Types of passenger aircraft. Aircraft of civil aviation. Another version of finger gymnastics "Airplane"

Knows a very large number of aircraft of various types and types. It is unlikely that all the names of the aircraft can even be listed. However, it is quite possible to cover the main models. Let's find out how aircraft are classified, their types, types, names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the list of names of the main foreign aircraft manufacturers in alphabetical order. The list includes both currently existing companies and abolished ones:

• Aerospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• British Aerospace (Great Britain).
• British Aircraft (Great Britain).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

The names of aircraft in alphabetical order, produced in the USSR and the countries of the post-Soviet space, are given below:

• An (Antonov).
• I (Polikarpov).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• Su (Dry).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

How are aircraft classified?

First of all, let's find out what planes are. The names of aircraft can tell a lot, but the classification will tell us even more. How are aircraft classified? They do it according to the following parameters:

• by appointment;
• speed;
• number of engines;
• type of engines;
• chassis type;
• mass;
• the number of wings;
• fuselage size;
• type of management;
• takeoff form.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two large types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own division into smaller categories.

In accordance with the specific functional affiliation, military aircraft are classified into the following specialized categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, aircraft fighters, attack aircraft, military transport ships, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The task of the bomber is to destroy targets on the ground. They do it with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following models of domestic production can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous "Ilya Muromets" - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device took off for the first time in the air in 1913. In the era of the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Aircraft "Ilya Muromets" were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign devices, one can single out modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US-made aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, German WWII era bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is the destruction of aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also say a lot to a connoisseur of military affairs. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Currently, the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and MiG-35.

Among modern American models, the world's first number five generation fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models, stand out.

Fighter-bombers

They combine the functions of the first two categories of aircraft described by us. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9 are considered the first fighter-bombers.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, which has been produced since 1994, has become the most popular in the passenger aviation market. The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the 2009 Boeing 787.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the world market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first twin-engined wide-body aircraft. The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use a fly-by-wire form of control. The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. He is able to take on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of efficiency.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955. Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides the Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners of other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft.

The British airliner De Havilland Comet, released in 1949, is the first jet airliner in world history. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, gained wide popularity. He went down in history due to the fact that he is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport goods over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft, the Soviet, and now the Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov, became famous. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (takes on board 253, 8 t). The latest model holds the hitherto unbroken load capacity record. In addition, it was planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

In the Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the currently produced Il-76 was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural.

Of the Soviet samples of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize" by the people.

Speed ​​Division

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include classification by flight speed. On this basis, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is easy to understand that subsonic aircraft move slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to sonic, supersonic aircraft overcome and hypersonic exceed this figure by more than five times.

At the moment, the fastest hypersonic vehicle in the world is considered to be an experimental hypersonic vehicle from the USA X-43A 2001. It can reach speeds of 11,200 km/h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km / h. If we talk not about experimental devices, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of reaching speeds of up to 3530 km / h, has the championship. Among domestic vehicles, the supersonic MiG-25 should be singled out. Its maximum speed can reach up to 3000 km/h.

In passenger aviation, things are much worse with speed. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the Franco-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can develop speed indicators up to 2.5 thousand km / h, which is a civil aviation record, but this is only the tenth place among aircraft of all purposes. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, now there are several projects of both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be able to reach speeds of up to 5.0 thousand km / h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. In Russia, there are two similar projects - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

By the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

According to the type of engine, aircraft are divided into the following categories: with an electric engine, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and also devices with a combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibious. Naturally, the most common are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light vehicles, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification according to the size of the fuselage: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

According to the form of take-off, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal and short.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, names were also considered. As you can see, a very large number of models are presented that perform various functions and have very different technical characteristics. The world of aviation is really multifaceted, and in one review it will not be possible to describe absolutely all of its aspects.

Nevertheless, we can give a general idea on this issue by describing the most famous aircraft that have gone down in history. Species and names, despite their large number, are still really systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.

In civil aviation, flight devices are divided into the following categories:

passenger,

agricultural purpose,

transport,

postal,

experimental

Passenger aircraft

Let's start the review of civil aviation models with them. This type of aircraft, as the name implies, is designed to carry passengers. The first serial aircraft carrying civilians is considered to be the same domestic Ilya Muromets, which in the future was converted into a bomber. He made his first flight from St. Petersburg to Kyiv with sixteen passengers back in 1914. The most popular airliner during the existence of aviation is the American device Douglas DC-3,

Douglas DC-3

made the first aviation flight back in 1935. Various modifications of it are still in use today. For example, the Soviet version of this aircraft was the Li-2. The first aircraft have been described above. The names of the main competitors in the modern passenger aviation market are Boeing and Airbus.

Boeing

The Boeing Company was founded in 1916. Since then, it has been producing aircraft, mainly for civil aviation, although there are also military transport models. The most famous names of passenger aircraft of this company are Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787. aircraft classification their types types names.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most massive of all passenger aircraft. boeing 747,

Boeing 747

produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. The Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, which has been produced since 1994, has become the most popular in the passenger aviation market.

Boeing 777

The newest model of the corporation at the moment is the 2009 Boeing 787.

Boeing 787

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the world market is the European company Airbus, headquartered in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous aircraft names of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB. Launched in 1972, the A300 is the very first twin-engined wide-body aircraft.

Airbus A300

The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use a fly-by-wire form of control.

Airbus A320

The A380, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world.

Airbus A380

He is able to take on board up to 480 passengers. The latest development of the company is the A350 XWB.

A350XWB

Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, bypassing its rival in terms of efficiency.

Soviet passenger aircraft

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak. The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955.

Tu-104

Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft.

Tu-154

The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier.

Tu-144

He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Tu-214

Naturally, in addition to Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

IL-114

Yak-40

Airliners of other countries of the world

In addition to the above, there are noteworthy models from other manufacturers of passenger aircraft. The British airliner De Havilland Comet, released in 1949, is the first jet airliner in world history.

De Havilland Comet

The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, gained wide popularity.

Concorde

He went down in history due to the fact that he is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. And so far, these two airliners are unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation, capable of moving faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport goods over long distances. Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to designate Western models of passenger aircraft modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, Airbus A330-200F, Airbus A300-600ST and Boeing 747-8F.

Douglas MD-11F

But most of all in the production of transport aircraft, the Soviet, and now the Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov, became famous. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records in terms of carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (takes on board 253, 8 t).

An-225

The latest model holds the hitherto unbroken load capacity record. In addition, they planned to use it to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized. In the Russian Federation with transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the currently produced Il-76 was developed back in Soviet times, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

IL-76

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include the treatment of fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type of aircraft is called agricultural. Of the Soviet samples of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called "maize" by the people.

U-2

Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. By purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and to serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed to carry passengers, baggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local line aircraft.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on the flight range, are divided into:
a) close ones with a flight range of 1000 ... 2000 km;
b) medium with a flight range of 3000 ... 4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000 ... 11 000 km.

Aircraft of local lines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50 ... 55;
b) average with the number of passengers 24 ... 30;
c) lungs with the number of passengers 8 ... 20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various cargoes.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, air ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, for protecting forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft for pilot training. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seat aircraft that are quite simple in learning and piloting techniques. Transition aircraft are used to train pilots to fly serial aircraft in operation.

Military aircraft are used to deliver air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in his rear and in the front line, to protect their facilities and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers, the purpose of which is to deliver bombing strikes on the most important objects, communications centers, places of concentration of equipment and manpower of the enemy in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters that protect their troops from
enemy aircraft over the battlefield and in the frontline;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers equipped with bombs, rocket and cannon weapons and serving to strike at objects in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bforward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communications aircraft, sanitary aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, empennage, landing gear and power plant.

The wing is the bearing surface of an aircraft designed to generate aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

Plumage - bearing surfaces designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Chassis - a system of aircraft supports used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, on the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, is used to create traction.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of different equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudders), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, cleaning and landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
Classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components of the aircraft units. The aircraft scheme is determined by the following features:

1) the number and arrangement of wings;
2) fuselage type;
3) the location of the plumage
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the aircraft layout only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

According to the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low plans, medium plans and high plans. According to the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one-fuselage and two-beam. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, aircraft may have wheel, ski, or float landing gear. In seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as boats. There are mixed schemes: wheel-ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widespread at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its layout.

Aviation as a mode of transport appeared relatively recently, its history is only a hundred years old. Airplanes have firmly entered the daily life of mankind, and now it is already impossible to imagine a trip to another continent without using the services of one or another airline.

Initially, airplanes were rickety structures made of combustible materials, and movement in them was associated with a certain risk to life. But over time, they have evolved into a convenient and safe mode of transport. More than 100 design companies produce passenger airliners for the needs of civil aviation. This industry is one of the most profitable in engineering. So what are the planes, which are considered the best, and how many are produced per year?

Types of aircraft are divided into several classifications:

• by purpose,
• speed,
• quantity,
• engine type,
• wing and hull size,
• management.

This article will consider what passenger aircraft are made in different countries of the world (including Russia): both new and older generation models.

Boeing Company

This is one of the leading manufacturers in the aviation industry, specializing in the production of passenger and cargo airliners for commercial aviation, as well as military and space technology. Boeing produces the best civil aircraft in the United States, due to which the company's products occupy a leading position in the country's exports.

Starting from its founding in 1916, the corporation confidently declared itself and until the end of the Second World War produced mainly fighters and bombers. With the onset of peacetime, it quickly retrained as passenger aircraft and by the end of the 20th century became the progenitor of the most numerous model used by airlines - the Boeing 737. Now the aviation giant produces up to 500 units of airliners a year and is continuously working on the development of the latest aviation and space technology.

The long-lived model has been produced since the mid-1960s of the last century and is one of the most frequently used by various air carriers. Over 6,000 aircraft have been produced since the successful launch of the initial modification. Initially, aircraft of this series were intended for short and medium-range domestic flights, but with the installation of innovative engines on aircraft of the 737 family, starting in 1984, they began to produce the Boeing 737 Classic model with a significantly increased ability to fly over long distances.

Since the late 1990s, a modified Boeing 737 "Next Generation" model has appeared with more advanced energy-intensive engines, increased wing size and the latest passenger cabin up to 210 seats. This model is currently in production.

The airline giant is working on the development of a new series designed to replace previous models. The first deliveries of the Boeing 737 Max are scheduled for the second half of 2017.

The first Model 747 aircraft was tested in 1968 and designed to meet the demand for intercontinental transportation, which was rapidly gaining popularity at that time. The two-deck model has been the largest passenger aircraft on the planet for more than 30 years.

The aircraft is currently being produced; to date, more than 1.5 thousand models have been produced. In the late 1970s, the most powerful engines were installed on these airliners, the body weight was increased, which increased the possible flight distance.

The modern modification of the model compares favorably with its predecessors and surpasses them in noise reduction during flight, resource saving, overall efficiency and safety. Passenger capacity is up to 581 people.

Developed during the global fuel crisis in the second half of the 20th century, the aircraft consumes many times less resources, while maintaining all the standards of a safe and successful flight.

With breakthroughs in aerodynamics, innovative aircraft design, the use of the latest materials and just two engines, the aircraft provides an alternative to more resource-intensive models.

However, the decrease in the number of engines led to a decrease in the range of non-stop flights, the upper limit of which is 7000 kilometers. The aircraft's cabin layout has also undergone changes from previous Boeing models, with only two aisles and 200 to 295 seats in early versions.

At the moment, the production of the model has been discontinued due to a decrease in orders for it. In 2004, more than 1000 aircraft were produced, most of the leading airlines continue to operate them.

The aircraft was developed in parallel with the Boeing 757, it was intended to replace much more energy-intensive models, consuming 32% less fuel.

Due to the reduced passenger capacity, initially the model did not cause a storm of excitement among the airlines, but after a series of improvements and an increase in the cabin, its market competitiveness was proven and it was especially often used for air crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the passenger cabin of the airliner consisted of 181 seats, but then the number was increased to 224.

The model is very popular among American airlines operating on domestic flights, and is often used when flying from the east coast of the country to the west. The interest of airlines in the model allowed the Boeing Company to continue its production at the present time.

Boeing 777

The aircraft, which has two engines, is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights from 10,000 to 21,000 kilometers. A distinctive feature can be considered jet engines, whose diameter has no analogues in the world.

The model is equipped with the latest technology, its creation was carried out using computer technology. To date, the aircraft is the most successful and best-selling for Boeing, its production has only increased in recent years.

The world's leading air carriers operate the model in their flights, carrying from 300 to 550 passengers per flight.

Airbus S.A.S.

The largest manufacturer in Eurasia, producing various types of civil and cargo aircraft, created by the merger of several European aircraft concerns in the late 1960s. The main offices of the company are located in France, Spain, Germany and the UK.

Airbus immediately focused on developing low-cost, light-weight, low-fuel models. This decision paid dividends. Now the company is a direct competitor to Boeing, although in recent years it has received more orders and produces more aircraft (up to 550 per year) than its American rivals. Modern models of this brand enjoy the invariable trust of passengers and various air carriers.

Additional Information. The decision to merge European aircraft companies has been called salutary for the local aviation industry and the EU economy more than once.

The brainchild of the Airbus aircraft concern first saw the light in the mid-1980s, and began flying already in 1987. The design of this aircraft was carried out using the latest aircraft manufacturing technologies available at that time, it was the first to have an electronic remote control system built into it.

The model compares favorably with its direct competitors with a more spacious cabin and luggage compartment, as well as a reduced cost of operation and preventive maintenance, which has led to a great demand for an airliner among low-cost airlines. It can travel non-stop over distances of up to 6.5 thousand kilometers and carry from 140 to 180 passengers.

At the moment, the aircraft is in great demand and occupies a leading position in the ratings as the best-selling and produced model in the world. Airbus factories build up to 40 airliners per month.

The largest aircraft in the world in terms of size and number of passengers carried today appeared in the early 2000s by the efforts of the EADS aircraft corporation on the order of Airbus, and its commercial operation began by 2007.

The model is designed for intercontinental communication (up to 15,000 kilometers) of the world's largest modern airports, but not every one of them is able to receive such a huge four-engine airliner capable of carrying up to 1,000 passengers at a time.

Due to its size, the aircraft consumes quite a lot of fuel, so the designers had to sheathe the fuselage of the aircraft with the lightest but most durable materials in order to lighten its weight as much as possible.

The production of the model continues to this day, and its popularity remains unchanged with the world's leading airlines.

Airbus A319

The characteristics of this model are very similar to the A320, but with a reduced body, passenger capacity and fuel consumption. The aircraft itself is designed for short and medium-range flights and is not capable of covering more than 6.5 thousand kilometers without refueling, but in its segment this is more than a worthy indicator.

Despite some restrictions, the aircraft has found its niche in the industry and is used for flights between European countries and is actively operated by economy class airlines to transport passengers on less popular routes (from 125 to 156 people).

The aircraft with a wide fuselage is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights and is capable of covering up to 13.5 thousand kilometers. The model was created in order to compete with the Boeing Company and their modification 767 aircraft.

Since the early 1990s, more than a thousand airliners have been produced, and their production continues to this day. The aircraft is capable of carrying between 240 and 440 passengers and is the largest twin-engine model produced by Airbus.

Currently, the airline is planning to release a new generation model that will reduce the fuel consumption of the A330 by 15% and significantly reduce the cost of operating airliners for airlines.

One of the most popular models in the past, now out of production. An aircraft with a shorter fuselage than other models of the concern of that time was put into operation starting in 1983, its flight range was 5.5 thousand kilometers.

Since then, the model has been improved several times: the modification of the wings has changed, the braking ability of the chassis has been improved, and sheer plumage made of carbon fiber has been added. A lot of attention was also paid to the interior design of the cabin - the distance between the seats, the depth of the shelves, the general availability of individual means in case of an emergency were at the highest level and met all the standards accepted at that time. At the moment, major airlines no longer use this model, but mid-segment carriers and low-cost carriers are still actively exploiting it.

Domestic aircraft industry

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The design of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II, quite successful aircraft "Russian Knight" and "Ilya Muromets" were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen for the name of Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies for the production of aviation equipment were abolished, instead state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a well-defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the advent of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with particular diligence, and air transportation was gaining more and more popularity. Now the Russian aviation industry is largely dependent on Western partners, but there are also some developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. Even at the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any model of an aircraft is called by the name of the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The Antonov Design Bureau was engaged in the development of the aircraft; over 17 years of production, approximately 1200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, which can carry up to 52 passengers at a time. The aircraft has two turboprop engines, it is capable of non-stop flight up to 2 thousand kilometers.

Tu-134

It was created as a safer, faster and less noisy version of the An-24 at the Tupolev Design Bureau. First produced in the mid-1960s, over 18 years, about 900 machines were put into operation. The cabin of the aircraft can accommodate up to 75 passengers, and the distance of a non-stop flight is 2 thousand kilometers.

To understand how popular this model was at one time, it is enough to open any book where Russian aviation is considered in a historical context. Suffice it to recall that the aircraft was produced until 2013 and for a long time consistently ranked first in the list of the safest airliners in the world.

Since 1968, a little less than a thousand medium-haul airliners have been produced, capable of flying almost 4,000 kilometers without refueling. A significant number are still in operation and make up a significant part of the air fleet of Russian air carriers.

IL-62

By the mid-1950s, the civil aviation of the USSR did not have a single design bureau that made aircraft capable of flying between continents. The Ilyushin design bureau developed the Il-64, capable of carrying 164 passengers in the first assembly (later the number increased to 186) over a distance of more than 11 thousand kilometers.

IL-96

Russian wide-body aircraft have been produced since the late 1980s. It is this model that transports the President of the Russian Federation at the present time. It is capable of carrying up to 300 passengers over a distance of up to 9,000 kilometers. Since the spring of 2014, the airliner has been completely taken out of service and is currently used only by the national carrier of Cuba.

Currently, Russia can boast of the products of the Sukhoi company, which produces medium-haul liners capable of non-stop flight over a distance of 4.5 thousand kilometers and transportation of almost 100 kilometers. Since 2008, 89 aircraft have been produced, which are operated by such air carriers as Aeroflot, Utair and Interjet.

MS-21

The brainchild of the Irkutsk Aviation Plant in the form of a mid-body civil aircraft capable of flying up to 6.4 thousand kilometers was released in June 2016, and the first test flight took place at the end of May 2017. The airliner can carry up to 180 people, it is designed primarily for domestic flights.

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Due to the huge competition among the largest airline companies, passengers and air carriers are in a win-win situation. Every year, passenger aircraft are becoming more technologically advanced, convenient and safe for people who have chosen this type of transport for travel.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner is the Tu-104, released in 1955. Tu-154, the first takeoff of which was made in 1972, is considered the most massive Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 gained legendary status as the world's first airliner to break the sound barrier. He could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km / h, and this record has not been broken to our time. At the moment, the latest operating model of an airliner developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft of 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, in addition to Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The most popular names are: Il-18, Il-114, Il-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Tu-154 Speed. Dimensions. Weight. Capacity. Fuel consumption. Story

Work on the new Tu-154 passenger aircraft began at the A.N. Tupolev in 1963. The first jet passenger aircraft of this Design Bureau were designed on the basis of combat aircraft: Tu-104 based on Tu-16, Tu-114 based on Tu-95. In contrast, the new third-generation aircraft became the first passenger aircraft for the design bureau that did not have a military prototype. At that time, three types of passenger aircraft flew on Aeroflot's medium-haul lines: Tu-104, Il-18 and An-10. This led to difficulties in ensuring the normal process of technical operation of three structurally different machines.

local passenger aircraft

Aircraft of this type have compact dimensions and a cabin with a maximum capacity of twenty people. The maximum distance that such aircraft are able to overcome does not exceed 1000 kilometers. These aircraft are usually equipped with piston or turboprop engines, which can significantly reduce the cost of their operation.

What speed the aircraft has directly depends on its type, as well as on the design features. Aircraft flying long distances usually have a higher speed, which allows them to spend less time on the road.

Other types of classification

By the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

According to the type of engine, aircraft are divided into the following categories: with an electric engine, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and also devices with a combined engine.

According to the type of chassis, the classification of aircraft is as follows: wheeled, ski, hovercraft, tracked, float, amphibian. Naturally, the most common are aircraft with wheeled landing gear.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light vehicles, medium-weight aircraft, heavy and super-heavy.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification according to the size of the fuselage: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of the type of control, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

According to the form of take-off, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal and short.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is the destruction of aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter planes will also say a lot to a connoisseur of military affairs. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, German aircraft Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190, as well as jet Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager won world fame.

Among the Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be distinguished. Currently, the sky is filled with modern Russian aircraft. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and MiG-35.

Among modern American models, the world's first number five generation fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models, stand out.

Domestic aircraft industry

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The design of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II, quite successful aircraft "Russian Knight" and "Ilya Muromets" were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen for the name of Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies for the production of aviation equipment were abolished, instead state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a well-defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the advent of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with particular diligence, and air transportation was gaining more and more popularity. Now the Russian aviation industry is largely dependent on Western partners, but there are also some developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional Information. Even at the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any model of an aircraft is called by the name of the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The Antonov Design Bureau was engaged in the development of the aircraft; over 17 years of production, approximately 1200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, which can carry up to 52 passengers at a time. The plane has in stock