Step by step business plan how to open excursions. Excursion to the industrial zone, how to organize a business from nothing. Better less but better

Traveling can be called one of the most popular and vibrant human hobbies. Many people love to travel to new places, filling their lives with unforgettable travel experiences. Not every resident of Russia can afford a vacation abroad, but he has access to excursions to interesting places in his country. Recently, the number of people wishing to discover the amazing corners of the Russian Federation has greatly increased, and this circumstance has served as an impetus for business people to engage in excursion business.

Every entrepreneur has questions: how to open a tour desk, how much money you need to invest in the business at the start, whether the business will bring profit and where to start this process. It turns out that the organization of tourism activities is not difficult, and a person interested in it can easily build such a business and achieve success in it.

Starting a Business - Activity Planning

Before you start organizing any business, you need to make a plan. It will include the following items:

1. Studying the demand market and the activities of competitors.
2. Choosing an office for the future bureau.
3. Selection of necessary documents for business.
4. Development of excursion routes.
5. Solving transport issues.
6. Recruitment.
7. Advertising campaign.

After collecting, studying and analyzing all the necessary information, the businessman must draw up a business plan for his future enterprise and calculate the approximate costs of opening it.

And now about all this in more detail.

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Study of tourism legislation, preparation of documents for business

Having decided to organize a business in the field of tourism, a businessman must study tourism legislation, and then prepare the documents necessary to open his own business. The main law that defines the principles of state policy in the field of tourism and regulates the rights and obligations of owners of tour agencies and their clients is the Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourism in the Russian Federation" dated November 24, 1996, N 132-FZ.

In order to better imagine future activities, experienced businessmen advise beginners to attend special thematic courses, for example, "Organization of a travel agency from A to Z." Firms and consulting groups conduct such courses on a monthly basis and even provide their students with ready-made sets of all documents necessary for the excursion business.

To open a tour desk, a business person in the Russian Federation does not need to acquire a license or other special permission. All that is required of him is the registration of an individual entrepreneur or legal entity. As the main documents, in addition to the registration certificate, it will be necessary to have independently developed service contracts, contracts with transport companies, museums, catering points, job descriptions for staff, and memos for sightseers.

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Demand market, competition study and development of excursion routes

Any novice entrepreneur understands that his business will be profitable if there is a demand for services. Therefore, in order to organize a tour desk in your hometown, you need to see if this city, its environs or settlements located at a short distance from it, has a large number of attractions and beautiful places. After all, before you start developing routes to the same Moscow or Suzdal, other distant cities, you must first try to conduct excursions closer to the "home". There are many amazing places in Russia with a rich history and beautiful nature.

If there is already a tour desk in the city, it will be useful to familiarize yourself with the offers and routes of competitors. When setting the cost of excursions, you need to focus on the average salary of city residents and think about how much they can pay for the trip. The main criterion is the availability of the tour for everyone, and although the price should be made more attractive than that of competitors, it should not be too low.

When developing a route plan, several factors must be considered. Firstly, you must definitely study the history of your native land, its customs, get acquainted with the biographies of famous countrymen. To do this, you will need to visit the local museum of local lore, talk with its employees, look through books about your region and chat with old-timers who will gladly tell you about interesting legends and events of the past.

Secondly, routes should be developed taking into account the age audience. If these are excursions for children, you should definitely introduce elements of entertainment into them, organize game moments, for example, dress up the guide as a fairy-tale character, come up with a thematic competition, etc. Children's excursions should not be prolonged in time, because children quickly lose interest in one and the same occupation.

Thirdly, you need to carefully work out the time spent on each route (from 45 minutes to the whole day), provide for stops along the way, recommend a cafe for lunch. If the tour takes several days, it requires tourists to spend the night in a hotel and provide them with food.

Fourthly, the plan for visiting city attractions should differ from the plan of competitors, for this purpose it is advisable to select other monuments for a city tour or, in addition to the main program, include “unpromoted”, but interesting places in it, visiting which can be arranged for an additional fee. The more interesting and unusual the tour, the more people who want to visit it, because "the earth is full of rumors."

An important circumstance is the conduct of an advertising campaign. In addition to advertisements in the media, handouts, booklets in stores, advertising on social networks, it is imperative to create a website on the Internet, thanks to which more people will learn about the bureau, see the tour plan, get acquainted with their program and prices in detail.

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Office for the tour desk and its staff

Business at the initial stage implies a minimum expenditure of funds. Therefore, the organizer of the bureau is at first almost its only employee. In his own apartment, he can receive calls from those who want to go on an excursion or conduct it himself. But over time, the presence of an office becomes a necessity, as well as an increase in the number of employees. It is better to find a room for an office in a busy place so that it catches the eye of many. A bright sign and a beautiful showcase are a must. The interior decoration of the office should not be too expensive or extremely "soviet", but cozy and bright, so that the client feels comfortable in it.

The main employee of the bureau is the guide. He must be a competent specialist, have a well-trained, pleasant voice, and be endearing. He needs to constantly learn something new about sights and famous people, adding interesting facts to the texts of excursions. In addition to tour guides, the company will need an accountant, a manager and drivers. The head of the bureau can agree with a transport company to provide a bus for routes on certain days, a larger company has its own transport and drivers.

“After several trips to Sochi, my children and I brainstormed and below the ideas that were born to me and my children.

I write sparingly, because it is inconvenient on the phone :)

1. The tour should be playful and attractive.

At the end, it is desirable to provide some kind of prizes, albeit symbolic, but the children love it.

Slingshots, compasses or other original things that are rarely encountered in life.

You can print small photos, give out a glue stick and stick it in the car after inspection.

Condition: everyone determines the place on the map for himself.

3. On the way, let me watch a few accompanying videos about the place where we are going.
But it should be interesting.

Then, as an example, I’ll send Sergey a personal rap video about Eurasia, which my daughter used for a report at school.

Classmates were delighted.

4. One of the tasks must be with a compass.

It's interesting and useful.

The option that the children suggested is with a navigator. They are closer :)

that is, we ask the children to find some nearby place themselves.

5. Each stop is a few objects.

Children need to give out a fragment of some object (color printout 10x10 cm in size).
They must find this fragment in the living world.
This will instantly increase their attentiveness and allow them to see what they previously did not pay attention to.

6. If we are talking about Abkhazia, then it will not hurt to listen to national music on the road.

I will say right away that the children did not like this idea :)
But music very clearly allows you to understand the nature of the nation.
And 10 minutes in the car, the children will suffer :)

In Abkhazia, there are many monuments to the fallen in the war of 1992-1993. You can very briefly talk about this war and let you listen to one of the war songs.

7. Border: long, boring, uninteresting.

At this time, there must be activity.

As an idea: simple crosswords on the topic of the excursion, and it’s also very good to learn a few key or funny words in Abkhaz.

Children will then gladly brag about them at school.

"Grandfather" in Abkhazian "Babadu"))

It reminded me of what was invented in the USSR (only the terminator from the modern one):

Hookah-arba - steam locomotive
Armatur-batyr - Terminator

Saxaul-Bala - Pinocchio
Ik-Puk-water - Coca-Cola

Satan-pipe - grenade launcher

Shampur batyr - D'Artagnan

Nightmare apa - Baba Yaga
Donkey sailor - zebra

Nibelmes-bala - Dunno
Kyzym-balyk - mermaid

Shaitan-arba - minibus

Autogen Aga - Serpent Gorynych

8. You can provide small master classes on the road.

For example, prepare simple bags for sachets in advance, and in the mountains collect boxwood leaves that soothe, fold and pour right there.
A gift is ready, the cat child will definitely find someone to give. Or some herbs for tea.

9. At the waterfalls, everyone ties ribbons. All of them are the same.

In advance, the guide prepares ribbons for children, on the way they sign or draw or otherwise.
This is no longer mass, but its own unique, which will remain in place.

10. The guide should have found places for cool selfies in advance.

These are not the places where mom and dad take pictures in front of the monument.
This is something else that is laid out on the network and shows that the child is exorbitantly cool: for example (what my children chose):

photo from scary thickets,
photo on the edge of the bridge, etc.
the main thing is that they are picked up by a guide in advance so that they are safe, not necessarily beautiful, but unique.

And this uniqueness must be emphasized. The children will thank you.

Sergey, I will send you in a personal what Maria came up with in Abkhazia.

If you want, put it in the forum, maybe someone will want to use it.

At this point, we have exhausted ourselves, but the ideas proposed above can be developed further.

The main thing is not to offer them as a task, but to serve it as an exciting game.

And of course, if there are at least two children. That's more interesting.

If the children are not very big up to 10 years old, then in order to allow parents to enjoy the beautiful views in peace, children can be offered a treasure hunt. For each new place, a small map is made. It makes it possible to find a map of the next location. And so on. The last card indicates the location of the treasure. And for kids it can be any box with small coins. 100 rubles in small change (10, 50 kopecks each, ruble) is a lot - checked :)

Even when traveling to Abkhazia, you should definitely tell your children about the traditions and customs of this country, especially those that are not quite familiar to Russia: traditions associated with hospitality, wedding ceremonies, blood feuds, raising children, and others. They are completely unique and will show children that there is a completely different life. And it will definitely be remembered, as it is knocked out of the usual framework.

For example, what does the Abkhazian flag mean.

Another interesting topic: all children love to make wishes. Even my little 3 year old son, seeing the only star in the sky, tells her what kind of car he would like to get for his birthday.
Therefore, on excursions for small children, it is worth using this opportunity.
And you can write your most cherished desire, then make a ship out of a note and send it sailing on Lake Ritsa, and at the moment when the ship reaches the nearest river, the desire will come true! The legend in this case can be any :) the main thing is not to promise fulfillment right away, as there may be disappointment.

2.3. Planning an excursion itinerary

Excursion route is the most convenient route for the tour group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of objects inspection for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group location, the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that should be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic And thematic-chronological.

Excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people can serve as an example of the chronological construction of the route.

According to the thematic principle, excursions are built related to the disclosure of a certain topic in the life of the city (for example, "Arkhangelsk is being built", "Literary suburbs", etc.).

All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the Road", "Charter of Road Transport", "Rules for the Transportation of Passengers" and other departmental regulations.

Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as main And additional.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. the so-called "loops";
- Availability of object accessibility (site for its inspection);
- moving or transition between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- the presence of well-maintained stops, including sanitary and parking places for vehicles.

It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

The development of the bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, the calculation of mileage and the time of use of vehicles.

Detour (bypass) of the route

Detour (bypass) of the route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (bypass) of the route, the following tasks are set:

1) get acquainted with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid;
2) clarify the place where the object is located, as well as the place of the proposed stop of the tour bus or walking group;
3) master the entrance by bus to objects or parking places;
4) to time the time required to show the objects, their verbal characteristics and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as to clarify the duration of the tour as a whole;
5) check the expediency of using the intended display objects;
6) choose the best points for showing objects and options for the location of the tour group;
7) choose a method of familiarization with the object;
8) for the purpose of safe movement of tourists along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

Preparation of the control text of the excursion

The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic orientation of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the excursion is devoted, and gives an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, the availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in the route sequence, with the distribution of the material presented by the stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and verified by sources material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide builds his own individual text.

On the basis of the control text, excursions on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the creation of such options, materials related to objects, sub-themes and main issues that were not included in the itinerary of this excursion can be included in the control text.

In addition to materials for the guide's story, the control text includes materials that should form the content of the introductory speech and the conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be easy to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"

"Tour guide portfolio"- the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. These aids are usually placed in a folder or a small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the "portfolio guide" is to restore the missing links in the show. In excursions, it often turns out that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, sightseers cannot see a historic building that has been destroyed by time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original appearance of the place on which the building in question was built (residential neighborhood). For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. It may also be a problem to show what will be in the examined place in the near future. In this case, the tourists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.

In excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wolf family - friends of A.S. Pushkin - when conducting a tour of the "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region").

The demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, which the guide tells about, makes the tour more convincing.

And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing authentic samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The "guide portfolio" includes photographs, maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such "portfolios" are usually created for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the theme of the tour.

The visual aids of the "guide's briefcase" should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract the tourists from examining the original objects and scatter their attention.

The members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can help the guide in covering the topic. The methodology for demonstrating visual aids is checked on the route. Then, recommendations on the use of the "portfolio" materials are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted on the back of the exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to the sightseers.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Great help in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio" excursion organizations provide museums, exhibitions, archives.

Determination of methodological methods for conducting an excursion

The success of the tour is directly dependent on the methodological methods of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks set for the tour, the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative team at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for highlighting subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the tour audience (adults, children), the time of the tour (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods of preserving the attention of tourists and activating the process of perception of excursion material; development of recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of rules for the technique of conducting excursions. It is equally important to determine the technology of using methodological techniques.

Definition of excursion technique

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where the sightseers go out to inspect the object, how the sightseers move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the methodological development column "Organizational instructions" . These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to put the bus, where you need to go slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to sightseers (observance of safety rules on the street, exiting the bus, accommodation in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations about the use of pauses in the excursion; on the observance of the time allotted for the coverage of sub-themes, the organization of answers to the questions of the tourists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the "portfolio"; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, directing the independent work of sightseers on the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up a methodological development

Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this tour, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique should be used to make the tour effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. The variants of the methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the method of its implementation.

Formulation of methodological development is as follows:

The title page contains data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date the excursion was approved by the head of the excursion institution.
- the next page sets out the purpose and objectives of the tour, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the tour.

Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not posted in columns. For example, here are the recommendations for the guide on how to build an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic "Tyumen - the gate to Siberia": "First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time for this is presented.In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic; part of the introduction should be bright, emotional.It can begin with poems by A.S. Pushkin or a quote - a statement by the Decembrists about the innumerable riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region. " The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.

Table 2.1

Sample methodological development of the excursion

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. Development size - 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route" is called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the I subtopic.

In the column " Stops"These points of the route are called where the exit from the bus is provided; it is supposed to inspect the object from the windows of the bus without the excursionists getting off, or it is planned to stop on a walking tour. Such inaccurate entries should not be made, such as: "The Volga River Embankment" or "Central Square". More correctly write down: "Embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov."

In the column " Display objects" list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at the stop, in the course of moving or moving the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban-type settlement as a whole, and when traveling along a route, visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.

Count" Tour duration". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no showing) and on the movement of sightseers along the route to the next stop. Here it is necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near the inspected objects and between objects.

Count" Name of subtopics and list of main issues"contains brief notes. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions are formulated when the subtopic is disclosed. For example, in a city sightseeing tour to one of the subtopics is called "Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden". The main issues that are covered in this subtopic are "Swedes in Ukraine" and "The Battle of Poltava". The subtopic "New Stary Gorod" reveals the main issues: ", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"Put recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of sightseers on the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. In this column include all the questions that are included in the concept of "Excursion Technique". Let's give an example of the entry: "The group is located in such a way that all the excursionists can see the entrance to the building." "At this stop, the excursionists are given time to take pictures." In out-of-town excursions, in this column include instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for nature protection, rules for the movement of tourists at stops, especially near highways, in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting production excursions, visiting working shops, safety recommendations are given, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules for the behavior of sightseers at the enterprise, places where pauses are made in the story and show are called.

Count" Guidelines"defines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the methodology of conducting the tour, and gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the tour" Memorial complex "Khatyn" on the object "Defense Line of the 100th Rifle Division" two methodological instructions are given: " When revealing the subtopic, the method of verbal comparison is used, information is given about the military potential of fascist Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR "and" The story of the battles is conducted using the methodical method of visual reconstruction of the place where the hostilities took place.

It should indicate where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines a logical transition to the next subtopic, gives recommendations for displaying the materials of the “guide portfolio”, includes tips on using the movement of excursionists relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, “After observing the object and the guide’s story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object", "The guide should explain the terms ...", "When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists ...", etc.).

Drawing up an individual text

Excursion practice proceeds from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide makes up such a text independently. The control text is the basis for the individual text.

All individual texts with a good control text will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all the guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion for themselves, since a creative group of the most prepared guides worked on the control text, and the guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him by collective efforts. After the preliminary work of the guide on a new topic is completed (collection, study and primary processing of the material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used in covering subtopics, draw the right conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. Referring to the control text, made in time, guarantees a higher level of preparation for the beginner's excursion.

The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-themes. Compiled in accordance with these requirements, an individual text is a story ready for "use". The individual text contains a complete summary of what should be told on the tour. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations, no assessment of their significance.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without their dating, references to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the features of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined with conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In the individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the tour.

When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of sounding speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feeling of the sightseers synchronously. The desire for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain sightseers. When deciding on a combination of cognitive and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: maximum educational and minimum entertaining. The question of legends has a special place in the preparation of the excursion. Only legends can be used in excursions.

In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) coincide. And this means that if there is a correctly composed control text for all guides who have mastered this topic, excursions are "standard". They are the same in their content, they coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that are made on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.

Analyzing the same visual object, the guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, the guides may use different turns of speech, may state the recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the tour also lies in the fact that the guides leading the tour on one topic may have a different degree of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and storytelling forms. One and the same position can be revealed on different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.

Narrative and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech features of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. "The degree of impact on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author's psychological attitude to the impact or its absence, etc.)". However, speech plays an equally important role, its properties, structure, features.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. What is the expression of the individuality of the guide? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but in form, use of vocabulary, emotional level is different.

The methodology requires the guide to keep in mind the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide when compiling an individual text.

During the tour, the guide "hurries" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the tour, the stay of the excursionists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments that were in front of the group, and succinctly talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not observed, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques are able to restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the term "object language" is used in methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object "speak".

Technique for using individual text

The guide, just like a lecturer, can use his own individual text during the tour. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the tour, but only by looking at them, recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects in the tour, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh the material of the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of the story in preparation for the excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotations and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of literary montage. On excursions, they are read out in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the tour, taking into account the sequence of the subtopics to be disclosed.

The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience they no longer need this. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that it must be memorized and delivered word for word to the tourists.

Logic jumps

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give harmony to the excursion, provide consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions. Formal is such a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a "crossing bridge" from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, "And now we will pass through the square", "Now we will follow further", "Let's look at another remarkable place"). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, "Now look here" or "Please pay attention to the monument located nearby"). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. A constructive transition, not being a "transitional bridge" between subtopics, aims the sightseers to get acquainted with the next object.

More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the tour. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop, or may end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object as by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the group moving (transition) from object to object, but it can be both longer and shorter.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions

With a positive assessment of the control text and the methodological development of the excursion, as well as in the presence of a completed "guide portfolio" and a map of the route, the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion is assigned. Delivery of the tour is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of his absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the tour is handed over by one of the members of the creative team. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as heads of other sections, take part in the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion.

Reception (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature, carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants of the excursion should be familiarized with its control text and methodological development, the route scheme, the contents of the "guide's portfolio", the list of references, etc.

Excursion approval

With a positive conclusion on the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of return for a new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides admitted to its conduct.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion on the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.

All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a trial tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a topic that is new to them only if they have individual text after listening and issuing the appropriate order.

conclusions

Mandatory documentation on the topic. Preparing a new excursion topic is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all the necessary documents are prepared. Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

Table 2.2.

Documentation required for each theme

Excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with such a two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting an excursion. The main emphasis in the tour is on the show, on introducing the sightseers to objects that are new to them, on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the main display technique, the preliminary inspection technique, the mental reconstruction of the excursion object, the mental reconstruction of the historical background, the comparison technique, the abstraction technique, the discussion technique, the reporting technique, the participation technique, the personification technique, the problem situation technique , retreat technique, attention activation technique, use of visual aids from the "guide's portfolio", display and characterization of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, brief description of the display object, brief information about a unique historical or natural object, a detailed description of the features of the object, explanations and comments during the tour, the inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering the questions of the tourists.

When designing an excursion, the guide should take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o maximum display time of one excursion object - 4 minutes;

o for every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodical methods of conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of conducting, the content and subject of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of movement.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (informative excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common cognitive excursion (previously called educational), almost all methods are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used for conducting an individual excursion), the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and answers to the questions of the tourists will be optimal.

In an excursion game, most often conducted for younger students, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, a panoramic display, the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help to keep the attention of children.

During an excursion-walk, in order to keep the attention of children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, sightseers are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause often and for a long time, because of which the concentration of attention is weakened.

In adult groups, in addition to the main show and a more detailed story, the methods of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and the reception of comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on their mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the place of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the methods of comparison, reporting, problem situation, panoramic display.

In museum excursions with the use of expositions, the best will be a combination of display and story techniques, a technique for mentally creating a historical background, a personification technique, and an explanation technique.

When conducting a thematic tour in an open-air museum, the methods of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, abstraction techniques, reporting, and the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of a particular exhibit will be optimal.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the mode of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum tour.

Regarding the bus tour with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed that regulate boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, exiting the bus. The best techniques for driving on the bus are: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the "tour guide's portfolio", the reception of comments and the techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. Walking tours use methods of preliminary inspection, detailed display and comments, comparison, abstraction, participation, personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its subject matter. In sightseeing city tours, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all the techniques, but the best are the techniques of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example, in a natural park, it is advisable to use the method of the main display, the method of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, the reception of a problem situation, the reception of the main show, the reception of complicity, the reception of a report will bring success. The religious tour will be more effective using the techniques of the main show and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the method of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell a story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the sightseers on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production excursion is, first of all, a reportage technique, a participation technique, a main show technique, a problem situation technique, a discussion technique. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical tour, one cannot do without the use of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, abstraction, reporting, and participation.

Features of displaying objects along the bus without stops and exits from the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from the place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city limits) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide's story is conducted directly during the movement. Showing objects in the direction of travel should be prepared in advance. The guide can first give a brief description of the object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly “wraps around” it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance to the appearance of the object of interest and its location.

• 1. “Peter I stopped in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right in the direction of the bus you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian Tsar during his short stay in our city.
• 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. Ahead, in the direction of the bus, you can see the mainstream of the Volga, and the bridge on which we pass is one of the 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of a well-known St. Petersburg architect.
• 3. “In a few minutes we will drive up to the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space.”

panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex from a high point is the decoration of the tour. Panoramic display can serve as a bright start to the tour, be its climax or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you see and hear. It is advisable to give the tourists the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic show (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation platform in the mountains to the picturesque foothills, city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. In excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; most of Moscow is perfectly visible from the observation deck of the Ostankino tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

• 1. Panoramic display before the start of the tour (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “In front of you is a Volga city surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. The largest temple with a high bell tower is the cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The building of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard, which is viewed from a height. To the right of the cathedral you can see the old bridge across the Volga. It is 3.5 km long and is one of the largest bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains, new sleeping areas are located, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We get on the bus and continue our journey.
• 2. Panoramic display as a climax: “We got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. See the temple on the left? This is the cathedral you were looking at. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, on which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit the open-air ethnographic museum.”
• 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the tour: “In front of you is a city, the journey through which we have already completed. Now from a height you can once again see all the memorable places about which you learned a lot. If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum tour. When conducting a museum tour, most of the main methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.

The guide meets the group who came to the museum at a place specially allocated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the tour and leads the group along to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the theme of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum tour, the group should be briefed (no more than 2-3 minutes) about the history of the museum, recall the rules of conduct in halls with a lot of glass cases and fragile items. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the tour, standing half-turned to the showcase or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most sightseers will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the tour, the results are summed up, information is provided on the other halls of the museum, where tourists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the participants of the tour and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional teaching methods. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a quality learning process and a pleasant time.

• 1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the tour with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest caused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the excursionists.
• 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the tour. Innovative moments bring a special flavor to the tour, enhance the visual impact on the participants of the tour. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
• 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the tour. Active actions help tourists to improve the process of cognition of new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be given the opportunity to find any artifacts, objects of study on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (ornamental stones, gems);

o herbarium items (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to be taken with you, if this does not harm the monument.

4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the tour process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, the guide may suggest that the group members recall the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can suggest to the tourists to determine what architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions can be offered along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think, according to what principle was the name of the Russian city most often given:

o by the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

o by the name of the river on which the city is founded?

Of course, the guide must not only reasonably prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and such cities as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc. can serve as examples.

• 5. Inclusion of elements of the conversation in the excursion. The guide, who got acquainted with the group, during the tour can include elements of a conversation in it, activating the attention of the group and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group arrived in the northern city from the Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or find out from the guests what especially surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. . The counter interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the tour, leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
• 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the tour- participation in a folk festival, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have long been included in tourism and, as it were, turn participants in educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the tour and on the formation of a general impression of the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests get to see a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or several participants of the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching the stunt fight, taking pictures with the participants of the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Similar theatricalizations are successfully held in the Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Local Lore, guests will certainly be greeted by a beauty in the costume of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abbreviated version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic tour of the ancient history of the region.

PLAN-SUMMARY OF THE MASTER CLASS

"HOW TO PREPARE AND CONDUCT A TOUR IN THE MUSEUM"

Target: familiarization of teachers with the main aspects of work experience

on organizing and conducting excursions in the school museum of local lore.

Master class objectives:

Transfer your experience by direct and commented showing the sequence of actions, methods, techniques and forms of pedagogical activity;

Joint development of methodological approaches and techniques for solving the problem;

To create an emotional positive attitude towards business cooperation, to stimulate the activity of participants through the inclusion of teachers in the work in subgroups;

Reflection of their own professional skills by the participants of the master class.

Equipment: multimedia installation, museum exhibits, texts, documents, handouts.

Plan

Organizational and motivational stage (induction)

Experience Presentation

Creating a problem situation

Simulation (simulated game)

Physical education minute

Advertising

Summarizing

Reflection

Master class progress

Organizational and motivational stage

Welcome to the workshop participants.

Theme announcement.

Joint goal setting.

What needs to be done to prepare and conduct a tour of the museum?

As an epigraph for today's meeting, I chose a poem

"Free Talk":
- Let's talk?- About what?- About different things and other things.- About what's good- And not very well.- You know something.

- And I know something.- Let's talk?- Let's talk.- Suddenly it will be interesting.

II . Experience Presentation

This is our 1st lesson, in which we will get acquainted with the local history museum of secondary school No. 1, its sections. You have the visiting cards of the museum on your tables. During a correspondence excursion to our school museum of local lore, you will get to know it in more detail.

( Presentation about the school local history museum of the State Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 1 of Starye Dorogi named after the Hero of the Soviet Union F.F. Kulikov" ).

Creating a problem situation

And now it's time to set the task of our meeting. In the course of your work, we will select guides, researchers, journalists, those without whom it is impossible to imagine the activities of any museum.

Before going on a tour, I want to treat you and invite you to our museum. (Participants are asked to choose a candy)

Now I will ask you to take a seat at the table that matches the color of your section.

We are not in our museum, but you have a unique opportunity to visit it not only virtually through a presentation, but also to really see, evaluate and work with the exhibits with the help of a mobile museum - "Museum in a Suitcase". What do you think can fit in such a small suitcase??

I want to invite you to learn together how to evaluate a museum exhibit, give it characteristics and talk about it. After all, it is not for nothing that there is a saying: “Things speak!”

Participants of the master class are invited to work together with the master.

Without studying to the end, it is impossible to judge the subject as a whole. Your attention is invited to one of the exhibits of our school museum of local lore - a glitch (vessel). Our task is to describe it and find out where, when, by whom, what it was used for and what material was used to make it. We must apply the information received in order to compose the text of the excursion and conduct it.

Modeling

(Group work)

I. There are museum exhibits, documents, texts on the tables.

Each group needs:

1. Compose a story showing the exhibit with explanations (for journalists)

2. Get acquainted with archival documents and draw a conclusion (for researchers)

3. Based on the proposed text, conduct a tour of your section (for guides)

1 group ( Starodozhina Literary) (books by Starodozhina authors: K.Tsvirko, A.Usenya)

2 group (There was a people's war) (cap, letters from the front)

3 group (Folk crafts) (belt, pottery bowl)

4 group (Matulya-school) (pen with inkwell, petition to open a school)

5 group (Land of Starodorozhsky) (the book "Old Roads", a stone with a hole (tool) 2-1 thousand BC).

Physical education minute

Advertising

(Presentation of group work of master class participants)

Summarizing

1 . Upon completion of the work, each is awarded the title:

guide,

researcher,

journalist.

2. Joint practical work

The emblem of the local history circle. In order to keep memories of visiting various interesting places in their memory for a long time, people usually acquire objects with the image of some objects of the area they have visited. Together with you, we will collect the emblem of our educational institution. Assembling the emblem of the high school from the mosaic

№ 1. Each group has a puzzle piece on the table for a single drawing.(We glue it on a large Whatman paper).

So I think that after our master class you have an idea of ​​what the work of a museum worker is. After your own attempts to describe the exhibit, compose a story about it and apply it during the tour, you will remember it for a long time.

Reflection

Game "Suitcase of WISHES"

To each participant in turn: all the participants of the group at parting collect a “suitcase of wishes”, putting in it the exhibits with which they worked. Everyone speaks out and necessarily expresses his admiration for the positive aspects of the personality and formulates his wishes.

What did you get from the master class?

Were your hopes justified?

Thank you very much for your work.

One thing is undeniable:

Even if you don't go out into the white light,

And in the field outside the outskirts, -

While you are following someone,

The road will not be remembered.

But wherever you go

And what a mess

The road that he was looking for

Forever will not be forgotten.

I want you to pass everything you hear through your heart, then everything will work out for you.

Tapered at the top, wide, rounded at the bottom

satisfies.

Milk storage

Tapered to the top, wide rounded bottom

satisfies.

Milk storage

satisfies.

Milk storage

trades

Tapered at the top, wide, rounded at the bottom

satisfies.

Milk storage

Tapered at the top, wide, rounded at the bottom

satisfies.

Milk storage

Narrow, self-woven from colored threads

satisfies.

Wearing clothes

wide round shape

satisfies.

For food

Pen with handle, square ink bottle with pen stand

satisfies.

Writing texts

letter

Copy

school opening

"Old Drogs"

Book with illustrations of the city

satisfies.

Exploring the history of the city

Stone with a hole inside for a handle

satisfies.

Skin processing

Stone tool: To.II- earlyI1000 BC, Levki village, Starodorozhsky district, during field work of students

Book "Old Roads": a gift from a history teacher Stanilevich I.M.

Letter of request to open a school:

Pen with inkwell: To.XIX- earlyXXcentury, student gift

Pottery bowl: To.XIX- earlyXXcentury, a gift to the museum from a local resident of the village of Starye Dorogi

Belt woven: earlyXXcentury, a gift to the museum from a local resident of the village of Zaluzhye

Cap:

Letters from the front:

K. Tsvirko:

A. Usenya: