Lake Kronotskoye on the map. Kronotskoye lake on video

Leafing through old magazines, sometimes you come across amazing illustrations. Today, not every one of our contemporaries will say what a "sugar loaf" is. And here, please, here it is - in all its glory.

On the engraving, these same sugar heads. One is a giant, created for advertising purposes, and around it are ordinary ones, for shops and shops. This composition was placed at the Manufactory Exhibition of 1870 in St. Petersburg.

For the first time, industrial sugar appeared in the form of a “head”. Historians claim that the production of sugar in the form of conical heads was already carried out in Venice at the end of the 10th century.

"Sugar heads" were prepared as follows: cane sugar, purified from impurities by refining, turned into a thick syrup (mass mass). This syrup is hot (98-99°C)poured into special cone-shaped molds with a small hole in the bottom to remove excess liquid. The molds were then left for several weeks to dry and crystallize.

The result was a snow-white ingot, shaped like an artillery shell. This ingot was called the sugar loaf. The sugar loaf had the shape of a cylinder. One end of the cylinder was flat, and a sugar loaf could be placed on this end. The other end of the cylinder had a pointed shape. The sugar loaf, removed from the mold, was wrapped in a special thick blue paper, which was called sugar paper.

The Persians used bamboo sticks to dry sugar. The Egyptians are glass molds, while the Chinese are ceramic. For many years, Europeans took wooden structures as assistants, and later switched to clay ones. However, all these materials are quite fragile. Therefore, already at the very beginning of the industrialization of sugar production, they were replaced by zinc and steel. Each form had a lock. With its help, the form was easily opened, and the sugar head, after hardening, was easily removed.

Sugar loaves were made in different sizes, andweighed between 5 and 15 kilograms. Of course, this volume was much more than what ordinary consumers demanded. Yes, and the price "bite". Sellers had to break the sugar into small pieces. The hardest thing was with 15-kg giants. Soon, however, sugar heads began to be cut into pieces in an industrial way. This made it easier for both buyers and sellers.

Crushing with a centrifuge began to be used around 1900. This method allowed the massecuite to dry even faster. Drying took place not in the room, but in a centrifuge. At the end, the sugar was taken out of the molds and packaged.

Sugarloaf production ceased in Denmark and Sweden around 1940. At about the same time, fine loose sugar familiar to us appeared. Merchants continued to sell sugar by weight until 1955. And then 2-kg packages appeared in stores.

Today, sugar heads are mainly distributed in the Arab countries, they are still produced in Belgium. They can be stored for an arbitrarily long time - truly eternal sugar. The base of the "head" (lower two-thirds) is traditionally wrapped in blue paper, always of the same color and density - blue-gray was once even called the color of sugar paper. Sugar loaf 20 cm high was last sold in our country in 1967 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.

In some places, sugar heads are still sold. Only they weigh a maximum of 250 g, and they are imported from Germany.

In the store, large heads were cut or sawn into smaller pieces and sold by weight. Such sugar was called chopped and sawn. Smaller sugar heads were sold whole, and already at home, they were cut with a special cleaver, smaller pieces were split, and then they “bite off” the pieces with such sugar tongs.

After that, a large piece of sugar was placed on the palm and beaten on it with the butt of a knife.

A huge number of devices were invented and used for splitting sugar heads: from tongs and axes, to special guillatins. Many examples of which are now kept in various sugar museums around the world.

The form of "sugar loaves" in the Middle Ages was used in the manufacture of a transitional form of knightly helmets, which were called just like sugar loaves. And in Crimea, Sugar Loaf Rock is a small coral reef on the outskirts of Sudak. Resembling a frozen lump of sugar, the mountain was chosen by climbers and filmmakers. It was here that scenes from the movie "The Master and Margarita" were filmed. So the use of "sugar heads" in the everyday life of many peoples of the world has also moved to other areas of people's lives.

The use of crushed lump sugar has become part of the tradition of tea drinking in many peoples of the world. So the inhabitants of the Frisian islands, according to tradition, put a piece of crushed sugar at the bottom of the cup, pour tea, and add a spoonful of cream on top. In Russia, lump sugar is consumed with a cup of tea... But that's a completely different story.

You can buy crushed lump sugar in our store:

-Cane crushed sugar ;

When writing the article, materials from the sites were used:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Gertrud Helgesson from the Arlö Sugar Museum and Erik Jørgensen from the Nakskov Sugar Museum

www.dansukker.ru

www.toyota-club.net

www.glaskilian.de

www.p-syutkin.livejournal.com/263071

www.thesugargirls.com

One of the most recognizable places in Rio de Janeiro is Mount Pan de Azucar, or Sugar Loaf. It has a very unusual pointed shape, 400 meters high, towering over Guanabara Bay, in the eastern part of Rio de Janeiro. At the foot of the mountain, the history of the modern city begins, in 1565 a Portuguese settlement was founded here, which later turned into modern Rio.

We will go there today to take a look at Rio de Janeiro and its environs from a height.

The mountain is located in the east of the city - a pointed peak in the area, with the characteristic (for the Russian language) name URCA. The easiest way to get to the cable car station is by taxi (which is relatively inexpensive, from the Capocabana area a taxi cost 12 reais = $ 5.3), or by bus to "Urca" from the Botafogo metro station. You can walk and walk, if you wish, 20-25 minutes from the metro.

The cable car was opened here in 1912. At that time, it was the first cable car in Brazil, and the third in the world. Entrance fee is 53 R$ (1$ USA = 2.26 R$). On weekends, and before sunset, you will have to stand in line, so it makes sense to arrive early.

The trailers can accommodate 75 people and leave as they fill up, or every 15-20 minutes. It’s a pity that the next branch is cargo, I wouldn’t mind going in an open booth.)

And ... we freeze with delight! What can I say, Rio de Janeiro is really a beautiful city, especially when you look at it from such observation platforms...

From here it seems clean, well-groomed and beautiful:

The hill opposite is called Morro da Babilônia, in other words, Babylon. And right behind the hill (not visible from here), there is a favela with the same name Morro da Babilônia:

Below - a magnificent beach, which is called Red beach (Red Beach), for some reason. However, the beaches are everywhere, along the entire coast ...

IME - Instituto Militar de Engenjar)) - Military Engineering Institute:

View of Botafogo, Flamengo (see map above). But the main thing is, of course, the statue of Christ the Savior, towering over Mount Corcovado (706 meters):

And here is Urca. Apparently, today it is a prestigious residential area in which far from poor Brazilians live:

Here, at the intermediate station of the Morro da Urca cable car, everyone will find something interesting for themselves! Street cafe, souvenir shops, concert venue and other elements of tourist infrastructure. Here, there is a helipad, from where, if there are at least three passengers, you can fly over Rio:

The cost of a 7-minute flight over Rio costs about 250 R$. Unfortunately, I was not able to carry out my plan, as there was a huge queue on the weekend, and absolutely no one on a weekday (at least 3 people are required for a flight). There is at least one reason to return!))

And you can just sit or stand, looking at the city distance:

From here, from a height of 400 meters, the most impressive view of the city and its surroundings opens:

And also to the southern part of Rio de Janeiro, where the main tourist mecca is concentrated:

This is, first of all, Copacabana - one of the most famous areas of Rio de Janeiro. Located in the southern part of the city. Its natural border is the famous four-kilometer beach, along the promenade of which the equally famous Atlantic Avenue runs:

... and Ipanema (over the horizon). In this part of Rio, beach holidays and an atmosphere of complete relaxation reign almost all year round. Numerous hotels, restaurants, beach activities and other "summer" pleasures. Both beaches (Capocabana and Ipanema) are located on the open Atlantic Ocean:

Uninhabited but frequently visited Cotunduba Island:

I must say that the weather at the height of the mountain changes very often. The bright sun is shining, from somewhere in the ocean, or from the distant northern hills, clouds are rolling in, hiding the views of the city, or the fog completely covers the mountain, so that nothing is visible around.

Around the observation deck, there are equipped paths along which outlandish flora grows:

As I said, the weather changes quickly.

It immediately becomes cooler, and therefore more pleasant (in the sun + 28C + 30C).

Until the fog completely hid us from the outside world:

Only 15 minutes have passed, there is no trace of the fog, as well as of the pleasant coolness...

And again the sun fills everything around with soft light:

It's time to go back!

Morro da Urca can be safely climbed on foot along a picturesque road with numerous viewing platforms. They say that you can also climb the Sugarloaf, but only accompanied by professional guides. Judging by the inaccessibility of the mountain, it is probably impossible to climb it without climbing skills.

And below, in the sun, the bohemian Urca is basking, somewhat reminiscent of Mediterranean resorts...

Urca and Botafogo districts:

The building on the left is the Rio Sul Center Building, one of the tallest in Rio de Janeiro. Although its height is only 164 meters, and the number of floors is 50. There is an observation deck at the top, I suppose with gorgeous views of the city:

Museu de Ciência da Terra is a museum of earth sciences, mineralogy and geology. The collection of the museum, opened in 1909, presents a huge amount of minerals, rocks, fossils, etc.:

The Institute Benjamin Constant (IBC) is a sort of national clearinghouse for visual impairment issues. Within the walls of the institute there is an educational institution for the blind:

Of all the places in the world that can surprise tourists, Sugarloaf Mountain occupies one of the leading positions on the list. The area where it is located is so picturesque that it is incredibly difficult to convey all the beauty in words. Why the mountain was named that way, no one knows for sure. There are two working versions:

• From afar, the outline of the hill resembles the shape in which sugar was cast in ancient times.
• The name of the rock was given by local tribes, and its original name came to us through the centuries.

The country in which Mount Sugar Loaf is located is Brazil. The rock is located near the most beautiful and famous city of Rio de Janeiro in these places. It is located in that part of the peninsula where the Guanabara Bay separates the land from the Atlantic Ocean.

A bit of history

Historians have reliable information that in 1565 several Portuguese settlements arose at the foot of the mountain, which united into a tiny village. This village in the future was destined to turn into a modern city, one of the best and most beautiful in the country - Rio de Janeiro. Henrietta Carstairs was the first to officially climb the peak of the rock in 1817 and hoist

In the first decade of the 20th century, the government took up construction, which, despite its considerable age, is still working properly, bringing considerable financial income to the state treasury. Among the local population, the combination of concepts "Sugar Loaf Mountain - Rio" are inseparable. It's practically one piece. Since ancient times, it was believed that the rock is a symbol of protection and guardian of the city.

cable car

Modern equipment, which had to be installed to replace the old one, opens up new opportunities for viewing landscape beauties from a height of 400 m. The road is able to serve 72 passengers in one flight. Despite the fact that the age of the funicular is solid (more than a hundred years), for the entire period of its existence, it has never had an emergency.

Local residents took care of the diversity of recreation for tourists. You can climb to the top of the mountain by a route that links Moro da Urca and Praia Vermelha. As historical facts say, this mechanism was unique in its own way at the time of its creation (1912). It was the first cable car in the country, and the third in the world.

Fun fact: Sugar Loaf Mountain is one of the most visited places in Brazil, and the funicular has to serve up to 30 million travelers a year. The most amazing thing is how the specialists who monitor the condition of the cable car manage to make scheduled repairs with such an influx of tourists.

How to get on the tour

Once in Rio de Janeiro, the first place a traveler should go to is Sugar Loaf Mountain. How to get to this miracle of nature, anyone will tell you: from small to large. The rock is the pride of local residents and also brings considerable financial replenishment to the budget. It is very easy to get to the mountain from the central square of the city. Tourist buses ply the peninsula. In order not to confuse route numbers, it is best to remember or write it down right away. For people living in different parts of the city, the easiest way to get to the center is by taxi, already from the central square you can get to the foot of the cliff by a tourist bus in half an hour.

Excursion cost

There is something to see in Brazil: the famous Niteroi Bridge, Sugar Loaf Mountain. Rio de Janeiro is rich in beautiful and unique places, so tourists will not be bored here. From a geological point of view, it is impossible to call a quartz-shaped rock a mountain. The sugar loaf is a monolith that arose during the formation of the earth's crust. Its location is most likely a series of fortunate coincidences. From this hill, a beautiful panoramic view of the city, the ocean and the peninsula opens up, and there really is something to see here.

Sugar Loaf Mountain is 396 m high. You can climb this hill by cable car. For children under six years old, the funicular ride is free. Older children will have to pay 26 USD for the tour, but for adults it will cost twice as much. Tickets are sold at special ticket offices in the central square of the city and at the foot of the mountain, however, the queue will have to stand rather big.

What else to see in Rio de Janeiro

Millions of travelers come to Brazil every year, and during the carnival period, the number of tourists increases several times. Crowds of onlookers from different countries are simply dumbfounded by the action that is taking place on the streets of the city. The best place to see Rio is Mount Sugarloaf, or rather, plastic transparent booths that slowly rise up and then just as slowly fall.

But there are other places on the funicular route:

• Praia Vermelha, or Red Beach. Actually, this is a translation of the name of a small town, next to which there is a beach for vacationers. The views that open from the height of a bird's flight are simply amazing. Landscapes appear before the tourist: the incredible whiteness of the beach sand and the blueness of the ocean. This can only be seen on the cover of eminent glossy publications.
• Mount Urka (220 m). Although the elevation is inferior in height to the Sugar Loaf, there is still something to see. Landscapes will leave indelible impressions for the rest of your life. It is here that an amphitheater has been set up, where a variety of entertainment shows are arranged, preparations for carnivals are held, and dance programs are shown.

What to bring

Brazil is a country of contrasts and bright colors, what and whom you will not see here. I want to take a good look at everything and take a picture. For convenience, it is best to have a backpack: you can put all the necessary things in it to free your hands for a video camera or camera. If at the same time your equipment has good optics, there is no doubt that in the pictures you can see everything to the smallest detail.

You can also rent good optics: a telescope or binoculars. They will help you find the objects you need to take pictures. Make sure the batteries are charged and have a spare set of batteries with you. Take care of an internal drive (flash drive) with a good amount of memory. In addition to documents and a certain amount of money, you need to prepare a couple of sandwiches: for yourself and the children - fresh air and adrenaline will make you feel hungry.

In the eastern side of the Kamchatka Peninsula there is a large lake called Kronotskoye. It is part of the reserve of the same name, and 30 kilometers to the north is the world-famous Valley of Geysers. This is the territory of the Elizovsky district of the Kamchatka Territory. Kronotskoye Lake on the map looks like a perfect isosceles triangle.

In 1996, Kronotskoe Lake as part of the protected zone "Volcanoes of Kamchatka" was included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List.

The lake is replenished with melt water and rains, the water level can vary within several tens of centimeters. It is covered with ice from the last days of December until the beginning of the third decade of May. The thickness of the ice cover of the lake reaches 1 meter. There are eleven islands on the eastern side of the reservoir near the coastline.

The reservoir is located between the volcanoes Kronotskaya Sopka (8 km to the east) and Krasheninnikova (10 km to the south) and the mountain named after Schmidt (10 km to the northeast). Ten river streams flow into the lake, among which are especially large Listvennichnaya, Uzon, Unana, Severnaya, Perevalnaya. The river Krokadyg, or Kronotskaya, originates here, and after 40 km ends its journey in the Kronotsky Bay.

In 2009, the Kizimen volcano erupted in the vicinity. As a result, the water temperature increased: from +5°С to +13°С.

Origin of the basin of Kronotsky Lake

Kronotskoye Lake is the largest lake on the Kamchatka Peninsula with fresh water. The occupied area is more than 240 square meters. km. The depth of the reservoir, according to average indicators, is 51 meters, the maximum is a little less than 150 meters. For a long period, the lake was recognized as calderal in origin, but now scientists have found out that it arose due to the damming of the floodplain of the Kronotskaya River during a volcanic eruption. The established age of this natural object is approximately 10 thousand years.

The first information about Kronotsky Lake and its environs was collected by the expedition of S. P. Krasheninnikov. The first study of the lake was carried out in 1908 by the Ryabushinsky expedition. As a result, after a long collection and sorting of information, the first scientific publication was issued - in 1915.

Animal world of the lake

A unique population of kokanee (a type of river sockeye salmon) lives on Lake Kronotskoye, numbering about 30 million individuals. Despite the distance from the ocean coast of 40 km, colonies of slaty-backed gulls constantly “live” here (the total number is 600 pairs). Birds of prey such as golden eagles, peregrine falcons and sea eagles also nest near the shores of the lake.

Swans are one of the symbols of the lake. In the summer, they are few, they carefully choose nesting sites to hide from prying eyes. But in winter, swans from the north of the peninsula join the permanent residents. During this period, the source of the Kronotskaya River is inhabited by huge flocks of swans.

Brown bears come to feed on the shores of the lake. Sometimes they even swim to the islets to taste the eggs from nesting gulls. Tour groups are guarded by personnel who carry tranquilizer guns. But usually brown bears bypass large groups. The main thing is not to leave food and not to feed the cubs.

Panoramic view of Kronotskoye Lake and Kronotskaya Sopka on Google. Maps

Excursions

Tour operators of Kamchatka, authorized to organize tours on the territory of the Kronotsky Reserve, conduct one-day excursions and multi-day trips, including a visit to Kronotsky Lake. The water body can be visited during one-day excursions from the reserve:

• "Lake at the High Mountain": one hour excursion along the shores with free time to take a photo of Kronotsky Lake.
• "Crystal Waters": 3-hour motor boat ride (maximum 5 people, departure every 30 minutes) on the lake.

How to get to Kronotskoye Lake in Kamchatka

Kronotskoye Lake is located on the territory of the reserve of the same name, in the southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It will not be possible to get to the reserve by car - there are no roads in this part of the peninsula. The most common type of transfer is by helicopter.

Kronotskoye lake on video