Maritime teams on a sailing ship. The kitchen on the ship is equipped with equipment. Prepare cakes and coffee

A

Autonomy - the duration of the voyage without replenishment of fuel, water and food.

Water area - limited area of ​​the water surface.

Anticyclone - an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure with air moving around its centre.

Axiometer - indicator of the angle of deflection of the rudder blade or the axis of the propeller relative to the center plane of the vessel.

Arneson drive - type of transmission with a horizontal shaft.

afterpeak- the extreme aft compartment of the vessel.

Akhtershteven- aft end of the vessel, an element of the hull set. It can be a frame on the transom or a continuation of the keel beam.

B

Buchan - anchored floating navigation mark.

Ballast- liquid or solid cargo placed inside or outside the ship's hull, providing the necessary stability and draft. It may also be redundant and talk a lot.

Baller - a vertical shaft that serves as a drive for the rudder blade.

Jar- 1. Sitting on deckless boats, at the same time serves as a spacer between the sides. 2. Separately located strand of limited dimensions. 3. Capacity for storing worms.

Bar- 1. Alluvial stranded in the coastal zone. 2. Unit of pressure, approximately equal to 1 atmosphere.

Barhout- thickening of the outer skin of the ship's hull in the area of ​​the waterline.

beidewind- the course of the yacht, at which the diametrical plane of the vessel in relation to the direction of the wind is less than 90 degrees.

Seizing- ligation of thick cables with a thinner line.

Buttocks- lines of a theoretical drawing, giving an idea of ​​the volumetric shape of the hull.

Batoport- movable dry dock wall.

Beam- a transverse beam connecting the side branches of the frame, an element of the hull set.

Bitt- cabinet for fastening cables on large cruising yachts.

Bon- a fixed floating structure for mooring small boats and other purposes and works.

Bora- He's a Nord-Ost.

Barrel- barrel. Large float at dead anchor. Facilitates the process of anchoring in difficult places. "Stand on the barrel."

Brandwacht- a ship installed to observe something (someone).

Windlass- deck mechanism for lifting the anchor.

Bridle- anchor cable, chain, rope, fixed with the root end to the anchor in the ground, and running - to the barrel, boom.

Breeze- coastal breeze, changing its direction during the day, due to the temperature difference between day and night, land - sea.

Throwing end- throwing end.

Broching- for sailing yachts: a sharp loss of control in a tailwind with the release of the rudder blade from the water and falling on the cheekbone.

Buoy— floating navigation mark.

Buyrep- cable, on the trend of the anchor and a buoy on the surface. Indicates the place where the anchor lies and makes it easier later to detach it when lifting.

IN

Vessel's capacity- a significant drawback - the property of the vessel to heel due to insignificant external forces at large angles and very slowly return back to the equilibrium position. Strongly manifested on ships with low stability.

waterways- a bed on the open deck for the flow of water. It is also used in the meaning of beams on the sides, as part of the deck flooring.

Waterline- the boundary of two media, clearly visible on the ship's hull. Of course, it depends on the load.

Spindle anchors- anchor rod.

Verp- auxiliary anchor.

Swivel- spar swivel joint. Fishing swivel - little brother.

Milestone— floating navigation mark. Protects dangers and indicates the sides of the fairway.

Vessel displacement- the amount of water that is displaced by the underwater part of the vessel afloat. The amount of water displaced is equal to the mass of the entire boat.

- a jet engine that uses acceleration from the ejection of water through a nozzle.

Choose- pull up, pull up the tackle.

G

Harbor- coastal parking of ships, protected from the wind.

Gak- hook

gulfind- for sailing ships - a course with an angle of the diametrical plane and a wind direction of 90 degrees.

latrine- toilet

Tack is the direction of the wind relative to the hull. For example, starboard tack is the wind to starboard.

Helmport- a cutout in the stern for posting the stock.

planing- a mode of motion in which the ship's hull is supported on the surface of the water only due to hydrodynamic forces, and not due to Archimedean ones. It is possible only when a certain speed is reached and on planing hull contours (very low deadrise on the transom). Launching flat pebbles with a pancake on the water is a planing option. The rock will sink when it stops, but when planing, the Archimedes forces don't work, and as long as it maintains the required speed, a flat pebble will be able to cross the Atlantic, as long as it's completely calm, of course.

D

Magnetic compass deviation- deviation of the compass indicators associated with the action of the ship's own magnetic field.

Deadwood- 1. Underwater parts of the ship's points from the stern and from the bow, associated with the keel. 2. Outboard motor leg housing.

sensible things- the general name of various details and small things included in the necessary and not very equipment of the vessel.

Vessel diametral plane- a vertical imaginary plane passing through the stem and stern.

Trim- the inclination of the ship's hull in the longitudinal vertical plane relative to the surface of the water.

Drek- small anchor on boats and tenders.

Drektov- anchor rope dreka.

Drifting- the drift of the boat relative to the course as a result of the influence of the winds, but without taking into account the currents.

AND

Vessel survivability- the reliability of the vessel and its ability to maintain its characteristics, even with severe damage.

Z

Lay- 1. Fix the end, the rope. 2. Lay a turn.

AND

true course- course taking into account deviation and magnetic declination.

Bend- the bend of the river.

TO

Cable- 185.2 m - 1/10 nautical mile.

Galley- kitchen

cavitation- shock loads arising as a result of the collapse of vapor or gas bubbles, which were formed as a result of a critical decrease in pressure and met with the boundary of the high pressure area. The result of this meeting may be blows to the edge of the propeller with a force comparable to a hammer blow. As a result, the edges of the blades are chipped, which is why this phenomenon is also called cavitation erosion.

cardinal system- a system for installing maritime navigational danger signs, in which their detour and maneuvers are closely related to the cardinal points.

Cartushka- a detail of a magnetic compass that determines the direction of the magnetic meridian.

Deadrise- a characteristic of the transverse profile of the boat hull. It is measured by a numerical characteristic on the transom and amidships - deadrise angles.

Knecht- a metal contraption for securing the mooring ends.

Stern- rear end of the vessel. Whaleboat feed is spicy. Transom - a flat cut at the stern.

Keel- the main beam of the longitudinal set of various materials, located in the diametrical plane. The keel boat may not have this device, and the deadrise will be formed by the joint of the skin sheets. Inflatable keel boats have an inflatable keelson, which, when inflated, rests on the payol on one side, and on the other side stretches the bottom fabric sheets, cut in a special way, which creates deadrise.

Keelblock- support for dry storage of the boat.

Wake- 1. The line of motion of ships in the conditions of the formation of ice. 2. Formation of ships following the same line.

Wake stream- a footprint on the water behind a moving ship.

kilson- on rigid hulls - connection of frames in the bottom area.

Kipa- a horned device on the deck or sides for the removal of sheets or springs.

Hawse- a hole in the body with a protective edging for wiring gear. For example, an anchor chain.

Knica- a triangular or diamond-shaped plate connecting the elements of the body kit.

Knop- thickening or knot at the end of the rope.

Cockpit- open space on the upper deck for crew work. For example, for fishing or sunbathing. On good yachts, the cockpit is easy to recognize by finding a folding table with a bottle of wine in it.

Coaming- waterproof threshold at the entrance to the wheelhouse or cabin.

Compass- the main navigational device.

compass heading- compass heading.

End- any non-metallic cable or line.

Fender- expendable material, softening the blows of the hull on the berth or on other vessels during mooring, withdrawal and maneuvers. Fenders are inflatable, wicker - an expensive exclusive and simply stuffed with hemp. It is not recommended to enter the marina without fenders, where very expensive yachts are moored.

Cruising speed- the most economical mode of movement of the boat. Each has its own and depends on many factors.

all round fire- circular fire.

Vessel course- the angle between the northern part of the meridian and the direction of movement.

L

Lavrovka- on sailing yachts - movement to the intended point against the wind, by constantly changing the course, changing the tacks.

lag- a device for measuring speed and distance traveled.

Lagom mooring - mooring side to side.

Lateral system- navigation system for installing navigation signs. Used mainly in inland waters. Uses the principle of marking the axis of the ship's passage or its right and left edges.

Leventik- for sailing yachts - the position of the bow into the wind when the sail begins to idle.

Leer- handrail or fence in the form of a stretched cable.

Likpaz- the groove into which the lyktros enters.

Location- section of navigation. Cunning navigational aids for a particular navigation area - also called a pilot.

Pilot- a person who has a sailing position, or he knows the given navigation area by heart.

Luke- hatch.

M

brand- termination of the end of a sheet or cable, or a mark on it for a specific purpose.

Lighthouse- lighthouse.

Midel- an imaginary line of intersection of the outer surface of the boat hull with a cross section that divides its overall length into equal parts.

sea ​​mile- the length of the arc of the meridian of the planet Earth is 1 degree. Due to the difference in latitudes in different places on the planet, it has different meanings. The distance of 1852 meters is accepted as international value.

H

Bulk- contact of the hull with the berth, another vessel, occurring as a result of inertia.

Windward- located closer to the wind.

superstructure- deck closed structure from side to side.

Knights- tackle for fixing equipment. A must have in a storm.

ABOUT

Observation- determination of the location by objects with known coordinates.

Overkill- an unpleasant thing, entailing an indispensable unplanned bathing.

Overstay- for sailing yachts - change of tack with the bow crossing the wind line.

fire- a loop at the end of a cable, rope. Also called fire is an insert in a loop for wear protection made of metal, leather, etc.

to win- slow down the inertia of the vessel.

Draft is the distance from the surface of the water to the lowest point of the vessel.

Stability- an important factor determining the ability of a boat, brought out of equilibrium under the action of external forces, to return to its original position.

go-ahead- a method of signaling when ships diverge with the help of a person with flags or with flashlights.

back off- move away.

give away- unbind.

P

Pal- support for mooring. Sometimes it is also used in the meaning of a locking finger.

Payol- flooring on the bottom of the boat.

Bearing- the angle formed by the meridian line and the line passing through the observer and the observed object.

Bulkhead- a wall separating the compartments of the body.

pass sign- a bank sign indicating the place where the fairway passes from one bank to another.

Stanchion- support for the perception of vertical loads of the body.

gunwale- beam of the upper edge of the bulwark.

Podvolok- ceiling lining in the ship's room.

Valance- overhang of the stern of the vessel.

Pick up- the same as choosing.

half wind- gulffind.

Pontoon- floating structure.

Fender, halt- A beam of various materials running along the side. It acts in conjunction with the fenders, but by itself only protects our boat from bulk.

Sterndrive- type of transmission with a horizontal shaft. Despite the fact that the engine itself is located inside the hull of the boat, thanks to the use of a cardan drive, it allows the column to work like an outboard motor - to recline when it hits an obstacle and adjust the angle of attack.

R

Redan- there are transverse and longitudinal. A ledge, a step on the bottom of gliding high-speed boats and boats. Without dribbling deep hydrodynamics, the longitudinal redans serve to stabilize the movement and to correct the wetted surface, a kind of “wet” triangle, which is formed during the gliding mode. Transverse steppers are designed to reduce the wetted surface at high speeds. However, the use of redans of both types should be made only after rather complicated calculations. By applying hull editing without calculating hydrodynamics and a bunch of characteristics, you can pretty much worsen the ship's driving performance. For each hull from reputable manufacturers, redans are used only after a series of test tests in the pool and life-size in open water, which, together with the calculation of the designers, determine their number and configuration. In the displacement mode, the redans, especially the transverse ones, play a negative role.

Reverse- reversal of the direction of action. Definition for motors. On outboard babies, up to 3.5 hp, reverse is carried out by turning the motor around its axis. On older motors - by shifting the gear lever. Essentially reverse gear.

Raid- open coastal part of the water surface. The raid is intended for mooring vessels on anchors or buoys and mooring barrels.

Reling- deck fencing in the form of racks with cables, forming a kind of bulwark.

recession- a niche in the stern for an outboard motor.

Reef- a rock in shallow water.

Reef, take a reef- for sailboats - to reduce the sail area by using special gear.

Anchor rollers- a device for facilitating the return / lifting of the anchor. Rolls can also have an anchor rope or chain stopper.

felling- a structure on the deck, leaving a passage from the sides.

Rumb- division of the compass card, a flat angle equal to 1/32 of a circle, 11.25 degrees.

Tiller- the steering lever on the baller, or on the outboard boat motor.

Locker- a closed box for personal belongings or ship's property.

Rym- a ring or half ring, most often, metal. It has a bunch of attachment points and it depends on what task a particular eyelet performs. For example, a mooring eye on the bow of a boat.

Bell- a kind of battle in the ship's bell. Recently, the bell itself has also been called the rynda, which, in general, is incorrect.

WITH

skeg- the lower part of the gearbox of an outboard motor or an angular column, a feather-fin. Some yacht steering devices also have a skeg - a profile in front of the rudder blade.

slip- an inclined surface that goes into the water and is designed specifically for launching ships. On the slipway, you can also observe many funny situations that occur when boats are lowered from the trailer.

Demolition- drift of the vessel from the course under the influence of the current without taking into account the winds.

IALA system- a system of protection for navigational hazards, adopted by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.

Cheekbone- in addition to the human one, it also exists on the hull of the vessel, it is the steepest bend in the side in the bow of the vessel. Depending on the design and purpose, ships are round-billed and sharp-billed.

Slane— Removable bottom flooring.

Leading signs- paired signs along the banks.

stop anchor- spare anchor or auxiliary.

crew list- a detailed list of the crew and positions, the time of arrival / departure on board.

ship's passage- inland navigation routes marked on the map and navigational signs.

Gangway- portable ladder.

T

Rigging- a set of gear. Standing and running.

Lanyard- swivel threaded for screed.

Tombuy- a float to indicate the location of the anchor.

Registered ton- 2.83 cubic meters, 100 cubic feet.

Beam- the direction to the object, which is perpendicular to the diametrical plane of the vessel. The traverse is right and left, and the distance to the object is the traverse distance.

poison- weaken, hold. The opposite is to choose.

Trim plate- adjustable plate behind the transom, which makes it easier to enter the planing mode and reduce the running trim.

Ladder- outboard - for lifting / lowering people. Internal - a staircase for communication between rooms at different levels.

trend- the connection of the paws and the anchor spindle.

Hold- the lower space on the ship under the floorboard, deck.

At

Knot A nautical unit of speed equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. On inland waterways, km/h is still used.

Duck- two-horn casting, more often metal. Serves for easy fastening of cables and ropes on it.

F

Fal- tackle for lifting all sorts of things.

Falin- cable on the bow eye of the boat.

Bulwark- deck side plating above its level.

Fairway- a place for the safe passage of ships, having navigation signs.

jibe- for sailboats - a course coinciding with the direction of the wind.

Vordek- forward part of the deck.

Forepeak- bow compartment to the first bulkhead.

stem- bow beam of the vessel, passing into the keel.

Freeboard- freeboard.

Footstock- a pole with divisions to control the water level.

C

Cyclone - A large air vortex around an area of ​​low pressure.

W

moorings- cable, rope for mooring.

Mooring- a set of actions related to putting the boat into the parking lot.

Mooring device-all sorts of devices to facilitate the mooring process.

sheerstrake- one of the side plating belts, thicker than the rest. Adjacent to the upper deck.

Hose- one turn of the rope.

frame- transverse part of the ship's skeleton, stiffener, part of the skeleton.

space- the distance between the frames.

Scupper- a hole for draining excess water.

Spring- mooring lines from bow to stern and vice versa.

Shturtros- a cable for connecting the steering wheel with the tiller, stock or PLA.

I

Yacht- Recreational vessel without tonnage limitation.

No less sad glory was often used by the galley - the ship's kitchen. "Panic Room" - that was one of the names given to him by the sailors, since the galley was truly a realm of filth.

The construction of a galley on a ship is a relatively recent undertaking. For millennia, they had no idea about it. After all, while swimming near the coast dominated (and in Europe this was the case until the onset of the Age of Discovery), it was supposed to land on the shore every evening, where the team was given bread for dinner and breakfast. Exceptions only confirm the general rule. On some ships, of course, even then there could be small kitchenettes. It is said about the naves of the crusaders that the captain and passengers of high ranks dined there on silver dishes. It must be assumed that we are talking about boiled, smoked or fried food. The rest of the passengers were content for dinner with only liquid stew, and in the evening they received wine in addition. However, they were provided with ample opportunities for self-sufficiency in food.

It is striking that there was no cook and galley on the ships of Columbus. The daily distribution of food, consisting mainly of dry rations: dried meat, lard, crackers, cheese, butter, wine, cinnamon (small, black, dried grapes) and other products, was handled by a food master, also called a pickle man, and a bataler in charge of kegs with water, wine and brandy.

Rusks were the main food on sailboats: there were no ovens on the ship for baking bread, and fresh bread quickly spoiled. The pieces of crackers were often so hard that they could hardly be broken with a hammer. Depending on the flour used to make them, crackers differed in appearance and taste. English ones were light, as they were baked from wheat and corn. Sailors said that chestnut flour was also mixed into the dough. Swedish "crunchy bread" for its hardness and shape - a circle with a hole in the middle - was called "touchstone". German "knallers" ("cracks") were baked from rye and were a favorite variety of crackers among sailors.

In addition, there were also special, so-called ship biscuits. They were also called biscuits, which in French means "baked twice".

Dried to the limit, a hard stove, stored for years on the shore in our latitudes, on the ship, under the influence of constant dampness, quickly molded or was affected by worms, despite the fact that crackers were kept in large tin cans or in tightly closed bread pantries. The worms were disposed of by repeated baking or maceration.

To add some variety to the bored food, the sailors ground the crackers into crumbs, mixed them with lard and sugar, and diluted it all with water. It turned out a sweet dish, the name of which was given rather outlandish - "dog cake".

Initially, food was rarely cooked on the ship. In order to give out at least a little hot food for lunch every day, an open hearth was built on the ships of the discoverers with a brick hearth covered with sand. In a gigantic cauldron suspended above it, a single dish of peas, lentils, pearl barley, beans, rice - Chinese food, or millet and corned beef was cooked. This dish was boiled properly quite rarely.

The team was divided into tanks. At the head of each such group was a tanker. He received a week's ration of food for his unit, and every day at dinner he allotted an appropriate share to each. He was also responsible for cooking dinner for his group.

The creation of a galley did not at all improve the quality of food allowances. In the middle of this stinking room stood a brick slab, around which they walked along a sandy path. The rest of the square was occupied by roughly knocked together kitchen tables, decks for chopping firewood and butchering meat, barrels and tanks, boilers, shelves with pots, stacks of firewood, bags and other kitchen attributes. All this cluttered up the galley so much that the cook could hardly turn around.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, only one dish was also prepared for the crew in the galley. Any other solution to the problem of satisfying such a large number of people with such small possibilities of the kitchen was unthinkable.

The cook on the sailing ship was an odious figure. Disdain for him was expressed by many "gentle" nicknames. Galley stallion, chop admiral, ham prince, tallow rag, pan commandant - these are far from the most dissonant names from this list. This is also reflected in the shenti text "The Best Cook", where the following auto-characteristic is put into the mouth of the ship's cook:

I rinse the pots with water,
As we are told by the custom of the sea.
But in order to get a profit,
I strive not to wash off the fat from the edges.

In these four lines, two characteristic properties of most cooks are pointed out: their physical and moral uncleanliness. As a rule, they walked in greasy clothes, were often the captain's informants, constantly sat warm, concealed tidbits for themselves and their pets, and prepared food for the crew somehow.

The little respected discoveries in their work in the field of cooking include the so-called potage - a stew that was cooked from leftovers and kitchen waste - from fish tails to gnawed bones, collected over several days and launched into one boiler. Their business was also the compilation of such weekly menus that did not shine with a variety, in accordance with which peas with corned beef were prepared one day, corned beef with peas the next, and then everything was repeated all over again. Peas, like pebbles, rolled with a roar in the lukewarm water.

The world of ocean sailboats is the world of men. The woman in the galley was rejected by the "forecast boys" solely because her presence on board brings misfortune. A man, manipulating boilers and pans and at the same time unusually talkative, should have looked there as the embodiment of qualities unworthy of a man. In justification of the ship's "cooks", it should, however, be noted that with such work and under such conditions, in the character of any, even the most courageous, man, feminine traits would eventually appear.

Over time, the cook on the ship gained respect. Today, the galley has become a kind of ship's marketplace, where imaginary freedom reigns. Here sometimes you can criticize the captain without fear of being held accountable. Those who are friends with the cook can here, over an extraordinary cup of coffee or broth, dissipate a little from the boredom of ship life.

But before, as already mentioned, everything was different. Often Negroes were hired as cooks. In most cases they were good-natured guys, and the crew, for all their bitterness against everything related to the galley, was indulgent towards them. But even black coca were not immune from the sailors' evil jokes.

Sometimes someone, seizing the moment, threw a boot into the officer's cauldron of tea, or slipped a few tar balls sprinkled with sugar into the dough intended for the captain's fritters.

Often, even more than coca, the tank team hated their own "artels" - the tank team. They kept the whole week's share of the food that relied on the tank in locked cupboards. A daily portion of meat, with a tag attached to a string indicating that it belonged to this tank, was lowered in the galley into a large copper cauldron of boiling water. Meat shares of all other tanks were also laid here. After a certain time, the cook took them out of the broth with a pitchfork. Before dinner, the tanker would receive the meat and divide it into portions on a piece of canvas spread out on the deck. This procedure always caused resentment and criticism, although it was, of course, impossible to cut the meat into exactly the same pieces, accurate to the nearest gram.

Constant strife arose in the division of other products. Some wanted to get a little sugar at every meal. Others preferred to get their whole week's sugar ration at once, on Sundays, without acknowledging other opinions on this matter. How could the bachkovo, burdened with a huge number of dishes with products, satisfy all these requirements! The only thing he could do was to remain an honest fellow. But all the same, there were always gluttons who claimed that their tank shop profited from food fraud.

Disagreements also arose over pudding, a favorite food on the ship. Bachkova prepared the dough from flour, sugar, raisins and melted fat, mixed with water, given by the senior cook. Then this dough was placed in a canvas bag. The bag was tied up, an identification tag was attached to it, and, together with the pudding bags of other tanks, was lowered into a large galley boiler.

The position of the tanker was replaceable, in such a way that everyone would perform these duties for some time. It happened that sometimes the pudding did not go well. Then the chaos began! In order to protect himself from barbs, and even from the assault of his comrades in the tank, the culprit of the misfortune considered in this case the most appropriate for himself to "resign."

Hot food on commercial sailboats was delivered from the galley to the team premises in large tanks. Very often there were no bowls on the ships, so while eating, everyone in turn launched a spoon directly into the common tank. Quarrels arose mainly due to the fact that someone suddenly caught a larger piece of meat (if only it was edible at all!). Those who could not stand the rhythm and scooped from the tank too early, got a spoon on their fingers. "It was like pigs huddled at the trough," Traven comments on the lunch at the crew quarters on Yorikki. But "Yorikki" was not a sailing ship, but a cargo ship driven by steam ... Even in the age of steam, these barbaric customs were still preserved at sea!

The poor quality of the food is what has made swimming hell for centuries. This situation is due to many reasons. First, most often the team received cheap and not entirely benign products. This applies not only to corned beef and beans, sometimes not everything was in order with the drinking water delivered to the ship in port cities. Water was collected directly from rivers or taken from wells without first checking its quality. Secondly, salt was the only way to preserve such perishable products as meat and lard. The salted meat was almost inedible, especially since, due to the limited amount of water on the ship, it could not be soaked sufficiently. In addition, in long-distance navigation, especially in tropical latitudes, the quality of meat also decreased due to the heat.

Corned beef in barrels acquired a peculiar color of mahogany with yellowing, and with further storage - brownish-greenish; from her came a natural cadaverous spirit. Subsequently, when canned food appeared, sailors called fibrous beef from cans "kabolka" or "dead Frenchman."

No less thorough transformations took place with drinking water. They began within a few weeks after going to sea. With each month of sailing, the water became thicker and stinkier. Subsequently, wooden water tanks were replaced by iron ones. However, until now, water on a ship is considered a value: a person can overcome hunger for a week, or even more, but every day he must drink a certain minimum of water. For centuries, because of fresh water, paths in the ocean were as dangerous as caravan trails in the desert, although under the feet of the navigator was not crisp sand, but a water column sometimes reaching several thousand meters. A sailor can be likened to Tantalus, who stood up to his neck in water and, nevertheless, could not quench his thirst.

The legend claims that the sea became salty from the tears shed by people for earthly life. The high percentage of salt makes sea water almost completely undrinkable. Used in small quantities, it is beneficial. Even life-giving and healing. Old sea wolves know this, and on long voyages dilute their drink by one third with sea water. So did Thor Heyerdahl during his journey on the Kon-Tiki across the Pacific Ocean.

But the positive effect of salt water turns into its opposite, if a thirsty person drinks this "sea wine" greedily and in large doses. The grandiose adventure of transplanting life from its cradle - the sea into a completely different vital sphere - onto the solid earth took place too long ago for the human body to be able to tolerate large doses of sea water without danger to life.

Sloppy cooking in a dirty galley from the very beginning beat off any appetite from the “fork guys”. True, the blame for this state of affairs cannot be blamed on one cook. He simply did not have the kitchen utensils to provide so many people with varied, tasty food every day. The galley boiler was always busy with the next cooking. And if meat and beans were cooked in it for dinner, then the evening brown burda, called tea, inevitably had a taste of meat broth. However, this similarity was supplemented by circles of fat floating in it. It was physically impossible to clean the gigantic cauldron between dinner and afternoon tea. Disgusting taste, monotony and poor quality of food deprived the appetite of even the most undemanding and hungry eaters. Still worse were the pangs of thirst, caused by the daily consumption of corned beef and hard-stone rusks, and made more and more unbearable by the strict observance of the water diet.

The monotony of food entailed serious consequences. It threatened the health and life of sailors. In long-distance sailing voyages, a lack of vitamin C was especially destructive to people. It led to scurvy. Bleeding gums, loose teeth. In the end, the entire oral cavity turned into a continuous wound, and the body was covered with abscesses. Sailors could not chew and swallow and literally died of hunger.

Often, almost three-quarters of the crew suffered from scurvy, and the cook had to invent such dishes that they could be eaten even with loose teeth and swollen gums. Then the professional sailor's dish "labskaus" appeared - finely chopped boiled corned beef, mixed with ground salted herrings and then crushed into a thin gruel flavored with pepper. This "mousse" could be swallowed even by the seriously ill. Many sailors owe him their lives. The very name "labskaus" comes from the Norwegians and literally means "easily swallowed".

The recipe for labskaus changed over time, and on later voyages, onions, pickles and potatoes were also added to it.

Only much later did doctors discover that scurvy was caused by a lack of fresh vegetables and fruits in the ship's diet. Rostock Chief Sergeant Karl Friedrich Behrens, who, as commander of a marine detachment, accompanied the Dutchman Roggeven in his voyage to the South Seas in 1721, notes, among other things, the following in his memoirs of this journey, called "Tried Southerner": This miserable life cannot be described with a pen. The ships stank of the sick and the dead. One could get sick from the very smell. The sick moaned and screamed plaintively. Even a stone would not remain indifferent to this. Some were so emaciated and wrinkled from scurvy that they were a visible appearance death. These people died, fading quietly, like candles. Others, on the contrary, were swollen and swollen. These, before death, began to rage. Some had bloody diarrhea ... There were many suffering from mental disorders. No medicine could help here , except for fresh food, both meat and vegetable - greens, fruits, swedes and other vegetables ... Each of us had scurvy. My teeth were almost completely bare from gum n, and the gums themselves swelled to a thickness of a finger. Nodules larger than a hazelnut appeared on the arms and on the body.

Only heavy losses in people on the ships of the British navy forced to resort to the search for preventive measures. The English naval doctors Lind and Pringle, having learned from ancient Norman sources that even the Vikings used to take sauerkraut with them on long voyages, urged the British Admiralty to include sauerkraut in the ship's food ration.

However, it turned out that the presence of barrels of sauerkraut on a ship going on a long voyage was still far from solving the problem. This was confirmed by the expeditions of Byron and Wallis and Cook's first circumnavigation. Scurvy was declared shah only if this prophylactic was eaten regularly, as a daily snack. However, it seemed that English sailors would rather die from scurvy than take sauerkraut in their mouths. Neither explanations nor kind words helped.

Then, during his second trip, Cook chose a different tactic. He ordered a large dish of sauerkraut to be defiantly brought from the galley to the wardroom for the officers at every meal. The galley cabin boy was instructed to carry this dish to the "ute guests" uncovered, holding it in front of him at arm's length in order to attract the attention of the inhabitants of the tank. Everything that the officers received seemed to ordinary sailors to be much better and tastier than what the rest of the crew was fed. However, in most cases it was. Such a trick with sauerkraut immediately produced in the minds of the sailors a corresponding reassessment of its merits, and the "lads from the forecastle" eagerly began to eat it. Cook returned from his second circumnavigation without a single death from scurvy.

The full significance of this success can be assessed if we take into account that even in the 18th century, crew losses from scurvy amounted to 30 to 50 percent on long-distance ships. But the sauerkraut was by no means like healing pills. With daily use, it quickly bothered and caused sailors no less disgust than corned beef. But fresh vegetables and fresh meat worked wonders: scurvy patients recovered in a few weeks. This was understood even by Henry the Navigator, who ordered to bring useful animals to some uninhabited islands in the Atlantic, which during the voyages could be used as food for his sailors.

This idea was picked up later by navigators of other nations. Fresh food bases began to be created on the islands and coasts. The current public park near Cape Town owes its origin to the vegetable plantations established here by the Dutch at the end of the 18th century to supply their Indian expeditions. The Atlantic island of Saint Helena, on which Napoleon later lived in exile, served as a vegetable base for the Portuguese back in 1502. Later, in 1563, the Netherlands East India Company took over this stronghold with the same goals. No other reason can explain the multiple change of ownership in Mauritius and other islands in the Indian Ocean. The convenient location of Mauritius made it an ideal point for refueling with fresh water and fruit on the way from Africa to Java, and because of this, he was alternately taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese, by the French from the Dutch, and finally by the British from the French.

Interest in such bases, where it was possible to supply the ship's crew with vitamin C, was lost by the maritime nations only when the British discovered that strong lemon juice was a good prophylactic against scurvy that mowed people down. In 1795, the British Admiralty ordered that the daily ration of rum be supplemented with a portion of lemon juice. At first, the officers and crews of other fleets scoffed at this innovation. English sailors were contemptuously called "limes" - lemongrass. However, other fleets soon decided to resort to this remedy and began to take lemon juice with them: after all, this was cheaper than caring for scurvy patients.

Source - http://flot.h14.ru

BOARDING- the approach of hostile ships close for hand-to-hand combat.
VANGUARD- the forward (head) part of the battle formation of a squadron or fleet.
ACCIDENT- damage to the vessel.
AVISO- a small ship used for reconnaissance and messenger service in the 18th-19th centuries.
AVRAL- work on an urgent call of the entire personnel of the ship, when one watch cannot cope with the task.
ADMIRALTY- the highest body of command and control of the naval forces.
ADMIRALTY ANCHOR- an anchor with two fixed horns with triangular paws on their horns, and a rod, fixed on the upper part of the spindle in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the horns. The name "Admiralty anchor" appeared in 1352 after extensive field tests of anchors of various designs, carried out by the British Admiralty.
ANKEROC- a barrel in one, two, three buckets and more; used to store water, wine, and vinegar.
ANTICYCLONE- area of ​​high pressure in the atmosphere, with a maximum in the center. It is characterized by cloudy and dry weather with light winds.
ARTEL- an association of sailors or soldiers in the Russian fleet or army in order to organize food from a common boiler, at the expense of the money they put in for food. The economy of the artel was in charge of the artel, elected by soldiers or sailors. The artel worker was approved by the senior officer of the ship.
REAR GUARD- the trailer (closing) part of the battle formation of a squadron or fleet.
AKHTERLUK- stern hatch.
AKHTERSTEVEN- a vertical bar forming the aft end of the ship's keel. The steering wheel is suspended from the sternpost.
TANK- the bow of the deck of the ship from the stem to the foremast. A forecastle is an elevated superstructure that occupies part of the forecastle.
BAKAN, or buoy - a large float, sometimes with a bell, sometimes with a lantern, anchored to indicate a dangerous shallow place.
TANK- a sailor on duty performing work on the forecastle.
BACKSTAY- 1) the course of the ship at an obtuse angle to the wind direction line; 2) tackle holding topmasts, bram-masts and bam-bram-masts from the sides and back.
BALL- a number indicating the strength of the wind or wave on a scale. According to the Beaufort scale adopted by us, wind strength is indicated from 0 (total calm) to 12 (hurricane) points, and waves - from 0 to 9.
JAR- 1) stranded in a deep place; 2) bench, seat on the boat.
BAR- shallow water, a ridge across the river from alluvial sand and silt.
BARQUE- a ship with direct rigging on the forward masts and with oblique rigging on the rear mast.
BARQUENTINE, or schooner-bark, - a ship with three or more masts, of which the foremast has direct armament, and all the rest are oblique.
RUNNING RIGGING- rigging, providing maneuvers with sails and spars. For simplification of draft it is passed through blocks.
BEIDEWIND- the course of the ship at an acute angle to the wind.
BAYFOOT- a clip that presses the rail to the mast or topmast.
MIZAN MAST- rear mast of all ships with three, four or more masts.
BEAMS- transverse bars connecting the sides of the vessel and serving as beams for decking.
BITT- a wooden or cast-iron pedestal used for fastening thick gear, tugboats, and sometimes anchor ropes (chains).
BITENG-KRASPITSA- a transverse bar on a bitten or a pair of bitten.
BLOCK- a device with a rotating pulley wheel inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.
BLOCKSHIVE- an old ship, anchored and serving as a floating warehouse, wharf or barracks.
BOKANTS, or davits - iron racks of a special device and shape, located on the ship and used to raise and lower boats.
BOM-BRAMSELY- fourth from the bottom of the sails on a ship with direct armament.
BORA- local, strong (up to 40-80 m/s) cold wind on the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, on the Black Sea coast in
area of ​​Novorossiysk. Usually happens in winter.
BOATSWAIN- the head of the deck crew of the ship's crew, manages all work on the deck and keeps the ship clean.
BRAMSELS- third from the bottom sail on a ship with direct armament.
BRACES- gear used to rotate the rails in a horizontal direction. Brasopit - turn the yards with the help of braces.
WINDLASS- a mechanism with a horizontal arrangement of drums, used for lifting and lowering anchors and mooring operations.
BRIG- a two-masted vessel with straight sails on both masts.
BRIGANTINE, or schooner brig, is a two-masted ship with straight sails on the fore mast and oblique sails on the main mast.
YOKE- flat metal ring on spars.
BUOY- see cormorant.
BUEK- a small float showing the place of the anchor when it is released.
BAY- 1) a small bay; 2) a cable rolled up in circles. The coil of cable, manufactured at the factory, has a length of 200 meters, or 100 fathoms.
BOWSPRIT- inclined mast on the bow of the vessel.
BULL-PROUD- one of the gear for cleaning sails.
SHAFT- a separate major war, in a storm it reaches a height of 9 meters or more.
OUTRIGGER- the thickened part of the oar, it is divided into a handle, a roll, a spindle and a blade.
VALKOST- insufficient stability, the tendency of the vessel to tilt to one side from the slightest reason; Valkost is considered a bad and even dangerous property of the vessel.
GUYS- cables strengthening the masts, topmasts, bram-masts from the sides.
WATERWAYS- a wooden beam or metal sheet connecting the deck to the sides of the vessel.
WATERLINE- the line along which the ship goes deeper into the water. The maximum deepening permitted by law for each vessel is limited by the load waterline.
waterstay- thick metal bars or chains that pull the bowsprit to the stem.
WATCH- duty on the ship.
MONOGRAM- tying of a thin line for fastening two cables together.
VERP- a small anchor.
SHIPYARD- a place where ships are built, a shipyard.
MILESTONE- a pole with a float, anchored or on a stone. At the upper end, either a kind of broom made of thick rods, or a colored flag is attached. Milestones are surrounded by shoals and other obstacles in the way of ships, such as sunken ships.
DISPLACEMENT is the volume of water displaced by the vessel. The weight of this volume is equal to the weight of the ship.
CUTWATER- the outer edge of the stem below the waterline.
WEAPONS- equipment of the vessel, a set of spars, rigging and sails.
LOOKING FORWARD- the sailor on duty at the bow of the ship, watching the horizon and immediately reporting everything. what he sees, the captain's officer on duty.
Vyblenky- thin ropes tied across the shrouds and forming, together with the shrouds, a kind of rope ladder for climbing the masts and yards.
VYMBOVKI- long bars of hard wood, used to rotate manual spiers (gates). Vymbovka has the form of a stick about two meters long and in diameter, at one end about 10 cm, and at the other - about 6 cm.
PENNANT- a long narrow flag.
HARBOR- the space of water, protected by nature or artificial structures from sea waves and serving for the parking of ships.
GAK- metal hook.
GACOBORT- a board enclosing the stern of a ship.
TACK- 1) tackle that attracts the lower corners of direct sails from the windward; 2) if the wind blows from the right, then they say: the ship is on the right tack, if on the left - on the left tack.
GALFWIND, or half wind - the direction of the wind perpendicular to the ship's course.
HALLYUN- lavatory on board.
LEVER- increased vymbovka, serving as a lever when working with large weights.
GAFF- an inclined tree attached with one cone to the mast and used to fasten or stretch the upper luff (side) of oblique sails having the shape of an irregular trapezoid.
GIK- a log for attaching or stretching the lower leg (side) of slanting sails.
GITOV- gear that serves to pull up the lower corners of the sail when cleaning.
DRIVE TO THE WIND- keep the close-haul cool, i.e. very close to the wind line.
GORDEN- tackle. passing through one single-sheave block.
GROTTO- the lower sail on the main mast.
GROT HATCH- the middle hatch on the deck of the vessel.
MAINT MAST- medium, largest, mast on the ship.
GROT-HOLD- medium ship hold.
JACK- a special flag that is raised when anchoring on the bow of a warship of the 1st or 2nd rank.
DOUBLE BOTTOM, or internal - available on all warships and large ships of the merchant fleet; serves to protect the bottom from the effects of holes, increases the reliability of the hull. The space between the inner bottom and the outer one is called the double bottom and is divided by longitudinal and transverse partitions into compartments that are empty or used to store water, oil, etc.
TWO-DECK SHIP- an old type warship that had above the water, in addition to the upper one, two more lower decks with guns.
DEADWOOD- sharp places of the bottom at the very ends of the vessel.
DEVIATION- deviations of the magnetic compass needles under the action of the ship's iron.
DECA- deck.
KEEP ON TARGET, go along the alignment - go so that two or more objects observed from the vessel merge into one line, for example, see the masts and pipe of an oncoming steamer in the alignment or walk along the alignment of two lighthouses.
TRIM- the difference in the depth of the vessel in the water between the stern and the bow. Trim to the stern is usually done to give the ship better agility. The trim on the bow, on the contrary, worsens the agility and gives the vessel an ugly look. If the ship has a trim on the bow, then the sailors say: "The ship sits in the water like a pig."
PKD- Wet dock - a section of a harbor or port in which the water is kept at the same level. Such docks are arranged in places subject to the action of ebb and flow, for the convenience of loading and unloading ships moored at the berths. Dry docks - pools, pools in which ships are placed for repair. After entering the vessel into such a dock, the water is pumped out of it, and the vessel remains on supports, called slipway blocks. The gates of a special device that tightly close the entrances to the docks are called batoports. Floating dock - a floating structure that is sunk, and then, after pumping water from the dock compartments, rises along with the ship put on it for repair.
HEAVER- an oblong cone made of hard wood, used in rigging.
DRAW, to scuff - to pull tight, in a figurative sense - to scrub, to clean something. For example, sailors say: "to polish a copper", which means to polish copper parts to a shine.
DRYREP- a chain or wire rope attached to the yard and passing through the block to lift it. Any dryrep usually ends with hoists, called halyards. For example, marsa-drayrep and marsa-fal together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.
DRIFTING- deviation of a moving ship from the intended path under the influence of wind, current, strong wave and ice pressure. To drift - arrange the sails in such a way that from the action of the wind on one of them the ship goes forward, and from the action on the others it backs away, as a result of which the ship keeps almost in place.
INCH- longitudinal unit of length, equal to 2.54 centimeters.
EAT- a word that replaces answers in the fleet: well, I listen, I understand, it will be done. Comes from the English word Yes (Yes).
ZHVAKA-GALS- a piece of chain of the same thickness as the anchor rope is attached to the butt, embedded in the ship's hull with a bracket
MAGAZINES watch and engine - a cord book in which the captain's officer on duty on the bridge, in the wheelhouse, and the engineer on duty in the car record all the circumstances of navigation and all incidents with the ship, mechanisms and its crew at sea, near the coast, while moored at the berth.
ZAGREBNOY- the rower closest to the helmsman, all other rowers of the boat are equal to him.
BOARD- Close tightly.
BUY, seize in a pulley - they talk about tackle when something has clamped it and prevents it from stretching freely.
ZUIDWESTKA- wide-brimmed marine waterproof hat.
SWELL, dead swell - gently sloping waves without wind, sometimes can reach large sizes; it happens either after a long wind, when the sea cannot immediately calm down, or before the wind, when a strong wind blows in the neighborhood and drives a wave in front of it. Small hammer, or ripples - small excitement.
GO- the ship is moving, its crew, taking part in the movement of the ship, is also moving. The passengers carried by the sailors are on their way.
For example, a passenger will say: "I am going on a ship," and a sailor will say: "I am going on a ship."
PORTHOLE- a round window made of thick cast glass in a metal frame built into the side of the ship.
CABLE- thick wire. Since earlier sailing ships, without the help of tugboats, often had to be dragged from place to place by bringing a verp with a cable tied to it on a boat, it became a practice to measure a distance of less than a mile by the number of cables. Cables - 100 six-foot fathoms. There are 10 cables in one nautical mile.
KABOLKA- a thick thread from which cables are twisted, which consist of strands, and strands of cables.
WIRE SLINGS- hemp rings that are connected; they cover the load when lifting with hoists.
CABOTAGE- sailing along their coasts and between the ports of their state. Coaster, coaster - ship. floating near its shores without calling at foreign ports.
GALLEY- ship's kitchen.
CAMLET- a dense fabric made of wool (often with an admixture of silk or cotton fabric).
CAMPAIGN- floating, hiking navigation.
ROPE- the thickest pearls and cables were called a rope, tied to an anchor before chains were used for this purpose. Until now, the anchor chain is often called a chain rope or simply an anchor rope.
QUARANTINE FLAG- a yellow quadrangular flag, hoisted on the forward mast and means that everything is safe on the ship in terms of sanitary conditions.
CAT- anchor lifting crane.
ROLL UNDER THE WIND- tilt the bow of the ship into the wind.
CABIN- a room on the ship.
QUARTERDEC- aft deck raised to the line of bulwarks.
QUEBRACH WOOD(upper bracho) - subtropical South American tree species, have hard, heavy wood, bark and tannic extract.
KEEL- a longitudinal beam or steel sheet running along the vessel and serving as the basis of its entire structure.
KILSON- the inner keel running over the frames (ribs) of the vessel.
WAKE- a jet astern of a moving vessel.
LAYING THE RUDDER right or left on board - turn the steering wheel, and hence the steering wheel to the right or left side to failure.
CELL, kletnevka - safety upholstery of the cable with thin lines in those places where it is subjected to constant friction.
JIB- one of the slanting sails on the bowsprit.
CLIPPER- a large, narrow and sharp, fast ship on the move.
CLIPER POST- a beautifully curved stem decorated with gilded carvings.
CLOT, klotik - a chiseled bump or circle worn on top of a mast or flagpole. thin gear is passed through the klotik, called signal halyards, which serve to raise flags.
HAWSE- a round hole in the side of the vessel for the passage of perlines, mooring lines or anchor ropes (anchor hawse).
KNEHT- a cast-iron pedestal or a wooden column for attaching gear.
KNOP- a knot at the end of the tackle, not tied, but in a special way woven from loose strands.
KNYAVDIGED- the upper, broadened part of the stem on old ships, strongly protruding forward.
CASING- attachment, superstructure to cover something, such as a chimney casing.
COOK- the ship's cook.
BILL OF LADING- a document for the cargo.
COPRA- dried nutrient tissue (endosperm) of the fruit of the coconut palm - coconut. Used to produce coconut oil, margarine and soap.
SHIP- 1) ship in general; 2) a large sailing vessel, at least three-masted, with direct armament on all masts.
STERN- rear end of the vessel.
DIRK- something like a four-sided dagger, used during boarding battles of ships. Subsequently, the dagger received the value of a distinctive personal weapon of naval officers.
KOFEL-NAGEL- iron pin for fastening gear.
KOFEL-PLANK- an oak thick board with nests, reinforced at the side of the ship or mast to pass coffee pins through it.
CRUMBALL- bracket on the bow of the ship for hanging the anchor.
FENDER- a piece of wood or a rough pillow stuffed with soft cork and braided with a vegetable cable, hanging overboard to protect the ship's hull from friction against a berth or other ship.
CRUISE- swim in a certain sea between certain places.
BANK- the inclination of the vessel on its side, measured in degrees of arc by an instrument called an inclinometer.
COOLER TO KEEP- keep closer to the direction of the wind.
ATTACH THE SAILS- roll up, tie them on the yards, or on the bowsprit, or near the masts.
ATTACH GEAR- wrap or wrap it around the head of the bollard or coffee nagel.
KRUYSEL- topsail on a mizzen mast.
COCKPIT- common living quarters for the team.
WELL- the direction in which the ship is heading.
MANAGE- move forward in zigzags against the wind.
LAS- 1) a tool for measuring the distance traveled in travel speed; 2) board of the ship. For example, to moor with a lag (i.e. sideways) to the pier, to another ship, to stick with the whole lag to the shallows.
LEVENTIK- the position of the sails when they are not inflated and flutter from the wind blowing at their edges.
LEER- a tightly stretched rope, wire or metal rod, used to tie sails (handrails on yardarms) or to protect people from falling into the water (side lifeline).
LIE TO- to stop the course of the ship and keep in place, not letting go of the anchor, properly positioning the sails or maneuvering the machines.
LICTROS, or likovina - a cable with which the sail is sheathed for strength.
TENCH- a cable less than 25 millimeters in diameter.
LISELI- additional sails placed on the sides of direct sails to increase their area.
LIGHTER- a shallow-draft auxiliary vessel, serves for the delivery and transportation of cargo to anchored ships.
BLADE- a paddle of an oar, a steamship propeller or a wheel; the latter is sometimes called a stroke or plinia.
LOT- a device that measures depths, with its help they get soil samples from the bottom of the sea.
LOCATION- part of the science of navigation, a guide for navigators, a detailed description of the seas and the shores washed by them, lighthouses, signs, alignments, etc.
PILOT- a sailor-navigator engaged in escorting ships in a certain area: in a strait, port, fiord, channel.
EYELINGS- sheathed holes in the sail for passing gear.
HATCHES- holes in the decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.
LUSTRIN- thin dark woolen or cotton fabric with a sheen.
MANILA(abaca) - manila hemp, a fiber obtained from the leaves of the tropical abaca plant. Marine ropes, plant cables, etc. are made from manila.
MANEUVER- control a ship or a detachment of ships, changing the direction of movement and speed.
MARLIN- a thin line twisted from two cables or threads.
MARS- a platform at the junction of the mast with the topmast.
MARSELY- the second from the bottom straight sails.
MARTYN-GIK- a wooden or iron spacer under the bowsprit for wiring the rigging of the jib and bom jib.
MAT- a carpet woven from strands or cables of an old cable.
MAST- a vertically or almost vertically installed spar tree, used to lift sails and weights.
LIGHTHOUSE- 1) a tower with a specially arranged lantern on top; 2) a floating lighthouse - a ship anchored at dead anchors at a shoal far from the coast. Floating lighthouses have a characteristic coloration, an inscription in large letters on the board, balls of thick rods and strong lanterns on the tops of the masts.
MILE- sea measure of length, equal to 1852 meters.
MOLESKIN- a kind of thick paper fabric that goes on clothes.
BRIDGE- a platform raised above the sides of the vessel and protected from wind and waves, extending from side to side. The ship is controlled from the bridge.
MOUSSONS- periodic winds that change their direction depending on the time of year.
MUSHKEL- a massive wooden hammer for rigging.
SHIP SET- the totality of all timber beams and strips of shaped steel that make up the skeleton or frame of the ship.
WINDWIND, coast, board - side, coast, board, from which or from the side of which the wind blows.
HAIR- to clean.
BINNACLE- 1) a copper cap with a glass window and lamps; not put on at night and in bad weather on the compass; 2) a wooden or silumin cabinet (pedestal) on which the compass is installed.
FILL THE SAILS- expose the sails to the wind so that they inflate and the ship gets a move.
NIGHTS- a strong bundle of two or more objects with a cable. To accept - to bind; snite - to connect with each other.
NIRAL- tackle for lowering or pulling down the sails.
NOC- the tip of the yard, hafel or boom.
DEWEATHER SAILS- turn them or the ship so that the wind hits the side edge of the sails and they rinse or become head-to-head.
SET THE SAILS- turn them or the ship so that the wind blows in the opposite direction of the sails and they are pressed against the masts and topmasts. With bare sails, the ship gets reverse.
OVERSTAG- transition from the hauled wind of one tack to the hauled wind of another tack through the wind line.
fire- a loop braided on a cable.
OBTAIN- an order to the helmsman to slow down the turn of the vessel that has begun.
DRAFT- the depth of the ship, measured in feet or metric measures.
STABILITY- the ability of a ship that has received a list to quickly straighten up. Insufficient stability, resulting from a too high center of gravity, makes the vessel rolly and even dangerous, it may capsize. Excessive stability makes the roll too fast, gusty and loosens not only the masts, but also the hull of the ship.
FUCK OFF- move away from the pier or other vessel.
GIVE AWAY- untie, unfasten this or that tackle; give sails - dissolve them; drop the anchor - throw it into the water.
SHALLOW- shallow, connected to the shore.
GROOVE- a gap between planks or deck boards. The grooves are caulked and filled with pitch or covered with putty on drying oil and oil varnish.
DECK- flooring, the same as the floors in houses. The number of decks on the ship shows, as it were, the number of floors. Normal distance between decks is 2 meters; on passenger and new ships, it reaches 2.5 and even up to 3 meters.
APEAK- the moment when the anchor is raised, when it has not yet separated from the ground, but the length of the chain is already equal to the depth of the sea and the anchor chain is vertical. After the paner, when the anchor is separated from the ground and the chain trembles, they say: "the anchor has risen."
trade winds- winds blowing with a fairly constant force (three or four points), their direction is not always constant, but varies within close, however, limits.
HAWSER- the cable is thicker than 13 centimeters.
PERTS AND BACKS- cables, now always wire, suspended under the yards, on which the sailors stand with their feet, diverging along the yards for attaching the sails.
PIER- Pier on piles, arranged perpendicular to the coastline.
GUNWALE- a horizontally laid thick board of hard wood, limiting the upper side of the vessel.
PONTOON- the same as the lighter, but more shallow-sitting.
LEETH SIDE, coast, board - side, coast, board, opposite to windward.
VALANCE- overhang of the stern of the ship.
PODSHIPPERSKAYA- room for storage of ship's property.
"HOLANDRA!"- "beware!". From the Dutch word "fall under" - "falls down". A warning cry.
PUMPS- ship pumps serving for different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.
PORT- 1) a place near some city where the parking of ships is concentrated. Ports are natural and artificial; 2) a door on board the ship: cargo or lazports, gun ports, garbage ports. Small ports are called half ports.
SWEET- an oar that replaces the steering wheel.
SURF, or breakers - excitement near the coast.
LEAD- steer closer to the wind line, steer steeper.
STRAIGHT SAILS- sails of the correct quadrangular shape or the shape of a regular trapezoid, tied to the yards.
DISARM THE SHIP- during long stays and winterings on sailing ships, they untie and put all the sails into the hold, pull out the gear of the running rigging, remove the blocks, sometimes lower the upper yards and bram-topmasts - this is called "disarm the ship."
spars- a collective word for all the wooden parts of the ship, such as: masts, topmasts, bram-topmasts, yards, booms, gaffs, cargo arrows, etc.
REY- a transverse tree suspended by the middle, to which one of the direct sails is tied.
RAID- a place more or less closed from the winds in front of the entrance to the port.
REEF- 1) a ridge of stones or coral formations hidden under water or barely protruding from it; 2) a row of ties at the sail to reduce its area during an intensifying wind.
ROSTERS- a place on the deck where the spare spars are stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostras.
CUTTING- 1) a house built separately on the deck with a flat roof; 2) office space: wheelhouse, navigational cabin.
RUMB- 1/32 of the horizon. A card (a circle attached to a magnetic compass needle) is divided into 32 points and, like any circle, into 360. Compass points, counting from north through east, south and west, have the following names: north (N), north-ten-east (NtO), north-north-east (NNO), north-east ten-north (NOtN); north-east(NO), north-east-ten-east(NOtO), east-north-east(ONO), east-ten-north(OtN), east(O), east-ten-south(OtS), east-south-east(OSO), south-east-ten-east(SOtO), south-east(SO), south-east-ten-south(SOtS), south-south-east(SSO), south-ten -ost(StO), south(S), south-ten-west(Stw) and further: SSW, SWtS, SW, SWtW, WSW, WtS, west (W), WtN, WNW, NWtW, NW, NWtN, NNW , NtW, N.
TILLER- lever at the steering wheel to control it.
RUMPEL-TALI- hoists, which are laid on the tiller.
SHOUT- a metal cone-shaped pipe to amplify the voice. A large horn made of pressed corton or linoleum is called a megaphone.
RUSLENI- platforms for the removal of shrouds and back stays from the side of the vessel.
RYM- a strong iron ring built into the deck, side or pier.
BELL- bell.
SKILL- the tendency of the ship to rush towards the wind.
FATTH- old Russian measure of length. Since 1835, its size has been determined at 7 English feet, which corresponded to 213.36 centimeters. The navy used a six-foot fathom, equal to 183 centimeters. 100 six-foot fathoms were one cable length.
CROSSTREES- lattice platform when connecting the topmast to the topmast.
PILE- a round metal wedge, similar to a large and thick awl, is used for rigging.
FRESH BREEZE- a strong even wind, not yet reached the degree of a storm.
SEASON, or harness - a short braid or piece of cable used to fasten retracted sails.
SEY-TALI- large hoists for lifting weights.
phials- hourglass. To beat the bottles - to indicate the time by ringing the ship's bell.
CHEEKBONE- turn, steepness in the lines of the ship's hull; bottom, bow, stern cheekbone.
SPARDEC- medium elevated superstructure, extending from side to side.
SPLICE- Two ends of a cable woven together.
TO GO DOWN- turn the ship, increasing the angle between the ship's course and the direction of the wind.
STAYSAIL- oblique sail, walking on rings (raks) along the bar.
STAPEL- the foundation on which the ship is built.
STAPEL-BLOCKS- bars placed under the keel of a ship under construction or being repaired in the dock.
STEPS- a socket into which the lower end (spurs) of the mast is inserted.
STOP ANCHOR- see ANCHOR.
SLING- a piece of cable, woven with ends into a circle or loop.
STRING- a small strap.
SUPERCARGO- a member of the commanding staff responsible for ensuring the correct and most efficient transportation of goods on the ship.
TABANIT- row the oars in the opposite direction.
RIGGING- the totality of all the gear on the ship. Standing rigging - at present, wire cables securing masts, topmasts, bram- and bom-bram-topmasts, bowsprit and jib. Running rigging - consists of a part of a flexible steel cable, a part of a plant cable and a part of chains. It passes through the blocks and serves to lift and turn spars, weights, setting and cleaning sails.
RIGGING- production of various products from a cable, processing of a cable for rigging.
TALI- a cable passed through a system of blocks to facilitate traction. (In physics - polyspas)
TALREP- type of hoist or tension screw for pulling standing rigging or pulling cargo
TWINDEC- intermediate deck deck.
TENT- a canopy made of canvas stretched over the deck to protect people from rain and sun.
TEAK- 1) a very strong, non-rotting Indian tree; 2) striped matter.
TIR- a type of oil varnish.
CRUSHING- wrong high and short excitement.
TONE- the top of a vertical spar tree, for example, masts, topmasts.
TOPENANT- tackle supporting the legs of yardarms, booms and cargo arrows.
BEAM- the position of some sign on the shore or an object on the water, perpendicular to the course of the vessel.
PICK TACKLE- gradually release, weaken.
CABLE- rope. Cables are steel, vegetable (hemp, manila, coconut), nylon. The cable thickness is always measured around the circumference.
HOLD- the interior of the ship, intended for the carriage of goods.
LITTLE- the tendency of the ship to throw its nose from the wind.
DEEP SHIP- distance in decimeters or feet, measured from the waterline to the lower edge of the keel.
NODE- 1) a conditional measure of speed, indicating a nautical mile per hour; 2) a knot on a cable.
oarlocks- metal devices in the form of grips for resting the oars when rowing.
UTLEGAR- the second knee of the bowsprit, its continuation. The continuation of the utlegar is called the bom-utlegar.
GET AWAY FROM THE WAVE- keep so many sails during a passing storm so that the wave cannot catch up with the ship and roll in from the stern, "cover", according to the sea expression, which is very dangerous.
FAL- tackle in the form of special hoists, used to lift spars and sails
BULWARK- the upper part of the ship's side, the side is higher than the upper deck.
FANS- a cardboard tube stuffed with sparkler powder and equipped with a handle for holding, is used to produce night signals.
FAIRWAY- a deep passage among shallows and other underwater hazards.
FLAG- a rectangular panel sewn from a light woolen fabric - a flag - of different colors and serving as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national, meaning which state the given vessel belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally assigned.
FLAGPOLE- the top of the mast or a special pole used to raise the flag.
FLOTILLA- a small group of ships.
FLOOR- the lower part of the frame.
FOC- lower sail on the foremast.
foremast- forward mast of the ship.
FORDEWIND- a tailwind blowing directly into the stern.
FORDUNES- the same as backstays.
FOR-LUX- Front cargo hatch.
FOREPEAK- a bottleneck in the hold at the very bow of the vessel. The same place in the stern is called the afterpeak.
BOOST WITH SAILS- carry more windage than it should at a given wind speed.
stem- front edge of the vessel.
FOOT- sea measure, equal to 0.305 meters.
SHOOT STOCK- a long stick, marked in feet, is used to measure shallow depths.
RUNNING END- the end of the tackle being pulled. The reverse end attached to something is called the root.
WALKER A good walker is a fast boat.
CHAIN ​​ROPE, or anchor rope - a chain attached to an anchor.
CYCLONE- an area of ​​low pressure in the atmosphere with a minimum in the center. The weather during this period is overcast, with strong winds.
CHECHEN- an island in the northwestern part of the Caspian Sea. Sand spits, overgrown with reeds, stretch from the coast into the sea. The Chechen lighthouse was installed.
CHICKS- wooden or metal slaps on the mast under the tops, sometimes under the salings.
CLEAR ANCHOR- the message of the assistant captain, who is watching the lifting of the anchor from the water, that the anchor came to the surface not tangled, clean, the ship can be set in motion.
MOORING, to moor - to attract the vessel to the shore, to the pier or to another vessel.
DOTTERS, or shkhans - part of the deck between the main and mizzen mast, a place of honor on the ship.
WAIST- part of the deck between the fore and main masts.
SQUALL- a strong gust of wind.
PENDANT- the short end of the cable with a point at the end.
SHKIF- a wheel with a hollow in a block or in a spar.
SKIPPER, or skipper - this is how the captain of a merchant ship used to be called.
SHEET- tackle that attracts the lower corner of the sail to the side, deck or to the leg of the underlying spar tree.
FRAME- a wooden or metal rib in the ship's set.
SPACE- the distance between the frames.
SCUPPER- a hole for water flow in the side of the ship.
SPIRE- vertical gate.
SPOR- the lower part of the vertical spar tree.
STAG- standing rigging, holding the spar tree in front.
STERT- a short piece of line used to tie something.
STOCK- any pole that has a special purpose - a flagpole, footstaff.
WHEEL- a wheel with handles used to control the steering wheel.
STORMTRAP- rope ladder with wooden steps.
SHTURTROS- a cable connecting the tiller to the steering wheel.
SCHOONER- a vessel with slanting sails and at least two masts.
EZELGOFT- a double forged ring made of strip metal for connecting the top of the mast with the topmast, the top of the topmast with the topmast, the bowsprit with the jib.
CREW- all personnel of the ship, except for passengers.
ELLING- the place of construction or repair of the vessel.
SQUADRON- a large detachment of ships under the command of a person who has his own distinctive flag - a flagship or admiral.
YUZEN- a thin line, hand-woven from three cables.
CABIN BOY- a young sailor apprentice.
UT- part of the deck from the mizzen mast to the end of the stern - the tailboard. Poluut - a short, elevated part of the poop, superstructure, starting from the stern, but not reaching the mizzen mast.
UFERS- a kind of round thick block with smooth holes, called windows, instead of pulleys. Cable lanyards are based through the yufers.
ANCHOR- a forged metal projectile that serves to stop the ship by traction with the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready for return and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there is one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors that serve to drag the ship from place to place by delivery are called verps. The heaviest verp is called the stop anchor.
ANCHOR ROPE- a chain attached to an anchor.
YACHT- a ship that has neither military nor commercial significance and is used for the purposes of water sports or recreation.

The kitchen on the ship (galley) is a special place. The result of swimming depends on its arrangement and professionalism of the cook. Energy-intensive devices are installed in a small area. The kitchen in the ship provides modern technical solutions: the ability to bake bread and confectionery, make coffee, offer dietary dishes on the menu, feed the crew and passengers of the ship with food from fresh products.

The life support system of any ship cannot do without a galley. The occupied area and the equipment of the galley room depend on the functions assigned to the tasks of the craft and its type. It is impossible to do without an equipped ship's kitchen.

Three main titles

The range of galley equipment is approved by the requirements of SanPin 2.5.2-703-98. The mechanization of the kitchen for ships provides for the presence of three components that are mandatory when completing a galley. Let's talk about them below.

Plate

The kitchen in the ship is equipped with devices, the design of which, for example, stoves for the kitchen, differs little from the usual ones. Important aspects of such a plate are:

• Compactness - every centimeter of area is calculated on the vessel;
• Durability - the unit must withstand long work cycles with maximum load;
• Anti-tilt devices (holders) - during the pitching, the dishes do not move off the heating surface and do not fall off the stove;
• Heating regulation;
• Cooking at least three dishes at once in sufficient quantities for the crew of the ship;
• Baking bread in the stove oven;
• Thermal insulation of outer side surfaces (up to 45ºС).

Of course, a trawler's galley stove will be very different from a cruise ship's restaurant kitchen. But the general features cited above will still be preserved. Cookers for the galley are mounted on ships of various types and are used to prepare a full meal.

Electric stoves in the galley must work in the harsh conditions of the tropics (+ 45ºС) and at low temperatures (-10ºС). The humidity level should be kept at 75%. The maximum possible (98%) will lead to a decrease in the upper limit of positive temperatures (35ºС).

For small models of stoves, the elements of the control system (package switches) are built into the body. Such plates are powered by a simple plug. The remaining samples are controlled by equipment installed on separate boards. The devices are connected to the ship's electrical network using terminal blocks (located on the outer hull).

Boiler (tank for heating water)

The kitchen in the ship, like any other, will not do without hot water. Boiling water is a universal product. With its help, they prepare dishes, process food before cutting and laying, wash dishes, use it as a drink (for brewing).

The special qualities of marine water boilers correlate with the parameters of galley electric stoves. But first of all, you need to pay attention to the performance of the tank. The device must produce the required amount of hot water in a certain time. The volume of produced boiling water is calculated individually for each ship.

Boiler - a container with heaters inside. The cladding applied on the outside prevents contact with the hot surface. The tank is installed vertically and fixed. Extremely useful in galleys with small spaces. Heats water quickly and maintains its temperature.

Facilitates tank maintenance:

• The presence of an additional tap for draining water;
• Semi-automatic control system;
• Protection against accidental inclusion of a tank without water.

A valuable parameter of the boiler is an anti-corrosion coating. The difference in hardness of fresh water coming on board from different sources has a negative impact on the design of the tank. High-quality coating will provide the boiler with a long service life.

Fridge

Preservation of food during the voyage is the main task of the galley refrigeration unit. An ordinary household refrigerator can handle this role. However, in most cases, commercial freezers are not used on ships.

The kitchen in the ship requires the installation of a refrigerator with reliable fixation (fastening system) so that its body does not move from the vibrations of the ship. It is recommended to install locking devices on the doors of freezers to prevent accidental opening.

The required working volume of the refrigeration unit is determined according to the number of crew/passengers and the type of vessel (cargo/passenger). Specialized ship refrigeration devices with various types of freezing have been developed: water and air.

plus two units

The development of technology has made it possible to provide kitchens for ships with the latest multifunctional equipment. The most common are two types of equipment.

microwave oven

Microwaves can be found in almost every kitchen. They also occupied their niche in galleys. On the ships there are professional-level microwave ovens and general household samples. This is due to the fact that microwave ovens are not included in the mandatory range of equipment, but the kitchen in the ship can be equipped with such devices as needed.

It is up to the shipowner/master to decide whether such a device is available in the galley. This fact does not have much effect on the popularity of using microwaves in the Navy. There are no special galley characteristics for a furnace with microwave radiation. The main thing is that there is a place for her.

combi steamer

The range of functions of the device is extremely wide. Thanks to the combi steamer, you can:

• Thermally process food: dry and wet methods;
• Prepare a full set of dishes of the "second" category;
• Bake meat;
• Engage in baking (bread, confectionery).

The ship's kitchen, with a combi steamer, has a number of advantages:

• The cook spends less time cooking;
• Inclusion in the menu of dietary dishes;
• The ability to significantly expand the diet;
• Prepare more complex meals.

All equipment in the galley must be certified by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping and the Russian River Register.

Manufacturers of galley mechanisms in Russia

Not a single manufacturer deals with the marine theme of kitchen equipment in its pure form. There are very few domestic suppliers of galley equipment. Three companies can be distinguished among them:

1. Concern "Termal" (Nizhny Novgorod) is a supplier of a large number of various fixtures and fittings for galleys. Moreover, the company independently develops equipment samples, giving preference to domestic components. More than 15 units of equipment are under design and modernization. The company has organized a dealer network in the CIS countries, actively developing cooperation with foreign countries.
2. JSC "Chuvashtorgtekhnika" - serially produces two modifications of combi steamers in the marine version. Russian models are much cheaper than imported ones (3-4 times). The company can also manufacture other devices.
3. LLC Planeta (St. Petersburg) has been supplying a wide range of galley electrical equipment for 20 years. All information about the company's products is available on its website.

The ship's kitchen needs quality equipment that is easy to use and ergonomic.

Prepare cakes and coffee

Galley mechanisms of the baking and confectionery type differ from land-based equipment: they are small-sized and highly reliable. Professional kitchen equipment for ships perfectly solves the problem of separate preparation of pizza, confectionery, pastries, bread.

Suppliers offer the widest selection of ovens of various sizes and modifications. The operating cycle of such ovens allows you to bake several different products at once, or a large batch of one item. The automated self-cleaning system (not installed on all models) will make working with the stove as convenient as possible.

Coffee machines are not a scarce product. The problem of the high price of coffee equipment is solved by purchasing equipment that has already been in operation, but has not lost its working qualities.

Auxiliary equipment

There is an extensive class of electrically powered or manually operated appliances. The most complete set of such equipment is available on large ships (liners, ferries), where a restaurant-level service is required and a large number of people need to be fed. Such a kitchen in a ship can be equipped with devices for kneading dough, meat grinders, slicers (cutting devices), potato peeling machines.

The list of units is quite long. What specific devices will be mounted in the galley depends on the ship's designers. The owner of the ship retains the right to modernize the space and equipment of the galley.

galley furniture

The specificity of furniture for a galley is operation in conditions of prolonged exposure to an aggressive environment. The galley utensils constantly get: moisture, particles of detergents, salt solution and spices. Mechanical loads are experienced by the working surfaces of cutting tables. Therefore, ship kitchen furniture is designed with a careful selection of durable materials that can withstand aggressive environments and not receive mechanical damage.

The production of non-mechanical galley equipment has been mastered at many plants in Russia. Today, domestic producers successfully compete with foreign firms. The quality of specialized galley furniture supplied to ships is not worse than imported samples. The price of Russian products is lower. Both military and civil shipbuilders prefer to work with galley furniture suppliers within the Russian Federation.

Russian manufacturers have developed many products of ship furniture, including galley furniture:

• Preparatory galley tables;
• Bread-cutting tables and tubs;
• Sinks of various options with a different number of sinks (1-3);
• Cabinets for food storage, utensils, closet-chest;
• Shelves (place plates, cutting boards, other galley utensils);
• The box where the salt lies;
• Board to write down the layout of products.

The design features of furniture for the ship's kitchen take into account the volume of rooms for the galley, the number of crew, the mode of autonomy, and the provision of rations. These factors influence the choice of ready-made equipment samples or individual sketches are developed. Various options for the layout of the kitchen for the ship are taken into account.

Wash dishes and clean the air

Dishwasher and extractor hood are not intended for food storage and cooking. But without them, a modern equipped kitchen is hard to imagine. The first one saves the time of the galley workers (they are not distracted by washing dishes). The second makes it possible to cook in comfortable conditions, eliminating unpleasant odors and microparticles of food ingredients.

Ship modifications of instruments are created according to the same principles as the rest of the equipment for the galley. The main requirements are compactness, long service life, immunity to a negative environment.

Configuration example

Yachts - small small vessels have their own classification. The number of crew members can reach two dozen people. Accordingly, the area allocated for the galley is quite small. But even in such a small space, about 7-10 devices are placed. The quantity and functionality of the equipment, on the one hand, is determined by the required minimum set of equipment, and on the other hand, by the wishes of the crew members and the capabilities of the owner of the vessel.

The class of yachts was created for sea travel. A set of instruments necessary to create comfort on board on long voyages and parking far from the ground may look like this (the galley equipment of the yacht "Nikolaev" is given):

• Oven;
• Dishwasher;
• Fridge;
• Glass panel for heating food;
• Ice generator;
• coffee machine;
• Freezer.

The ship as a home

The reasons for using a ship as a home and not as a watercraft can be different: economic, political, romantic. It is necessary to equip such a dwelling seriously. The kitchen in the house-ship is purchased in a regular furniture showroom.

Unlike the galley of a ship plowing the water, the kitchen of a ship-house does not require rigid characteristics from equipment and furniture. It is not necessary to install purely marine versions of devices.

Professional equipment can be replaced with ordinary household equipment. There is a reason to use the services of a designer. The ship's small kitchen can accommodate a refrigerator, oven and sink. You can organize enough space to store dishes. Use the countertop as a cooking range, if necessary, connect the kitchen table.

A pull-out basket can fit into the design. The space under the oven is functionally involved: the dishes used for baking are placed there. The interior of the kitchen is assembled taking into account the wishes of the customer. Most of the equipment can be covered with colorful facades. The choice of colors will remain with the client - the owner of the house-ship.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Stability - the ability of a floating facility to withstand external forces that cause it to roll or trim and return to a state of equilibrium at the end of the disturbing effect. Also - a section of ship theory that studies stability.
Equilibrium is considered to be a position with acceptable values ​​​​of the roll and trim angles (in a particular case, close to zero). A floating craft deviated from it tends to return to equilibrium. That is, stability is manifested only when there is an imbalance.
Stability is one of the most important seaworthiness qualities of a floating craft. With regard to ships, a clarifying characteristic of the ship's stability is used. The stability margin is the degree of protection of a floating craft from capsizing. External impact can be caused by a wave impact, a gust of wind, a change in course, etc.
Stability is the ability of a vessel, brought out of a position of normal equilibrium by any external forces, to return to its original position after the termination of these forces. External forces that can take the ship out of normal equilibrium include wind, waves, the movement of goods and people, as well as centrifugal forces and moments that occur when the ship turns. The navigator is obliged to know the features of his vessel and correctly assess the factors affecting its stability. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal stability.
Stability is the ability of a vessel deviated from the equilibrium position to return to it after the cessation of the forces that caused the deviation.
Vessel inclinations can occur from the action of oncoming waves, due to asymmetric flooding of compartments during a hole, from the movement of goods, wind pressure, due to the acceptance or expenditure of goods.
The inclination of the vessel in the transverse plane is called roll, and in the longitudinal plane - trim. The angles formed in this case are denoted respectively by θ and ψ.
The stability that a ship has with longitudinal inclinations is called longitudinal. It is, as a rule, quite large, and the danger of capsizing the vessel through the bow or stern never arises.
The stability of the vessel with transverse inclinations is called transverse. It is the most important characteristic of the ship, which determines its seaworthiness.
There are initial transverse stability at small angles of heel (up to 10-15 °) and stability at large inclinations, since the restoring moment at small and large angles of heel is determined in various ways.