in Europe with clear waters, Ladoga, attracts numerous tourists and fishing enthusiasts. However, its difficult relief, coastline indented with skerries, autumn storms can be very dangerous for an unprepared traveler. The depth map clearly demonstrates impressive indicators, where dangerous areas and bottom drops are marked.

About the largest freshwater reservoir in Europe

Lake Ladoga was formed as a result of the movement of glaciers. Its water surface has an area of ​​about 18 thousand square kilometers. The northern part of the lake is distinguished by many rocky islands, separated by countless channels. The most famous is the Height of the rocks can reach 70 meters. The coastline is diverse - picturesque fjords and skerries in the north, smooth lines of sandy beaches in the eastern part, swampy southern shores with shoals and banks, densely forested western coast with placers of boulders. Amazing shapes and unusual outlines will be remembered by everyone who visits Ladoga.

The Ladoga pit holds an impressive amount of water - 908 cubic kilometers. The depth map strikes with solid numbers. The secrets hidden in its majestic abysses can still surprise researchers. The huge reservoir delights with its harsh beauty everyone who has to visit its open spaces.

Depth and relief of Ladoga

The relief of the lake bottom is different throughout its water area, changing depending on the height of the surrounding shores. The formation of the reservoir bowl occurred as a result of melting and advancement of glacial masses. The change in depth values ​​occurs gradually from north to south. The relationship is natural: the steeper the shores surrounding the lake, the deeper its bottom. In the northern part of the lake, as shown by a detailed map of the depths of Lake Ladoga, one can observe numerous bottom irregularities with indicators up to 230 meters. The relief of the southern part is smooth with a change in depth in the range of 20-70 meters. The most impressive figure is noted north of the island of Valaam.

Map - why is it needed?

The map of the depths of Lake Ladoga allows you to see all the unevenness of the relief hidden under the water column, the complexity of which is determined by the physical and geological features of the formation of the bottom. The map also shows the frequent predominance of critical depressions and sinkholes in the northwestern region, treacherous shoals and reefs. Of particular danger are the so-called luds - small smooth rocky islands, which, due to changes in the water level in the lake, can become completely invisible. The map also offers the possibility of finding large shallows for successful trolling. In such shallow waters, shoals of valuable commercial fish such as char, whitefish, pike perch gather.

Southern part of the lake

Geographically, the lake is located in Karelia and the Leningrad region. One of the three large bays, the Volkhov Bay, juts out into the southern coast of Ladoga. On the eastern bank of the bay is the mouth of the Voronezhka River. This section of the lake is a very interesting place for fishing. The bottom relief is uneven, in some places it has pronounced sharp elevations. The bottom of the bay is hard, sandy, with rocky ridges and muddy areas. The range of depth indicators ranges from 1 meter in the coastal zone to 20 meters away from the coast, as shown by the map of the depths of Lake Ladoga. Voronovo is a settlement on the shore of the bay, from which you can get to St. Petersburg.

Northern part of the lake

The northwestern shore of the lake is interesting for various types of tourist recreation. The unique landscapes of this area of ​​Ladoga differ from neighboring territories. Deeply indented by skerries and fjords, the bays especially attract vacationers on kayaks and small boats. In this part of the reservoir, sharp drops in the bottom from depressions to shallows are especially noticeable, which allows you to see a map of the depths of Lake Ladoga. Sortavala, the largest city in the northern Ladoga region, is part of the tourist route to the island of Valaam. The best assistant in moving among the labyrinth of skerries will be an experienced guide or map.

Numerous beliefs and legends have enveloped the history of ancient Ladoga. Mysterious phenomena, the beauty of the white nights, picturesque shores and exciting fishing attract travelers and connoisseurs of fishing. Do not be deceived by the apparent beauty of the insidious Ladoga - it can be very dangerous for inexperienced tourists. Dense fogs, which are not uncommon for these places, and strong storms, which amaze with their unexpectedness and power, pose a serious threat. A map of the depths of Lake Ladoga marks treacherous sinkholes and shoals. To enjoy the surrounding beauty, it is better to use the services of experienced guides.