O. Ya. Osipova transport services in tourism Recommended by the Educational Institution of Education of the Russian Federation for education in the field of service and tourism as a textbook. Transport service. Tourist services Section iii. tourist services a

Osipova O.Ya. Transport service. Tourist service. Section I SERVICE TO TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT In the modern world, at a time when people travel around the planet on a large scale, the role of air transport has significantly increased as the fastest means of moving over long distances. The importance of air transport in the implementation of mass tourism is especially great. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft that meet various travel purposes and have a high level of comfort. On board aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a diverse and perfect service that makes travel enjoyable and accessible to the general population. Air transportation has a number of features compared to other transport services. This is due, first of all, to their dependence on meteorological conditions and on the landscape of the area at the points of takeoff and landing (especially for aircraft). In addition, the operating conditions of the rolling stock make it necessary to move airports outside settlements and require considerable time to prepare passengers for the flight itself. Nevertheless, due to the main advantage of high speed of delivery to the destination, air transportation is a serious competitor to land and water modes of transport. Chapter 1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE REGULATION OF PASSENGER CARRIAGE BY AIR TRANSPORT Air transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage carried out by aviation enterprises on aircraft for a fixed fee, as well as by the carrier's ground vehicles. Domestic air transport is air transport in which the point of departure, point of destination and all points of landing are located in the territory of one state. International air transportation is an air transportation in which the point of departure and the point of destination are located: respectively in the territory of two states; on the territory of one state, if the point (points) of landing on the territory of another state is provided. The transportation period includes: when transporting a passenger, the period of time from the moment the passenger enters the airport apron for boarding the aircraft and until the moment he leaves the apron under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier; when transporting baggage, the period of time from the moment the baggage is accepted for transportation and until it is issued to the recipient or transferred in accordance with the established rules of another organization. At the same time, an apron is understood as a part of the airfield of a civil aerodrome designed to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of boarding and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading baggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of services. The regulation of air transportation is carried out in accordance with international legislation (if the transportation is international) or with national legislation (if the transportation is domestic). 1.1. Legal support of international air transportation The main documents regulating international air transportation are international global and bilateral conventions. Bilateral agreements are concluded, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other agreements (the framework of the CIS, the EU, etc.). A wide range of states participate in international agreements of broad significance, which develop international norms and rules governing flights, as well as principles for organizing air transportation over the territories of these states. One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw "Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Air Transportation", adopted in 1929. This regulatory act provides: - definition of international air transportation; - the procedure for carrying passengers and baggage by air carriers through the airspace; - the main transportation documents confirming the contract for transportation; - the order of responsibility of the carrier; the procedure for the accession of states to participation in this convention. Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention was developed in the additions and changes introduced by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemala Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975. An important clause of the Warsaw Convention is the clause on the liability of the carrier for death or damage to the health of a passenger and for loss or damage to baggage . According to this document, the carrier's liability for the life and health of passengers on international flights is in most cases limited to $10,000. Liability for loss and damage to baggage for most international carriages (including domestic segments of international carriage) is limited to US$20 per kilogram of checked baggage and US$400 for unchecked baggage per passenger. On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention came into force (concluded under the auspices of the ICAO in 1999), which abolished the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on payments to victims of an air crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention introduced a two-tier liability system. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of the insured event, the airline (or its insurer) must pay about 135,000 US dollars to each victim, even if the carrier's fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the accident, there will be a second level of liability, in which the amount of damage payments is not limited at all. The responsibility of the carrier for passengers' luggage has also been increased. By the time the Montreal Convention came into force, 31 states had signed (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Para Guai, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Officially, Russia has not acceded to the new document, therefore, in our country, the Warsaw Convention is still in force in the implementation of international air transportation. However, some carriers, especially private ones, have already begun to increase their expenditure items in accordance with the new trends of international standards. Naturally, only stable and large airlines are able to afford this, which can provide large guarantees and insurance aircraft in the amount of 750 million 1 billion US dollars (for such money, compensation can be more than sufficient). The rest of the companies will wait for government decisions. Many experts believe that Russia's accession to the convention is a matter of time. Delaying this process will contribute to the loss of positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens can go over to foreign carriers, who will pay decent money for trouble on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with accepted international standards, the aviation administrations of countries that have signed the convention have the right not to let aircraft from countries that have not yet signed this document into their territory. Similar events took place in the situation related to noise restrictions: countries that adopted international standards restricting the flights of noisy aircraft showed that they did not intend to delve into the economic situation in Russia, and even more so to adapt to it. It should be noted that only one sixth of the 187 ICAO member states had ratified it by the time the Montreal Convention came into force, so Russia was not alone in principle. The new rules will also not be valid on the territory of most European countries before the ratification of this document by their governments, since the adoption of the convention is exclusively the prerogative of the government of a particular country. Another important document of international air law in the field of scheduled air traffic is the Chicago “Convention on International Civil Aviation” of 1944. The Chicago Convention laid down a number of principles for the operation of flights in world airspace, according to which each contracting state grants other contracting states the following rights: - fly over its territory without landing; - land for non-commercial purposes (for refueling, crew change, technical purposes, etc.); - unload passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has; - take on board passengers, mail and cargo with a destination in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has; - to take on board passengers, mail and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting state and the right to unload passengers, mail and cargo arriving from any such territory. Later, these principles were extended by the right to transport passengers, mail and cargo between a partner under the Agreement and a third party in both directions through its territory or via an air route that does not pass over the territory of its country, as well as the right to transport passengers and cargo along the internal lines of another countries party to the Agreement. Despite the fact that the rights of states adopted by the Chicago Convention to carry out international flights are limited in practice by some limits, they create the necessary conditions for the implementation of air communications between states, ensure flight safety, and also contribute to favorable relations between countries and the development of tourism. Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic, the “Agreement on International Air Transport” (Chicago, 1944) is also important; "Agreement on Transit on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Rome Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface (Rome, 1952); Tokyo "Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963) and others. messages. The most significant organizations include the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Air Transport Association IATA (International Air Transport Association). ICAO was formed in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization, whose members are currently 187 countries. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, which joined the ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The main issues considered by ICAO include: - development of unified rules for aircraft navigation systems; - coordination of the activities of flight services, airspace security, including the issuance of licenses for regular flights; -technical assistance to member countries of the organization, etc. In September October 2001, the 33rd ICAO Assembly was held in Montreal (ICAO headquarters), calling for the development of a global strategy for improving flight safety and security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the United States. At the Assembly it was decided from 2004: 1) to expand the Universal program of audits of the organization of oversight of flight safety; 2) establish an International Financial Facility for Aviation Safety; 3) strengthen the ICAO Technical Cooperation Program; 4) develop the principles of an international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against war risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution due to the recent increase in the number of serious incidents committed by unruly passengers on board civil aircraft. The resolution calls on all States to enact appropriate laws and regulations to allow for the prosecution of offenders wherever the offense occurs. In the field of environmental safety, the Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, more stringent standard for noise reduction. This standard will come into effect on 1 January 2006 for newly designed aircraft. In matters of air navigation, an agreement was reached on the introduction from February 1, 2002 of a new structure of air routes through the North Pole, which will significantly reduce the range of flights linking Europe and North America with Central and Southeast Asia; reduce flight time; create a more convenient flight schedule; reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines. IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an association of air carriers, currently uniting 272 airlines from 130 countries. From domestic airlines, IATA members at the moment are Aeroflot, Pulkovo, Sibir, Transaero and VolgaDnepr. IATA helps airlines, the travel industry and partner organizations improve their profitability and improve the quality of their passenger and freight services. In the financial area, IATA services provide: - services for the efficient execution of payments on mutual obligations of airlines in the shortest possible time; - the ability to make mutual settlements through the global information network Internet in daily, weekly or monthly modes; - airlines centrally manage cash flows and revenues from around the world, convert and transfer funds. IATA pursues an active policy aimed at reducing all kinds of air navigation and airport charges levied on air traffic participants (for example, thanks to lobbying efforts, IATA managed to reduce the landing and parking charges of aircraft at the new Athens Sparta Airport by 7.5%); promotes that the funds collected in the form of fees are used for the development of aviation infrastructure. IATA focuses on issues related to the supply of fuel to rolling stock, as the share of fuel costs is on average 15% of airline operating costs. In this regard, the Association considers the following issues: 1) holds meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develop rules and standards related to fuel purchases; 3) oversees all aspects of fuel supply, etc. In the field of service delivery, IATA is the legislative body for all matters related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transportation; establishes the rules for registering passengers, the procedure for booking seats, processing, processing and issuing baggage; establishes standards for passenger service in flight, including requirements for the organization of the work of flight attendants and their training, requirements for the provision of meals in flight, for equipment and for the organization of medical care on board. IATA develops procedures for airport handling of passengers and baggage; holds conferences on airline schedule coordination and airport congestion issues; provides an opportunity for airlines to collectively discuss relevant rules and procedures. IATA provides air transportation advisory services; engages in information activities publishes tariffs for international flights, publishes TIM (Travel Informational Manual), which contains requirements for documentation accompanying air transportation, sanitary and customs regulations and other necessary documentation (over 360 publications specific to the air transport industry in total). With the IATA upgrade, the Institute for the Qualification of Professional Air Training and Transport Workers was created, offering a full range of training programs and methods for training and improving the skills of employees of civil aviation departments, airline and airport personnel, organizations engaged in the field of cargo transportation, as well as employees of the tourist industry. sectors. An important area of ​​activity of IATA is work aimed at ensuring flight safety and aviation security. To do this, it develops operational and introduces new requirements for airlines and aviation equipment aimed at improving flight safety; annual reports on the state of flight safety of turbojet and turboprop aircraft are published; seminars and conferences are held on safety issues; a system of flights and safety is being developed, the role of which is the human factor; a one-time check of passengers is carried out, which facilitates the passage of formalities at the airport by the passenger, etc. In addition, IATA develops and puts into practice strategic programs for the development of the industry, taking into account the problem of environmental protection; protects the legal interests of airlines; provides services in the field of freight transportation; interacts with governmental and international organizations; maintains contact with the media and information, explaining the position of his industry on various issues. In addition to international air transport, regulatory structures, there are a number of activities of regional intergovernmental organizations dealing with the development of civil aviation. These include: 1. The European Civil Aviation Conference and the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation Eurocontrol. 2. African Civil Aviation Commission, uniting 32 states of Africa 3. Civil Aviation Council of Arab States, uniting 20 countries of this region. 4. Latin American Civil Aviation Commission, which consists of 19 countries of South and Central America, as well as the Caribbean. The purpose of all these associations is to solve problems related to improving flight safety in their regions, coordinating the aviation activities of the respective states, and improving the air navigation control system in the regions. For example, in the fall of 2001, the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation announced its new Free Route Airspace program, which it plans to launch in the near future. The meaning of this program is that there will be no air corridors in the sky over Western Europe and that airline aircraft, once in the “open skies” zone, will be able to move to the destination airport not along a strictly defined route (as is customary now), but along the shortest. According to experts, this will significantly increase the intensity of airspace use, save air carriers about 60 million euros per year, and also facilitate the work of air traffic controllers. 1.2. Legal support of domestic air transportation Regulation of air transportation in domestic traffic in Russia is carried out by the Air Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma on February 19, 1997. This document is aimed not only at meeting the needs of citizens and the economy in air transportation, aviation work, but also at ensuring defense and security of the state, protection of the interests of the state, aircraft flight safety, aviation and environmental safety. In the Air Code of the Russian Federation, in the chapter "General Provisions", a definition of airspace is given; the main regulatory acts that make up the air legislation of the Russian Federation are listed; the activities of organizations subject to licensing in the field of aviation are indicated. In particular, the following are subject to licensing: - activities for the implementation and provision of air domestic and international transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail on a commercial basis; - air traffic services activities; - aviation work to meet the needs of citizens and legal entities; lists of training of specialists of the appropriate level according to the positions of aviation personnel; lists the range of legal entities subject to mandatory certification, and the range of individuals subject to mandatory certification, etc. The chapter “State regulation of the use of airspace” reflects state priorities in the use of airspace. So, if there is a need to use the airspace simultaneously by two or more users, preference is given in accordance with state priorities in the following sequence: - repelling an air attack, stopping violations of the state border; - assistance in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature; - performance of aircraft flights in the interests of the state's defense capability and in accordance with special agreements; - implementation of regular air transportation of passengers and baggage; - performance of state aviation flights; - implementation of regular transportation of goods and mail; - implementation of non-scheduled air transportation; - holding educational, sports, demonstration and other events; - performance of flights of aircraft or other activities on the use of airspace, carried out in order to meet the needs of citizens. The chapter "State regulation of activities in the field of aviation" provides a classification of aviation, according to which it is divided into civil, state and experimental. Civil aviation, in turn, is divided into commercial aviation, which is used for air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail and aviation work carried out for a fee, and general aviation, which is used free of charge. State aviation is used to carry out military, border, police, customs services and to perform mobilization and defense tasks. Experimental aviation is used for research and development, experimental, research work, as well as for testing aviation and other equipment. State regulation of activities in various areas of aviation is carried out by specially authorized bodies, respectively, in the field of civil aviation, in the field of defense and in the field of the defense industry. All these bodies have a certain structure and services. The chapter "Aircraft" is devoted to the issues of state registration and state registration of aircraft; airworthiness requirements for civil aircraft; protection of the environment from the impact of aviation activities. Aircraft intended for flights are subject to state registration. A civil aircraft registered in a certain order shall be affixed with state and registration identification marks, an image of the State Flag of the Russian Federation (an image of the flag of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may be applied), as well as trademarks, symbols, inscriptions, emblems and other signs (registered in the prescribed manner by the legislation of the Russian Federation) . Civil aircraft are allowed to operate only if they have a certificate of airworthiness. It is also emphasized here that each civil aircraft, each aircraft engine and propeller in the process of mass production undergoes tests and checks in the prescribed manner, culminating in the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness to a civil aircraft. The Code defines an aerodrome and an airport (including an international airport), and provides the procedure for their state registration and certification. The chapters “Aviation Personnel” and “Aircraft Crew” define the aviation personnel and crew of the aircraft, consider the rights of the aircraft commander, the actions of the crew in case of distress, as well as when rendering assistance to ships and people in danger. Aviation personnel include persons who have special training and carry out activities to ensure flight safety, to organize, perform, provide and maintain air transportation, aviation work, organize and maintain air traffic. All these persons must have certificates and job descriptions. In order to protect the rights and interests of citizens, as well as to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, strikes or other termination of work by aviation personnel serving air traffic are not allowed. The aircraft crew consists of the flight crew (commander and other flight personnel) and cabin crew (flight operators and flight attendants). The flight of a civil aircraft is not permitted if the composition of the flight crew is less than the minimum established composition. The commander of an aircraft is a person who has a valid certificate (license) of a pilot (pilot), as well as the training and experience necessary for independent control of an aircraft of a certain type. The aircraft commander supervises the work of the aircraft crew, is responsible for discipline and order on the aircraft, and also takes the necessary measures to ensure the safety of people on board the aircraft, the safety of the aircraft and property on it. The aircraft commander has the right to make final decisions on the takeoff, flight and landing of the aircraft, as well as on the termination of the flight and return to the airfield or on an emergency landing in the event of a clear threat to flight safety in order to save people's lives and prevent damage to the environment. In addition, the aircraft commander has the right to give orders to any person on board the aircraft and demand their execution, to take all necessary measures, including coercive measures, in relation to persons who, by their actions, create a direct threat to the safety of the flight of the aircraft and refuse to obey his orders. Upon the arrival of the aircraft at the nearest airfield, its commander has the right to remove such people from the aircraft, and in the event of an act containing signs of a crime, to transfer them to law enforcement agencies. The chapter "Aviation enterprises" defines the conditions for the creation of an aviation enterprise for the purpose of carrying out air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and (or) performing aviation work for a fee. At the same time, it is emphasized that the creation on the territory of the Russian Federation of an airline with the participation of foreign capital is allowed provided that the share of participation of the latter should not exceed 49% of the authorized capital, the head of the airline is a citizen of the Russian Federation and the number of foreign citizens in the governing body of the enterprise does not exceed 1/ 3 composition of this body. Russian airlines are allowed to carry out commercial activities in the field of civil aviation only if they have licenses obtained in accordance with the rules of the Code. Foreign airlines are also entitled to carry out commercial activities in the field of civil aviation in the manner prescribed by law and international treaties of the Russian Federation. The rules for the formation and application of tariffs, as well as the rules for the sale of tickets and other transportation documents are established by the specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation, the State Civil Aviation Service (SCAA). The payment for air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail is set by the carriers. When carrying out air charter flights, contractual prices may be established. At the same time, in order to protect regular air transportation carried out on the same air lines, it is allowed to set minimum prices for such transportation. The chapters "Aircraft Flights" and "International Aircraft Flights" are devoted to the following issues: - admission to the flight of an aircraft; - crew training; - ensuring aircraft flights; - requirements for documentation on board; - aircraft flight over populated areas. At the same time, the flight of an aircraft over populated areas must be carried out at an altitude that allows, in the event of an aircraft malfunction, to land outside populated areas. When performing international flights, aircraft arriving in and departing from the Russian Federation, their crews, passengers and their property are subject to passport, customs and other rules established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The chapter "Aviation security" reflects one of the basic principles of organizing air transportation - their safety. At the same time, aviation security is understood as the state of protection of aviation from unlawful interference in activities in the field of aviation. In order to ensure aviation security, the following measures are taken: - aircraft are guarded at parking lots; - the possibility of transporting weapons, ammunition, explosive, radioactive, flammable and other dangerous items on aircraft is excluded; - a pre-flight inspection of the aircraft, crew members, passengers, baggage, hand luggage, cargo and mail is carried out. Aviation security services have the right to detain for transfer to law enforcement agencies persons who have violated aviation security requirements, as well as baggage, cargo and mail containing items and substances prohibited for air transportation. The chapters "Search and Rescue" and "Aircraft Accident Investigation" deal with issues related to cases when an aircraft is in distress. The objectives of an accident or incident investigation are to establish the causes of these events and to take action to prevent them in the future. Establishing someone's fault and responsibility is not the purpose of an accident or incident investigation. The chapter “Air transportation” defines such concepts as “carrier”, “air transportation”, “air transportation agreement”, “transportation documents”, “aircraft charter agreement”, and also considers the conditions for terminating the agreement on the initiative of the carrier and passengers. In the following chapters of the tutorial, all these issues will be considered in sufficient detail. The chapter "Aviation work" gives a description of aviation work performed using aircraft flights in agriculture, construction, for the protection and protection of the environment, medical care and other purposes. An agreement is concluded for the performance of aviation works, under which the contractor undertakes to perform these works for the customer in the manner, on time, to the extent and on the conditions provided for by this agreement. The customer undertakes to pay for aviation work. Tariffs for their implementation are also set on the basis of the contract. The chapter "Responsibility of the carrier, operator and consignor" provides for the liability of the carrier to the passenger of the aircraft and the consignor in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as the contract for the air carriage of a passenger, cargo or mail. The carrier, passenger, consignor and consignee are liable for violation of customs, currency, sanitary, quarantine and other rules in accordance with Russian law. The liability of the carrier for harm caused during air carriage to the life or health of an aircraft passenger is determined in accordance with the rules of Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, unless a higher amount of the carrier's liability is provided for by law or the passenger's air carriage agreement, and is also determined by international treaties of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the period of air transportation, as already noted, includes the period from the moment the passenger of the aircraft enters the apron for boarding the aircraft and until the moment when the passenger of the aircraft, under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier, leaves the airfield. The carrier is obliged to insure and be liable for damage caused to the life and health of an aircraft passenger or to baggage and things in the passenger's possession. According to Art. 133 of the Air Code, the sum insured for each passenger of an aircraft, provided for by the passenger's life and health insurance contract, is set in the amount of at least one thousand minimum wages (minimum wages) established by federal law on the day of ticket sales. It should be noted that this article is in conflict with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 750 dated July 7, 1992 (as amended on April 6, 1994, July 22, 1998), which establishes the sum insured for compulsory personal insurance of an air, railway passenger , maritime, inland waterway and road transport (with the exception of international, suburban and urban communications) in the amount of 120 minimum wages, adopted by law on the day the transportation begins. The sum insured provided for by the baggage insurance contract is set at no less than two minimum wages established by federal law per kilogram of baggage weight. The sum insured provided for by the insurance contract for things that are with the passenger is established in the amount of at least ten minimum wages established by federal law. When performing international flights by an aircraft, insurance of the carrier's liability to the passengers of the aircraft, including liability for loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of baggage, as well as things carried by passengers, is mandatory. The sum insured must not be less than the amount stipulated by the international treaties of the Russian Federation or the legislation of the relevant foreign state. The same chapter of the Code sets out the procedure and terms for filing claims against the carrier for domestic and international transportation, which will be discussed below. 1.3. Air carriage agreement for a passenger Air carriage is carried out on the basis of an agreement for the carriage of a passenger, cargo or mail with a carrier. A carrier is an operator that is licensed to carry passengers, baggage or mail by air. Under the contract for the carriage of passengers by air, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger of the aircraft to the point of destination, providing him with a seat on the aircraft making the flight specified in the ticket, and in the case of air carriage of baggage by the passenger, also to deliver this baggage to the point of destination and issue the passenger or to a person authorized to receive baggage (Article 103 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation). The term of delivery of the passenger and baggage is determined by the rules of air transportation established by the carriers. The passenger of the aircraft is obliged to pay for air carriage, and if he has baggage in excess of the free baggage allowance established by the carrier, and the carriage of this baggage. Each contract of air carriage and its conditions are certified by transportation documents issued by the carrier or its agents. Transportation documents include: passenger ticket (Passenger Ticket) when transporting a passenger. It is a document certifying the conclusion of an agreement for the air carriage of a passenger and baggage and including a baggage check; baggage receipt (Baggage Check) - part of the ticket, which indicates the number of seats and the weight of the checked-in baggage and which is issued by the carrier as a receipt for the baggage checked in by the passenger; Excess Baggage Ticket - a document confirming payment for the carriage of baggage in excess of the free baggage allowance or items that are subject to mandatory payment, as well as payment of fees for the declared value of baggage; air waybill (Air Waybill) a document confirming the contract between the shipper and the carrier for the carriage of goods along the carrier's routes. It is issued by the consignor or his authorized representative. Compliance with the terms of the contract for transportation is mandatory, regardless of whether it is regular or charter transportation. It should be borne in mind that the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of a passenger implies rules. 1. The departure time indicated in the timetable and ticket is not a binding condition of the contract and is not guaranteed by the carrier. In order to ensure the safety of the flight, the flight may be canceled, rescheduled or delayed. The reason for these changes may be bad weather conditions at the airports of departure, arrival or stopovers, natural disasters, violation of the state of the runway, etc. 2. The carrier reserves the right to change the aircraft, change the route of transportation and landing indicated in the timetable and ticket. This right of the carrier is also justified by ensuring the safety of passengers in the event of an aircraft breakdown or force majeure situations along the route. In any of the cases listed above, the carrier, taking into account the legitimate interests of passengers, is obliged to: - warn them about the change in the schedule; - carry out transportation on another flight of yours or a flight of another carrier; - organize service for registered passengers at the airport or provide them with a hotel in the prescribed manner. If the circumstances are such that the passenger is forced to refuse transportation due to a change in the schedule, then the carrier is obliged to return to him the amount of money for the failed transportation. 3. The carrier has the right to refuse transportation to a passenger if his documents are incorrectly drawn up or not presented in full. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the availability, reliability and correctness of the execution of documents issued by state bodies depend only on the competence of these bodies and the citizen himself, and therefore all claims often made in such situations against the carrier by the passenger are unfounded. The carrier does not bear any responsibility for the execution of such documents. 4. The passenger has the right to interrupt the journey and make a stop at any intermediate airport, if it provides for landing. This stop is called "Stopover". After staying at the landing point for the necessary time, the traveler can continue transportation along this route. At the same time, he can immediately book a seat on a similar flight (if the exact date of the continuation of transportation is known) or request confirmation of a seat on this flight for the desired date. Such a stopover is possible if: - it is authorized by the authorities of the country where it is supposed to be done; - the passenger has informed the carrier in advance of his desire to exercise this right; - it was made within the validity period of the ticket; - it is taken into account when calculating the fare and issued in the ticket. If, when purchasing a ticket, the passenger did not declare a stopover at an intermediate airport, but decided to use this right during the flight, then he can continue the flight after compensating the carrier for the difference in fare, as well as losses in the event of a flight delay associated with the removal of his luggage from the aircraft, which was issued to the final destination. An involuntary stop due to the illness of a passenger or a member of his family traveling with him on this flight is an exception and does not require compensation. It should be borne in mind that the right to Stopover applies mainly to transportations issued at normal rates. If a tourist has a ticket issued at a special fare, then stops along the way are made subject to restrictions or are generally prohibited in accordance with the rules for applying this fare. The passenger is obliged to comply with all laws, regulations, rules and regulations of the competent authorities of the state to which or through the territory of which his transportation is carried out. This applies to the fulfillment of the requirements of special control, customs, passport, visa, sanitary and other formalities, as well as the rules and instructions of the carrier. If the state authorities of the country oblige the carrier to return the passenger to the point of departure or any other point due to the fact that he was denied entry to the country of destination, transfer or transit, then the passenger or the organization that issued it must reimburse the carrier for all expenses incurred in connection with this carriage. An aircraft passenger has the right to: - travel on preferential terms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the air transportation rules established by the carrier; - free baggage allowance (including things carried by the passenger) within the established norm depending on the type of aircraft (at least 10 kg per passenger); - free (for international air transportation in accordance with a reduced rate) transportation of one child under the age of 2 years without providing him with a separate seat. Other children under the age of 2 years, as well as children aged 2 to 12 years are transported in accordance with a reduced fare with the provision of separate seats for them; - free use of the services of rest rooms, rooms for mother and child, as well as a place in a hotel during a break in air transportation due to the fault of the carrier or in case of forced delay of the aircraft during dispatch and (or) in flight. At the same time, the procedure for providing services and benefits to passengers of aircraft is established by federal aviation rules. The contract of carriage may be terminated at the initiative of the carrier or the passenger. The carrier may unilaterally terminate the contract for air transportation of a passenger in the following cases: - violation by the passenger of passport, customs, sanitary and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of air transportation; in case of international air transportation, also the rules of departure, destination or transit, determined by the relevant state authorities; - refusal of the passenger to comply with the requirements of federal aviation regulations; - the state of health of the passenger of the aircraft, which requires special conditions for air transportation or threatens the safety of the passenger or other persons, which is confirmed by medical documents, as well as creates confusion and irreparable inconvenience for other persons; - refusal of an aircraft passenger to pay for the carriage of their baggage, the mass of which exceeds the established free baggage allowance; - refusal of the passenger of the aircraft to pay for the transportation of a child older than 2 years with him; on board the violation by the passenger of the aircraft of the rules of conduct on the aircraft, which creates a threat to the safety of the flight of the aircraft or a threat to the life or health of other persons, as well as the failure by the passenger of the aircraft to comply with the orders of the aircraft commander; - the presence in the passenger's personal belongings, as well as in his baggage, cargo of items or substances prohibited for air transportation. If the agreement on air carriage is terminated at the initiative of the carrier, the passenger shall be refunded the amount paid for the carriage (except in the case of a violation by the passenger of the rules of conduct on board the aircraft). The passenger has the right to refuse transportation at the airport or along the route. At the same time, he can receive back from the carrier the payment for transportation or for its unused part in the amount provided for by the rules for applying tariffs. Refusal of a passenger from transportation may be forced or voluntary. Forced cancellation is a refusal due to the following - cancellation or delay of the flight indicated on the ticket; inability to provide a seat on the flight or class of service indicated - by the circumstances: on the ticket, due to a booking error; inability to land at the airport indicated on the ticket due to emergency situations; - replacement of the type of aircraft operating this flight; - illness of the passenger himself or a family member accompanying him on the aircraft; incorrect execution of travel documents by the carrier; impossibility to depart from the transfer airport on the flight indicated on the ticket due to the delay of the aircraft or the cancellation of the flight on which the passenger should arrive at the transfer airport. If a passenger is forced to refuse transportation, the carrier is obliged to offer him transportation by one of the next flights on the conditions specified in the ticket, or return the cost of the ticket without taking into account penalties. In this case, if the transportation was not performed on any section, then the entire amount paid is refunded, and if the transportation was partially performed, then the amount for the unfulfilled part of the transportation is refunded. Voluntary refusal is a refusal due to personal reasons of the passenger. In this case, the carrier has the right to withhold from the returned funds all the amounts due to him. In particular, if the passenger notifies the carrier of the refusal less than 24 hours, but no later than 3 hours before departure, the carrier may charge him a fee in the amount of 10% of the cost of transportation; if the flight is canceled less than 3 hours in advance, the fee is 25%. For group flights, the fee in case of flight cancellation is 25%, if the cancellation occurred less than 24 hours in advance. In case of a passenger’s voluntary cancellation of a flight, a refund is made if: the amount paid for the carriage, with service charges deducted; 2) the carriage was performed in part, the difference between the amount paid for the entire carriage and the amount corresponding to the cost of the performed part of the carriage shall be refunded, withholding the fees related to the performed part of the carriage. Refunds for tickets sold in accordance with the special fare rules, the application is carried out in these fares. The amounts of money shall be returned by the carrier or its agent at the points of purchase of tickets upon presentation of flight coupons in the currency and form of payment in which the carriage was issued. In this case, the refund is made to the person whose name is indicated on the ticket, or to the person who paid for the ticket and provided evidence of this. Chapter 2 AIR TICKET AS A DOCUMENT CONFIRMING THE CONTRACT ON AIR CARRIAGE An air ticket is a document of air carriage between the carrier and the passenger. The ticket is valid for the carriage of a passenger and his baggage from the point of departure to the point of destination according to the route and class of service indicated on it. The ticket must be kept until the end of the trip, if there is a reason for making a claim against the carrier, then the travel document should be kept until it is resolved. 2.1. Types of air tickets At present, several types of air tickets are used in the world: a replicated automatic ticket (“Sandwich”) (Transitional Automated Ticket TAT); automatic coupon ticket with a boarding pass (Automated Ticket/Boarding Pass); ticket for manual issue (Manual Issued Ticket); neutral electronic forms In Russia, the ticket is the largest automatic ticket (Electronic Distribution (TAT). IATA; It has been received using Ticket). replicating the largest national carrier "Aero Fleet International Airlines". The ticket looks like a small book in a colorful cover. The cover may contain the name of the carrier and its emblem. The ticket contains a text part and several coupons, which are blank copies that differ only in color. The text provides information about some general rules of carriage and the carrier's responsibility for the life, health of the passenger and the safety of his luggage. Copy coupons contain specific information on the implementation of the contract for transportation: the passenger's surname, route, date and time of departure, class of service, airline code, etc. An air ticket for domestic passenger transportation usually contains 3 coupons, one of which remains at the box office when selling a ticket, and the other two (flight and passenger) are issued to the passenger. The flight coupon is torn off by the dispatcher when the passenger checks in for the flight and is used for reporting. Passenger coupon must remain with the passenger throughout the trip. An air ticket for international transportation of a passenger includes at least 4 coupons. The control coupon (gray-green) remains at the box office when the ticket is sold. It serves to control the calculation of the tariff and the correct filling of forms. Periodically (once a week) air carriers deliver these coupons along with reports on sold tickets to the international settlement center. The agency coupon (pink) remains in the agency for the cashier to report to the accounting department. It is archived for 3 years. The flight coupon (yellow) is withdrawn when the passenger checks in for the flight. Passenger coupon (white) remains with the passenger as confirmation of the contract of carriage. It should be noted that if the transportation consists of several segments of the route (i.e. there is a transportation with transfers), then the ticket may contain not one flight coupon, but several. In this case, each flight coupon will be valid only for a certain segment of transportation in accordance with the route, date, flight number and class of service indicated on it. The most widely used form is the TAT with four flight coupons. If the route contains fewer flights, then the word “VOID” (not valid for transportation) is printed on the “extra” coupons in the “Route” column, and the coupon itself is pulled out by the agent. If the ticket itinerary includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in the form, then such a ticket is issued on several forms. In this case, these several forms constitute one ticket, so it cannot be thrown away until the end of the entire journey. The main advantage of a copyable automatic ticket is that each coupon of the form is equipped with a copy layer, so all the data entered when printing the ticket breaks through and is fixed on all coupons at once. In addition to domestic airlines, this type of form is used by KLM, SAS, CSA, Cyprus Airways and other Other carriers. a fairly common form of air travel is an automatic coupon ticket with a boarding pass. The peculiarity of this ticket is that each flight coupon is printed separately and equipped with a magnetic strip that contains information about the flight. Due to this, this type of ticket form can be used for automatic check-in of a passenger. The passenger copy is also a separate Passenger Receipt coupon. Each of the coupons is provided with a tear-off boarding pass (on the right side), in which the seat, exit number and boarding time are printed during check-in. Automatic coupon ticket forms with a boarding pass are used by British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, Swissair, Finnair and other airlines. In some cases, the air ticket may be issued on a manual issuance form. This is due to the fact that it is technologically impossible to print the forms of different airlines on the same printer, and not all agencies are equipped with expensive ticket printers. Also, keep a supply of manual forms in case the system stops or the printer malfunctions. The most widespread are hand-issued tickets with two and four flight coupons. If the number of flights on the route is less than the number of flight coupons, then the word “VOID” is written in the “extra” flight coupons, and the coupons themselves are pulled out of the ticket by the agent. Each coupon is also provided with a copy layer, so any coupon contains information about all others. The forms of all the above-mentioned air tickets can be neutral with or without airline emblems (paper blanks of a certain type), however, each ticket has its own number. The carrier's own ticket must also have an IATA code assigned to the airline, which is the first three digits before the ticket number (Aeroflot 555, Siberia 421, British Airways 125, Lufthansa 220, etc.) . All own air tickets are registered in the SSCA (State Civil Aviation Service). Neutral air ticket forms are issued to travel document sales agents through the Transport Clearing House. IATA neutral forms also exist in the form of a paper blank travel document and are issued at IATA rates. The International Air Carrier Association has two main systems for selling its tickets through the BSP agent network (Europe and Asia) and ARC (USA and Canada). Tickets on such forms can only be issued by an airline that has an IATA accounting code, which ensures the responsibility of the company for issuing travel documents in the BSP and ARC systems. On the cover of tickets issued on neutral IATA forms, as a rule, there is an appropriate logo of the International Air Carriers Association. Forms can be filled out by automatic printing on a printer or manually. When issuing tickets for several route participants, air carriers must be used, with which the airline owner of the form has an agreement on the recognition of transportation documents. Recently, due to the intensive penetration of new technologies into various spheres of public life, including the sphere of transport services, new forms of existence of tickets have arisen. So, some foreign airlines (Delta Airlines, Lufthansa, etc.) have introduced electronic tickets, which are a kind of electronic record stored in the database. However, an e-ticket can only be "issued" if the entire flight is operated by one carrier, as the electronic record stored on that carrier's computer is not available to other airlines. The carrier, having received an order from a client for an electronic ticket via a computer network or by telephone, enters this ticket into its database. When checking in for a flight, the passenger presents a document proving his identity and a receipt for paying for the air ticket, after which he receives a boarding pass for the flight. This system of selling travel documents is very convenient for businessmen and other people who often use air travel. 2.2. Information contained in the ticket Any ticket, regardless of its type, contains information that is recorded on all coupons of the document. Figures 1-3 show airline ticket coupons, which can be used to judge the information contained in them, reflecting the specific conditions of the contract for transportation. In field 1 (NAME OF PASSENGER Surname of the passenger), in Latin transcription, the passenger's surname and the initial letter of his name or full name, as well as the gender of the passenger, are written. If the passenger is a man, then Mg (Mr) is written after the surname, if the woman is Mrs or Mss (Mrs or Miss). According to international standards, this field allows up to 3 errors without distorting the sound of the surname. Field 2 (FROM/TO Flight route) indicates the point of departure for this flight coupon and, below it, the point of arrival (English spelling). If the origin or destination (or both) has multiple airports, then the city name is followed by the three-letter airport code. It should be noted that if an aircraft makes landings along the transportation route, but the flight number does not change, then the names of the landing points are not indicated. If the flight number changes at the landing points, then the ticket will contain several flight coupons and each of them will have its own point of departure and destination. Field 3 is intended for the stopover indicator (“Stopover” Х/О). Intermediate transit and transfer stops are possible along the travel route. Transit represents Fig. Fig. 1. Copying automatic ticket. Fig. 2. Automatic coupon ticket with boarding pass. 3. An air ticket for an intermediate landing, for which manual issuance is carried out further by an aircraft of the same airline and under the same flight number. When transferring, further transportation is carried out by an aircraft of another airline or the same, but under a different flight number. If at this point it is supposed to stop along the route for more than 24 hours (“stopover”), then this field is empty or “O” is put on it. If this point is a transit point, then opposite this point In field 4 (CARRIER, a prohibition sign Carrier is indicated) and field 5 (Flight code "X". Flight number) of the airline, consisting of two letters, and flight number. Letter codes for airlines are assigned by the International Association of Carriers IATA and can be both fairly obvious (the abbreviation of the name of the air carrier: LH "Lufthansa", BA "British Airways", AF "Air France"), and not so: SU "Aeroflot" (apparently , from the former Soviet Union), UN "Transaero" (United Nations), AZ "Alitalia", AY "Finnair", etc. The flight number is given in numerical terms. In field b (CLASS Booking class) the booking class is marked with a Latin letter, which implies a certain quota of seats on the flight, corresponding to the Booking class for that on flights or another supersonic fare. aircraft Concord is designated by the letter R; in the first class of service, the letters F, P, A are used to designate the booking class; in the business class, the alphabetic characters C, D, J, Z, I; in economy class, the letters Y, W, S, B, H, K, L, M, N, Q, T, V, X. The booking class should not be confused with the class of service that determines the standard of passenger service. In the classic version, a multi-seat airliner contains 3 compartments that correspond to a certain class of service: first class (F), business class (C) and economy class (Y). Classes of service differ in the design features of the seats, the distance between them, the variety and quality of meals, the size of the free baggage allowance, ground handling conditions, etc. In practice, on some flights, the first class does not exist at all. For example, Delta Air Lines, AJT, Continental Airlines have only business class and economy class. On the other hand, recently some carriers have been introducing new classes of service on their routes in order to attract more passengers. Thus, in September 2001, the Scandinavian airline SAS introduced a new Economy-Plus class on its intercontinental flights, something in between economy and business class. From the business class in the new cabin, new seats with sockets for connecting laptops and Internet access; from the economy class everything else: food, service, baggage allowance. Economy -Plus is intended mainly for business travelers who want to spend their time in flight usefully for work, but are not ready to overpay for comfort. The cost of Economy-Plus cabin tickets is 65% of the full business class fare. The Italian airline Alitalia, for passengers traveling for business purposes, has introduced an intermediate class "Dynamics" on international flights, tickets in which are 15% cheaper than in business class. British Airways became the first airline in the world to use a four-class aircraft cabin layout. She got an additional improved economy class World Travel Plus, which differs from the usual economy class (World Travel) in more comfortable seats, sockets for laptops, the amount of hand luggage, and the ability to check in for flights by phone. Since any airline is a purely commercial organization, in order to obtain certain benefits from transportation, it resorts to “quota” of seats on its flights. If you sell all the seats at the minimum fare in each class of service, then the flight will not justify itself economically. Therefore, in each direction there are several different tariffs for economy, business and first classes. At the same time, the carrier determines in advance how many seats in a given price quota it will sell on the flight. The division by quota varies on each flight in each season. Thus, the ticket booking class reflects both the passenger service class and the type of fares and the conditions for their application. On field 7 (DATE Date) the departure date (day and name of the month) for this coupon is printed. On domestic routes, one-way ticketing is most often used, which is why it is the only one indicated on the ticket. On international flights, it is customary to sell round-trip tickets, so both dates are indicated on tickets for international flights. If the passenger at the time of purchasing the ticket does not yet know the date of his intended return, then he is issued an “open date ticket”, in which “open” is put in the return date column. Having decided on the date of the return flight, the passenger declares this to the airline that books him a seat on the requested flight for a specific date. Most often, tickets with an open date are sold in cases where their expiration date is at least a year. Sometimes for first and business class passengers an “open date” is set for an “outbound” flight as well. Field 8 (TIME Departure time) indicates the departure time. Departure times are always local. Field 9 (STATUS Booking status) contains the booking status, indicated by letter codes. The OK code guarantees a seat on this flight. Therefore, if a passenger who came to check-in without delay did not have enough space on the aircraft during check-in, and his ticket is marked with a confirmed status of “OK”, then the airline is obliged to place the passenger in a cabin of another, higher class, and if there were no seats there pay compensation to such a passenger and transfer him to the next flight. For some fares, it is possible to issue tickets with the status "RQ" or "SA", which means a request for a seat at check-in. A passenger with such a ticket should wait for the end of check-in, and if there are empty seats, he can use this flight. The ticket for infants (passengers under 2 years old) who fly without a seat is indicated with the status "NS". Field 10 (FARE BASIS Fare Type) contains the alphanumeric designation of the fare for this coupon. There is a fairly large number of different tariffs (annual, excursion, group, youth, special), which differ in the rules for their application. All of them have their own designations. Field 11 (NOT VALID BEFORE / NOT VALID AFTER - Not valid before / Not valid after) indicates the dates before and after which, respectively, you cannot fly on this ticket if the fare rules allow changing dates. If the tickets are purchased at hard discounted fares, which prohibit the postponement of the date, then both dates coincide with the date of departure for this coupon. Tickets purchased at annual fares usually have a blank box in this box. Box 12 (ALLOW Free Baggage Permit) indicates the free baggage allowance, which is set in one of two ways. "Weight rate" defines the weight of baggage that a passenger can carry without payment. It depends on the class of service: most carriers allow 40 kg of baggage for first class passengers, 30 kg for business class, and 20 kg for economy class passengers. However, some airlines on certain routes may change these rules. For example, Transaero on flights to Frankfurt allows you to carry 10 kg more baggage free of charge in economy class than usual. The “Package Allowance” determines the number of pieces of baggage that a passenger is allowed to carry free of charge. It depends on the type of aircraft and imposes certain requirements on the weight and dimensions of one piece of baggage. For example, on flights operated by aircraft of the IL-86, B-767, B-777, A-310 types, in all classes it is allowed to carry without payment two pieces of baggage, each of which weighs no more than 32 kg and, in the sum of three dimensions, not exceeds 158 cm for economy class and 203 cm for business and first classes. Most often, the "norm of seats" is used on flights to the United States and Canada. In the first case, 40k, ZOK or 20k is written on this field, in the second 2RS. Field 13 (FARE CALCULATION Fare Calculation) provides a detailed fare calculation for the entire ticket. This entry includes three-letter city codes, two-letter carrier codes, and neutral unit of account (NUC) fare components. The combined tax is also deciphered here if all fees do not fit in column 17. This column may contain service information: conversion rates for neutral units, currencies, various restrictive inscriptions if they do not fit in columns 22 and 25. On field 14 (FARE Tariff) the tariff is fixed in the currency of the beginning of transportation. If the ticket is issued at a published fare, then the latter may be indicated in national currency or in US dollars; if the ticket is issued at a confidential fare, then the fare may not be indicated (or replaced by the inscription "IT" or "FORFAIT"). Field 15 (TOTAL Total) reflects the total cost of the ticket in the currency of the point of issue, consisting of the sum of the fare and airport taxes. If the ticket is issued at a confidential fare, then the amount in this column may not be indicated (or be replaced by the words "IT" or "FORFAIT"). In field 16 (EQUIV/FARE PD Fare Equivalent), the equivalent in the currency of the point of issue is written if the currency of the point of issue differs from the currency of the point of origin of the carriage. The conversion rate must be reflected in either the "Fare" field or the "Fare calculation" field. Field 17 (TAX Tax) indicates additional fees for services provided at the airport. Most often, airport taxes are included in the ticket price, but in some countries they are paid by the passenger separately before departure and must be paid in cash. Each tax has its own name and purpose, and often several fees are charged at one airport: immigration; for the use of the customs service; take off; for departure; veterinary services (regardless of whether the passenger is carrying an animal, plant or not); for various services to passengers. Fees are indicated in the form of a two-letter designation, and their monetary amount is in the currency of the point of issue. The amount of one fee can vary from 5 to 15 US dollars. If all fees do not fit in the appropriate columns, then the “combined” tax (the sum of all remaining ones) is indicated in the last column, and its breakdown is given in field 13. In some cases, the fee may not be included in the ticket and be charged to the passenger additionally (on the spot). In such a situation, the agent is obliged to inform the passenger about this when issuing the document. Field 18 (FORM OF PAYMENT Form of payment) indicates the method by which the ticket was paid for. There may be inscriptions CASH (cash), INVOICE or INV (non-cash payment), CC (credit card). In the last two cases, the contract number or credit card number may be indicated. Field 19 (ORIGIN / DESTINATION Point of departure / Destination) indicates the three-letter designation of the point of departure and point of arrival throughout. Field 20 (AIRLINE DATA alphanumeric route number. For airlines) puts the PNR CODE booking. Field 21 (validator field) (DATA AND PLACE OF ISSUE Date and place of issue) contains the address of the agency where the ticket was purchased and the date the ticket was issued. The address is indicated due to the fact that, according to the rules, a ticket can only be returned at the place where it was issued. In addition, when restoring a lost ticket, you should contact the point of original purchase to confirm that the person who lost the ticket is indeed on the passenger list. Field 22 (ENDORSEMENTS / RESTRICTIONS - Endorsement / Restrictions) is reserved for the endorsement and restrictions. The endorsement implies permission to "transfer" from one company to another. If the column indicates SU/KLM ONLY, this means that this ticket is valid on flights of Aeroflot and the Dutch airline KLM; if SU ONLY is indicated, then you can fly only with the help of Aeroflot. Entries reflecting any permissions to change the conditions of carriage or restrictions on carriage are made in the same field. Among them, the following are most often found: "RES CHG USD50" (Change of booking with a fine of $ 50); "ONE INBOUND REB FREE" (One return date change for free); "NON REF" (The ticket is non-refundable); "NO CHG" (Changing the date on the ticket is not possible); "NO REROUT" (Route change is prohibited). This field can be used for some service information. In field 23 (USSUED IN EXCHANGE FOR - Issued in exchange for) the number of the original ticket is entered if this ticket was issued in exchange for it. For example, if a ticket was purchased on the route Singapore Moscow Singapore, and the tourist decided to change the route to Singapore Moscow Bangkok, then the agent must recalculate the fare to get the difference in the amount of money and issue a new ticket, which will indicate the number of the original ticket. Moreover, if the new ticket is more expensive, then the passenger will have to pay the difference in price; if the ticket is cheaper, then the passenger is issued a receipt (MCO order for miscellaneous charges), which can be used to receive the appropriate amount of money at the place of purchase of the ticket. To this end, column 23 of the new ticket indicates the number of the old ticket. This column may indicate the receipt number (MCO) if the ticket was paid not by the passenger himself, but by some other person at a point different from the point of departure of the trip. In this case, the sponsor is issued a ticket payment receipt and he informs who and where should come for the ticket. The ticket is marked with the MCO number, according to which the ticket was paid. Field 24 (CONJUNCTION TICKETS - Additional ticket) indicates the number of additional ticket if the itinerary for this ticket includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in this ticket. It should be borne in mind that these several forms represent one travel document, so it must be kept in its entirety until the end of the entire journey. Field 25 (ADDITIONAL ENDORSEMENT / RESTRICTIONS - Additional restrictions) is present only in manual forms and contains information that does not fit in columns 13 and Field 26 (TOUR CODE Tour code) is written some symbol used for group and confidential fares. In field 27 (FORM AND SERIAL NUMBER - Form and serial number) the ticket number is written. Field 28 (ORIGINAL ISSUE Originally Issued) indicates the amount of sales tax. The ticket is issued only after payment of the relevant fare in cash or by bank transfer, including using a credit card. 2.3. Ticket expiration date Air tickets issued at different fares have different expiration dates. A ticket issued at a normal fare is valid for carriage for one year from the date of departure under the first coupon. If none of the flight coupons has been used, or if the ticket is issued with an open date, then it is valid for one year from the date of issue. 36 A ticket issued at a special fare is valid for the carriage of a passenger within the time limits established by the rules for applying this fare. In some cases, the validity of the ticket may be extended until the next flight of the carrier, on which there is a free seat corresponding to the class of service specified in the ticket. The ticket validity period extension without additional payment is made in the following cases, when: - the carrier has canceled the flight on which the seat was booked for the passenger; - the carrier has canceled the stop of the aircraft according to the schedule at the point, which for the passenger is the point of departure, destination - or stopover; the carrier did not perform the flight in accordance with the time specified in the schedule; - the carrier did not provide the passenger with the booked seat; - the carrier did not provide the passenger with the class of service specified in the ticket; - the carrier incorrectly issued a ticket to the passenger; - the passenger was unable to complete the flight that had begun during the validity period of the ticket due to his illness or the illness of a family member traveling with him on the aircraft. At the same time, on the basis of the submitted medical report, the carrier may extend the validity of the travel document up to 3 months. At the request of a passenger, the validity of a ticket paid for at a special rate may be extended up to a year (from the date of departure if the trip has begun, or from the date of issue if no flight coupon has been used). However, in this case, the passenger must pay extra for the ticket up to the normal round-trip fare, which is valid on the day the carriage is issued; the ticket is rewritten. 2.4. Lost and Invalid Tickets A passenger is allowed to be transported if the ticket presented to them at check-in is duly issued and contains the relevant flight and passenger coupons. If the tourist lost the ticket before departure, then he needs to contact the agency that issued the ticket; if the loss occurred at the destination, then you should declare this to the representative office of the carrier for whose flight the ticket was issued. In case of loss or damage to the ticket, the carrier, at the request of the passenger, may issue a duplicate to him instead of the lost or damaged document provided for in this situation by the rules, the passenger is obliged to provide a penalty to the carrier with instructions. airline information regarding the time and place of ticket purchase, as well as give a guarantee obligation to pay the carrier all costs if another person uses the lost or damaged ticket for a flight or refund of money. In case of loss or damage to a ticket issued by another carrier, a duplicate can be issued only after receiving the written permission of this carrier. It should be remembered that a refund on a duplicate ticket and any changes in it are not made. The carrier may invalidate the ticket and refuse to carry the passenger or return the amount of money for such a ticket. The ticket is recognized - has been declared invalid - in the following cases lost, if (or stolen); the ticket turned out to be: fake; was purchased from an organization or person who does not represent the carrier and is not incorrectly its agent; decorated. If the travel document is declared invalid for reasons dependent on the carrier, then it is withdrawn and subject to exchange. When a ticket is declared invalid for reasons beyond the control of the carrier, it is withdrawn and not replaced. However, in all such cases, the carrier draws up an act on the withdrawal of the travel document, indicating the reasons for its invalidation. The ticket cannot be transferred and used by another person. A person presenting a ticket in the name of another is not entitled to carriage or refunds on the unused ticket or part thereof. If, nevertheless, the use of someone else's ticket by another person who does not have the right to do so occurs, the carrier is not liable to the person who had the right to this carriage. The passenger is obliged to keep the passenger ticket and all unused flight coupons during the entire carriage and present them to the representatives of the carrier at any time upon their request. 2.5. Ways to sell air tickets You can buy tickets directly at the airport ticket offices, in agencies or representative offices of airlines, as well as in travel agencies that have the right to deal with air transportation. Buying an air ticket at the airport, although it is a rather troublesome event, however, has advantages in guaranteeing the information received and paperwork, as well as in the possibility of purchasing a cheaper ticket as part of the airline's implementation of any special offer. Buying tickets through commercial air ticket offices is tempting because the latter can be found in almost every area of ​​the city, which frees the client from a tedious trip to the airport. However, due to the fact that ticket offices-agents receive commissions for the sale of air tickets, the price for transportation in this case may increase. One of the convenient ways to purchase tickets is to order them by phone, but in this case you will also have to pay extra for delivery. In addition, many organizations limit the time and place of delivery (only during the day, within the Moscow Ring Road, only at the work address, etc.). If the order is made through a little-known company, this option may not be safe in terms of the possibility of getting a fake ticket. Some foreign carriers offer an unusual way to distribute air tickets. Thus, the Lufthansa airline periodically holds virtual air ticket auctions in different countries. In Russia, economy and business class tickets are issued as a lot for flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg to different parts of the world. According to the rules of the auction, the price of the offered tickets can be increased by 10, 20 and 50 US dollars. The auction participant who has won a ticket for the presented flight receives a notification about this by e-mail or by phone. Payment for the ticket is made at the office of the representative office of the airline. A ticket can also be purchased via the Internet, without leaving your home or office, by ordering it on the carrier's website and paying for home delivery by courier. Of the foreign carriers that have Internet sites on the network, 78% sell their tickets in this way or plan to organize such a sale in the coming years. In general, the number of tickets sold via the Internet now reaches 10%. As established global airlines acquire already existing major commercial sites in the field of tourism and leisure, this percentage may soon increase significantly. There are times when one person wants to pay for a ticket to another person located in another city (or even country). For this purpose, there is a special procedure for the sale of Prepaid Ticket Advice (PTA). It consists in the fact that the sponsor (the person paying for the ticket) comes to the representative office of the carrier, books and pays for the ticket. At the same time, he names the passenger's last name and the geographical point where the passenger should receive this document (naturally, in such a geographical point there should be a representative office of this airline). However, this method of paying for a ticket has some inconveniences. First, according to international standards, there can only be one PTA office in a city. Secondly, when paying for a ticket, the sponsor will only have access to international rather expensive “published fares”, since preferential and special fares are valid only at the point of departure (i.e., where the passenger is located, and not the sponsor). Thirdly, this service is paid, although not very expensive (30 - 35 US dollars). A more convenient option in such a situation is to pay for the ticket with a credit card “Authorization without form”. presence This operation on the so-called payment of a travel document by the owner consists in the fact that the sponsor contacts the agency located at the point from which the passenger is going to fly, books a ticket for him, negotiates its cost and sends an authorized letter by fax or e-mail. The agent issues the ticket against the sponsor's credit card, and the passenger picks up the ticket at a convenient time for him or the ticket is sent to the passenger by registered mail. It should be borne in mind that in any case, when buying an air ticket, there are many subtleties that are not always known to an ordinary client. Sometimes it happens that the rules for applying the selected fare become an unpleasant surprise for the passenger. Therefore, when buying a ticket, you should be interested in all the features of the fare you like. Chapter 4 MODERN AIRLINE BOOKING SYSTEMS An important feature of any air travel is the booking of an air ticket (i.e. pre-booking an air ticket), giving the passenger a guarantee to secure a seat for him on the airliner operating the selected flight on a certain date. Air tickets can be booked at airports, airline offices and travel companies that have the right to arrange transportation. To book a ticket, the client can contact the booking agent directly, by phone or via the Internet. As noted earlier, the latter method of booking is widely promoted by air carriers in order to improve the service to tourists. There are a number of rules that the passenger and ticket agent must follow in order to ensure a fast and successful booking process. When ordering a ticket, the passenger must provide the booking agent with all information regarding the specific conditions of carriage (route, date of departure, class of service, number of seats), as well as information regarding special conditions of carriage, if any. The latter include: - an unaccompanied child under 12; deaf or blind passenger (unaccompanied, accompanied or accompanied by 2 guide dogs); a disabled person in a wheelchair or a disabled person able to move independently; - sick - a passenger on a special stretcher; nutrition; the presence of excess baggage, oversized baggage in the cabin; - transportation of an animal or bird, weapons, sports equipment, etc. The information received from the client is entered into the automated booking system (CRS), and in case of a positive response, this system issues a status confirming the acceptance of the order. The terms for booking an air ticket are determined by the rules for applying fares. There are tariffs at which you can book tickets a year before departure; other tariffs limit the booking time for a month, two weeks, a week before the start of transportation, etc. Some fares oblige customers to buy tickets immediately within 24 72 hours. When booking, the customer must be given full information about the fare and the rules for its application. As long as the passenger has not redeemed the ticket, the booking is considered preliminary. Upon the expiration of the validity period of the reservation (which is also set by the fare rules), the order may be canceled without notice. If necessary, the carrier has the right to require the client to reconfirm (reconfirm) the booking of a ticket for the forward route or for the return route, which can be done either in person or by phone. If the passenger does not do this within a certain period, then the carrier has the right to cancel the booking for a flight further along the route or for a return flight. Information received from the passenger must be kept confidential by the air carrier and can only be transferred to its agents, other carriers, companies providing the relevant additional public services, as well as authorities. As already noted, all information received from the passenger is entered into the automated reservation system (ARS). CRS is an information computer system containing information about airline routes, carrier schedules, tariffs, applied discounts, availability of seats on aircraft, etc. The first CRS under the name "Apollo" was put into operation in 1976 by an American airline " United Airlines. Following her, American Airlines made its own CRS and called it "Saber". Both systems very quickly turned into collective ones, i.e. they began to serve entire groups of airlines, providing information not only about the availability of seats on a particular flight, but also general information about carrier flights, detailed descriptions of fares, information about flight duration and route features. In the 80s. these systems began to rapidly conquer the international market for booking air tickets. Soon, the high efficiency of using computer reservation systems enabled the owners of the CRS to engage in related industries of the tourism business. To do this, they began to include information about car rental, hotel accommodation, the sale of railway tickets, the issuance of foreign passports and other services in computer systems programs. This significantly strengthened CRS cooperation with travel agencies and led to the installation of booking terminals in large agencies, as well as the development of special programs for agencies that allow computer processing of their documentation and accounting. Currently, most of the air tickets sold for flights in Western Europe and America are sold through travel agencies connected to large computer reservation systems, which have actually turned into global travel reservation systems (Global Distribution Systems GDS). The main goal of ASB cooperation with travel agencies is to expand its sales network to the maximum. Particularly successful in this CSB "Saber". It has developed two specialized programs that allow businesses or individuals to log in from their computers to book various services and obtain information of interest to them. The information provided is very extensive and contains information about the weather in the largest cities in the world; about the currency and the exchange rate "of currencies in hotels; about the services of the World Association of Travel Agencies for the provision of interpreters, multilingual guides, cars. Programs allow you to book rooms in hotels; purchase tickets for railway and bus routes and cruise ships; order tickets to theaters, exhibitions and to museums, organize excursions, choose entertainment, a list of information, "Saber" which is available in the appropriate display unit allows you to show geographical maps, photographs of vacation spots, beaches, hotel rooms on the display block, which allows the client to determine the place and living conditions to his liking and For air passengers, Saber has developed a special low price search program that allows you to view all flights day by day and identify the cheapest of them, as many air carriers reduce prices as the departure date approaches in order to fill the remaining seats. » offers assistance in finding the cheapest tickets no penalty in case of refusal; without limiting the minimum and maximum time spent at the destination; without prior requirement In general, the US computer-based ticket and reservation systems purchases have reached the greatest development to date. In addition to the above-mentioned, the American CRS System One and Worldspan operate quite successfully on the international market for booking travel services. In Russia, on the basis of integration with the last Russian-American company "Travel City", a booking system for air tickets and tourist services "Avantix.ru" was created, which currently acts as a full-fledged virtual agency. It allows you to book a wide range of tourist services via the Internet, including booking air tickets for all scheduled flights of the world's largest airlines across the entire range of fares, booking vehicles and hotels abroad, even on the day of departure. Subsequently, Avantix.ru intends to provide the possibility of booking services not only to partner travel agencies, but also to direct users. In addition to American systems for booking services, there are similar systems created in other regions in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa. In 1987, two large associations of computer reservations, Amadeus and Galileo, emerged in Europe. The system "Amad eus" includes the CRS of the following airlines: "Air France", "Air Inter", "Iberia", "Lufthansa", "Finnair", "Irslander" and others. The Galileo system united Alitalia, British Airways, Sabena, KLM, Swissair, etc. CRS. Both of these booking systems have tens of thousands of terminals in travel agencies in many countries of the world through which you can book tickets on flights of various airlines, accommodation in hotel chains and independent hotels, rent cars from the most famous rental companies, as well as receive a lot of various information. In the Asian region, the largest computerized booking system is Abacus, which includes systems from Cathay Pacific Airways, Chinese Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Royal Brooney and Singapore Airlines. In the early 80s. 54 airlines of the African and Latin American computer regions of the system combined bookings and created their own collective CRS, named "Gabriel". Subsequently, the Russian air carriers Aeroflot, Transaero, Rossiya, Orient, Vnukovo Airlines, etc. began to cooperate with it. Over time, the services of Gabriel CRS were expanded by connecting to the system of travel agencies of the member countries of this union . An extended set of services (the so-called GETS-Gabriel) allows you to book hotel rooms, order car rental, automate the work of travel agency offices, keep a record of frequent flyers, and manage the profitability of transportation. It should be noted that the international organization IATA takes an active part in the development of computer reservation systems, which implements training of specialists in different countries through travel agencies to work in automated reservation systems. Recently, in the development of CRS, a rather intensive process of their integration has been observed, which consists in the exchange of service packages between separate large computer systems. For example, System One supplies certain software to Amadeus; in certain areas, Galileo cooperates with Apollo, Amadeus with Saber, etc. Some airlines participate in several CRSs of collective use, which indicates their active position in the air transportation market. The main directions of development of all booking systems at present are: providing access to the systems (mainly through the development of the Internet), improving the systems themselves to simplify their use and introducing new functions in the interests of customers. In particular, the following programs have been developed to implement the latter direction: allowing the client to help himself choose the cheapest fare on a given route served by several carriers; providing an opportunity to get acquainted with all flights and flight connections of companies on the required route in one transaction; in the absence of rooms in the requested hotel, allowing to obtain1 information about the availability of rooms in hotels of a similar level of the same hotel chain located within a radius of five miles, etc. The wider use of global computer networks in the field of tourism business is also facilitated by the development of space and optical communications, the improvement of computer technology. new opportunities in serving tourists, opened up in the process of evolution and integration of the CRS, certain negative aspects of these phenomena are also identified. For example, some travel agencies tend to primarily book seats on the flights of air carriers with automated booking systems, which leads to these airlines receiving excessive profits and infringing on the interests of other participants in the system. Given the fact that the majority of customers book seats from the first screen, in some cases, the airline owner of the system tries to show its flights on the information monitors before the flights of other carriers, which also creates unequal conditions in cooperation. To eliminate this negative phenomenon in 1989, the 27th Assembly of ICAO decided to develop a "Code of Conduct for the Use of Booking Systems", which specifies the order in which flights are presented on monitors. First, all direct non-stop flights are shown in order of departure time; then other direct flights in order of total flight duration; then connecting flights in order of total flight duration. This "Code of Conduct" is an integral part of the air services agreements concluded between states. It should be noted that in September 1999, a new automated booking system Sirena-3 was created in Russia, which is defined as the base for managing air transportation in Russian air transport. In terms of technical equipment, the domestic computer reservation system is quite consistent with the level of modern world computing systems, since the most famous American corporations Saber and IBM took part in the supply of equipment, software and technologies for it. In addition, the Russian CRS has a number of advantages over foreign ones: it is cheaper; more powerful in terms of the amount of information (the “Sire-ny-3” drive is designed for 1 terabyte, which exceeds the volume of most foreign CRS drives); has a high speed of information transfer; can work with 10 thousand subscribers. In addition to the technical implementation program, Sirena-3 provides for a number of other programs. Among them: "Passenger service", "Accounting for revenue", "Management of shipments at the airport", "Management of cargo transportation", "Revenue management", etc. Many Russian airlines (Ural Airlines, Samara, Tyumen-Aerotrans, Bashkiria, Krasnoyarsk Airlines, etc.) have already connected to Sirena-3 CSB. All of them note the simplicity of working with a large amount of information, the advantages of free access for agencies to the air transportation market, as well as the ability to significantly increase the variety of services provided. With the help of Sirena -3, you can book hotel rooms, rent cars, carry out credit card transactions, and book train tickets. On the basis of Sirena-3 in 2001, work was carried out to introduce a program for booking charter flights. The introduction of this program allows charter market participants to reach a fundamentally new professional level of work, which makes it possible to fully automate activities in this area of ​​​​air transportation and gain access to up-to-date information on the availability of seats on charter flights. This development was called "Sirena-Aerotrans", as the initiator of its creation was the company "Aerotrans". Air tickets for charter flights can also be booked through the Matizz.ru Internet booking system, which provides travel companies with information on the Internet site on booking and selling blocks, segments and individual seats in the charter passenger air transportation market. This system was developed and put into operation in 2002 by Matizz.ru CPU and Lanit holding. Chapter 5 SERVICE TECHNOLOGY FOR AIR PASSENGERS Serving air passengers during transportation by air includes a number of procedures aimed at ensuring the guarantee of transportation, compliance with flight safety conditions, as well as meeting the requirements of various citizens, state using bodies, the services of air carriers. To go through these procedures, the passenger must arrive at the airport in advance. As a rule, on international flights, the time of arrival of a passenger at the airport is 2.5 hours before the departure of the aircraft, and on domestic flights, 2 hours. This time is necessary for the passenger to go through pre-flight administrative formalities and the registration procedure. The start time of ticket check-in and baggage check-in before departure is set by the carrier and must be indicated on the ticket or other document handed to the passenger when selling the ticket. If such information has not been provided, then in case of a delay for the flight, the passenger (in accordance with Article 10 of the Consumer Rights Protection Law) has the right to demand compensation for losses incurred as a result of failure to provide information. Passenger of international transportation goes through administrative formalities: - customs sanitary and epidemiological passport and visa - the following inspection; control (if necessary); (border) special control - control; flight safety. On domestic flights, passengers undergo special flight safety control and screening. 5.1. Passenger check-in for air flight baggage. Check-in is understood as a reconciliation of passengers who have come on a flight with the lists of booked passengers, whose names are included in the PNL (Passenger Name List - last name list of passengers on the flight). This procedure is carried out by a number indicator behind the registration and counter, the route provided with the flight. Simultaneously with the check-in of passengers for the flight, their luggage is also checked in. To do this, check-in areas are equipped with scales for weighing luggage and hand luggage, baggage screening equipment, conveyors, and means of communication. Passenger check-in and luggage check-in for business and economy class passengers are carried out, as a rule, at various check-in counters. However, if check-in takes place at one counter, then it is carried out in priority for business class passengers. The procedure for check-in of passengers for the flight is carried out as follows: - the check-in desk operator takes the ticket and documents from the passenger, - proving the identity of the passenger; checks the compliance of the surname indicated in the passport (or other document proving the identity of the passenger) with the surname on the ticket; - checks the validity of the ticket, the place and date of issue, the agent's signature, the booking data (carrier code, flight number, departure date, booking status, fare type, free baggage allowance, class of service), if necessary Restrictions"; checks the passenger's name against the list of booked passengers in PNL and marks them on the Passenger Check-in Form (these Forms are compiled separately for each class of service). If the passenger’s ticket indicates the OK status, but his last name is not included in PNL and the flight is fully loaded, then the operator, having established the reason for the absence of the passenger’s last name in PNL, must offer the passenger either transportation by another carrier on the same day, or transportation by his nearest flight and providing hotel accommodation at your own expense, or make a refund for the paid ticket without penalty. In the future, a specific person is identified who is guilty of this booking error. After checking the last name, the operator assigns a specific seat to the passenger in the aircraft cabin, based on the class of service. This usually takes into account the interests of passengers a window or aisle seat, next to a satellite (double, triple seats) or separately, in a smoking or non-smoking cabin. In some cases, the operator himself determines the place in the cabin for the passenger. Thus, it is preferable to provide seats at emergency exits to passengers without obvious physical or mental disabilities, capable of assisting other passengers in the event of an evacuation or, at least, not hindering the evacuation due to their infirm condition. Passengers who cannot speed up the process of evacuation from the aircraft are accommodated in places that do not block the approaches to emergency equipment and exits. Such passengers include persons with obvious physical or mental disabilities; persons whose health does not allow them to move quickly; children under 12 years old. As a sign of assigning a seat to a passenger, he is issued a boarding pass, which indicates the number of a specific seat, date and flight number, serial number according to the check-in sheet, as well as the number of the exit through which the plane will be boarded. Simultaneously with the check-in of the passenger, all his belongings are weighed and the baggage is checked in for transportation to the baggage compartment of the aircraft. The operator at the check-in counter accepts tear-off coupons of baggage tags attached to checked baggage from the acceptance clerk and pastes them on the cover of the ticket. From that moment on, the passenger's ticket also becomes a baggage receipt. Information on the number of pieces and the weight of checked baggage and hand luggage is included in the ticket. Then the operator withdraws the flight coupon for this segment of the flight and returns the ticket to the passenger along with the tear-off coupons of the baggage tags. The withdrawn flight coupon serves as confirmation that the passenger actually showed up for check-in for the flight. If the passenger has excess baggage, he is obliged to pay for it at the appropriate rate and provide the check-in desk operator with a payment receipt; from it the operator withdraws the flight coupon of the paid baggage receipt. If a passenger decides to fly with a higher class of service, he must apply to the chief controller of the check-in area with a request for an increase in the class of service. If there are free seats in the business class of the aircraft, such a permit is usually issued by imposing a mark on the front side of the ticket, which indicates the date, flight number and the name of the issuer of the permit. Then the passenger is invited to go to the cashier, where he pays the appropriate amount of money. The booking agent issues an MCO Miscellaneous Charges Order to the passenger, and a sticker with a change in class of service is pasted into the flight coupon. When registering such a passenger, the operator at the check-in counter withdraws the corresponding MCO coupon and affixes it to the flight ticket coupon. The order of miscellaneous fees itself remains with the passenger. After check-in, passengers are invited to go to the sanitary and passport control area for further check-in, and then to the waiting area (for economy class passengers) or the business lounge (for business class passengers). Usually, passenger check-in closes 40 minutes before international departure.

higher professional education

bachelor's degree

O. Ya osipova

transport

UMO educational institutions of the Russian Federation

education in the field of service and tourism

as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,

students in the areas of training 100400 "Tourism"

and 101100 "Hotel business"

6th edition, revised

UDC 744.4/.5(075.8)

BBC 75.81ya73

R e e n s e n t s:

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State University of Trade and Economics A. S. Bezryadnova;

Head of the Operational Timetable Optimization Department of the Route Network Management Department of JSC Aeroflot E. B. Shabashova O. Ya. Osipova

Transport service in tourism: a textbook for students.

About institutions of higher education. prof. education / O. Ya. Osipova. - 6th ed., revised. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 400 p. - (Ser. Baccalaureate).

ISBN 978-5-7695-8514- The textbook was created in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the areas of training "Tourism", "Hospitality" (qualification "bachelor").

The legal bases regulating the transportation of tourists on the lines of international and domestic traffic are considered. The procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual links of the transport system, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various modes of transport are outlined. Information is provided on the services provided for the transportation of tourists, including those reflecting the latest technological innovations. Security issues related to transport services for tourists are highlighted.

This edition has been prepared using materials from the 5th edition:

Osipova O. Ya. "Transport services for tourists."

For students of higher education institutions.

UDC 744.4/.5(075.8) LBC 75.81 The original layout of this publication is the property of the Academy Publishing Center, and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Osipova O. Ya., © Educational and Publishing Center "Academy", ISBN 978-5-7695-8514-2 © Design. Publishing Center "Academy", INTRODUCTION It is a well-known fact that in recent years one of the main places in the economy of most countries has been occupied by the tourism industry. The tourist product (tour product) produced by it includes a large and diverse range of services and goods that can be consumed by people when traveling, as well as during recreation, entertainment, treatment, and raising the educational and professional level carried out within the framework of tourism.

At the same time, transport services, which are an integral part of the content of the tourist product, have a significant impact on its quality.

Transportation of passengers, including tourists, is carried out by various modes of transport - air, land, water.

The popularity or demand for different types of transport for tourist transportation depends on the geographical location and climatic conditions of the country, its economic development, national traditions, social status and living standards of people, and other factors. Each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages due to historical development, technical, economic and environmental characteristics, but all types of transport systems have one main goal - the most complete satisfaction of the needs of travelers in the implementation of transportation services. In this regard, it makes sense to talk about transport services for tourists as a set of services designed to transport tourists and their luggage from one point to another with sufficient speed and maximum comfort.

Transport services are based on a legal basis, enshrined in legislative documents developed by various international transport organizations, national legislation of countries, internal rules of carriers. Special attention is required by various aspects of transport services in the implementation of international tourism. The expansion of the boundaries of international cooperation in the field of travel necessitates continuous improvement of the norms and rules for the implementation of customs, border and sanitary control.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly deliver a person to anywhere in the world (supersonic aircraft, high-speed trains, off-road vehicles, icebreaking and deep-sea transport, etc.), as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services. This is reflected in the creation of global booking systems and non-traditional ways of selling tickets, the emergence and development of carriers' charter programs, the development of various information systems, the use of electronic devices for monitoring technical and technological modes of transportation, and in improving their safety.

The competitive struggle for the client both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each type of transport gave a powerful impetus to the process of improving the service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of the rolling stock, the creation of comfortable travel conditions, the organization of leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, the provision of special meals, the development of incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies. Special measures are carried out by carriers when servicing children and the disabled, as well as other categories of passengers, which allows them to more fully meet their needs.

An important direction in the field of transport services is the close cooperation of various transport systems.

This contributes to the creation of multimodal stations, coordination of schedules, harmonization of transport services and their comprehensive provision to passengers.

A very important issue in the implementation of transportation is safety, which implies compliance with the rules for operating the rolling stock, professional and well-coordinated work of various services that ensure the movement of vehicles, compliance with the rules of conduct by the passengers themselves, and the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport.

Since the transportation of organized groups of tourists has a number of features related to the development of routes, booking tickets, accommodation on transport, and the implementation of tour programs, travel agencies have to establish reliable contacts with transport companies.

The material presented in this textbook shows that many of the problems associated with transport services for tourists can and should be solved by travel agencies, while others have deeper roots that go back to the scope of carriers. Understanding these problems should help future professionals in the field of tourism to organize their work correctly and competently when creating and promoting a tourism product.

TRANSPORT AS A PART OF TOURISM All over the world, transport occupies one of the leading places in the development of the economy, since it ensures the territorial integrity of the state and its single economic space. The importance of transport in the development of international relations is also great, which is most clearly manifested in the field of tourism. The share of transport services in the tourism business accounts for 40 to 60% of all services provided to travelers by various enterprises involved in the implementation of tourism.

The word "transport" comes from the Latin "transportare" - to carry, move, transport. In encyclopedic dictionaries, transport is characterized as a branch of material production that carries out the transportation of passengers and goods, as well as the means of transportation themselves. For this purpose, various devices created by man himself in the course of the development of technological progress, and animals (horses, elephants, dogs, camels, etc.) can be used.

If we approach the concept of “transport” only from the standpoint of interpreting it in encyclopedic dictionaries, then the main role of vehicles in tourism lies precisely in the transportation (movement) of a traveler from one point to another. However, tourism is a specific area of ​​social activity, which allows us to abstract from the stereotypical concept of "vehicle" and consider the means of moving people in a broader sense of the word.

ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN TOURISM Movement of people in space can have different motivations: not only reaching a certain destination, but also obtaining visual information, pleasure from the process of movement and “thrills” associated with certain conditions of movement. In the last two cases, not only vehicles in the conventional sense of the word are often used, but also other devices: sleds, skis, skates, scooters, rollers, ATVs, surfboards, parachutes, etc. Some of them can be driven by muscle power a person, others - due to natural factors: a difference in the levels of the terrain, the flow of a river, the strength of a breaking wave, wind, etc. Some vehicles can be used in attractions (Ferris wheel, roller coaster, zorbs, etc.).

Therefore, we can say that the role of transport services in tourism is determined by the function that they must perform in the travel program. From this point of view, when implementing tourism, means of transportation can provide various directions:

transportation of tourists from one point to another (delivery to the destination);

transfer (meeting and seeing off tourists);

excursion service (carrying out transport or transport-pedestrian excursions);

form the basis of route tours (bus, rail, horseback, cruises);

form the basis of program tours (sports, adventure, business, space, entertainment);

To be used as elements of entertainment in places of mass recreation (water skiing, ATVs, attractions);

be used in the rental business (rental of cars, bicycles, jet skis, boats, etc.);

To form an urban transport structure (a set of vehicles for the organized and independent movement of tourists inside the visited settlement);

To be used as an auxiliary technical equipment for the movement of tourists (elevators, lifts, continuous vehicles);

Be an object of tourist interest (transport museums, engineering transport facilities and architectural station complexes, children's railways, monorails);

be used as stationary and mobile accommodation facilities.

Delivery of tourists to the destination. Delivery of tourists to the destination can be carried out by various modes of transport - air, rail, road, water. The choice of a particular mode of transport depends on the following factors:

remoteness of the destination; delivery speed; the cost of transportation; comfort of the vehicle; the desired degree of informative travel; the possibility of stopping along the way at their own request; benefits provided; the possibility of carrying a certain amount of baggage; season (time) of the year;

transportation security, etc.

tourists prefer to use air transport. At the same time, the disadvantages of comfort (especially when flying in economy class) and the rather high price of transportation are compensated by fast delivery to the destination.

However, it should be borne in mind that in some cases (namely, in a certain range of distances), rail traffic can compete with air transport. For example, traveling from Moscow to St. Petersburg by plane can sometimes be longer than by train, although the flight itself takes only about 50 minutes. This is due to the fact that large airports are usually located far from the city, so you first need to get to them by bus, car or electric train. In the first two cases, travel time may increase significantly due to "traffic jams" on the roads. In addition, according to the rules of air transportation, you must arrive at the airport 2 - 2.5 hours before the start of the flight (this time is spent on passing all pre-flight formalities and baggage clearance). Considering the fact that air transportation is dependent on meteorological conditions, the flight may be delayed for several hours due to non-flying weather. Upon arrival at the destination airport, a certain amount of time is spent waiting and collecting luggage. Transfer from the airport to the city will also affect the duration of the trip.

If you use high-speed rail transport, then, having left the center of Moscow from the Leningradsky railway station (where you can easily get there by metro), in five hours you can find yourself in the center of St. Petersburg at the Moscow railway station. And even in the absence of problems with the weather and with the same duration of travel, in this case, the train ride looks less troublesome and more comfortable.

Similar routes exist in other countries, as well as in international traffic. For example, many residents of England and France prefer high-speed trains running through a railway tunnel laid under the English Channel to air travel.

Travel comfort is a complex indicator that depends both on the type of transport used by the traveler, and on the specific vehicle and the conditions of transportation on it. The most comfortable are multi-deck sea and river vessels, equipped with cabins with all amenities, having a variety of facilities and equipment for leisure activities, as well as sufficient territory for moving inside the vehicle. As for trains and planes, the “living space” on them is more limited, however, reserved seat and sleeping compartment cars are still more comfortable compared to the seats of air liners. The comfort of a long journey in a bus or car looks even less attractive, but is compensated by great information, mobility For tourists with children and people of older and advanced age, as well as for young people, the services provided to passengers by various transport companies are of great importance. The amount of discounts may depend on the season, the direction of the route, the quantitative composition of the group of travelers, etc.

Sometimes a tourist needs to take a fairly significant amount of hand luggage with him. In this regard, this factor may be decisive in choosing a vehicle. So, for example, on railway transport, you can carry 36 kg of free hand luggage with you in a reserved seat car, and on an airplane when flying in economy class - only 20 kg.

Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors affecting the attractiveness of a particular mode of transport is its safety. And although only vehicles with certificates of conformity are allowed to operate passenger (as well as freight) transportation, there are other reasons that can lead to serious and even catastrophic consequences during transportation. Such reasons include errors of vehicle drivers and traffic controllers (the so-called "human factor"), a sudden breakdown of the mechanical parts of the vehicle, in some cases - a natural (weather) factor: ice, heat, flood, collapse in the mountains, etc. According to statistics, the most dangerous mode of transport is considered to be automobile. In this regard, when it is possible to choose the mode of transportation, preference should be given to safer modes of transport (for example, by rail). This is especially important in the implementation of children's tourism.

It should be noted that the delivery of tourists to destinations can be carried out both by regular and non-scheduled flights (the features of these flights will be discussed in the chapter on the classification of transportation).

Transfer. A transfer (Latin transferre - to carry, transport) is understood as any transportation of a tourist inside a tourist center, i.e., his delivery from a station (railway, bus) or from a port (air, sea, river) to a hotel and back, from one station to another, from one port to another, from a hotel to a theater or a museum and back, etc.

The transfer can be carried out by various vehicles.

Most often, this is done by road transport. For groups of tourists, buses of various capacities and comfort are offered, for VIPs - cars of prestigious brands (the so-called limousine service). Many tourists use the “Rent-a-car” service (car rental), which can be booked in advance when forming the tour, as well as received in major cities upon arrival at the railway station or airport.

A convenient means of transfer are electric trains running between the city and its air harbors. For example, at present, all major airports in Moscow are connected to the city center by railway lines, which are operated by Aeroexpress trains. They deliver passengers from railway stations to Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo airports. In Vnukovo, the railway terminal is located underground, from where access is made to the terminal building. In St. Petersburg, a rail transfer is organized between the city and Pulkovo airport.

Trains can also serve as a transfer to visit tourist sites located near major tourist centers. So, for example, to travel to Yasnaya Polyana, where the museum-estate of Leo Tolstoy is located, you can use a special tourist-excursion train that brings tourists to the Kozlova Zasek station, from where the bus delivers them directly to the museum-estate.

At Dallas Airport (USA), the transfer role is performed by a monorail transport system with a capacity of 9 thousand people per hour and serving several routes. Similar systems are found in other countries - in Japan, France.

Recently, the role of air vehicles has increased in the implementation of transfer traffic. Helicopters are the most suitable for these purposes, as they have a fairly high speed, are able to land on small areas, have vertical take-off, and can operate in adverse weather conditions. Helicopter transfers are especially effective in large metropolitan areas, because it makes it possible to avoid traffic jams on the roads leading to airports. Despite the fact that such air taxis are quite expensive for passengers, they find their customers in many countries of the world (Japan, Canada, the USA, etc.). It should be noted that currently from the airport "Bykovo" (Moscow region) transportation is organized by helicopter-air taxis within the region; in addition, there is a project to create several heliports along the circumference of the Moscow Ring Road (Moscow Ring Road) to deliver passengers from the city to the surrounding areas.

In states washed by the seas and oceans, the transfer is organized using ferries and boats plying between the mainland and the islands.

In the field of tourism, non-traditional modes of transport are often used for transfer purposes. For example, in Egypt, in the city of Etfu, located on the banks of the Nile, for tourists arriving on cruise ships, from the pier to one of the oldest monuments of Egyptian civilization - the Temple of King Horus - transportation is organized for four h o r d e r t o r e s In many seaside resort towns of Tunisia and Thailand, unusual vehicles - “tuk-tuks” are used to deliver tourists to the beach. They are a kind of motorcycles with semi-open passenger compartments for 6 - 8 people.

In China, Nepal, India, wealthy tourists are offered r and k sh and for delivery to attractions. Some rickshaws (porters) carry their clients on special stretchers, others are harnessed to light two-wheeled carts designed to carry passengers. In Japan, South Africa and other countries, foreigners often use cycle rickshaws for transfers, which are two-wheeled carts connected to a human-controlled bicycle.

In Finland, for example, animals are used for transfers. So, two kilometers from Rovaniemi Airport (a major cultural and economic center of Lapland) is the village of Santa Claus with a tourist theme park. You can get to it from the airport not only by snowmobile, but also by dog ​​or reindeer sleds.

It should not be forgotten that tourists often use traditional public transport in the city - subway, tram, bus, trolley bus, taxi - to arrive at hotels, visit theaters, museums, exhibitions, as well as for shopping purposes.

Transport and excursion service. As you know, an excursion (from Latin excursio - a trip) is understood as a collective or individual visit to any places of particular interest to tourists: historical and architectural monuments, museums, exhibitions, specialized objects, etc.

A distinctive feature of such an event is that a group (or one person) is accompanied by a specialist guide who talks about events, monuments or exhibits that reflect the content of the tour.

Sightseeing can take place without or with the use of vehicles. As the latter, buses are most often used, since they are indispensable for conducting multi-kilometer sightseeing tours around the city, as well as thematic city and country trips.

The vast majority of organized tourist trips include at least one (overview) bus tour in their programs, which gives a general idea of ​​the main attractions of the destination. Thematic tours using buses can be carried out both within the city (for example, bus tours "Pushkin Places of Moscow", "Around the Boulevard Ring"), and with travel outside of it (for example, bus and walking tours from Moscow to Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Zvenigorod, from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, etc.).

In cities where there are navigable rivers, excursions can be carried out on small ships or boats. Thus, boat excursions along the Moscow River are very popular in Moscow (from the New Bridge near the Central Exhibition Complex (TsVK) "Expocentre" on Krasnaya Presnya to the ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate), in the northern capital - "Along the small rivers and canals of St. Petersburg”, in Paris - “Evening Paris” along the Seine, etc. In the capital of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, inspection of most memorable places is carried out from boats and pleasure boats scurrying along numerous canals that cut through the city in all directions.

Special open and panoramic trains are widely used for sightseeing trips. In the first case, the train is formed from open cars, which allows tourists not only to survey the surroundings, but also enjoy the fresh air. Such trains often run in national and theme parks.

Panoramic trains are popular for sightseeing trips to view beautiful scenic areas: mountain ranges, cliffs, fjords, lakes, etc. The carriages of these trains have huge windows, a transparent roof, and swivel seats. The most famous panoramic trains include: the Glacier Express and the Chocolate Train in Switzerland; "Express Mont Blanc" in France;

a double-decker, glass-topped train specifically designed for Alaska travel; a train that carries out one of the highest mountain railway routes in Mexico, etc.

In Russia, on the most beautiful and famous section of the Trans-Siberian Railway - the Circum-Baikal Railway - the retro-train "Baikal Cruise" runs, implementing excursion programs around Lake Baikal. In Moscow, sightseers are offered a two-hour journey by steam locomotive along the small railway ring.

In Hungary, a cog railway is used for sightseeing tours, which offers a picturesque view of the landscape of the Buda Mountains. In theme parks in Australia, Italy and the United States, monorail trains are used in excursion services.

Air transport can also be used for sightseeing purposes: for sightseeing tours over the city and its environs, nature reserves, for viewing architectural palace and park ensembles and unusual natural landscapes. In many countries, such excursions are carried out by helicopters, small planes, balloons, balloons, hang gliders. For example, panoramic views of Dubai (UAE) can be admired from a balloon raised to a height of 160 m; in Bavaria, in the German resort town of Bad Birnbach, vacationers are offered to rise in a balloon to an even greater height - 350 - 500 m, from which ancient German cities, medieval fortresses and castles are visible. In Russia, balloon flights are carried out in the vicinity of Dmitrov and the Istra-Zvenigorod-Ruza triangle.

For excursion services, non-traditional vehicles for such events can be used: animals (in Egypt, tourists arriving in Hurghada are offered a camel ride to an Arab village), bicycles ( in Finland, a bicycle tour of Helsinki is provided), s and g in e and (in the capital of Ukraine Kiev, with their help, sightseers inspect the most beautiful capital parks - Mariinsky and Kreshchaty), etc.

Transport as the basis of route tours. A distinctive feature of route tours is that the tourist during their implementation is not in stationary conditions of residence, but in conditions of movement - permanent or with small stops. These include travel in tourist and sightseeing trains, sea and river cruises, bus, horseback, caravanning tours, etc. For such trips, vehicles are used that may be the property of travel companies or purchased from carriers on a rental basis, as well as personal vehicles. facilities.

One of the main requirements in the organization of route tours is the creation of comfortable conditions during transportation and the possibility of long-term life support on the way. So, when conducting multi-day car tours, buses are used that have a high category of class (3-5 stars according to international classification), equipped with comfortable seats that can change the angle of the back of the chair, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a toilet, a thermal water heater, a video system, a microphone, a radio tape recorder, equipment for the exchange of information, a dedicated place for a guide, etc.

A variety of car tours are caravanning tours, which are carried out on cars in the form of a mobile house or equipped with special trailers adapted for long-term residence. Such vehicles (or trailers) are equipped with a bedroom, kitchen, toilet, refrigerator and other amenities. Caravanning tours are widespread in the countries of Western Europe, where special parking lots (camping sites) are organized for such travelers with a different set of services:

selling food, changing gas cylinders for the kitchen, changing toilet tanks, etc.

If a tourist trip is organized by rail transport, then, as a rule, trains are formed from double compartment cars equipped with ergonomic sleeping berths, air conditioners, toilet rooms; The trains have several dining cars. Recently, tourist sightseeing trains have begun to include bar cars, cars with showers, washing machines and ironing boards, play compartments for children, Internet compartments, etc.

When implementing railway retro tours, rolling stock is often used, the interior of which is stylized as a certain era (“Orient Express” in Europe, Asia, USA, Australia; “Trans-European Express”, plying on the roads of Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia; “ Palace on wheels»

in India, decorated in the style of the Maharajas; tourist train of the Victorian era, the route of which passes through the territory of the USA and Canada; luxury train "Blue Train", carrying out several tourist routes in South Africa, etc.). For lovers of locomotive traction, retro-tours with the use of locomotives are organized, however, even in this case, travelers are provided with a high level of service during the transportation process.

The most comfortable vehicles in the implementation of route tours, of course, are cruise sea and river liners. They provide travelers with not only meals and cabins for accommodation (of various categories - from “standard” to “luxury” category cabins with a balcony, sauna, mini-pool, etc.), but also various leisure facilities - libraries, cinemas, fitness clubs, bars, gyms, ice rinks, swimming pools, etc.

Currently, one of the largest sea cruise liners are Voyager of Seas and Freedom of the Seas by Royal Carribean International, Queen Mary II by Cunard Line, Costa Luminosa by Costa Сruises, etc. They are able to receive on board from 2,200 to 3,500 tourists at the same time (excluding crew members).

Sea cruises can be carried out not only on cruise sea ships, but also on ferries, ice breakers and sailing ships. For example, ships of the ferry companies "Silja Line", "Viking Line", "Baltic Line" ply on the Baltic Sea, which serve five main directions - Helsinki - Stockholm, Helsinki - Tallinn, Helsinki - Travemünde, Helsinki - St. Petersburg, Turku - Stockholm. There are cinemas, bars, discos, restaurants, comfortable cabins, boutiques, duty-free shops on the ferries.

So far, the only tourist icebreaker in the world is the Finnish Sampo. From December to the end of April, he offers the Ice Adventure in the Arctic tour, which can be used by individual, group and corporate clients. This trip includes walks on dog sleds, snowmobiles, helicopters, as well as a stop at a special tourist camp. In summer, the icebreaker operates as a restaurant and is also used for conferences.

Russian vessels also participate in ice cruises. In particular, the Russian icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov has been sailing to Antarctica and the North Pole for several years. Despite the fact that initially the icebreaker was not intended for tourist transportation, after the reconstruction, all the amenities for 70 passengers were created on it. In addition, two helicopters were located on board, which allowed tourists to land on the ice, visit polar sights, famous travelers and penguin colonies. Since the icebreaker did not provide for the usual casinos and discos for sea cruises, passengers were offered to listen to various lectures during the passage.

Cruises on sailing ships are common in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Far East. One of the most famous companies offering such trips is the Star Clipper Company, which operates the luxury sailboats Royal Clipper and Star Clipper and Star Flyer.

River cruise ships are inferior to sea cruise ships in terms of size and range of possible entertainment, but the living conditions on them (especially in foreign ones) are also of a high level.

In addition, as you know, river cruises are more informative.

Among the new areas of route tours, which are based on the use of vehicles, one can name air tours and combined tours.

Of course, it is not advisable to specially develop air tours, since they are not only expensive, but also tiring. Nevertheless, thanks to some carriers, which began to include elements of excursion activities for their passengers in the process of long flights, such trips have actually turned into air tours. For example, when flying from Russia to Australia, the Japanese airline JAL, when landing in Tokyo, offers passengers a mini-tour of the Japanese capital; while tourists are issued a 72-hour transit visa. Vietnam Airline also has a similar flight option to Australia - during a long connection in Hanoi, tourists are offered hotel accommodation, meals and two sightseeing tours. The Dutch company KLM includes an overnight stay and excursion in Amsterdam in its long-term air flights.

It should be noted that in the foreseeable future, travel based on the use of aircraft will become full-fledged route tours. This is due to the fairly rapid development of space tourism. In particular, the aerospace company XCOR Aerospace is currently actively engaged in the development and construction of suborbital vehicles for space tourists.

Combined route tours combine the use of several vehicles - “train plus bus”, “bus plus ferry”, “airplane plus rented car”, “icebreaker plus helicopter” . In fact, with this option, one of the vehicles is used mainly to deliver tourists to the destination, and the other provides movement along the established route within it. As a rule, the consumption of several transport services in a trip makes it more expensive, but at the same time more varied, exciting, and sometimes more comfortable.

Traveling on animals also belongs to original route tours. For this, horses, sled dogs, deer, mules, elephants, etc. can be used.

Equestrian tourism is the most popular. In addition to the fact that horseback riding is available to people of all ages, they have a healing effect on the human psyche (scientists have long proven that communication with animals relieves stress well). In Russia, for example, riding horse routes operate in Bashkiria, the Southern Urals, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chuvashia, the Kemerovo Region, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and other regions.

Dog trips are organized in Kamchatka and the Far North.

Vehicles as an element of program tourism.

It is known that the basis of program tourism is a comprehensive service for tourists, which allows taking into account their interests in accordance with the purpose of travel, the composition of the tourist group, age, social class of tourists, etc. There is a fairly large variety of service programs that are implemented in the resort and recreation , educational, business, sports, environmental, entertainment, family and other types of tourism. In this case, vehicles can become an important element in a particular service program.

For example, in sports and sports and educational tourism, such vehicles as bicycles (cycling tourism), boats and rafts (rafting - rafting on mountain rivers), hang gliders (hang gliding), yachts (yachting), sailboats, boats, as well as auxiliary means of transportation: alpine skiing, water skiing, sledding, snowboarding, etc. Some travel agencies specializing in elite recreation and incentive tours, together with the AGS team (France), even offer their clients an internship on Formula 1 cars (piloting of cars takes place in particular in the department of Var).

Adventure character is, for example, rapidly developing "jeeping". It is a trip in off-road vehicles over difficult rough terrain, often with overcoming water, mountain, sand and other obstacles. Currently, jeep tours are offered not only in foreign countries with suitable natural conditions, but also in Russia (Altai, Baikal, Kamchatka, Krasnodar Territory, Karelia).

Vehicles are the object of attracting tourists to participate in entertainment events, as well as business tours.

Among the spectacular tours, one can highlight the trips of tourists to the venues of the air show, as well as to motorcycle and auto racing, regattas with the participation of sailboats, rowing and motor boats.

Well-known air shows (for example, in Le Bourget, Hamburg, Zhukovsky) and car dealerships (in New York, London, Brussels) contribute to the development of business travel and incentive tours, which bring significant income to the tourism industry.

Means of transportation as an element of entertainment. In places of mass recreation for tourists, services are often used for their entertainment, which are based on the use of various vehicles, as well as other additional means of transportation. The latter in this case play the role of the basis of attraction and attraction.

So, in the popular seaside resorts of the Mediterranean, Red and other seas, submarines with transparent walls, boats with a transparent bottom and bathyscaphes are used to view the underwater world.

For active leisure, vacationers are offered water skis and jet skis, scooters, catamarans, surfboards, ATVs, rollers, etc.

In the United Arab Emirates, skis of a special design are used for entertainment purposes, which allow them to slide down high sandy mountains.

In national parks and recreation parks, visitors have fun on attractions such as roller coasters, Ferris wheels, swings, carousels, balloons, etc.

One of the new extreme forms of entertainment is zorbing. It represents the movement of a person inside a ball made of durable synthetic material (polyvinyl chloride) over any surface. There are four types of zorbing: hilly (rolling down hills); water (moving on the water surface); hydrozorbing (riding in a zorb filled with water); snowy (skating in a zorb from snowy hills).

You can ride in a zorb in winter and summer both on natural inclined surfaces and special structures (ramps) built indoors.

Transport service as part of the rental business used in tourism. By “rental” is meant the lease by the lessor of movable property for various purposes for temporary use to the tenant for a certain fee. In tourism, in addition to equipment rental when organizing hiking, scuba diving, skiing and luge, rafting, the rental of additional vehicles (bicycles, skis, sledges, snowboards) and motorized vehicles (motorcycles, yachts, cars, etc.) is widely used. At the same time, due to the high demand, car rental is separated into an independent industry, which is called Rent-a-car. Tourists usually book cars for transfers or for independent travel around the destination. Typically, large car rental companies offer customers cars of various classes and capacities - from prestigious Mercedes, Cadillac to SUVs and minivans.

Urban public transport as a service for tourists. Often, urban public transport serves tourists to move independently within the visited points for various purposes: business, entertainment, educational, shopping, etc. In this case, tourists can and t e n u.

In a number of cities, tourists are invited to use the monorail and roads for travel. The monorail is most developed in Japan, where it has 102 km of roads in eight cities. The longest monorail system is located in Osaka (its length is 23.8 km). In Europe, apart from Moscow, there are monorails in two German cities (Dortmund and Wuppertal).

Monorail transport is present in the transport infrastructure of some cities in the USA, Canada, Australia, China, and Malaysia.

In some cases, urban vehicles can also serve as a food service business. For example, in Helsinki (Finland), from May to August, the tourist tram-pub SparaKOFF runs around the city. The tram staff consists of a driver and a waitress who serves about 30 seats and serves beer, cider and soft drinks to passengers.

In Melbourne (Australia), you can ride and dine in a tram restaurant serving specialties - kangaroo fillet in lemon juice, chicken breast with fried macadamia nuts, Tasmanian ocean trout with ginger sauce. True, the food is prepared in advance, in the tram it is warmed up immediately before serving. In total, three such trams run along the route, each with 36 seats; The route takes about two hours.

You can also dine on the tram in Zurich (Switzerland), where a fondue tram runs for tourists and locals, and in Moscow (Russia) in the Annushka tram-tavern.

In addition, in Moscow you can ride along the Garden Ring on the Blue Trolleybus, which every Saturday turns from an ordinary regular bus into a “singing” one. This is a musical excursion route, which is mainly associated with the songs of Bulat Okudzhava. Musicians perform songs in the trolleybus. The trolleybus passes places connected with the life and work of famous bards - B. Okudzhava, Yu. Adelung, N. Matveeva, V. Luferov, V. Egorov, G. Shpalikov, Yu. Vizbor, A. Yakusheva, M. Ancharov.

Auxiliary vehicles. Ancillary vehicles used by tourists include technical devices to facilitate their ascent in mountainous areas, hilly areas, as well as to a certain height in buildings and structures.

Such devices, first of all, include funiculars, which are a cable-drawn railroad for moving passengers (and goods) in cars along a steep slope for a short distance. The first funiculars appeared in Italy (in Genoa) and in Austria (in Sommering) in the middle of the 19th century. Currently, they can be seen in Budapest, Prague, Kyiv, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Sochi, Vladivostok and other cities.

At ski resorts, special air and ground lifts are used to lift skiers and snowboarders, designed to deliver vacationers to the starting point of the descent.

On air lifts, people are lifted in chairs or cabins, permanently attached to a cable, with a separation from the earth's surface. At the same time, boarding and disembarking on chair lifts is carried out without stopping the movement of chairs.

Gondola lifts are most often of the pendulum type.

In them, two cabins are constantly suspended on the straight and reverse branches of the cable, which, when moving along the main carrier cable, move towards each other. Approaching the mooring platform, the cabins slow down and stop for disembarking and disembarking passengers.

Ground lifts lift people without leaving the earth's surface. In this case, the movement of the skier is made on the yoke, which is attached to the cable.

When serving passengers at airports, at bus and railway stations, subways, continuous auxiliary vehicles are used - escalators and travolators (“moving sidewalks”). The latter are both inclined and horizontal. Large shopping centers are often equipped with inclined ones - they connect the floors of stores to each other, as well as to underground parking lots and bus terminals.

Horizontal travolators serve as connecting galleries between terminals at airports, are used in transitions between buildings in large exhibition complexes.

For vertical movement, such types of vehicles as l and ft s are used. They are installed in high-rise hotels, on multi-deck sea liners, and observation decks are equipped with them. Recently, panoramic elevators have become widespread. They do not have their own shafts; from their cabin, passengers can view the outer space. The transparency of the walls of the elevator relieves some people of the feeling of discomfort when they are in a limited space, turns a trip in it from a functional necessity into a kind of attraction. In addition, panoramic elevators add a stylish element to the artistic design of the building, which increases the attractiveness of the public areas of hotels, restaurants, entertainment centers.

Auxiliary vehicles also include other technical devices operated in confined spaces:

telescopic ladders for connecting the aircraft with the terminal building, an aircraft inflatable ladder for the quick evacuation of passengers and crew members from the aircraft in extreme situations, passenger lifts for people with reduced mobility.

For convenience and ease of work of staff, hotel enterprises use cleaning trolleys for cleaning premises, trolleys for linen, mobile hangers for transporting clothes and luggage, mobile tables with reclining table tops for room service.

Components of the transport infrastructure of the destination.

In tourism, many objects of transport infrastructure perform not only their direct functional purpose, but can be of genuine interest to travelers in terms of history, architecture and technological progress, and aesthetic perception. In this regard, the programs of many route tours include showing bridges, tonnels, highways, canals and gateways , and city excursions - visits to metro stations, inspection of non-traditional transport n y sys tems (e.g. monorails, funiculars, etc.).

From the point of view of tourist interest, railway tours have great potential, since many station buildings were built in the past and even the century before last and therefore are of interest as architectural structures.

For example, at the Slyudyanka station of the Circum-Baikal Railway, a unique railway station building built of white marble has been preserved. And the Circum-Baikal Railway itself is a tourist attraction, since there are 424 engineering structures on its 89-kilometer section, part of which were built almost by hand. Among them are 39 tunnels dug into the rocky shores of Lake Baikal, 50 anti-landslide galleries, a retaining wall 14 km long - all of them are monuments to the labor exploits of Russian engineers and builders.

Currently, in many regions of Russia, the reconstruction of station complexes of historical interest to travelers is underway. These include, in particular, the buildings of the reconstructed stations "Kozlova Zasek" (Yasnaya Polyana), "Borodino" (near the Borodino field), "Divovo" (near the village of Konstantinovo - the birthplace of S. Yesenin).

Among the numerous foreign objects, one can name the Fl om S u th R ailway in Norway. This road, only 20 km long, is known all over the world, as it is a very unusual piece of railway communication.

It starts from the fjord, then follows the bottom of the valley, crosses the river three times, rises to the mountains to a height of 900 m, passing through a winding tunnel in the mountains. At the same time, the track inclination angle is from 30 to 55 °, and the minimum turning radius is 130 m. The road is very popular not only among Norwegians, but also among foreign tourists. During the peak season, 9 - 10 trains run daily on it.

The object of tourism can be considered and children's railways, which are served by pupils of special professional railway institutions. Such institutions exist in many divisions of Russian Railways - on the Gorky, Oktyabrskaya, East Siberian and other railways. There are children's railways in the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as in the "far abroad" countries - in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, China, Cuba.

Of no less interest are various museums and transport. For example, there are museums of railway transport in the UK (one of them presents the first Stephenson steam locomotive), Sweden and the USA. In Russia, such museums exist in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Novosibirsk, and Moscow. Their expositions show wagons and locomotives that were operated in different years of the last century. In addition, some railway equipment, in agreement with the management of museums, can be used by travel companies when organizing retro tours.

In addition to railway museums, there are museums of marine technology in Latvia, Denmark, the USA, Poland, and Switzerland. The Museum of the Marine Fleet is widely known in St. Petersburg, and the cruiser Aurora is also an object of a guided tour. In Moscow, at the Khimki Reservoir, excursions to a submarine delivered from the base of the Baltic Fleet are organized. It also presents such unusual water vehicles as an ekranoplan and an amphibian.

In the cities of a number of countries there are aviation museums, where models or natural exhibits of aviation technology from the moment of its inception to the present day, as well as museums of the subway, tram, etc.

As a rule, expositions presented in transport museums are used in the implementation of professional, school and educational tours.

Vehicles as a means of accommodation. Vehicles are actively used in tourism activities as a means of accommodation. At the same time, they can be conditionally divided into non-stationary, offering accommodation and meals during transportation (for example, trains, sea and river cruise ships, aircraft), and stationary - standing in one place for a long time and used as hotels - these are botels, flotels, rotels and flytels.

Initially, botels (from the English boat-hotel) were built on the shores of non-freezing reservoirs for tourists traveling on water in boats, boats, yachts, etc. They were equipped with devices for the maintenance of personal tourist boats, storage rooms for small water vehicles. Recently, river or sea vessels, motor ships, barges that have been reconstructed into hotels and moored to the shore (most often in large cities) have begun to be used as botels. Since old ships are converted into boats, the class of such hotels on the water rarely exceeds three stars.

This is due, first of all, to the tightness of the cabins, which do not always make it possible to expand the space of the rooms to the required size in higher-class hotels. Nevertheless, botels are popular not only with tourists who make inexpensive tours, but also with wealthy clients; they are often rented for corporate events.

Botels can be found in the cities of Holland, Germany, France, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and even Ukraine and Russia. The most famous of them are Amstel Botel in Amsterdam, Admiral Botel in Prague, Grazia in Bratislava, Aquamarine in Budapest, Galleon in Kiev, Onego in Petrozavodsk. Botels began to appear in Asian countries. So, in Dubai (UAE) one of the legendary Queen Mary cruise ships has recently anchored, which continues its “life” as a stationary accommodation facility.

In Thailand, on the small island of Koh Samui, the "Imperial Boat House" was opened, which is a luxurious bungalow built on thirty former rice barges.

Flotels (from the English house-board - a houseboat) are floating hotels, which turn into comfortable passenger ships, constantly (or for the winter period, when navigation is closed) mooring to the pier in large cities. Here, tourists are offered a wide range of services for outdoor activities: swimming pools, gyms and gyms, video rooms, discos, water skiing, equipment for fishing and diving, and much more. Flotels are often used for organizing business and congress tours, as well as educational tours.

Rotels (from the English roll - roll and hotel - hotel) are mobile hotels with a limited range of services.

Cars with one or double compartments or tourist buses with specially equipped sleeping places can be used as a rotel. In the first case, changing rooms, a shared kitchen, and a shared toilet are allocated in the cars.

Rotels-buses are produced mainly in Germany. They come in different versions: 24-seater single buses and 40-seater with a trailer for good roads, as well as 20-seater and 34-seater four-wheel drive SUVs for traveling to exotic countries. Until the middle of the body, rotels are practically no different from serial buses (they have passenger compartments with seats). The second half of the body is a superstructure, in which there are no longer chairs, but sleeping places arranged in three tiers. The guests lie in isolated single or double capsules, where there are comfortable beds, a powerful heating and ventilation system, as well as their own windows. During the day, tourists sit in the passenger compartment, and at night they go to the sleeping compartment in the parking lot. The advantages of rotel-buses are the absence of dangerous night hauls, the availability of their own kitchen, and a flexible travel schedule.

Aircraft are used as flytels. Most often these are outdated aircraft. For example, at the Swedish airport Arlanda there is a retired Boeing 747 turned into a winged hotel. It has 25 rooms that can accommodate up to 85 guests. On the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, at a height of 15 m above the ground, an old Boeing 727 converted into a suite is installed on a solid platform.

It has only two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room, a small kitchen and a dining room. Above the left wing there is a terrace, from where you can admire the ocean.

In New Zealand, there is a country-style hotel-park, where almost all types of vehicle-based hotels are presented. For accommodation are offered "Train Motel" (a reconstructed train from the 1950s), "Plane Motel" (a plane from the 1950s.

Bristol), "Waitanic" (sea patrol vessel of the Second World War). Almost all rooms in the presented hotels are comfortable, they have a shower, toilet, TV, microwave, refrigerator. The park has a barbecue, bar, parking, laundry.

From all of the above, it can be seen that vehicles are quite widely used in tourism and play a diverse role in the implementation of travel.

QUESTIONS 1. Give examples of the use of vehicles for transfer.

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Osipova O.Ya.

Transport service. Tourist service.

Section I SERVICE TO TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT

In the modern world, at a time when people's travel around the planet has become large-scale, the role of air transport has significantly increased as the fastest means of moving over long distances. The importance of air transport in the implementation of mass tourism is especially great. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft that meet various travel purposes and have a high level of comfort. On board aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a diverse and perfect service that makes travel enjoyable and accessible to the general population.

Air transportation has a number of features compared to other transport services. This is due, first of all, to their dependence on meteorological conditions and on the landscape of the area at the points of takeoff and landing (especially for aircraft). In addition, the operating conditions of the rolling stock make it necessary to move airports outside settlements and require considerable time to prepare passengers for the flight itself. Nevertheless, due to the main advantage of high speed of delivery to the destination, air transportation is a serious competitor to land and water modes of transport.

Chapter 1 LEGAL BASIS FOR REGULATION OF PASSENGER CARRIAGE BY AIR TRANSPORT

Air transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aviation enterprises on aircraft for a set fee, as well as by the carrier's ground vehicles.

Domestic air transportation air transportation in which the point of departure, point of destination and all points of landing are located in the territory of one state.

International air transportation air transportation, in which the point of departure and the point of destination are located: respectively on the territory of two states; on the territory of one state, if the point (points) of landing on the territory of another state is provided.

Transportation period includes: when carrying a passenger the period of time from the moment the passenger enters the airport apron for boarding the aircraft and until the moment he leaves the apron under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier; when carrying luggage the period of time from the moment the baggage is accepted for transportation and until it is issued to the recipient or transferred in accordance with the established rules of another organization. At the same time, an apron is understood as a part of the airfield of a civil aerodrome designed to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of boarding and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading baggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of services.

Transport regulation air transport is carried out in accordance with international legislation (if the transportation is international) or with national legislation (if the transportation is domestic).

1.1. Legal support of international air transportation

The main documents regulating international air transportation are international global and bilateral conventions.

Bilateral agreements are concluded, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other agreements (the framework of the CIS, the EU, etc.).

In international agreements of broad significance a large circle of states participates, which develop international norms and rules governing flights, as well as principles for organizing air transportation over the territories of these states.

One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw "Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air", adopted in 1929. This regulatory act gives:

- definition of international air transportation;

- the procedure for the carriage of passengers and baggage by air carriers through the airspace;

- main transportation documents confirming the contract for transportation;

- the liability of the carrier;

- the procedure for the accession of states to participation in this convention.

Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention was developed in additions and changes introduced by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemalan Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975.

An important clause of the Warsaw Convention is the clause on the carrier's liability for death or damage to the health of a passenger and for loss of or damage to baggage. According to this document, the carrier's liability for the life and health of passengers on international flights is in most cases limited to $10,000.

Liability for loss and damage to baggage for most international carriages (including domestic segments of international carriage) is limited to US$20 per kilogram of checked baggage and US$400 for unchecked baggage per passenger.

On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention came into force (concluded under the auspices of the ICAO in 1999), which abolished the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on payments to victims of an air crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention introduced a two-tier liability system. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of the insured event, the airline (or its insurer) must pay about 135,000 US dollars to each victim, even if the carrier's fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the accident, there will be a second level of liability, in which the amount of damage payments is not limited at all. The responsibility of the carrier for passengers' luggage has also been increased.

By the time the Montreal Convention came into force, 31 states had signed (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Para Guai, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Officially, Russia has not acceded to the new document, therefore, in our country, the Warsaw Convention is still in force in the implementation of international air transportation.

However, some carriers, especially private ones, have already begun to increase their expenditure items in accordance with the new trends of international standards. Naturally, only stable and large airlines are able to afford this, which can provide large guarantees and insurance aircraft in the amount of 750 million 1 billion US dollars.

(For that kind of money, the refund may be more than sufficient.) The rest of the companies will wait for government decisions.

Many experts believe that Russia's accession to the convention is a matter of time. Delaying this process will contribute to the loss of positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens can go over to foreign carriers, who will pay decent money for trouble on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with accepted international standards, the aviation administrations of countries that have signed the convention have the right not to let aircraft from countries that have not yet signed this document into their territory. Similar events took place in the situation related to noise restrictions: countries that adopted international standards restricting the flights of noisy aircraft showed that they did not intend to delve into the economic situation in Russia, and even more so to adapt to it.

It should be noted that only one sixth of the 187 ICAO member states had ratified it by the time the Montreal Convention came into force, so Russia was not alone in principle. The new rules will also not be valid on the territory of most European countries before the ratification of this document by their governments, since the adoption of the convention is exclusively the prerogative of the government of a particular country.

Another important document of international air law in the field of regular air traffic is the Chicago “Convention on International Civil Aviation” of 1944. The Chicago Convention laid down a number of principles for the operation of flights in world airspace, according to which each contracting state grants to other contracting states the following rights:

- fly over its territory without landing;

- land for non-commercial purposes (for refueling, crew change, technical purposes, etc.);

- unload passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;

- to take on board passengers, mail and cargo with a destination in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has;

- to take on board passengers, mail and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting state and the right to unload passengers, mail and cargo arriving from any such territory.

Later, these principles were extended by the right to transport passengers, mail and cargo between a partner under the Agreement and a third party in both directions through its territory or via an air route that does not pass over the territory of its country, as well as the right to transport passengers and cargo along the internal lines of another countries party to the Agreement.

Despite the fact that the rights of states adopted by the Chicago Convention to carry out international flights are in practice limited to some limits, they create the necessary conditions for the implementation of air communications between states, ensure flight safety, and also contribute to favorable relations between countries

And tourism development.

Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic, the “Agreement on International Air Transport” (Chicago, 1944) is also important; "Agreement on Transit on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Rome Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface (Rome, 1952); Tokyo

“Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft” (Tokyo, 1963), etc.

To regulate activities in global airspace several international organizations were created, the purpose of which was to develop the main strategic directions in the development of international aviation communications. The most significant organizations include the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Air Transport Association IATA (International Air Transport Association).

ICAO was formed in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization, whose members are currently 187 countries. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, which joined the ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The main issues considered by ICAO include:

- development of unified rules for aircraft navigation systems;

- coordination of the activities of flight services, airspace security, including the issuance of licenses for regular flights;

Technical assistance to member countries of the organization, etc.

In September October 2001, the 33rd ICAO Assembly was held in Montreal (ICAO headquarters), calling for the development of a global strategy for improving flight safety and security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the United States. At the Assembly it was decided from 2004: 1) to expand the Universal program of audits of the organization of oversight of flight safety; 2) establish an International Financial Facility for Aviation Safety; 3) strengthen the ICAO Technical Cooperation Program; 4) develop the principles of an international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against war risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution prompted by the

that the number of serious incidents committed by unruly passengers on board civil aircraft has recently increased. The resolution calls on all States to enact appropriate laws and regulations to allow for the prosecution of offenders wherever the offense occurs.

IN environmental safetyThe Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, more stringent standard for noise reduction. This standard will come into effect on 1 January 2006 for newly designed aircraft.

IN air navigation an agreement was reached to introduce

With On February 1, 2002, a new structure of air routes through the North Pole, which allows to significantly reduce the range of flights linking Europe and North America with Central and South- East Asia; reduce flight time; create a more convenient flight schedule; reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines.

IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an association of air carriers, currently uniting 272 airlines from 130 countries. From domestic airlines, IATA members at the moment are Aeroflot, Pulkovo, Sibir, Transaero and VolgaDnepr.

IATA helps airlines, the travel industry and partner organizations improve their profitability and improve the quality of their passenger and freight services.

IN financial area IATA services provide:

Services for the efficient execution of payments on mutual obligations of airlines in the shortest possible time;

- the ability to make mutual settlements via the global information network Internet in daily, weekly or monthly modes;

- airlines to centrally manage cash flows and revenues from around the world, convert and transfer funds.

IATA pursues an active policy aimed at to reduce all kinds of air navigation and airport charges, levied on air traffic participants (for example, thanks to lobbying efforts, IATA managed to reduce the fees for landing and parking aircraft by 7.5%

V the new Athens airport Sparta); promotes that the funds collected in the form of fees are used for the development of aviation infrastructure.

IATA focuses on issues related to supply of rolling stock with fuel, as the share of fuel costs is on average 15% of the operating costs of airlines.

In this regard, the Association considers the following issues: 1) holds meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develop rules and standards related to fuel purchases; 3) oversees all aspects of fuel supply, etc.

IN service delivery areas IATA is the legislative body for all matters related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transport; establishes the rules for registering passengers, the procedure for booking seats, processing, processing and issuing baggage; establishes standards for passenger service in flight, including requirements for the organization of the work of flight attendants and their training, requirements for the provision of meals in flight, for equipment and for the organization of medical care on board.

,
informative and cheap compared to other modes of transport.
A distinctive feature of road transport is that it is used not only for the mass movement of tourists in the implementation of sightseeing, educational, entertainment and shopping tours, but also for the transfer of passengers using the services of air, rail and water transport.
Chapter
22
LEGAL
BASICS
TRANSPORTATION
PASSENGERS
BY CAR
In the field of road transport, there are a number of legal documents that regulate activities in road transport in domestic and international communications.
Under international shipping refers to transportation, during
which the vehicle crosses the territory of at least two
states.
International road transport is a specific area of ​​activity of motor transport, as they are carried out on the basis of international regulations, taking into account the national laws of those states through whose territories the route runs. Wherein
international legal instruments
cover the following range of questions:
- infrastructure;
- road traffic;
- requirements for vehicles;
- working conditions of vehicle crews;

taxation;
- transportation of passengers and cargo, customs procedures;
- transportation of specific categories of cargo.
At the heart of international passenger road transport
lie multilateral and bilateral treaties concluded between several or two states at the governmental level. One of the most important
multilateral treaties
in this area is
"Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road" (CAPP), which was developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in 1973
d. The Convention defines such basic concepts as
"carrier",
"passenger",
"vehicle"; lists the transport documents used in international road transport
(individual or collective ticket, baggage receipt); the liability of the carrier for damage caused to the life, health of a passenger or his luggage as a result of an incident related to transportation is determined.
According to CAPP the total amount of the refund, which must be paid
injured
in connection with harm to his physical or mental health, is limited to the amount of 250,000 Swiss francs. However, any Contracting State may set a higher limit in this case. The liability of the carrier for the loss or damage to baggage is determined by the payment of an amount equal to the amount of damage caused, but this amount should not exceed 500
Swiss francs per piece of baggage and no more than 2,000 Swiss francs per passenger. For damage to things that are with the passenger,
the carrier is liable to a maximum of CHF 1,000 per passenger. The carrier is exempted from liability in whole or in part if the damage occurred due to the fault of the passenger or as a result of his behavior contrary to the rules of behavior of people on

transport.
The Convention provides articles on filing claims and lawsuits.
Claims regarding luggage can be made by the passenger to the carrier within 7 days from the date of receipt of the luggage. lawsuit,
associated with bodily or mental injury to health or death of a passenger, may be brought within 3 years. It should be noted that the Russian Federation has not signed this Convention,
however, many of its provisions are reflected in bilateral agreements on international road transport concluded by Russia with a number of states.
In October 1997, in Bishkek, the “Convention on the International Carriage of Passengers and Baggage by Road” was adopted by the CIS member states
(KMAPP). A distinctive feature of CMAPP compared to CAPS
is that it stipulates insurance issues; procedure for customs, border and sanitary types of control. All these aspects should be regulated by international conventions, multilateral and bilateral governmental agreements, as well as the domestic laws of the countries that have signed this document. The Convention provides for the liability of the carrier for damage caused to the health of the passenger or his luggage, as well as the procedure and terms for filing claims and claims. In this case, the amount of compensation is established by the courts of the parties in accordance with their national legislation. Annex to
Convention "Rules for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road in international traffic of the CIS member states"
regulates the processes of transportation of passengers and luggage and by buses in regular and irregular messages.
Under regular transportation means transportation that is carried out with a certain frequency along a designated route, and the boarding and disembarking of passengers can occur only at predetermined places

stops. Regular transportation is carried out according to previously established schedules and approved tariffs.
Irregular transportation
This is transportation with closed doors,
carried out by one vehicle carrying the same group of passengers throughout the entire trip, starting and ending at the place of departure or ending at the place of destination if the vehicle returns empty.
In order to liberalize passenger transportation by road, the EU countries in 1982 concluded in Dublin the “Agreement on the International Non-Scheduled Transport of Passengers by Buses” (ACOR).
Subsequently, a similar agreement (Interbus), intended for accession to ASOR, was developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the UN European Commission. At present, the provision on occasional services covers most of the countries of Western and
Eastern
Europe and
Turkey.
It should be borne in mind that in addition to regular and irregular transportation, there are also so-called
shuttle service
recurring transportation of pre-formed groups of passengers from the point of departure to the point of destination and back. These transportations are also carried out behind closed doors (i.e. none of the passengers can get off or board the bus on the route). As a rule, during shuttle services, the bus travels empty on the first return flight, when he took the first group, and the last direct flight, the purpose of which is to pick up the remaining group of transported passengers.
When carrying out irregular and shuttle transportation, there must be lists of passengers on board the vehicle, certified by the seal and signatures of the carrier and the driver. If the bus picks up passengers empty, then the list of passengers can be compiled at the time of their boarding.
The affiliation of international road transport to one or

different kind
(regular, irregular, shuttle) determines the need to obtain permits for entry into the territory of one of the contracting parties or for transit through third countries. In general, permits are required for the implementation of regular and shuttle services.
In most cases, such permits are not required for the performance of irregular transport related to the service of organized groups of tourists. The licensing system is negotiated by states when concluding bilateral and multilateral agreements for international road transport.
The Russian Federation, as a rule, carries out road communication on the basis of bilateral agreements. Russia has such agreements with
Azerbaijan, Austria, Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia,
Denmark, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova,
Mongolia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Finland,
France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia. IN
accordance with these agreements by the competent authorities of the contracting parties
forwarded to each other
proposals for the organization of regular transportation. The proposals must contain data on the name of the carrier (company), route, timetable, stops at which the carrier will pick up and drop off passengers, as well as the scheduled date and regularity of the transportation. The competent authorities of the contracting parties must issue written permits for the regular carriage of passengers on that section of the route that passes through the territory of their state. IN
Appendix 5 provides an example of the Agreement between the Russian
Federation and Lithuania.

For non-scheduled transport, a permit is not required in
case, if a group of passengers in the same composition is transported on the same bus during the entire trip and at the same time: 1) the trip begins and ends in the territory of the state of the Contracting Party where the bus is registered; 2) the journey begins in the territory of the Contracting Party where the bus is registered and ends in the territory of the other Contracting Party, provided that the bus leaves that territory empty or if the bus enters empty for the purpose of the return carriage by the same carrier of a group of passengers from the territory of the State of the other Contracting Party the side to which this group was delivered. A permit for non-scheduled transport is not required when replacing a defective bus with another bus. When performing irregular transportation, as already noted, the bus driver must have a list of passengers compiled in a special form,
approved by the competent authorities of the contracting parties.
TO international documents regulating infrastructure in the field of automotive
transportation,
applies
"European
Agreement on
international highways” (dated 11/15/1975) and “European Agreement on the most important lines of international combined transport and related facilities” (dated 02/01/1991). The first document contains the definition of the plan of the international network "E", the list of roads of the international network, the conditions that must be met by international highways; the second contains a list of international terminals, border points and railway-ferry crossings and ports that are important for international combined transport; the technical characteristics of freight vehicles for transportation on railway platforms, etc. have been determined.
Among the most important
international documents dedicated to

road traffic, should be called "Convention on Road Traffic"
(dated 08.11.1968); "Convention on Road Signs and Signals" (dated 08.11.1968
G.);
"Protocol on road markings to
European
agreement,
Supplementing the Convention on Road Signs and Signals” (01.03.1973
G.). These normative acts establish uniform basic rules of the road; requirements for vehicles and drivers; uniform systems of road signs and signals, road marking rules and other regulations for international road transport have been approved. Five categories of vehicles (A, B, C, D, E) have been established, for the management of which certificates of a certain type are issued. Each motor vehicle must have a registration certificate and a distinguishing sign of the country of registration (see Annex 6 for the distinguishing signs of vehicles of various countries). In addition, there are a number of documents outlining the requirements for external and internal equipment, noise and gas levels, external lighting devices, brakes and other technical and environmental characteristics of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that these requirements change and therefore the countries that have signed such documents (including the Russian Federation) must monitor the changes made and take measures to bring the equipment of vehicles in line with the innovations.
In the field of working conditions on vehicles
the international "European agreement concerning the work of the crews of vehicles engaged in international road transport" (dated 01.07.1970) is in force. This agreement sets out the basic requirements for drivers engaged in international transport, to their age, qualifications, daily driving time, maximum continuous driving time, as well as monitoring compliance with the work and rest regime of drivers on the route. To fulfill the last requirement

motor vehicles performing international transportation of passengers and goods must be equipped with control devices - tachographs. The tachograph is a control device that continuously records the distance traveled, the speed of movement on it, the mode of work and rest of drivers.
In addition, there are a number of documents dealing with aspects tax
taxation And customs regime for road transport. These documents are developed taking into account the "International Convention on Customs Facilities for Tourists" (1959) and the current domestic legislation of countries
in the territory or through the territory of which road transportation is carried out.
The content of all the agreements and conventions listed above should be taken into account when implementing trips to foreign countries. Association of International Road Carriers established in Russia
(ASMAP), which, being a member of the International Road Transport Union, provides assistance in practical matters related to the organization of road transport abroad.
In particular, it publishes information guides, which provide information on the regulatory framework and practical conditions for the implementation of transportation through the territory of a particular country. (As an example in Appendix 7
provides information on the conditions for the implementation of international road transport across the territory
China.)
The authoritative international organizations dealing with road transportation issues are the International Road Transport Union, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the European Commission of Ministers of Transport, the Coordinating Transport Conference of the States Parties
CIS and others.
All of these organizations deal with security issues in one way or another; customs formalities; unification of the rules
regulating road transport; harmonization of national and international requirements in the field of road transport and

other issues related to this area of ​​activity.
IN The Russian Federation has adopted a number of regulations On the one side,
included in the national legislative framework in the field of motor transport, and on the other hand, defining legal norms in international road transport. These documents include the Federal
Law “On State Control over International Road Transportation and on Liability for Violating the Procedure for Their Implementation” (09.07.1998). This document governs a set of rules
which must be carried out by Russian and foreign carriers
in international traffic.
In particular, foreign carriers must:
- have transport permits issued by the competent authorities;
- to have lists of transported passengers;
- observe the regime of work and rest of drivers;
- not to use vehicles belonging to them for the transportation of passengers between points located on the territory of Russia (the so-called ban on motor transport cabotage);
- have distinctive signs of those states where the vehicle is registered, etc.
Control over the implementation of these rules is carried out by the transport inspection bodies at border checkpoints,
located on the territory
Russian
Federation.
For domestic carriers, violation of a number of requirements set forth in this document entails the imposition of fines, up to the suspension of the license for international transportation.
In order to strengthen the requirements for traffic safety by the Government of the Russian Federation
On August 3, 1996, a resolution was adopted “On improving the safety of intercity and international transportation of passengers and goods by road”.
According to the decree, all newly manufactured buses from January 1998 with more than 20 seats and

freight vehicles with a total mass of more than 15 tons,
intended for long-distance and international transportation, must be equipped with tachographs. For violation of the rules for the use of tachographs, as well as for exceeding the permissible time for driving vehicles, officials and drivers are subject to administrative liability. This document has been adopted in accordance with the European
Agreement concerning the work of vehicle crews,
engaged in international road transport. (Because professional driver fatigue is a common cause of many serious road traffic accidents, the decision
The European Transport Commission has introduced a requirement for the mandatory equipment of all tourist buses with a number of seats of 9 or more with special control devices.)
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Road Funds in the Russian Federation" provides
introduction of tolls on Russian highways in the case of introduction by foreign states of fees for travel through their territory. The amount of fees is determined by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 24, 1998 “On
collection for the passage of motor vehicles registered in the territory of foreign states on the roads of the Russian
Federation”, which depends on the type of vehicle and the duration of its stay in Russia. Table 8
the amounts of such charges for buses and cars are given.
When implementing
transportation
automotive
transport
in
internal communication
There are also a number of documents
regulating the conditions of passenger and freight traffic. The main rule here is Charter of road transport
RSFSR(dated 01/08/1969 with subsequent changes in the wording of the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR 1969, 1974, 1980, 1988 and 1991).
By the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation No. 4604-1 dated 03/03/1993, this document is considered currently valid in the territory

Russian Federation, although many of its provisions are currently outdated, do not correspond to market relations developing in the country, and in some cases contradict modern national legislation.
It is assumed that the new normative document, which is planned to be adopted in the near future, will take into account the current state of the art in the field of road transport.
One of the important legal documents relating to domestic road transport is Law of the Russian Federation "On Road Safety".
The law aims to protect the life, health and property of citizens,
the interests of society and the state by preventing traffic accidents or reducing the severity of the consequences,
resulting from them. For this The law introduced a mandatory
licensing the activities of organizations related to the provision
trucking,
namely:
- automobile enterprises organizing passenger and freight transportation;
- enterprises of repair and maintenance of motor vehicles;
- institutions involved in the training of drivers and improving their professional level;
- enterprises engaged in the production of production documentation (driver's licenses, certificates, forms, etc.),
license plates, trade in motor vehicles, etc.
According to the Law, all motor vehicles manufactured in the territory of the Russian Federation or imported from abroad for a period of more than 6 months must have certificates of conformity issued by authorized bodies.
In addition, in order to ensure traffic safety, the Law provides for the introduction of a mandatory medical examination of drivers and candidates for drivers, as well as pre-trip,
post-flight and current medical examinations.

The unified traffic order on the territory of the Russian Federation was introduced "Rules of the road"(dated October 23, 1993), approved
Government of the Russian Federation. This act legalized right-hand traffic on the territory of Russia.
In order to improve the safety of road transport, 01/08/1997
issued by the Ministry of Transport "Regulations on providing
safety of transportation of passengers by buses. The document contains definitions of such concepts as “bus”, “bus route”, “type of bus transportation”; a classification of trucking according to various criteria is given; the main tasks of individuals and legal entities to ensure the safety of passenger transportation by buses, including the implementation of tourist and excursion trips, the transportation of children,
as well as in the implementation of road transport on mountain routes.
To regulate road transport in road transport, replacing the obsolete rules that were in force in
9
Osipova
257
RSFSR, in 1997 by order of the Ministry of Transport were approved
"Temporary rules for the carriage of passengers and baggage by road
transport in the Russian Federation. The rules define the terms “passenger”, “driver”, “carrier”, “baggage”, “hand luggage”,
"bus station", "bus station", etc.; the procedure for the transportation of passengers by various motor vehicles (including buses provided to organizations and citizens under contracts or individual orders) was considered; the main rights and obligations of the carrier and passengers are indicated. These issues will be dealt with in greater depth in the chapter on servicing road passengers on domestic routes.

M.: Academy, 2006. - 384 p.

The training manual discusses the legal framework governing the transportation of tourists in international and domestic communications, sets out the procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual parts of the transport system, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various modes of transport. Information is provided on the services accompanying the transportation of tourists, including those reflecting the latest achievements in the development of new technologies. Attention is paid to security issues related to transport services for tourists.

For university students. It may be useful for students of secondary educational institutions of the system of tourism education.

SECTION I. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT

SECTION II. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY RAILWAY TRANSPORT

SECTION III. SERVICE OF TOURISTS BY AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT

SECTION IV SERVICE OF TOURISTS BY WATER TRANSPORT

Applications
Control questions and tasks for sections I-IV
Recommended reading