Radar control of airspace. Coursework: The principle of building an air traffic control radar. Requirements for premises for the operation of a PC

BC/ NW 2015 № 2 (27): 13 . 2

AIRSPACE CONTROL THROUGH SPACE

Klimov F.N., Kochev M. Yu., Garkin E.V., Lunkov A.P.

High-precision air attack weapons, such as cruise missiles and unmanned attack aircraft, in the process of their development began to have a long range of 1,500 to 5,000 kilometers. The low visibility of such targets during the flight requires their detection and identification on the acceleration trajectory. It is possible to fix such a target at a long distance, either by over-the-horizon radar stations (OG radars), or using satellite-based radar or optical systems.

Attack drones and cruise missiles fly most often at speeds close to those of passenger aircraft, therefore, an attack by such means can be disguised as normal air traffic. This puts before the airspace control systems the task of detecting and identifying such means of attack from the moment of launch and at the maximum distance from the lines of effective destruction of them by means of VKS. To solve this problem, it is necessary to apply all existing and developed airspace control and surveillance systems, including over-the-horizon radars and satellite constellations.

The launch of a cruise missile or attack unmanned aircraft can be carried out from the torpedo tube of a patrol boat, from the external suspension of the aircraft or from a launcher disguised as a standard sea container located on a civilian dry cargo ship, car trailer, railway platform. The satellites of the missile attack warning system already today record and track the coordinates of launches of unmanned aircraft or cruise missiles in the mountains and in the ocean using the engine torch in the acceleration section. Consequently, the satellites of the missile attack warning system need to monitor not only the territory of a potential enemy, but also the waters of the oceans and continents globally.

The placement of radar systems on satellites to control the aerospace space today is associated with technological and financial difficulties. But in modern conditions, such a new technology as broadcast automatic dependent surveillance (ADS-B) can be used to control the airspace via satellites. Information from commercial aircraft using the ADS-B system can be collected using satellites by placing on board receivers operating at ADS-B frequencies and repeaters of the received information to ground-based airspace control centers. Thus, it is possible to create a global field of electronic surveillance of the planet's airspace. Satellite constellations can become sources of flight information about aircraft in fairly large areas.

Information about the airspace coming from the ADS-B system receivers located on satellites makes it possible to control aircraft over the oceans and in the folds of the mountain ranges of the continents. This information will allow us to isolate the means of air attack from the flow of commercial aircraft with their subsequent identification.

ADS-B identification information on commercial aircraft coming through satellites will create an opportunity to reduce the risks of terrorist attacks and sabotage in our time. In addition, such information will make it possible to detect emergency aircraft and aviation accident sites in the ocean far from the coast.

Let us evaluate the possibility of using various satellite systems for receiving aircraft flight information using the ADS-B system and relaying this information to ground-based airspace control systems. Modern aircraft transmit flight information using the ADS-B system using on-board transponders with a power of 20 W at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

The ADS-B system operates at frequencies that freely penetrate the Earth's ionosphere. The transmitters of the ADS-B system located on board the aircraft have limited power, therefore, the receivers located on board the satellites must have sufficient sensitivity.

Using the energy calculation of the Samolet-Sputnik satellite communication line, we can estimate the maximum range at which the satellite can receive information from aircraft. The peculiarity of the used satellite line is the restrictions on the weight, overall dimensions and power consumption of both the onboard transponder of the aircraft and the onboard satellite repeater.

To determine the maximum range at which it is possible to receive messages by the ADS-B satellite, we will use the well-known equation for the line of satellite communication systems on the ground-satellite section:

Where

is the effective signal power at the transmitter output ;

is the effective signal power at the receiver input;

– transmitting antenna gain;

– slant range from the spacecraft to the receiving AP;

-wavelength on the line "DOWN"

waves on the "Down" line;

is the effective aperture area of ​​the transmitting antenna;

is the transmission coefficient of the waveguide path between the transmitter and the SC antenna;

– efficiency of the waveguide path between the receiver and the ES antenna;

Transforming the formula, we find the slant range at which the satellite can receive flight information:

d = .

We substitute in the formula the parameters corresponding to the standard onboard transponder and the receiving trunk of the satellite. As calculations show, the maximum transmission range on the aircraft-satellite link is 2256 km. Such a slant transmission range on the aircraft-to-satellite link is possible only when operating through low-orbit constellations of satellites. At the same time, we use standard aircraft equipment without complicating the requirements for commercial aircraft.

The ground station for receiving information has significantly smaller restrictions on weight and dimensions than the onboard equipment of satellites and aircraft. Such a station can be equipped with more sensitive receivers and high gain antennas. Therefore, the communication range on the satellite-to-ground link depends only on the conditions of the line of sight of the satellite.

Using data from the orbits of satellite constellations, we can estimate the maximum slant range of communication between a satellite and a ground receiving station using the formula:

,

where H is the height of the satellite orbit;

is the radius of the Earth's surface.

The results of calculations of the maximum slant range for points at different geographical latitudes are presented in Table 1.

The maximum transmission range on the aircraft-to-satellite link is less than the maximum slant range on the satellite-to-ground link of the Orbkom, Iridium and Gonets satellite systems. The maximum data slant range is closest to the calculated maximum data transmission range for the Orbcom satellite system.

Calculations show that it is possible to create an airspace surveillance system using satellite relaying of ADS-B messages from aircraft to ground-based flight information processing centers. Such a surveillance system will increase the range of controlled space from a ground station to 4,500 kilometers without the use of inter-satellite communications, which will increase the airspace control area. By using inter-satellite communication channels, we will be able to control the airspace globally.

Fig. 1 "Airspace control using satellites"

Fig. 2 "Airspace control with inter-satellite communication"

The proposed method of airspace control allows:

Expand the coverage area of ​​the airspace control system, including the waters of the oceans and the territory of mountain ranges up to 4500 km from the receiving ground station;

When using an inter-satellite communication system, it is possible to control the airspace of the Earth globally;

Receive flight information from aircraft regardless of foreign airspace surveillance systems;

Select air objects tracked by the overhead radar according to the degree of their danger at the far detection lines.

Literature:

1. Fedosov E.A. "Half a century in aviation". M: Bustard, 2004.

2. “Satellite communications and broadcasting. Directory. Edited by L.Ya.Kantor. M: Radio and communication, 1988.

3. Andreev V.I. “Order of the Federal Air Transport Service of the Russian Federation dated October 14, 1999 No. No. 80 "On the creation and implementation of a system of broadcasting automatic dependent surveillance in the civil aviation of Russia."

4. Traskovsky A. "Moscow's aviation mission: the basic principle of safe management." "Aviapanorama". 2008. No. 4.

The invention relates to the field of radar and can be used in the development of advanced radars. Achievable technical result is to increase the reliability of object detection. To do this, in the well-known method of controlling the airspace, which consists in reviewing it with the help of a radar, they additionally receive the reflected energy of an external radio-electronic means (RES), determine the boundaries of the zone in which the ratio of the energy of the RES reflected by the object to noise is greater than the threshold value, and the radar signal is emitted only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected.

The invention relates to the field of radar and can be used in the development of advanced radars. To ensure airspace control, it is necessary to detect an object with high reliability and measure its coordinates with the required accuracy. There is a known method for detecting an object using passive multi-position systems that use the irradiation of an object due to the energy of external radio electronic means (RES), such as television centers or even sources of a natural nature: lightning, the sun, some stars. Detection of an object and measurement of its coordinates in this method is carried out by receiving the energy (signals) of external sources reflected by the object at spaced points and joint processing of the received signals. The advantage of this method is that its operation does not require the expenditure of energy to irradiate the object. In addition, it is known that the effective scattering area of ​​an object with bistatic transmission radar in the zone of existence of the transmission effect is 3-4 orders of magnitude larger compared to monostatic. This means that an object can be detected when it is irradiated by a relatively low energy level of the RES. The disadvantages of the method are as follows: - to implement the method, it is necessary to have several spaced receiving positions with a communication system between them, since if there is one position, only a sign of the presence of an object can be detected, and at least three are needed to measure its coordinates; - only RES with a signal having a spectrum width sufficient to ensure the resolution of objects in range can be used; - it is impossible to ensure the control of the entire space when using RES with a real energy potential, because it is impossible to provide the required ratio of the RES energy reflected by the object / noise at an arbitrary position of the object in the controlled space, since, as shown in (graphs in Fig. 3, p. 426), the transmission effect operates at diffraction angles of approximately 6 degrees. The closest technical solution is a method for monitoring airspace using a radar, when a probing signal is emitted sequentially in all directions of the controlled space and, according to the signal received by the reflected object, it is detected and its coordinates are measured. As a rule, a radar with a needle-shaped antenna pattern in the S-band is used for this, for example, the RAT-31S radar (Radioelectronics abroad, 1980, 17, p. 23). The disadvantage of this method is that even with a needle beam, the energy concentration when viewing each direction is insufficient to detect an inconspicuous object, since in a short viewing period (several seconds) it is required to examine the controlled space, consisting of thousands of directions. This reduces the reliability of object detection. It can be increased by increasing the concentration of energy in the examined direction by increasing the potential of the radar. For mobile radars, this is not possible. An increase in the concentration of energy in the examined direction while maintaining energy can be achieved by reducing the number of inspection directions, which is also not possible, because shortcuts will get out of control. The present invention is aimed at solving the problem of increasing the reliability of object detection while maintaining the energy potential of the radar. The problem is solved by reducing the number of inspection directions with the help of radar in those areas of space, when the object is located, reliable reception of the energy of external RES reflected by it is ensured. This result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of airspace control, which consists in its review with the help of a radar, according to the invention, the reflected energy of an external radio electronic means (RES) is additionally received, the boundaries of the zone are determined in which the ratio of the RES energy reflected by the object to noise is greater than the threshold value , and emit a radar signal only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected. The essence of the invention is as follows. A specific RES with known parameters is determined, the energy of which will be used to detect an object (for example, a television, communications satellite or ground-based RES). The value of the ratio of the energy of the RES reflected by the object / noise (i.e., the signal-to-noise ratio) at the reception point is determined by the formula (LZ, formula 1, p. 425): where Q= P C /P W - signal-to-noise ratio; P T - average power of the RES transmitter; G T , G R are the gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively; - wavelength; - generalized losses; ( B , Г)) - RCS of the object for a two-position system as a function of the diffraction angles B and Г; F(,) F(,) - DN of transmitting and receiving antennas; R W - average noise power in the band of the receiving device, taking into account the detection threshold; R T , R R - distance from the RES and the receiving device to the object, respectively. For a Q value exceeding the threshold value, i.e. providing the required reliability of detection of the RES energy reflected by the object, the boundary values ​​B , Г are determined, which are taken as the boundaries of the zone, when the object is located in which the ratio of the RES energy reflected by the object / noise is greater than the threshold value. In the case of using a stable operating RES, the zone where Q exceeds the threshold value can be determined experimentally by collecting statistics when reviewing the zone simultaneously in the passive mode and using the radar. At the same time, the boundaries of the zone are determined, in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected with the required reliability by the object detected by the radar. After determining the boundaries, the zone is inspected in a passive mode using a receiving antenna in the frequency range of the selected REF in a known way (see, for example,), the radar is not used to view this zone. upon detection in a certain direction o , o , entering the zone, the energy of the RES reflected by the object, they decide to detect in this direction a sign of the location of the object and emit a radar signal in this direction, in the active mode they detect the object and measure its coordinates. Thus, the number of directions surveyed by the radar will be reduced; due to this, the concentration of radar energy can be increased when examining the directions of space, which will increase the reliability of object detection. It should be noted that the energy of the external RES in the present invention is used only to detect a sign of the presence of an object, in contrast, for example, to the method described in where it is used to detect an object and measure its coordinates. This eliminates the main disadvantages of the method of using an external RES, noted in , and reduces the requirements for the radiation parameters of the RES.

Claim

A method for monitoring airspace, which consists in its review with the help of a radar, characterized in that it additionally receives the energy of an external radio-electronic means (RES) reflected by an object, determines the boundaries of the zone in which the ratio of the RES energy reflected by the object to noise is greater than the threshold value, and emits a radar signal only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected.

Other changes related to registered inventions

Changes: The transfer of the exclusive right was registered without concluding an agreement Date and number of the state registration of the transfer of the exclusive right: 03/12/2010 / RP0000606 Patent holder: Open Joint Stock Company "Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments"
Former patent holder: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Research Institute of Measuring Instruments"

Number and year of publication of the bulletin: 30-2003

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SCIENCE AND MILITARY SECURITY No. 1/2007, pp. 28-33

UDC 621.396.96

THEM. ANOSHKIN,

Head of Department of the Scientific Research Institute

Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher

The principles of construction are given and the capabilities of advanced multi-position air defense radar systems are evaluated, which will allow the armed forces of the United States and its allies to solve qualitatively new tasks of covert surveillance and airspace control.

The constant growth of requirements for the volume and quality of radar information about the air and interference situation, ensuring high security of information assets from the effects of enemy electronic warfare forces foreign military specialists not only to look for new technical solutions in the creation of various components of radar stations (RLS), which are the main information sensors in air defense systems, air traffic control, etc., but also to develop new non-traditional areas in this field of development and creation of military equipment.

One of these promising areas is multi-position radar. Research and development carried out by the United States and a number of NATO countries (Great Britain, France, Germany) in this area are aimed at improving the information content, noise immunity and survivability of radar facilities and systems for various purposes through the use of bistatic and multi-position modes of operation in their work. In addition, it provides reliable monitoring of low-observable air targets (ATs), including cruise missiles and aircraft manufactured using the Stealth technology, operating under conditions of electronic and fire suppression by the enemy, as well as reflections from the underlying surface and local items. A multi-position radar system (MPRS) should be understood as a set of transmitting and receiving points that ensure the creation of a radar field with the required parameters. The basis of the MPRS (as its separate cells) are bistatic radars as part of a transmitter - receiver, spaced apart in space. When the transmitters are turned off, such a system, in the presence of appropriate communication lines between receiving points, can operate in a passive mode, determining the coordinates of objects emitting electromagnetic waves.

To ensure increased secrecy of the operation of such systems in combat conditions, various principles of their construction are considered: ground, air, space and mixed basing options that use probing radiation from standard radars, enemy active jammers, as well as radio engineering systems (Fig. 1), unconventional for radar (television and radio broadcasting transmitting stations, various systems and means of communication, etc.). The most intensive work in this direction is carried out in the United States.

The ability to have a radar field system that coincides with the coverage field formed by the illumination zones of television, radio broadcasting transmitting stations (RTPS), cellular telephone base stations, etc., is due to the fact that the height of their antenna towers can reach 50 ... 250 m , and the omnidirectional illumination zone formed by them is pressed against the surface of the earth. The simplest recalculation using the line-of-sight range formula shows that aircraft flying at extremely low altitudes fall into the field of illumination of such transmitters, starting from a distance of 50 - 80 km.

Unlike combined (monostatic) radars, the detection zone of MPRS targets, in addition to the energy potential and radar surveillance conditions, largely depends on the geometry of their construction, the number and relative position of transmitting and receiving points. The concept of "maximum detection range" here is a value that cannot be unambiguously determined by the energy potential, as is the case for combined radars. The maximum detection range of the EC of a bistatic radar as a unit cell of the MPRS is determined by the shape of the Cassini oval (lines of constant signal-to-noise ratios), which corresponds to a family of isodality curves or lines of constant total ranges (ellipses) that determine the position of the target on the oval (Fig. 2) in in accordance with the expression

The radar equation for determining the maximum range of a bistatic radar is

Where rl,r2 - distances from the transmitter to the target and from the target to the receiver;

Pt- transmitter power, W;

G t, GT- gains of the transmitting and receiving antennas;

Pmin - limiting sensitivity of the receiving device;

k- Boltzmann's constant;

v1, v2 - loss coefficients during propagation of radio waves on the way from the transmitter to the target and from the target to the receiver.

The area of ​​the detection zone of the MPRS, consisting of one transmitting and several receiving points (or vice versa), can significantly exceed the area of ​​the detection zone of an equivalent combined radar.

It should be noted that the value of the effective scattering area (ESR) in a bistatic radar for the same target differs from its RCS measured in a single-position radar. When it approaches the base line (transmitter-receiver line) L there is an effect of a sharp increase in RCS (Fig. 3), and the maximum value of the latter is observed when the target is on the base line and is determined by the formula

Where A - cross-sectional area of ​​the object, perpendicular to the direction of propagation of radio waves, m;

λ - wavelength, m.

The use of this effect makes it possible to more effectively detect low-profile targets, including those made using the Stealth technology. A multi-position radar system can be implemented on the basis of various options for the geometry of its construction using both mobile and stationary reception points.

The concept of MPRS has been developed in the United States since the early 1950s in the interest of using them to solve various problems, primarily the control of aerospace. The work carried out was mainly theoretical, and in some cases experimental. Interest in multi-position radar systems arose again in the late 1990s with the advent of high-performance computers and complex signal processing tools (radar, jamming, radio and television transmitting stations, mobile radio signals, etc.), capable of processing large amounts of radar information to achieve acceptable accuracy characteristics of such systems. In addition, the advent of the GPS (Global Position System) space radio navigation system makes it possible to perform accurate topographical positioning and tight time synchronization of MPRS elements, which is a necessary condition for signal correlation processing in such systems. Radar characteristics of signals emitted by television (TV) and frequency modulated (FM) broadcasting transmitting stations with radiotelephone stations of cellular GSM communication are shown in Table 1.

The main characteristic of radio signals from the point of view of their use in radar systems is their uncertainty function (time-frequency mismatch function or the so-called "uncertainty body"), which determines the resolution in terms of delay time (range) and Doppler frequency (radial velocity). In general, it is described by the following expression

On fig. Figures 4-5 show the uncertainty functions of television image and sound signals, VHF FM radio signals, and digital broadband audio broadcasting signals.

As follows from the analysis of the above dependences, the uncertainty function of the TV image signal has a multi-peak character, due to its frame and line periodicity. The continuous nature of the TV signal makes it possible to carry out frequency selection of echo signals with high accuracy, however, the presence of frame periodicity in it leads to the appearance of interfering components in its mismatch function, following after 50 Hz. A change in the average brightness of the transmitted TV image leads to a change in the average radiation power and a change in the level of the main and side peaks of its time-frequency mismatch function. An important advantage of the TV sound signal and frequency-modulated VHF broadcasting signals is the single-peak nature of their uncertainty bodies, which facilitates the resolution of echo signals both in terms of delay time and Doppler frequency. However, their nonstationarity over the spectrum width has a strong influence on the shape and width of the central peak of the uncertainty functions.

Such signals in the traditional sense are not intended for solving radar problems, since they do not provide the required resolution and accuracy in determining the coordinates of targets. However, joint real-time processing of signals emitted by various different types of means, reflected from the computer center and simultaneously received at several receiving points, makes it possible to provide the required accuracy characteristics of the system as a whole. To do this, it is planned to use new adaptive algorithms for digital processing of radar information and the use of high-performance computing tools of a new generation.

A feature of MPRS with external target illumination transmitters is the presence of powerful direct (penetrating) transmitter signals, the level of which can be 40 - 90 dB higher than the level of signals reflected from targets. To reduce the interfering effect of penetrating transmitter signals and re-reflections from the underlying surface and local objects in order to expand the detection zone, it is necessary to apply special measures: spatial rejection of interfering signals, auto-compensation methods with frequency-selective feedback at high and intermediate frequencies, suppression at video frequency, etc.

Despite the fact that work in this direction was carried out over a fairly long period, only recently, after the appearance of relatively inexpensive ultra-fast digital processors that allow processing large amounts of information, for the first time there was a real opportunity to create experimental samples that meet modern tactical and technical requirements.

Over the past fifteen years, specialists from the American company Lockheed Martin have been developing a promising three-coordinate radar system for detecting and tracking air targets based on multi-position construction principles, which was called Silent Sentry.

It has fundamentally new capabilities for covert monitoring of the air situation. The system does not have its own transmitting devices, which makes it possible to work in a passive mode and does not allow the enemy to determine the location of its elements by means of electronic intelligence. The covert use of the Silent Sentry MPRS is also facilitated by the absence of rotating elements and antennas with mechanical scanning of the antenna pattern in its receiving points. As the main sources that provide the formation of probing signals and illumination of targets, continuous signals with amplitude and frequency modulation are used, emitted by television and radio broadcasting ultra-short-wave transmitting stations, as well as signals from other radio equipment located in the coverage area of ​​the system, including air defense and control radars. air traffic, radio beacons, means of navigation, communications, etc. The principles of combat use of the Silent Sentry system are shown in fig. 6.

According to the developers, the system will allow to simultaneously accompany a large number of ATs, the number of which will be limited only by the capabilities of radar information processing devices. At the same time, the throughput of the Silent Sentry system (compared to traditional radar facilities, in which this indicator largely depends on the parameters of the radar antenna system and signal processing devices) will not be limited by the parameters of antenna systems and receiving devices. In addition, compared to conventional radars that provide a detection range of low-flying targets up to 40 - 50 km, the Silent Sentry system will allow them to be detected and tracked at ranges up to 220 km due to a higher power level of signals emitted by television and radio broadcasting transmitters. stations (tens of kilowatts in continuous mode), and by placing their antenna devices on special towers (up to 300 m or more) and natural heights (hills and mountains) to ensure the maximum possible zones of reliable reception of television and radio programs. Their radiation pattern is pressed to the surface of the earth, which also improves the system's ability to detect low-flying targets.

The first experimental sample of the mobile receiving module of the system, which includes four containers with the same type of computing units (0.5X0.5X0.5 m each) and an antenna system (9X2.5 m), was created at the end of 1998. In the case of their serial production, the cost of one receiving module of the system will be, depending on the composition of the means used, from 3 to 5 million dollars.

A stationary version of the receiving module of the Silent Sentry system has also been created, the characteristics of which are given in Table. 2. It uses a larger phased array antenna (PAA) than the mobile version, as well as computing facilities that provide twice the performance of the mobile version. The antenna system is mounted on the side surface of the building, the flat headlight of which is directed towards the international airport. J.Washington in Baltimore (at a distance of about 50 km from the transmitting point).

The composition of a separate receiving module of a stationary type of the Silent Sentry system includes:

antenna system with phased array (linear or flat) of the target channel, which provides reception of signals reflected from targets;

antennas of "reference" channels, providing reception of direct (reference) signals from target illumination transmitters;

a receiving device with a large dynamic range and systems for suppressing interfering signals from target illumination transmitters;

analog-to-digital converter of radar signals;

a high-performance digital processor for processing radar information manufactured by Silicon Graphics, which provides real-time data output of at least 200 air targets;

air situation display devices;

a background-target environment analysis processor that optimizes the selection at each specific moment of operation of certain types of probing radiation signals and target illumination transmitters located in the system coverage area in order to obtain the maximum signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the radar information processing device;

means of registration, recording and storage of information;

training and simulation equipment;

means of autonomous power supply.

The receiving phased array includes several subarrays developed on the basis of existing types of commercial antenna systems for various ranges and purposes. As experimental samples, conventional television antenna devices are additionally included in it. One PAA receiving cloth is capable of providing a field of view in the azimuth sector up to 105 degrees, and in the elevation sector up to 50 degrees, and the most effective level of reception of signals reflected from targets is provided in the azimuth sector up to 60 degrees. To ensure overlapping of the circular view area in azimuth, it is possible to use several PAR canvases.

The appearance of the antenna systems, the receiving device and the screen of the situation display device of the stationary and mobile versions of the receiving module of the Silent Sentry system is shown in Figure 7. The system was tested in real conditions in March 1999 (Fort Stewart, Georgia). This provided observation (detection, tracking, determination of spatial coordinates, speed and acceleration) in a passive mode for various aerodynamic and ballistic targets.

The main task of further work on the creation of the Silent Sentry system is currently associated with improving its capabilities, in particular, introducing it into the target recognition mode. This problem is partially solved in already created samples, but not in real time. In addition, a version of the system is being worked out, in which it is planned to use airborne radars of early warning and control aircraft as target illumination transmitters.

In the UK, work in the field of multi-position radar systems for this purpose has been carried out since the late 1980s. Various experimental models of bistatic radar systems were developed and deployed, the receiving modules of which were deployed in the area of ​​London Heathrow Airport (Fig. 8). As target illumination transmitters, regular radio and television transmitting stations and air traffic control radars were used. In addition, experimental models of forward-scattering Doppler radars were developed that use the effect of an increase in the RCS of targets as they approach the base line of a bistatic system with television illumination. Research in the field of creating MPRS using radio and television transmitting stations as sources of exposure to CC was carried out at the research institute of the Norwegian Ministry of Defense, as reported at a session of leading Norwegian institutions and developers on promising projects for the creation and development of new radio-electronic military equipment and technologies in June 2000 G.

Base stations of mobile cellular communications of the decimeter wavelength range can also be used as sources of signals sounding the airspace. Work in this direction to create their own versions of passive radar systems is carried out by specialists from the German company Siemens, the British firms Roke Manor Research and BAE Systems, and the French space agency ONERA.

It is planned to determine the location of the CC by calculating the phase difference of the signals emitted by several base stations, the coordinates of which are known with high accuracy. In this case, the main technical problem is to ensure the synchronization of such measurements within a few nanoseconds. It is supposed to be solved by applying the technologies of highly stable time standards (atomic clocks installed on board spacecraft), developed during the creation of the Navstar space radio navigation system.

Such systems will have a high level of survivability, since during their operation there are no signs of the use of mobile telephone base stations as radar transmitters. If the enemy is somehow able to establish this fact, he will be forced to destroy all transmitters of the telephone network, which seems unlikely, given the current scale of their deployment. It is practically impossible to identify and destroy the receiving devices of such radar systems using technical means, since during their operation they use the signals of a standard mobile telephone network. The use of jammers, according to the developers, will also turn out to be ineffective due to the fact that in the operation of the MPRS options under consideration, a mode is possible in which the REB devices themselves turn out to be additional sources of illumination of air targets.

In October 2003, Roke Manor Research demonstrated a version of the Celldar passive radar system (short for Cellular phone radar) to the leadership of the British Ministry of Defense during military exercises at the Salisbury Plain training ground. The cost of a demonstration prototype, consisting of two conventional parabolic antennas, two mobile phones (acting as "cells") and a PC with an analog-to-digital converter, amounted to a little more than 3 thousand dollars. According to foreign experts, the military department of any country with a developed infrastructure mobile telephony, capable of creating a similar
nye radar systems. In this case, telephone network transmitters can be used without the knowledge of their operators. It will be possible to expand the capabilities of systems like Celldar through auxiliary tools, such as, for example, acoustic sensors.

Thus, the creation and adoption of multi-position radar systems of the Silent Sentry or Celldar type will allow the armed forces of the United States and its allies to solve qualitatively new tasks of covert surveillance and control of airspace in zones of possible armed conflicts in certain regions of the world. In addition, they can be involved in solving the problems of air traffic control, combating the spread of drugs, etc.

As the experience of wars of the last 15 years shows, traditional air defense systems have low noise immunity and survivability, primarily from the impact of high-precision weapons. Therefore, the disadvantages of active radar should be neutralized as much as possible by additional means - passive means of reconnaissance of targets at low and extremely low altitudes. The development of multi-position radar systems using the external radiation of various radio equipment was quite actively carried out in the USSR, especially in the last years of its existence. Currently, in a number of CIS countries, theoretical and experimental studies on the creation of MPRS are continuing. It should be noted that similar work in this area of ​​radar is being carried out by domestic specialists. In particular, an experimental bistatic radar "Pole" was created and successfully tested, where radio and television transmitting stations are used as target illumination transmitters.

LITERATURE

1. Jane's Defense Equipment (Electronic Library of Armaments of the Countries of the World), 2006 - 2007.

2. Peter B. Davenport. Using Multistatic Passive Radar for Real-Time Detection of UFO"S in the Near-Earth Environment. - Copyright 2004. - National UFO Reporting Center, Seattle, Washington .

3. H. D. Griffiths. Bistatic and Multistatic Radar. - University College London, Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering. Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.

4 Jonathan Bamak, Dr. Gregory Baker, Ann Marie Cunningham, Lorraine Martin. Silent Sentry™ Passive Surveillance // Aviation Week&Space Technology. - June 7, 1999. - P.12.

5. Rare Access: http://www.roke.co/. uk/sensors/stealth/celldar.asp.

6. Karshakevich D. The phenomenon of the "Field" radar // Army. - 2005 - No. 1. - S. 32 - 33.

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I reported to the President that the Aerospace Forces, in accordance with the program for rearmament of the army and navy, adopted in 2012, have already received 74 new radar stations. This is a lot, and at first glance, the state of radar reconnaissance of the country's airspace looks good. However, serious unresolved problems remain in this area in Russia.

Effective radar reconnaissance and airspace control are indispensable conditions for ensuring the military security of any country and the safety of air traffic in the sky above it.

In Russia, the solution to this problem is entrusted to the radar of the Ministry of Defense and.

Until the early 1990s, the systems of military and civilian departments developed independently and practically self-sufficiently, which required serious financial, material and other resources.

However, the conditions for airspace control became more and more complicated due to the increasing intensity of flights, especially by foreign airlines and small aircraft, as well as due to the introduction of a notification procedure for the use of airspace and the low level of equipping civil aviation with transponders of the unified state radar identification system.

The control over flights in the “lower” airspace (zone G according to the international classification), including over megacities and especially in the Moscow zone, has become more complicated. At the same time, the activities of terrorist organizations that are capable of organizing terrorist attacks using aircraft have intensified.

The emergence of qualitatively new means of observation also has an impact on the airspace control system: new dual-purpose radars, over-the-horizon radars and automatic dependent surveillance (ADS), when, in addition to secondary radar information from the observed aircraft, the controller receives parameters directly from the aircraft’s navigation instruments, and etc.

In order to streamline all available surveillance equipment, in 1994 it was decided to create a unified system of radar facilities of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport within the framework of the federal system of reconnaissance and airspace control of the Russian Federation (FSR and KVP).

The first regulatory document that laid the foundation for the creation of the FSR and KVP was the corresponding decree of 1994.

According to the document, it was an interagency dual-use system. The purpose of creating the FSR and KVP was declared to be the unification of the efforts of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport to effectively solve the problems of air defense and traffic control in Russian airspace.

As work progressed to create such a system from 1994 to 2006, three more presidential decrees and several government decrees were issued. This period of time was spent mainly on the creation of regulatory legal documents on the principles for the coordinated use of civil and military radars (Ministry of Defense and Rosaviatsia).

From 2007 to 2015, work on the FSR and KVP was carried out through the State Armaments Program and a separate federal target program (FTP) "Improvement of the federal system of reconnaissance and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (2007-2015)". The head executor of work on the implementation of the FTP was approved. According to experts, the amount of funds allocated for this was at the level of the minimum allowable, but work has finally begun.

State support made it possible to overcome the negative trends of the 1990s and early 2000s to reduce the country's radar field and create several fragments of a unified automated radar system (ERLS).

Until 2015, the area of ​​airspace controlled by the Russian Armed Forces was growing steadily, while the required level of air traffic safety was maintained.

All the main activities provided for by the FTP were carried out within the established indicators, but it did not provide for the completion of work on the creation of a unified radar system (ERLS). Such a system of reconnaissance and airspace control was deployed only in certain parts of Russia.

At the initiative of the Ministry of Defense and with the support of the Federal Air Transport Agency, proposals were developed to continue the actions of the program that had been launched, but not completed, in order to fully deploy a unified system of intelligence control and airspace control over the entire territory of the country.

At the same time, the "Concept of Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2016 and beyond", approved by the President of Russia on April 5, 2006, provides for the full-scale deployment of a unified federal system by the end of last year.

However, the corresponding FTP ended in 2015. Therefore, back in 2013, following the results of a meeting on the implementation of the State Armament Program for 2011-2020, the President of Russia instructed the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport, together with and to submit proposals for amending the Federal Target Program “Improving the federal system of reconnaissance and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (2007- 2015)" with the extension of this program until 2020.

The corresponding proposals were to be ready by November 2013, but Vladimir Putin's order was never fulfilled, and work to improve the federal system of reconnaissance and airspace control has not been funded since 2015.

The previously adopted FTP has expired, and the new one has not yet been approved.

Previously, the coordination of relevant work between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport was entrusted to the Interdepartmental Commission on the Use and Control of Airspace, formed by presidential decree, which was abolished back in 2012. After the liquidation of this body, there was simply no one to analyze and develop the necessary legal framework.

Moreover, in 2015, the position of general designer was no longer in the federal system of reconnaissance and airspace control. The coordination of the bodies of the SDF and the CVP at the state level has actually ceased.

At the same time, competent experts now recognize the need to improve this system by creating a promising integrated dual-purpose radar (IRLS DN) and combining the FSR and KVP with an aerospace attack reconnaissance and warning system.

The new dual-use system should have, first of all, the advantages of a single information space, and this is possible only on the basis of solving many technical and technological problems.

The need for such measures is also evidenced by the complication of the military-political situation, and the increased threats from aerospace in modern warfare, which have already led to the creation of a new branch of the armed forces - Aerospace.

In the aerospace defense system, the requirements for the FSR and KVP will only grow.

Among them is the provision of effective continuous control in the airspace of the state border along its entire length, especially in the likely directions of attack by means of aerospace attack - in the Arctic and in the southern direction, including the Crimean peninsula.

This necessarily requires new funding for the FSR and KVP through the relevant federal target program or in another form, the re-establishment of a coordinating body between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport, as well as the approval of new policy documents, for example, until 2030.

Moreover, if earlier the main efforts were aimed at solving the problems of airspace control in peacetime, then in the coming period, the tasks of warning about an air attack and information support for combat operations to repel missile and air strikes will become a priority.

- military observer of Gazeta.Ru, retired colonel.
Graduated from the Minsk Higher Engineering Anti-Aircraft Missile School (1976),
Military Command Academy of Air Defense (1986).
Commander of the S-75 anti-aircraft missile division (1980-1983).
Deputy commander of an anti-aircraft missile regiment (1986-1988).
Senior officer of the main headquarters of the Air Defense Forces (1988-1992).
Officer of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff (1992-2000).
Graduate of the Military Academy (1998).
Browser "" (2000-2003), editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Military Industrial Courier" (2010-2015).

Introduction

1. Theoretical part

1.1. General characteristics of ATC radar

1.2. Tasks and main parameters of the radar

1.3. Features of primary radars

1.4. Route surveillance radar "Rock - M"

1.5. Features of the functional units of the "Skala - M" radar

1.6. Patent Search

2. Safety and environmental friendliness of the project

2.1. Safe organization of the workplace of a PC engineer

2.2. Potentially dangerous and harmful production factors when working with a PC

2.3. Ensuring electrical safety when working with a PC

2.4 Electrostatic charges and their dangers

2.5. Ensuring electromagnetic safety

2.6. Requirements for premises for the operation of a PC

2.7. Microclimatic conditions

2.8. Noise and vibration requirements

2.9. . Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces with monitors and PC

2.10. Illumination calculation

2.11. Environmental friendliness of the project

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

Air traffic control (ATC) radar stations are the main means of collecting information about the air situation for the traffic controllers and a means of monitoring the progress of the flight plan, and also serve to issue additional information on the observed aircraft and the situation on the runway and taxiways. A separate group can be allocated to meteorological radars designed for the operational supply of command, flight and dispatch personnel with data on the meteorological situation.

The norms and recommendations of ICAO and the CMEA Standing Commission on the Radio Engineering and Electronics Industry provide for the division of radar equipment into primary and secondary. Often, primary radar stations (PRLS) and SRLS are combined according to the principle of functional use and are defined as a radar complex (RLC). However, the nature of the information obtained, especially the construction of the equipment, makes it possible to consider these stations separately.

Based on the foregoing, it is advisable to combine the radars into the following ORL-T trust surveillance radars with a maximum range of about 400 km;

ORL-TA route and air hub radars with a maximum range of about 250 km;

airfield surveillance radars ORL-A (versions B1, B2, V3) with a maximum range of 150, 80 and 46 km, respectively;

landing radars (PRL);

secondary radars (SRL);

combined surveillance and landing radars (OPRL);

airfield survey radars (OLP);

weather radars (SRL).

This course work discusses the principle of building an air traffic control radar.

1. Theoretical part

1.1. General characteristics of ATC radar

air traffic control radar

Third-generation radars are used in modern authorized air traffic control (ATC) systems (AS). The re-equipment of civil aviation enterprises usually takes a long period, therefore, at present, along with modern radars, radars of the second and even first generations are used. Radars of different generations differ, first of all, in the element base, methods of processing radar signals and protecting the radar from interference.

Radars of the first generation began to be widely used from the mid-60s. These include route radars of the P-35 type and airfield radars of the Ekran type. These radars are built on electrovacuum devices using hinged elements and volumetric mounting.

Second-generation radars began to be used in the late 60s and early 70s. Increasing requirements for sources of radar information of the ATC system have led to the fact that the radars of this generation have turned into complex multi-mode and multi-channel radar systems (RLC). The radar complex of the second generation consists of a radar with a built-in radar channel and primary information processing equipment (APOS). The second generation includes trust RLC "Rock" and airfield RLC "Irtysh". In these complexes, along with electrovacuum devices, solid-state elements, modules and micromodules in combination with mounting based on printed plates began to be widely used. The main scheme for constructing the primary channel of the RLC was a two-channel scheme with frequency spacing, which made it possible to increase reliability indicators and improve detection characteristics compared to the first generation radar. In the radar of the second generation, more advanced means of protection against interference began to be used.

Operating experience of the second generation radars and radars has shown that, in general, they do not fully meet the requirements of the ATC automated system. In particular, their significant disadvantages include the limited use of modern digital signal processing equipment in the equipment, the small dynamic range of the receiving path, etc. Radar and radar data are currently used in non-automated and automated ATC systems.

Primary radars and radars of the third generation began to be used in the civil aviation of our country as the main sources of radar information for ATC systems since 1979. The main requirement that determines the features of the radar and radar of the third generation is to ensure a stable level of false alarms at the output of the radar. This requirement is met due to the adaptive properties of the third generation primary radars. In adaptive radars, real-time analysis of the interference environment and automatic control of the radar operation mode are carried out. To this end, the entire radar coverage area is divided into cells, for each of which, as a result of the analysis for one or more review periods, a separate decision is made about the current level of interference. Adaptation of the radar to changes in the interference environment ensures the stabilization of the level of false alarms and reduces the risk of overloading the APOS and data transmission equipment to the ATC center.

The element base of the radar and radar of the third generation are integrated circuits. In modern radars, elements of computer technology and, in particular, microprocessors are beginning to be widely used, which serve as the basis for the technical implementation of adaptive systems for processing radar signals.

1.2. Tasks and main parameters of the radar

The purpose of the radar is to detect and determine the coordinates of aircraft (AC) in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the radar. Primary radar stations make it possible to detect and measure the slant range and azimuth of an aircraft using the active radar method, using radar sounding signals reflected from targets. They operate in pulse mode with a high (100 ... 1000) duty cycle. The all-round view of the controlled airspace is carried out using a rotating antenna with a highly directional bottom in the horizontal plane.

In table. 1 shows the main characteristics of surveillance radars and their numerical values, regulated by the CMEA-ICAO standards.

The radars under consideration have a significant number of common features and often perform similar operations. They are inherent in the identity of the structural schemes. Their main differences are due to various features of functional use in a hierarchically complex ATC system.

1.3. Features of primary radars

A typical block diagram of the primary radar (Fig. 1) consists of the following main units: antenna-feeder system (AFS) with a drive mechanism (MPA); an angular position sensor (ARS) and a side-lobe suppression channel (KP); transmitter (PRD) with automatic frequency control (AFC); receiver (Prm); signal extraction and processing equipment (AVOS) - in a number of modern and promising radar stations and complexes combined with a receiver into a signal processing processor; synchronizing device (SU), signal transmission path to external processing and display devices (TS); control indicating device (KM), usually operating in the "Analog" or "Synthetics" mode; built-in control systems (VSK).

The main antenna, which is part of the APS, is intended for the formation of a beam having a width of 30 ... 40º in the vertical plane, and a width of 1 ... 2 ° in the horizontal plane. The small width of the bottom in the horizontal plane provides the required level of resolution in azimuth. To reduce the influence of the detection range of the aircraft on the level of reflection from the target of the DND signals in the vertical plane, it often has a shape that obeys the Cosec 2 θ law, where θ is the elevation angle.

The interrogating antenna side-lobe suppression channel (when the radar is in active mode, i.e. when using the built-in or parallel operating SSR) is designed to reduce the likelihood of false alarms from the aircraft transponder. Structurally, the response sidelobe suppression system is simpler.

In most radars, APS uses two feeds, one of which provides aircraft detection at low altitudes, i.e., at low elevation angles. A feature of the RP in the vertical plane is the gradation of its configuration, especially in the lower part, which achieves a reduction in interference from local objects and the underlying surface. In order to increase the flexibility of the radar alignment, it is possible to change the maximum of the DP along the angle 9 within 0 ... 5º relative to the horizontal plane. The structure of the APS includes devices that allow you to change the polarization characteristics of the emitted and received signals. So, for example, the use of circular polarization makes it possible to attenuate by 15 ... 22 dB the signals reflected from meteorological formations.

The antenna reflector, made of a metal network, is close in shape to a truncated paraboloid of revolution. Modern air traffic control radars also use radio-transparent coatings that protect the APS from precipitation and wind loads. On the antenna reflector, the SSR antennas and the suppression channel antenna are mounted.

The antenna drive mechanism ensures its uniform rotation. The frequency of rotation of the antenna is determined by the requirements of information support for traffic controllers responsible for various stages of the flight. As a rule, options for a sectoral and circular view of space are provided.

The aircraft azimuth is determined by reading information in the coordinate system specified for the radar indicator device. Antenna angle sensors are designed to receive discrete or analog signals that are basic for the selected coordinate system.

The transmitter is designed to receive radio pulses with a duration of 1 ... 3 μs. The frequency range of operation is selected based on the purpose of the radar. In order to reduce losses caused by target fluctuations, increase the number of pulses reflected from the target in one survey, and also to combat blind speeds, two-frequency space sounding is used. In this case, the operating frequencies differ by 50 ... 100 MHz.

The temporal characteristics of the probing pulses depend on the functional use of the radar. In ORL-T, probing pulses with a duration of about 3 x are used, following with a repetition rate of 300 ... 400 Hz, and ORL-A have a pulse duration of not more than 1 μs at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The transmitter power does not exceed 5 MW.

To ensure the specified frequency accuracy of the generated microwave oscillations, as well as for the normal operation of the SDC circuit, an automatic frequency control device (AFC) is used. As a source of reference oscillations in AFC devices, a stable local local oscillator of the receiver is used. The speed of auto-tuning reaches a few megahertz per second, which makes it possible to reduce the effect of AFC on the efficiency of the SDC system. The value of the residual detuning of the real value of the frequency in relation to the nominal value does not exceed 0.1 ... 0.2 MHz.

Processing of signals according to a given algorithm is carried out in the receiving and analyzing device of the radar in the case when Pm and AVOS are practically indistinguishable.

In general, the receiver performs the functions of extracting, amplifying and converting the received echo signals. A feature of radar receivers is the presence of a low-noise high-frequency amplifier, which makes it possible to reduce the noise figure of the receiver and thereby increase the target detection range. The average value of the noise figure of the receivers is in the range of 2 ... 4 dB, and the sensitivity is 140 dB/W. The intermediate frequency is usually 30 MHz, double frequency conversion is practically not used in ATC radar, the gain of the IF is about 20 ... 25 dB. In some radars, in order to expand the dynamic range of input signals, amplifiers with LAH are used.

In turn, to narrow the range of input signals to the APOI, the AGC is used, as well as the VAR, which increases the gain of the IF when operating at the maximum detection ranges.

From the output of the IF, the signals go through the channels of the amplitude and phase

detection.

The equipment of temporary signal processing (ATOS) performs the function of filtering the useful signal against the background of interference. Unintentional interference from radio equipment located within a radius of up to 45 km from the radar has the highest intensity.

Hardware for combating electromagnetic interference includes special devices for switching and controlling RP, TVG circuits that reduce the dynamic range of input signals from nearby targets, blanking devices for the receiving-analyzing path, filters for synchronous and non-synchronous interference, etc.

An effective means of combating interference from targets that are stationary or slightly changing their position in space and time are moving target selection systems (MTS) that implement the methods of one- or two-fold inter-period compensation. In a number of modern radars, the moving target selection device (MTS) implements a digital processing algorithm in quadrature channels, having an interference suppression coefficient from stationary objects of 40 ... 43 dB, and from meteorological interference up to 23 dB.

ABOS output devices are parametric and non-parametric signal detectors that allow stabilizing the false alarm probability at the level of 10 -6 .

In digital signal processing, the ABOS is a specialized microprocessor.

1.4. Route surveillance radar "Rock - M"

The considered radar is a complex, which includes a radar and a secondary channel "Root". The radar is intended for monitoring and control and can be used both in automated air traffic control systems and in non-automated ATC centers.

The main parameters of the Skala-M radar are given below.

The block diagram of the Skala-M radar is shown in fig. 2. It includes a primary radar channel (PRC), a secondary radar channel (VRC), primary information processing equipment (APOS) and a switching device (CU).

The PRK includes: polarization devices PU; rotating transitions VP, two power addition units BSM1 (2); antenna switches AP1 (2, 3); Transmitter transmitters (2, 3); signal separation unit BRS; receivers Prm 1 (2, 3); moving target selection system SDC; FZO detection zone formation device and CI control indicator. The secondary radar channel includes: AVRL SSR antenna system; aircraft transponder type COM-64, used as a device that controls the operation of the VRK-SO; feeder device FU; a transceiver used in the "RBS" mode of the PP; SG matching device and receiving device used in ATC-PFP mode.

Retrieval and transmission of information is carried out using a broadband radio relay line SRL and a narrow-band transmission line ULP.

The primary channel of the radar is a two-channel device and operates at three fixed frequencies. The lower beam of the DND is formed by the feed of the main channel, and the upper beam is formed by the feed of the high-flying targets indication channel (HTI). The radar implements the possibility of simultaneous processing of information in coherent and amplitude modes, which makes it possible to optimize the coverage area shown in Fig. 3.

The boundaries of the detection zone are set depending on the interference situation. Their choice is determined by the pulses generated in the CI, which control the switching in the APOI and the video path.

Section 1 has a length of no more than 40 km. The information is formed using upper beam signals. In this case, the suppression of reflections from local objects in the near zone is 15 ... 20 dB.

In section 2, the upper beam signals are used when the receiving-analyzing device is operating in the amplitude mode and the lower beam signals processed in the SDC system, and the VGA is used in the lower beam channel, which has a dynamic range of 10 ... 15 dB more than in the upper channel beam, which provides control over the location of the aircraft, located at low elevation angles.

The second section ends at such a distance from the radar, at which the echo signals from local objects received by the lower beam have an insignificant level.

Site 3 uses the high beam signals and 4 uses the low beam signals. In the receiving-analyzing path, the amplitude processing mode is carried out.

The wobble of the radar launch frequency makes it possible to eliminate dips in the amplitude-velocity characteristic and eliminate the ambiguity of the reading. The frequency of repetition of probing signals is 1000 Hz for PRDS, and 330 Hz for the first two. The increased repetition rate improves the efficiency of the SDC by reducing the influence of fluctuations in local objects and antenna rotation.

The principle of operation of the PRK equipment is as follows.

The high frequency signals from the transmitters are fed through the antenna switches to the power combiners and further through the rotating joints and the polarization control device to the lower beam feed. Moreover, in sections 1 and 2 of the detection zone, the signals of the first transceiver are used, which arrive along the upper beam and have been processed in the SDC. At 3 - composite signals coming from both beams and processed in the amplitude channel of the first and second transceivers, and at 4 - signals from the first and second transceivers coming from the lower beam and processed in the amplitude channel. If any of the sets fails, its place is automatically taken by the third transceiver.

Power addition devices filter the echo signals received by the lower beam and, depending on the carrier frequency, transmit them through the AP to the corresponding receiving-analyzing devices. The latter have separate channels for processing the signals of the main beam and the beam of the high-flying target indication channel (HTI). The ITC channel works only for reception. Its signals pass through the polarization device and after the signal separation unit are fed to three receivers. The receivers are made according to the superheterodyne scheme. Amplification and processing of intermediate frequency signals are performed in a two-channel IF. In one channel, the signals of the upper beam are amplified and processed, in the other, the signals of the lower beam.

Each of the similar channels has two outputs: after amplitude processing of signals and at an intermediate frequency for phase detectors of the SDC system. On phase detectors, in-phase and quadrature components are distinguished.

After the SDC, the signals arrive at the APOI, are combined with the signals of the RMS and then fed to the equipment for displaying and processing radar information. In the ATC AS, the CX-1000 extractor can be used as a POI. and as broadcasting devices, CH-2054 modems.

The secondary radar channel provides receiving positional and additional information from aircraft equipped with transponders in ATC or RBS modes. The form of signals in the request mode is determined by the ICAO standards, and when receiving - by the ICAO standards or the domestic channel, depending on the mode of operation of the transponders. The block diagram and parameters of the equipment of the secondary channel are similar to the stand-alone SRL of the "Koren-AS" type.

1.5. Features of the functional units of the "Skala - M" radar

The antenna-feeder device of the PRK consists of an antenna that forms the DND and a feeder path containing switching devices.

Structurally, the primary channel antenna is made in the form of a parabolic reflector 15x10.5 m in size and two horn feeds. The lower beam is formed by a single-horn feed of the main channel and a reflector, and the upper beam is formed by a reflector and a single-horn feed located below the main one. DP shape in the vertical plane cosec 2 θ , where θ is the elevation angle. Its appearance is shown in Fig. 4.

To reduce reflections from meteorological formations, the main channel polarizer is provided, which ensures a smooth change in the polarization of the emitted signals from linear to circular, and the ITC channel polarizer, permanently built for circular polarization.

The isolation between power combining devices is at least 20 dB, and the isolation between individual channels is at least 15 dB. In the waveguide path, it is possible to register a standing wave coefficient of at least 3, with a measurement error of 20% for f,cjk.nyjq.

The formation of the secondary channel DND is carried out by a separate antenna, similar to the Root-AS type SSR antenna, located on the reflector of the main antenna. At ranges exceeding 5 km, a side-lobe signal suppression sector is provided within 0..360º.

Both antennas are placed above a radio-transparent dome, which can significantly reduce the wind load and increase protection from atmospheric influences.

Transmitting equipment of the primary channel is designed to generate microwave pulses with a duration of 3.3 μs with an average power per pulse of 3.6 kW, as well as to generate intermediate frequency reference signals for phase detectors and heterodyne frequency signals for receiver-analyzing path mixers. The transmitters are made according to the principle typical for true coherent radars, which makes it possible to obtain sufficient phase stability. Carrier frequency signals are obtained by converting the frequency of the intermediate frequency master oscillator, which has quartz stabilization.

The final stage of the transmitter is a power amplifier made on a transient klystron. The modulator is made in the form of a fully discharged storage device of five modules connected in parallel. Carrier frequencies and local oscillator frequencies have the following values: f 1 =1243 MHz; f Г1 =1208 MHz; f 2 =1299 MHz; f Г2 =1264 MHz; f 3 =1269 MHz; f Г3 =1234 MHz.

The receiving path of the PRK is intended for amplification, selection, conversion, detection of echo signals, as well as for attenuation of signals reflected from meteorological formations.

Each of the three receiving and analyzing paths has two channels - the main one and the indication of high-altitude targets, and is made according to a superheterodyne scheme with a single frequency conversion. The output signals from the receivers are fed to the SDC (by intermediate frequency) and to the detection zone shaper - video signals.

The receivers process signals in the linear and logarithmic amplitude subchannels, as well as in the coherent subchannel, which achieves stabilization of the level of false alarms to the level of intrinsic noise in the logarithmic video amplifier.

Partial restoration of the dynamic range is carried out using video amplifiers with an antilogarithmic amplitude characteristic. To compress the dynamic range of echo signals at short ranges, as well as to attenuate false reception by the side lobes of the bottom, VAR is used. It is possible to temporarily blank one or two areas under intense interference.

In each receiving channel, the specified noise levels (SHARU scheme) are maintained at the channel outputs with an accuracy of at least 15%.

The SDC digital device has two identical channels in which the in-phase and quadrature components are processed. The output signals from the phase detectors after processing in the input devices are approximated by a step function with a sampling step of 27 µs. Then they go to the ADC, where they are converted into an 8-bit code and entered into the storage and computing devices. The storage device is designed to store an 8-bit code in 960 range quanta.

The SDC provides for the possibility of double and triple interperiod subtraction of signals. Quadratic addition is carried out in the module extractor, and the LOG-MPV-ANTILOG device selects video pulses by duration and restores the dynamic range of output video pulses. The recirculation accumulator provided in the circuit makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise and is a means of protection against non-synchronous impulse noise. From it, the signals are sent to the DAC, amplified and fed to the APOE and KU. The range of the SDC at a repetition rate fp=330 Hz is 130 km, fp=1000Hz is 390 km, and the coefficient of suppression of signals from stationary objects is 40 dB.

1.6. Patent Search

The third-generation radar discussed above appeared in the 80s. There are a large number of such complexes in the world. Consider several patented ATC devices and their characteristics.

In the United States in 1994, several patents appeared for various ATC radars.

920616 Volume 1139 #3

Method and device for ground-based radar information reproduction system .

The air traffic control system /ATC/ contains a detection radar, a radio beacon and a common digital encoder for tracking aircraft and eliminating the possibility of collisions. In the process of transmitting data to the ATC system, data is collected from a common digital encoder, and range and azimuth data are collected for all escorted aircraft. Data that is not related to the location of escorted aircraft is filtered out from the general data array. As a result, a message about the trajectory with polar coordinates is generated. Polar coordinates are converted into rectangular ones, after which a data block is formed and encoded, which carries information about all aircraft accompanied by the ATC system. The data block is formed by an auxiliary computer. The data block is read into the temporary memory and transmitted to the receiving station. At the receiving station, the received data block is decoded and reproduced in a human-readable form.

Translator I.M.Leonenko Editor O.V.Ivanova

2. G01S13/56.13/72

920728 Volume 1140 #4

Surveillance radar with a rotating antenna.

Surveillance radar contains a rotating antenna to obtain information about the range and azimuth of the detected object and an electro-optical sensor rotating around the axis of rotation of the antenna, to obtain additional information about the parameters of the detected object. Antenna and sensor rotate out of sync. A device is electrically connected to the antenna, which determines the azimuth, range and Doppler speed of the detected objects with each revolution of the antenna. A device is connected to the electro-optical sensor, which determines the azimuth and elevation of the object with each revolution of the sensor. A common tracking unit is selectively connected to the devices that determine the coordinates of an object, combining the information received and issuing data to accompany the detected object.

2. Safety and environmental friendliness of the project

2.1. Safe organization of the workplace of a PC engineer

The fleet of personal electronic computers (PCs) and video display terminals (VDTs) on cathode ray tubes (CRTs) is growing significantly. Computers penetrate into all spheres of life of modern society and are used to receive, transmit and process information in production, medicine, banking and commercial structures, education, etc. Even when developing, creating and mastering new products, one cannot do without computers.

At the workplace, measures should be taken to protect against possible exposure to hazardous and harmful production factors. The levels of these factors should not exceed the limit values ​​stipulated by legal, technical and sanitary standards. These regulatory documents oblige to create working conditions at the workplace, under which the influence of dangerous and harmful factors on workers is either completely eliminated or is within acceptable limits.

2.2. Potentially dangerous and harmful production factors when working with a PC

The currently available set of developed organizational measures and technical means of protection, the accumulated experience of a number of computer centers (hereinafter referred to as CC) shows that it is possible to achieve much greater success in eliminating the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors on workers.

Dangerous is a production factor, the impact of which on a working person under certain conditions leads to injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health. If the production factor leads to a disease or a decrease in working capacity, then it is considered harmful. Depending on the level and duration of exposure, a harmful production factor can become hazardous.

The state of the working conditions of the workers of the EC and its safety, today, does not yet meet modern requirements. CC workers are exposed to such physically hazardous and harmful production factors as increased noise levels, elevated ambient temperatures, lack or insufficient illumination of the working area, electric current, static electricity, and others.

Many employees of the EC are associated with the impact of such psychophysiological factors as mental overstrain, overstrain of visual and auditory analyzers, monotony of work, and emotional overload. The impact of these adverse factors leads to a decrease in performance caused by developing fatigue. The appearance and development of fatigue is associated with changes that occur during work in the central nervous system, with inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex.

Medical examinations of EC workers showed that, in addition to reducing labor productivity, high noise levels lead to hearing impairment. Prolonged stay of a person in the zone of combined influence of various adverse factors can lead to an occupational disease. An analysis of injuries among VC employees shows that, in general, accidents occur from the impact of physically hazardous production factors when employees perform unusual work. In second place are cases associated with exposure to electric current.

2.3. Ensuring electrical safety when working with a PC.

Electric current is a hidden type of danger, because. it is difficult to determine it in current - and non-current-carrying parts of the equipment, which are good conductors of electricity. A current exceeding 0.05A is considered deadly to human life. In order to prevent electric shock, only persons who have thoroughly studied the basic safety rules should be allowed to work.

Electrical installations, which include almost all PC equipment, pose a great potential danger to humans, since during operation or maintenance work, a person can touch live parts. The specific danger of electrical installations is that current-carrying conductors that are energized as a result of insulation damage (breakdown) do not give any signals that warn a person about the danger. A person's reaction to an electric current occurs only when the latter flows through the human body. Of exceptional importance for the prevention of electrical injuries is the proper organization of maintenance of existing electrical installations of the CC, repair, installation and maintenance work.

In order to reduce the risk of electric shock, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures to improve the electrical safety of instruments, devices and premises associated with the process of designing, manufacturing and operating the device, in accordance with GOST 12.1.019-79* “Electrical safety. General requirements" . These measures are technical and organizational. For example, as technical measures, it can be the use of double insulation GOST 12.2.006-87 *, and as organizational measures, it can be briefing, checking electrical equipment for serviceability, quality of insulation, grounding, provision of first aid, etc.

2.4. Electrostatic charges and their danger

electrostatic field(ESP) occurs due to the presence of an electrostatic potential (accelerating voltage) on the display screen. In this case, a potential difference appears between the display screen and the PC user. The presence of ESP in the space around the PC leads, among other things, to the fact that dust from the air settles on the keyboard and then penetrates into the pores on the fingers, causing skin diseases around the hands.

The ESP around the PC user depends not only on the fields created by the display, but also on the potential difference between the user and surrounding objects. This potential difference occurs when charged particles accumulate on the body as a result of walking on a carpeted floor, clothing materials rubbing against each other, etc.

In modern display models, drastic measures have been taken to reduce the electrostatic potential of the screen. But you need to remember that display developers use various technical ways to fight with this fact, including the so-called compensatory method, the peculiarity of which is that the reduction of the screen potential to the required standards is ensured only in the steady mode of the display. Accordingly, such a display has an increased (tens of times more than the steady value) level of the electrostatic potential of the screen for 20..30 seconds after it is turned on and up to several minutes after it is turned off, which is enough to electrify dust and nearby objects.

1. Measures and means of suppressing static electrification.

Measures of protection against static electricity are aimed at preventing the occurrence and accumulation of static electricity charges, creating conditions for the dissipation of charges and eliminating the danger of their harmful effects.

Elimination of the formation of significant static electricity is achieved by the following measures:

· Grounding of metal parts of production equipment;

· Increase in surface and volume conductivity of dielectrics;

· Preventing the accumulation of significant static charges by installing special neutralizers in the electrical protection zone.

2.5 Ensuring electromagnetic safety

Most scientists believe that both short-term and long-term exposure to all types of radiation from the monitor screen is not dangerous to the health of personnel servicing computers. However, there is no exhaustive data on the danger of exposure to radiation from monitors for those working with computers, and research in this direction continues.

Permissible values ​​of the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from a computer monitor are presented in Table. 1.

The maximum level of X-ray radiation at the workplace of the computer operator usually does not exceed 10 μrem/h, and the intensity of ultraviolet and infrared radiation from the monitor screen lies within 10…100 mW/m2.

Permissible values ​​of electromagnetic radiation parameters (in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2.542-96)

Table 1

With an incorrect general layout of the room, non-optimal wiring of the power supply network and a non-optimal ground loop device (although it meets all regulated electrical safety requirements), the room’s own electromagnetic background may turn out to be so strong that it is not possible to meet the SanPiN requirements for EMF levels at the workplaces of PC users, even with what tricks in the organization of the workplace itself and with no (even super-modern) computers. Moreover, the computers themselves, being placed in strong electromagnetic fields, become unstable in operation, the effect of image jitter appears on monitor screens, which significantly worsens their ergonomic characteristics.

We can formulate the following requirements, which should be followed when choosing rooms to ensure a normal electromagnetic environment in them, as well as to ensure the condition for stable operation of the PC in the conditions of an electromagnetic background:

1. The room must be removed from extraneous EMF sources created by powerful electrical devices, electrical distribution panels, power cables with powerful energy consumers, radio transmitters, etc. level of low-frequency EMF. The costs of subsequent provision of stable operation of a PC in a non-optimally chosen room according to this criterion are incomparably higher than the cost of the examination.

2. If there are metal bars on the windows of the room, they must be grounded. As experience shows, non-compliance with this rule can lead to a sharp local increase in the level of fields at any point (points) of the room and to malfunctions of a computer accidentally installed at this point.

3. Group workplaces (characterized by a significant crowding of computer and other office equipment) should preferably be placed on the lower floors of the building. With such placement of workplaces, their influence on the general electromagnetic environment in the building is minimal (energy-loaded power cables do not go throughout the building), and the overall electromagnetic background at workplaces with computer equipment is significantly reduced (due to the minimum value of ground resistance on the lower floors of buildings) .

However, one can formulate a number of specific practical recommendations dacies, on the organization of the workplace and the placement of computer equipment in the premises themselves, the implementation of which will certainly improve the electromagnetic environment and, with a much greater probability, ensure the certification of the workplace without taking any additional special measures for this:

The main sources of pulsed electromagnetic and electrostatic fields - the monitor and the PC system unit should be as far away from the user as possible within the workplace.

There must be reliable grounding, connected directly to each workplace (use of extension cords with Euro sockets equipped with grounding contacts).

Extremely undesirable is the option of a single power line, bypassing around the entire perimeter of the workroom.

It is desirable to conduct power wires in shielding metal sheaths or pipes.

The greatest distance of the user from the mains sockets and power wires must be ensured.

Fulfillment of the requirements listed above can provide a reduction in tens and hundreds of times of the total electromagnetic background in the room and at workplaces.

2.6. Requirements for premises for the operation of a PC.

The room with monitors and PC should have natural and artificial lighting. Natural lighting should be provided through light openings oriented mainly to the north and northeast to provide a coefficient of natural light (KEO) of not less than 1.2% in areas with stable snow cover and not less than 1.5% in the rest of the territory. The specified KEO values ​​are normalized for buildings located in the III light climatic zone.

The area per workplace with VDT or PC for adult users must be at least 6.0 sq. m., and the volume is not less than 20.0 cubic meters. m.

For interior decoration of the interior of rooms with monitors and PCs, diffusely reflecting materials with a reflection coefficient for the ceiling of 0.7 - 0.8 should be used; for walls - 0.5 - 0.6; for the floor - 0.3 - 0.5.

The floor surface in the premises where monitors and PCs are used must be flat, without potholes, non-slip, easy to clean and wet, and have antistatic properties.

2.7. Microclimatic conditions

One of the necessary conditions for comfortable human activity is to provide a favorable microclimate in the working area, which is determined by temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and the radiation intensity of heated surfaces. The microclimate has a significant impact on the functional activity of a person, his health.

In rooms with a PC, it is necessary to observe optimal microclimatic conditions. They provide a general and local feeling of thermal comfort during an 8-hour working day with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms, do not cause deviations in health status, and create prerequisites for a high level of performance.

According to SanPin 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises", the optimal microclimatic conditions for premises in the warm season:

Relative humidity 40-60%;

Air temperature 23-25 ​​°С;

Air speed up to 0.1 m/s.

Optimal norms are achieved when using ventilation systems.

2.8. Noise and vibration requirements

When performing the main work on monitors and PCs (control rooms, operator rooms, settlement rooms, control rooms and control posts, computer rooms, etc.) where engineering and technical workers work, carrying out laboratory, analytical or measuring control, the noise level should not exceed 60 dBA.

In the premises of computer operators (without displays), the noise level should not exceed 65 dBA.

At workplaces in premises for the placement of noisy computer units (ATsPU, printers, etc.), the noise level should not exceed 75 dBA.

Noisy equipment (ATsPU, printers, etc.), the noise levels of which exceed the normalized ones, should be located outside the room with a monitor and a PC.

It is possible to reduce the noise level in rooms with monitors and PCs using sound-absorbing materials with maximum sound absorption coefficients in the frequency range of 63 - 8000 Hz for interior decoration (permitted by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia), confirmed by special acoustic calculations.

Additional sound absorption is provided by monophonic curtains made of dense fabric, in harmony with the color of the walls and suspended in a pleat at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the fence. The width of the curtain should be 2 times the width of the window.

2.9. Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces with monitors and PC

Workplaces with VDT and PC in relation to lighting projects should be located so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left.

Layouts of workplaces with VDT and PC should take into account the distance between desktops with video monitors (in the direction of the rear surface of one video monitor and the screen of another video monitor), which should be at least 2.0 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors should be at least 1, 2 m

Window openings in rooms where VDTs and PCs are used must be equipped with adjustable devices such as blinds, curtains, external visors, etc.

The video monitor screen should be at a distance of 600 - 700 mm, but not closer than 500 mm, taking into account alphanumeric characters and symbols.

Premises with VDT and PC should be equipped with a first aid kit and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

Scheme of the location of workplaces relative to light openings.

The purpose of the calculation is to determine the number and power of lamps required to provide sufficient illumination for the work of the personnel of the computer center (CC). Type of light sources - gas-discharge (low-pressure fluorescent lamps having the shape of a cylindrical tube), lamps - direct light. The lighting system is common, as it creates uniform lighting throughout the entire volume of the exhibition center.

The brightness of general lighting fixtures in the zone of radiation angles from 50 to 90 degrees with the vertical in the longitudinal and transverse planes should be no more than 200 cd / m 2, the protective angle of the fixtures should be at least 40 degrees.

General lighting should be performed in the form of solid or intermittent lines of luminaires located on the side of the workplaces, parallel to the user's line of sight with a row arrangement of PC and VDT.

The lighting system is calculated using the luminous flux utilization factor method, which is expressed as the ratio of the luminous flux incident on the calculated surface to the total flux of all lamps. The room has two windows. Let's arrange the lamps in two rows parallel to the long side of the room, which has dimensions of 8 x 4 m and a height of 3 m. The lamps in the rows are located with a gap of 1.5 m, the distance between the rows is 1.5 m, they are installed on the ceiling. The height of the workplaces is 0.75 m, so the calculated height h (the height of the lamps hanging above the work surface) will be 2.25 m.

Artificial lighting in rooms with a PC should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting. In accordance with SNiP 23-05-93, the illumination on the table surface in the area where the working document is placed from the general lighting system should be 300-500 lux. As light sources for general lighting, mainly fluorescent lamps with a power of 35-65 W of the LB type should be used.

We find the luminous flux of a group of luminaire lamps using the following formula:

=(*S**Z)/(N*) , (1)

where E n - the required standard level of illumination of the working surface. Take E norms \u003d 300 lux - this is the most optimal value for this room;

S \u003d A * B \u003d 8 * 4 \u003d 32 m 2 - room area;

k 3 \u003d 1.5 is a safety factor that takes into account the dust content of lamps and the wear of fluorescent lamps during operation, provided that lamps are cleaned at least 4 times a year;

Z \u003d 1.1 - coefficient of uneven illumination;

N is the number of fixtures;

h- coefficient of use of the luminous flux, selected from the tables depending on the type of lamp, the size of the room, the reflection coefficients of the walls r c and the ceiling r p of the room, the indicator of the room i ;

r p = 0.7 (surface color - white);

r c = 0.5 (surface color - light);

The number of lamps in the room can be determined by the following formula:

N=S/=32/=6.3(pcs).

Since the lamps are arranged in two rows, we choose an even number of them.

The room index can be determined by the formula:

i=(A*B)/((A+B)*h)=(8*4)/((8+4)*2.25)=1.18

Then, based on the values ​​of r p, r c and i according to the table we choose h = 0.42.

Phsv \u003d (300 * 32 * 1.5 * 1.18) / (6 * 0.42) \u003d 6743 lm.

Considering that the lamp is designed for 4 lamps, we get:

Fd \u003d Fsv / 4 \u003d 1686 lm - the luminous flux of one lamp.

According to the found value of the luminous flux, you can determine the type and power of the lamp. This value corresponds to a 40 W LD40 lamp with a luminous flux of 2100 lm. In practice, the deviation of the luminous flux of the selected lamp from the calculated one is allowed up to ± 20%, i.e. lamp is correct.

The lighting system uses 24 lamps of 40 W each. So the total power consumption is:

P 0 \u003d 24 * 40 \u003d 960 watts.

Considering that in such lamps power losses can be up to 25%, we calculate the power margin:

P p \u003d 960 * 0.25 \u003d 240 watts.

Then the total power of the network should be:

P \u003d P 0 * Pp \u003d 960 + 240 \u003d 1200W.

The layout of the fixtures is shown in Figure 1.

Thus, the system of general lighting, calculated in this thesis project allows you to:

Ensure the possibility of normal activities of people in the absence or insufficiency of natural lighting;

Ensure the safety of vision;

Increase labor productivity, work safety;

Fig.1 Luminaire layout

2.11 Environmental friendliness of the project

PC does not pose a risk to the environment. The doses of radiation generated by PC are small in comparison with the radiations of other sources.

During the operation of computer technology, environmental pollution does not occur, therefore, special measures to ensure environmental friendliness are not required.

Based on the identified dangerous and harmful factors, as well as the considered methods of dealing with them, it can be concluded that the project under consideration does not violate the ecological balance in the surrounding space and can be used without any modifications and changes.

Conclusion

Currently, radar stations have found the widest application in many areas of human activity. Modern technology makes it possible to measure the coordinates of targets with great accuracy, to monitor their movement, to determine not only the shape of objects, but also the structure of their surface. Although radar technology was designed and developed primarily for military purposes, its advantages have made it possible to find numerous important applications of radar in civilian areas of science and technology; the most important example is air traffic control.

With the help of the radar in the process of ATC, the following tasks are solved:

Detection and determination of the coordinates of aircraft

Control of keeping by aircraft crews of lines of a given path, given corridors and time of passage of control points, as well as prevention of dangerous approach of aircraft

Estimates of weather conditions along the flight route

· Correction of the position of aircraft, transmission of information and instructions to the board for output to a given point in space.

Modern ATC radars use the latest advances in science and technology. The element base of the radar are integrated circuits. They widely use elements of computer technology and, in particular, microprocessors, which serve as the basis for the technical implementation of adaptive systems for processing radar signals.

In addition, other features of these radars include:

· The use of a digital SDC system with two quadrature channels and double or triple subtraction, providing a coefficient of suppression of interference from local objects up to 40..45 dB and a coefficient of sub-interference visibility up to 28..32 dB;

· The use of a variable repetition period of the probing signal to combat interference from targets distant from the radar at a distance exceeding the maximum range of the radar, and to combat "blind" speeds;

· Ensuring a linear amplitude characteristic of the receiving path up to the input of the SDC system with a dynamic range of the input signal up to 90..110 dB and a dynamic range of the SDC system equal to 40 dB;

· Increasing the phase stability of the generating devices of the radar receiver and transmitter and the use of a truly coherent principle of constructing the radar;

· The use of automatic control of the position of the lower edge of the radar field of view in the vertical plane due to the use of a two-beam antenna pattern and the formation of a weighted sum of the signals of the upper and lower beams.

The development of air traffic control radar is characterized primarily by the trend of continuous increase in radar noise immunity, taking into account possible changes in the interference environment. Improving the accuracy of the radar is mainly due to the use of more advanced information processing algorithms. Increased radar reliability is achieved through the widespread use of integrated circuits and a significant increase in the reliability of mechanical components (antenna, turntable and rotating transition), as well as through the use of equipment for built-in automatic control of radar parameters.

Bibliographic list

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2. Radzievsky V.G., Sirota A.A. Theoretical foundations of electronic intelligence. - M.,: Radio engineering, 2004

3. Perunov Yu.M., Fomichev K.I., Yudin L.M. Electronic suppression of information channels of weapon control systems. - M .: Radio engineering, 2003

4. Koshelev V.I. Theoretical foundations of electronic warfare. - Lecture notes.

5. Fundamentals of system design of radar systems and devices: Guidelines for course design in the discipline "Fundamentals of the theory of radio engineering systems" / Ryazan. state radio engineering acad.; Comp.: V.I. Koshelev, V.A. Fedorov, N.D. Shestakov. Ryazan, 1995. 60 p.