What are the wheels on an airplane called? Aircraft parts: structural significance and operation features. Physical education for the smallest "Spread its wings plane"

For kids about airplanes: an informative fairy tale about the types of aircraft in pictures for children, videos, tasks, games, presentation "What are the planes and why are they needed" for children.

For kids about airplanes

In this article you will find informative information about airplanes and games for children on this topic:

1. presentation and story "What are the planes" for children with tasks and pictures,
2. why do we need airplanes
3. logarithmics"Aircraft",
4. physical education minutes about the aircraft X,
5. finger gymnastics about airplanes
6. outdoor games about airplanes
7. didactic games for children about airplanes.

What are the planes

Cognitive fairy tale about airplanes for children with educational tasks and pictures

How it all began, or why fly a plane to the Isle of Palms?

Once upon a time there was a very kind person in one city. It was a very famous veterinarian. Do you know who a veterinarian is and what he does? (Listen to the child's response and clarify if necessary.) This is a doctor for animals. And our veterinarian also treated birds, fish, animals. In the city, everyone called him respectfully - Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin. Or simply by last name - Dr. Tabletkin. If a canary fell ill or a dog's paw was injured, the inhabitants of the city immediately turned to him for help. And he helped everyone.

One fine spring day, someone knocked on the window to the vet. "Who is this?" Pyotr Ivanovich was surprised and opened the window. - "A! Galchonok. Fly in. What did you bring? Letter? From whom? Let's read it - apparently, this is something urgent! Pyotr Ivanovich opened the letter and recognized the handwriting of his old friend: “Hello, my dear friend! Now I work on the Isle of Palms in the ocean. We have an epidemic, many animals are sick, we need help. I beg you to urgently fly to our island and help. Please bring a set of medicines with you and more. Your friend Dr. Aibolit.

"I'm leaving immediately!" - decided Pyotr Ivanovich - I’ll just leave the veterinarian Poroshkov on duty here instead of myself and collect my suitcase with medicines for animals. Having done all these things, the famous veterinarian went to the airport.

Airfield

There was a field next to the terminal building. A very unusual field. Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin saw different fields. He saw a field for football players - it is called "football". He also visited the field for playing hockey, it was called ... Have you already guessed how? (hockey). And the field where corn grows he visited - it was called "corn field". And the field where rye grows is a “rye” field. And a field of wheat. You probably also know what it was called - ? (wheat field).

But he had never been to such a field before. It had only one aircraft. Have you already guessed what this field was and what it was called?

Note: Let the child come up with a name for the field, and then clarify that this field was called "flying". Why? Yes, because planes take off from it! There were a lot of different planes and helicopters on the airfield. Pyotr Ivanovich had never flown airplanes and helicopters before, and therefore he was confused. What plane will suit me and on which one will I fly to the Isle of Palms?

Who is a mechanic (technician)?

Suddenly, our veterinarian saw a small airplane with two wings. And a man came up to him and opened the door to the cockpit. “The pilot has come,” thought Pyotr Ivanovich and rushed to the plane. - "Hello. My name is Doctor Tabletkin. I am a veterinarian. I need to urgently fly to the aid of my friend on the Isle of Palms. A lot of animals got sick on the island. Can this plane fly there? Are you a pilot and could you help me?”

“Nice to meet you,” the stranger smiled back at him. My name is screw mechanic. I am not a pilot. I mechanic and make sure the planes are in good order. My profession is also called "technician". Of course, you can fly to the island of Palms on this plane. He shook his head sadly. “But you will be flying for too long. Better get on a jet plane that flies tomorrow to Madagascar, it will be faster.”

The famous veterinarian was very surprised: “I need to go to the Isle of Palms and I need to fly out right today. Why, then, will I fly not today, but tomorrow, and even to Madagascar? And why would such a strange road be faster?”

Vintov smiled at Pyotr Ivanovich again and explained: “A jet plane flies much faster than this small plane. If you fly out today on this plane, you will fly to the Isle of Palms in five days! And you will have to land several times to refuel the plane with fuel. A jet plane will bring you to Madagascar on the same day. There you will transfer to a small plane and in a few hours you will be in the right place.

Propeller and jet aircraft

The doctor was very interested in this message and asked the mechanic in a puzzled way: How can you tell a fast plane from a slow one? So that I don't make a mistake next time. Look at these two planes. One plane has a propeller. That's why it's called "screw", it flies slowly. Find the prop by the plane in the picture.

And the other plane has no propeller. He called "reactive"and flies very fast!"

Task for the child: Find in the picture propeller-driven aircraft and jet aircraft. How do they differ from each other?

Aircraft wing shapes: straight, triangular, swept.

"Yeah, I got it!" exclaimed Pyotr Ivanovich. “So, if an airplane has a propeller, then it flies slowly!” Is there any other way to distinguish a high-speed plane from a slow one?” Technician Vintov happily began to explain further: “There is another important sign. This aircraft wing shape. Look at this photo. What does the wing look like?

- "To the arrow!" Doctor Tabletkin immediately replied. “Yes,” Vintov confirmed with pleasure. - " This plane has the wing has the form of an arrow, so we call such a wing "swept". If the wing is swept, then the aircraft flies faster, because such a wing cuts through the air better at high speed. And if the wing is straight, then the speed of the aircraft is lower.”

— And also What kind of wings do airplanes have? asked the veterinarian.

- Happens triangular wing, such aircraft are designed for very high speeds (such speeds are also called supersonic). Look at the photo of this aircraft - it has a delta wing.

There are also straight wing aircraft. They fly slower than all other aircraft.

Task for children: find the planes in the picture below: with a straight wing, with a delta wing, with a swept wing.

Answers to the task for children "What are the planes": a blue square is a delta wing aircraft, a green circle is a straight wing aircraft, a yellow square and a red circle are swept wing aircraft.

Why do we need different planes?

- “And what are“ supersonic speeds and supersonic aircraft? ”- asked Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin.

— « Supersonic aircraft are planes that fly so fast that they overtake the sound of their flight. The plane has already flown by, but the sound has not yet reached us. Such aircraft fly twice as fast as conventional jet aircraft,” the mechanic explained.

- "I want to fly tomorrow to the Isle of Palms on a supersonic plane!" - Pyotr Ivanovich perked up.

- “It is possible to fly, but most likely it will not work to land. The island is small, and the supersonic aircraft will not have time to slow down on the airfield, ”said Vintov.

- "A why do we need such small planes like the one at which we stand? It has a propeller, which means it flies slowly. And you won't get there fast. Plus, he's small. And this means that you can’t carry a lot of goods on it. Why then is it needed at all? asked Pyotr Ivanovich.

-"ABOUT! This is a very important and much needed aircraft. It has one extremely important property. You see, this plane has two large wings. And they are stacked one above the other, so he can take off and land on very small platforms. And it can even sit on a patch of land on an island or in a forest.

Assignment for children: Do you know what a “patch of land” is and where did this word come from?(Piglet is a five-kopeck coin. Now a five-ruble coin is also called this word. Piglet is also called a very small piece of land. And there is also a piglet - it is also round and small).

Technician Vintov continued: “Where a jet plane cannot land, this plane can land. Therefore, such planes fly short distances to the nearest villages and carry passengers and cargo in them. First, passengers and cargo are delivered by large jets to a large central airport. And already from it, on small planes, they are delivered from this big city and the main airport to small towns and villages.

Military aircraft

Suddenly, Tabletkin saw planes without propellers on the edge of the airfield. And the pilots came in. He joyfully exclaimed: “Here are the planes I need! They are without screws, which means they are reactive. And they have triangular wings, which means they will fly to the Isle of Palms very, very quickly, even faster than sound. Can I fly them to Madagascar today? And from Madagascar I will fly on a small plane to the island I need.

“Of course, this plane flies faster than any passenger plane. But flying on it is not so easy! the mechanic replied. “After all, this is a military aircraft and there is no room for passengers in it. You see, the cockpit is designed for one pilot, and rockets hang from below.

“Look, the other plane has two cockpits. The second cabin, probably, is intended for the passenger? the vet asked.

"No, the navigator should sit behind the pilot in the rear cockpit. He tells the pilot where to fly. This is a military aircraft. On all military aircraft, there are no seats for passengers. Therefore, there are no windows on military aircraft - windows, ”said Screws.

Tasks for children:

Exercise 1. The navigator always sits behind the pilot. Find the pilot's cockpit and the navigator's cockpit in the photo of the aircraft.

Task 2. What do you think, what kind of aircraft is it - passenger or military? Why do you think so? How can you distinguish a military aircraft from a passenger aircraft in appearance?

Cargo aircraft

“Please tell me how it is possible to transport animals from the island to my clinic for treatment. Elephants and giraffes are very large and heavy, they won’t fit in a passenger plane,” Tabletkin asked.

"ABOUT! There are special planes for this. They are called cargo. There are no windows on the cargo plane. It has very large doors in order to accommodate large loads. Look, here on our airfield, the plane is being loaded. To fit the cargo in the plane, the nose and tail of this plane open outward - as if they were doors!

Here the nose of the cargo plane began to rise. And it opened as if it were not a nose, but a big door to the plane!

Here, instead of its nose, a special ramp is put forward in front of the aircraft, along which equipment can enter the cargo aircraft. And cargo doors open behind the cargo plane. Behind the cargo aircraft there is also a ramp for vehicles to enter the aircraft.

The plane is ready for loading!

Look what a big cargo plane! Such an aircraft can fit another smaller aircraft, and large cars, and even train cars, and a large boat, and even several helicopters, and tanks, and construction equipment, and many cars and a bus!

Task for children: Look at the pictures and say what these cargo planes will carry by air.

Petr Ivanovich was delighted with cargo planes and their capabilities: “Now I will be calm for large animals! And I will know that if necessary, they can be transported to any animal hospital on the mainland. And what other aircraft are there besides military, passenger and cargo?”

What other planes are there?

Mechanic Vintov said nothing in response and showed Tabletkin an unusual photo. Look at him too. What do you think is happening here and what are the strings stretching from the first plane to the others? (listen to any suggestions the children have, and then talk about these planes). He explained:

« These are refueling aircraft. Why do you think they are called so - "refuelers"? (listen to the children's answers and their reflections and guesses). A large fuel tank is placed in a cargo plane and hoses are hung up, to which refueling aircraft dock for refueling. This is done so that they can get fuel right in flight without landing on the ground.

Here is another plane - a tanker.

Is on our airfield and training aircraft. Why do you think they are called that? Yes, they learn to fly on these planes. They are very small. There are only two places in them: for a pilot - an instructor and a pilot who is learning to fly an aircraft.

There are also sport aerobatic aircraft. They have only one place - for the pilot - athlete. He shows aerobatics on this plane.

Suddenly there was a loud noise. And a large passenger plane landed on the runway. “He will fly to Madagascar tomorrow morning,” Vintov said. “And now, after landing and disembarking the passengers, I will go to prepare it for tomorrow's flight. Come tomorrow and you will fly away on it.

Petr Ivanovich Tabletkin thanked Vintov for his help. And the next morning he was already flying by plane to Madagascar.

What is a seaplane and an amphibious aircraft?

Toward evening, the plane landed on the island of Madagascar. And the Veterinarian went to the terminal building to find out how he could fly to the Isle of Palms.

“Sorry, flights to the Isle of Palms have been cancelled. A storm hit the island two days ago and destroyed the runway. Her recovery will take several days, ”the dispatcher told him.

"How can I be?" asked the upset Pyotr Ivanovich. “It is so important for me to get to the island as soon as possible in order to help people and animals in trouble.”

"Let's send you to Palm Island by seaplane!" the dispatcher suggested. “Or by amphibious aircraft.”

"And what is it?" the vet was surprised.

“The word hydro means liquid. Seaplane is an aircraft that does not need a runway. He can sit right on the water. It is even better to use in such cases aircraft is amphibious. Amphibians are creatures that can live both in water and in the air. And this plane can take off both from the ground and from the water, that's why it was called that. An amphibious plane has a bottom like a boat, but it also has wheels like a regular plane.”

“I am ready to fly on an amphibious aircraft,” Tabletkin was delighted.

"Go to exit number 15. The amphibious plane leaves in one hour."

A few hours later, an amphibious aircraft landed on the sea near the Isle of Palms. All passengers were invited to transfer to the boat, and the boat took them to the port. "Hooray! It's good that you came to us so quickly,” Dr. Aibolit joyfully greeted his friend. “I have been sailing here on a ship for a whole month. How did you manage that?". The mechanic of Vintov helped me choose the right plane and route here. I'll tell you more later." And friends went to treat the animals, which had long been waiting for their help.

Children about airplanes: why do we need airplanes

Airplanes were invented by people to ensure the rapid transportation of people and goods. Not a single land and water transport can now move as fast as an airplane.

After getting acquainted with the fairy tale, your child already knows many of the functions that airplanes perform in helping people. Please add this information.

Why do we need aircraft according to their functions:

• Military aircraft needed to defend the homeland from enemies. It can be fighters, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, attack aircraft, airborne, tankers.
• Cargo aircraft transport cargo.
• Passenger aircraft transport people and their luggage.
• Sports aircraft participate in competitions.
• training aircraft used for flight training of pilots and navigators.
• Agricultural planes cultivate crop fields and protect them from pests.
• weather aircraft- investigate clouds, typhoons, influence the weather (cause rains or stop them, dispersing clouds).
• Ambulance and rescue aircraft- transport the sick and wounded, provide assistance to injured people.
• fire planes- put out forest fires.
• Experimental Aircraft and Aircraft - Flying Laboratories- serve to test new designs and engines.

Logarithmics: airplane

During the educational imaginary journey to the airfield to introduce the child to different types of aircraft, you will want to relax with the children. Do yoga exercises for kids to relax!

Logorhythm "Airplane": the first option

Hands to the sides - in flight
We send a plane.
(straight arms to the side, running in a circle)

Right wing forward
(we put forward the right straightened arm a little forward)
Our plane took off.

Left wing forward
(we put forward the left straightened arm a little forward)
Turned our plane around.

We flew high
(raise hands up)
We were flying low.
(we lower our hands a little)
We flew far
They flew close.

The second version of the logarithmic exercise "Airplane"

Come on, pilots, pilots,
Ready to fly
(children stand straight, hands down, proud posture, shoulders straightened).

They approached the plane
And climbed up the ladder
(we march or depict the entrance along the ladder).

The flight begins
Our plane crashed.
(Children squat down on one knee with their arms spread out to the sides like airplane wings and hum: uuuuu)

It rose up and flew.
(Children stand on their feet, straightened arms to the sides)
The pilot looked to the right
(Turn your head to the right)
The pilot looked to the left
(Turn your head to the left).

Flew fast ahead
Fast flying aircraft.
(Hands to the sides, fast running on toes in a circle)

The third version of the logarithmics "Airplane"

Airplane flies
I took off with him.
(point to the sky)

The right wing took
(Extend the right hand to the side, look at the fingers)
The left wing took
(Stretch your left hand to the side, look at your fingers)

I start the engine
(Children make rotational movements with their hands in front of them)
And I'm watching closely.

I rise to the heights - I fly-u-u-u
(You need to rise on your toes, spread your arms to the sides and run in a circle)

I'm flying for landing
I want to land.
(Children land on one knee, lower their hands)

Didactic game "Airplanes"

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 1. For older preschool children. Arrange four airfields: for passenger planes, for cargo planes, for military planes and for sports training and training planes.

Ask the children to guess why the plane shown in the picture is needed.

The child needs to sort the pictures of the planes into groups according to the purpose of the plane, sending each plane to a suitable airfield and explaining why he thinks it is a cargo plane or that it is a passenger plane.

Pictures for this game can be found in the article

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 2. Game for kids. The goal of the game is auditory development. Invite the child to guess whether the plane is flying high or low. If you hum in a high voice, then the plane flies high, if low - then low.

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 3. A game for children of primary preschool age.

Lay out 4 - 8 rectangles of different sizes in front of the child (for the smallest, take four figures, for older children - six or eight figures) - these are airfields (airfields). They should be laid out in front of the baby as a serial row - that is, from the smallest to the largest.

Mix up the silhouettes of airplanes of different sizes. The number of airplanes must match the number of rectangles.

The task of the child is to put the airplanes in a serial row in size (from the smallest to the largest) and to select for each aircraft the “airfield” suitable for it. Those. arrange the aircraft on "airfields" in accordance with their size.

Didactic game "Airplanes". Option 4. For the smallest.

Children from 2-3 years old can be given pictures of airplanes cut into pieces. Use for this pictures from the first version of the game "Airplanes". For the smallest, we divide the picture into 2 equal parts, then into 3-4 parts. For older children, you can divide the picture with broken lines into more parts.

Didactic game "The plane is flying." For older preschool children

The game develops the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, tracing the function of the gaze, develops the ability to reduce and separate the visual axes of the child's eyes.

First option.

You will need runway with arrows. Draw a "runway" for the plane - a vertical rectangle. Divide it with a vertical bar into two parts. Draw an up arrow on the right side of the runway, and a down arrow on the left side.

Game progress. Invite the child to repeat the movement of the aircraft with their eyes, focusing on the arrows on the runway. Our plane is moving forward along the runway (sliding eyes on the right side of the rectangle up to the end of the runway). The plane turns left, makes a U-turn and turns back. And it follows the left side of the strip in the direction of the arrow (from top to bottom). Turn around again and move forward. And now we will try to make these movements with our eyes faster.

Second option

You will need square 4 x 4 cells. Draw such a square on a piece of paper. Cells must be very large. In the future, you can increase the number of cells in the square in order to give more complex tasks to the child.

Make two identical squares - you will give one to the child, and the other will be in your hands.

Put a dot in one of the cells. It contains an airplane.

Game progress. You dictate the route of the aircraft, simultaneously moving the chip along the cells of your field, and the child follows it with his eyes. You need to stay on track. At first, the route is 3-4 turns. For example: “One cell up. Two cells to the right. One cell down. Three cells to the left. Can you tell me where the plane is?" The place on your “map” of the flight is compared with what the child did.

If it is difficult for a child to follow his gaze or he is still not very easy to orient himself in space, then at first you can make movements with a chip. And only then do them mentally and track them with your eyes.

Physical education "Airplane"

Physical education can be done at any time when you see that the child needs rest. Choose from this selection about airplanes the physical education session that you and your kids will like best!

Physical education about the plane "We fly above the clouds"

We are flying above the clouds.
(Hands to the side)
We wave to dad, we wave to mom.
(We take turns waving both hands)

We see the river flowing
(Show hands wave-like movement)
We see a fisherman's boat.
(We show with our hands how the fisherman casts a fishing rod)

Watch out: the mountain!
(Tilt left - right)
It's time for us to land!

(Sit down on one knee, hands to the sides)

Fizkultminutka "Planes buzzed"

Children on the first line make rotational movements with their hands in front of the chest. On the second line, the children straighten their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and “fly” (running in a circle). On the third line - squat. On the fourth fly again.

The planes buzzed
The planes flew
They sat quietly in the meadow,
Yes, they flew again.

Physical education "Our plane flew"

Fly, fly
We twirled our hands.
(Children rotate their hands in front of their chest)

Hands to the sides - in flight
Sending a plane
(Children spread straight arms to the sides)

Right wing forward
(Turn the body to the right with the institution of the right hand forward)
Left wing forward.
(Turn the body to the left with the institution of the left hand forward).
One, two, three, four - Our plane flew.

(Running in a circle with straight arms spread apart)

Physical education "A plane has appeared"

We put our hands apart:
An airplane appeared.
(Hands to the side.)

Wing back and forth
(Tilts left and right.)
Do one, do two.
(Turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

Keep your hands to the sides
Look at each other.
(Hands to the sides, turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

We put our hands down
Sit down quickly! (Children put their hands down and sit in their seats)

Look, there's a plane in the sky
And the pilot is on the plane.
The steering wheel deftly controls
And flies between the clouds.

Under the plane is a mountain
Either a dense forest, or a hole,
That people marvel at the sky,
That hares lead a round dance (Author - Alexander Estafeev)

What movements are made to this song you will see in the video below. At first the song is sung at a slow pace, then faster and faster.

Physical education for the smallest "Spread its wings plane"

Zhu-zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu-zhu,
I'm starting the motor.
(Rotational movements of the hands in front of the chest).
Spread the wings of the plane
We're taking flight
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
We are flying to Moscow! (Hands to the sides, running on toes) Arrived.

Physical education "We are planes today"

We are planes today
(Children sit and make rotational movements with their hands - “start the engine”)
We are not children, we are pilots.
(clapping hands).
Hands are nose and hands are wings
(touch your nose with your finger, and then straighten your arms to the side like wings)
The squadron took off. (running, arms to the sides).

For children about airplanes: the mobile game "Airplanes"

Game 1. The game "Airplanes" to consolidate the correct pronunciation of the sound r.

Children make rotational movements with their hands in front of their chest - “start the engines” and say rrrrr. Then they run in a circle, holding straightened arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane. In the words "Airplanes, landing!" children should quickly "fly" to the airfield and sit on one knee, holding their arms to the sides like wings.

Game 2. Mobile game "Airplanes". In this game, children will get acquainted with the commands that the dispatcher gives to the pilot.

In the game of planes, children will also learn how to act in singhala, as well as run around the playground in different directions without bumping into each other.

Show the children all the play activities.

An adult acts as a dispatcher, gives a signal: “Start the engine!”, And the children make rotational movements with their hands in front of their chest. Then the adult in the role of the dispatcher says: “Taxi out for takeoff, take off. Let's fly! ”, And the children spread their straight arms to the sides and fly around the playground.

At the end of the game, a signal is given: “To land! Taxi to the parking lot”, and the children run to the “airfield” (the place where the airfield is located is discussed before the start of the game).

There may be other dispatcher commands: “Fog! Turn around. Fly to the alternate airfield”, “Fly around the storm”, “You are approaching dangerously. Give way to the plane .... (name) "

Note: In this mobile game, the child learns what can happen in flight and how the pilot should react to these events. Children will be able to use this information in their plot-role-playing and directing games with airplanes.

Finger gymnastics "Airplane"

Finger gymnastics "I will build an airplane"

For finger gymnastics, we will use V. Shishov's poem "I will build an airplane."

I will build an airplane
I'll put on my helmet and fly.
Through the wavy mists
I'll fly to other countries
Over seas and forests
Over mountains and fields
I will cover the whole globe of the earth,
And then I'll be back home.
V. Shishkov

Hand movements in finger gymnastics "Airplane": option 1.

• first line. Children bang their fists against each other.
• second line. Children pretend to put a helmet on their head.
• third and fourth lines. Wave-like movements with both hands.
• fifth line. The right palm at the eyebrows as if looking into the distance.
• sixth line. Left palm at the eyebrows - look into the distance.
• seventh line - draw a circle in the air with your right hand
• the eighth line - we make a figure above the head - the "roof" - with both hands.

Another version of finger gymnastics "Airplane"

• first line. We spread our straight arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane.
• second line. With both hands we show a helmet above the head.
• third and fourth lines. The child puts his palms on the table with the back side up and moves all the fingers on both hands, slightly lifting them from the surface of the table.
• fifth and sixth line - we make "splashing" movements with all the fingers of both hands at the same time.
• seventh line - grab an imaginary ball with both hands
• eighth line - we cross our arms (the left hand looks to the right, and the right - to the left and move the fingers of both hands like the wings of a bird)

Finger gymnastics "Let's build an airplane ourselves"

You will need a regular pencil. Put the pencil in the middle of the middle finger of your right hand (the brush is palm down). Pass another pencil under the index and ring fingers (this is done by an adult). It turns out the plane of two pencils. The child depicts how his plane flies to the verses of A. Barto:

Let's build the plane ourselves
Let's fly over the forests.
Let's fly over the forests
And then back to mom.

Then repeat this movement with the other hand.

Finger gymnastics "The plane flies high-high"

The right hand of the child depicts an airplane: you need to spread and straighten the thumb and ring finger. These are the wings of an airplane. And keep the other three fingers (index, middle and ring fingers) next to each other, without spreading them apart (this is the body of the aircraft).

The plane flies high, high,
It's hard for him to land!
(Children move their hand - the plane in different directions, making sure that the wings of the plane "look" to the side, and that the body of the plane is one and not divided into separate parts).

The pilot makes a circle around the circle.
His plane is a comrade and friend!
(Children make movements in a circle with their hand - by plane).

The plane landed on the runway
Ran forward - and the flight is over.
(Children lower their hand - the plane is on the table, move it around the table and stop the hand).

The doors opened, under the ladder the earth,
And passengers are met by friends.
(Spread palms)

Presentation for children about airplanes

You can also download the same presentation on an educational fairy tale about airplanes in our Vkontakte group “Child Development from Birth to School” (see the “Documents” group section on the right under the community videos).

Video for kids about airplanes

In this video, children will learn about unusual aircraft - seaplanes, amphibious aircraft. The video will be interesting for school-age children and adults. This is a video of my favorite TV channel "My Joy".

And one more video of the same TV channel for children - a video about giant aircraft and what aeromodelling is.

More about airplanes for kids:

34 riddles for children of preschool and primary school age. Types of riddles How to write a riddle about an airplane with a child.

We prepared this article specifically for the boys of the site "Native Path" as a gift for the holiday of February 23, together with my husband.

An informative fairy tale for children about aircraft and their types and a presentation were created for children by my husband Andrey, an aircraft designer by profession. And I, the author of this site, have developed games and tasks for children on the topic “For Children about Airplanes”. We have included in the article materials only that information about aircraft that a child can use in his travel games, in designing, drawing, sculpting, and appliqué, depicting different types of aircraft in them.

We tried to take into account the main requirement for a cognitive fairy tale for a child - that he actively participate in it, ask questions, compare, analyze, discuss, draw conclusions, prove, and not just memorize. And I really hope that we succeeded! We will be grateful for your comments on this article.

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The main parts of the aircraft are:

fuselage;

plumage;

· power point;

· control system.

Wing(1) designed to create lift Y and provide lateral stability, and the ailerons located at the ends of the wing in its tail section provide lateral controllability of the aircraft.

On the wing is mechanization (flaps, flaps, slats), which improves takeoff and landing characteristics. Fuel can be placed in the wing, landing gear, engines, external fuel tanks, weapons can be attached to the wing.

Fuselage (2) designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo, it is the main power part of the aircraft, because all other parts of the aircraft are attached to it.

Plumage subdivided into horizontal: stabilizer (3) and elevator (4), and vertical: (keel (5) and rudder (6).

Horizontal tail (G.O) provides longitudinal stability ( stabilizer) and controllability ( elevator).

Vertical plumage (V.O) provides directional stability ( keel) and controllability ( rudder).

Chassis(7) – This is an aircraft support system designed for stable movement of the aircraft on the ground, parking, takeoff and landing. To reduce drag on modern aircraft, the undercarriage is retracted in flight.

Power plant (8) includes engines, fuel and oil systems and is designed to create in flight the thrust necessary to move the aircraft.

Control system divided into main and auxiliary.

Main control system designed to control the movement of the aircraft, and auxiliary - to control individual parts and assemblies.

The main control system includes: the control stick (steering wheel with a column on heavy aircraft) and pedals, as well as control wiring that connects the rudders to the control levers.

The aircraft control system is designed in such a way that the effects on the command levers correspond to the pilot's natural reflexes.

When the control stick (steering column) is deflected forward (“away from you”), the elevator deviates down and the nose of the aircraft goes down. When the stick is moved “toward”, the elevator deflects up and the aircraft lifts its nose up.

Rudder deflection is provided by pressing the pedals. If the pilot presses the right pedal, the rudder deflects to the right and the aircraft turns to the right and vice versa.

It is customary to divide the aircraft into main parts or assemblies, completed in a constructive or technological sense. Such parts include the wing, fuselage, horizontal and vertical tail, landing gear, power plant, control system and equipment.

The aircraft wing (Fig. 2.2) creates lift and provides lateral stability and controllability. Engines, landing gear, fuel tanks, weapons are often attached to the wing. The internal volumes of the wing are used for the location of fuel, anti-icing devices and other equipment. Aircraft wings are equipped with mechanization to improve takeoff and landing characteristics.

Rice. 2.2. General view and layout of the aircraft

The fuselage or body serves to accommodate the crew, passengers or cargo, engines, front legs of the landing gear and connects all parts of the aircraft into one.

The horizontal tail provides longitudinal stability, controllability and balance. It consists of a fixed part - the stabilizer and a movable part - the elevator.

The vertical plumage provides directional stability, controllability balancing; consists of a fixed part - the keel and a movable part - the rudder.

The landing gear is a system of supports designed for takeoff, run after landing, movement around the airfield and parking. The chassis design has elastic elements that absorb the kinetic energy of the aircraft.

The power plant is designed to generate thrust and includes a set of engines with systems that ensure their operation, and propellers (for aircraft with theater and propeller).

The control system includes command posts, control wiring and controls (rudders). Designed to control the aircraft along a given trajectory.

Aircraft equipment is a set of devices that ensure the safety of an aircraft in difficult weather conditions and at different altitudes. Includes electrical, hydraulic, radio engineering, flight and navigation, high-altitude and other aircraft equipment.

Aircraft layout

The layout of the aircraft is the process of spatial linking of parts of the aircraft, the placement of cargo, passengers, crew, fuel, equipment. The general layout of the aircraft includes aerodynamic, internal (or weight) and structural-power layout.

The aerodynamic layout consists in choosing the aircraft layout, the relative position of the parts and giving the aircraft aerodynamic shapes. Since the aerodynamic scheme is given, then when performing laboratory work, the student needs to perform the internal layout, i.e. accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel and equipment.

The cockpit is located in the forward part of the fuselage and is separated from the rest of the compartments by a partition. Its size depends on the composition of the crew. On military aircraft, depending on the purpose, there may be one or two crew members, on passenger and transport aircraft, depending on the weight and length of the airlines, the crew includes from two to four people: the commander of the ship, the co-pilot, the flight engineer, and the navigator.

Fig.2.3. Cockpit layout

1,2 - pilot seats; 3.4 - seats for additional crew members.

The most important element of the cockpit layout is the accommodation of the pilots. At the same time, a good view of the pilot should be provided: to the right and left 20-30º from the line of sight, up and down - 16-20º and the optimal distance to the dashboard and command control posts.

A typical layout of the cockpit of a passenger aircraft is shown in Figure 2.3.

The dimensions and layout of passenger cabins depend on the number of passengers and the class of passenger equipment.

Currently, three classes are used, differing from each other in comfort and service conditions.

In the first, highest class, the greatest distance between the rows of seats is provided, the specific volume of the cabin per passenger is up to 1.8 m 3, the possibility of resting in armchairs in a reclining position.

The second, or tourist class, is characterized by a denser seating of passengers, a specific volume of 1.5 m 3, and a seat back tilt of up to 36º.

The third, economy class has an even denser passenger accommodation with a specific volume of 0.9-1.2 m 3 seat back deflection up to 25º.

Passenger seats are made in the form of blocks of two or three seats. The dimensions of the seats depend on the class of the passenger cabin. The main dimensions of the chairs are shown in the table.

The main dimensions of passenger seats

Passenger cabins along the length of the fuselage are usually divided into several cabins, separated by partitions.

When arranging passenger compartments, one should avoid placing passengers in the plane of rotation of the propellers and in the area where the engines are located. These volumes in the fuselage are used to accommodate kitchens, wardrobes or luggage areas.

On large aircraft for passenger service, flight attendants are included in the crew: for 30-50 passengers - one flight attendant. Each flight attendant is provided with a folding seat in the service area behind the cockpit or next to the front doors.

Passenger luggage is located under the floor of passenger cabins or in special baggage compartments in the rear fuselage at the rate of 0.25 m 3 per passenger.

When flying in winter, it is necessary to provide wardrobes. The area for wardrobes is 0.035-0.05 m 2 per passenger. It is recommended to place wardrobes near the entrance doors.

On aircraft with a long flight duration, passengers are provided with free meals. To place food products and related equipment on the aircraft, a buffet-kitchen with a volume of 0.1-0.2 m 3 per passenger is provided.

The number of toilet facilities depends on the number of passengers and the duration of the flight. For a flight duration of 2 to 4 hours, one toilet per 40 passengers is recommended. The floor area of ​​the toilet rooms should be at least 1.5-1.6 m 2. The toilet rooms should be located in the forward and aft parts of the fuselage, near the entrance doors.

Aircraft equipment is usually combined into blocks, complexes and placed in special technical compartments. The technical compartments themselves are located in places to which a certain piece of equipment gravitates.

One of the options is the following layout of equipment blocks.

In the forward part of the fuselage, in front of the pressurized cabin, there are units of a radar station (RLS), equipment and landing approach antennas.

The underfloor of the pressurized cabin houses hydraulic equipment and equipment for aircraft control systems.

In the fuselage, directly behind the cockpit, oxygen, radio engineering, electrical equipment and fire fighting equipment are located;

in the center section - equipment serving the fuel system, mechanization, chassis; in the rear fuselage - equipment for aircraft controls and radio units.

They can be completely sure of their safety. Every detail, every system - everything is checked and tested several times. Spare parts for them are produced in different countries, and then assembled at the same factory.

The device of a passenger aircraft is a glider. It consists of a fuselage, tail wing. The latter is equipped with engines and chassis. All modern liners are additionally equipped with avionics. This is the name of the set of electronic systems that control the operation of the aircraft.

Any aircraft (helicopter, passenger liner) by its design is glider, which consists of several parts.

Here are the names of the parts of the aircraft:

• fuselage;
• wings;
• tail plumage;
• chassis;
• engines;
• avionics.

Aircraft device.

This is the bearing part of the aircraft. Its main purpose is the formation of aerodynamic forces, and the secondary one is installation. It serves as the basis on which all other parts are installed.

Fuselage

If we talk about the parts of the aircraft and their names, then the fuselage is one of its most important components. The name itself comes from the French word “fuseau”, which translates as “spindle”.

The airframe can be called the "skeleton" of the aircraft, and the fuselage - its "body". It is he who connects the wings, tail and chassis. It houses the crew of the liner and all equipment.

It consists from longitudinal and transverse elements and skin.

Wings

How is an airplane wing constructed? It is assembled from several parts: left or right half-plane (console) and center section. Consoles include wing influx and wingtips. The latter may be different for certain types of passenger liners. Eat winglets and sharklets.

Aircraft wing.

The principle of its operation is very simple - the console separates the two air streams. Above is an area of ​​low pressure, and below is a region of high pressure. Due to this difference, the wing allows you to fly.

Smaller consoles are installed on the wing to improve their performance. These are ailerons, flaps, slats, etc.. Inside the wings are fuel tanks.

Wing performance is affected its geometric design - area, range, angle, direction of sweep.

Tail unit

It is located in the tail or nose of the fuselage. This is the name of the whole set of aerodynamic surfaces that help the passenger liner to stay securely in the air. They separate into horizontal and vertical.

The vertical ones are a keel or two keels. It provides directional stability of the aircraft along the axis of motion. To the horizontal stabilizer. He is responsible for the longitudinal stability of the aircraft.

Chassis

These are the same devices that help the plane steer along the runway. These are several racks that are equipped with wheels.

The weight of a passenger liner directly affects per chassis configuration. The most commonly used is the following: one front rack and two main ones. This is how the chassis is located. Boeing 747 family aircraft have two racks more.

Wheeled bogies include a different number of pairs of wheels. So the Airbus A320 has one pair each, and the An-225 has seven each.

During the flight, the landing gear is retracted into the compartment. When the plane is taking off or landing. They turn due to the drive to the front landing gear or differential operation of the engines.

Engines

Speaking about how the aircraft is arranged and how it flies, one should not forget about such an important part of the aircraft as the engines. They work on the principle of reactive thrust. They can be turbojet or turboprop.

They are attached to the wing of the aircraft or its fuselage. In the latter case, it is placed in a special gondola and used for attaching the pylon. Through it, fuel pipes and actuators approach the engines.

An aircraft usually has two engines.

The number of engines varies depending on the aircraft model. Read more about engines

Avionics

These are all the systems that ensure the smooth operation of the aircraft. in all weather conditions and with most technical failures.

This includes autopilot, anti-icing system, onboard power supply system, etc.

Classification by design features

Depending on the number of wings, there are monoplane (one wing), biplane (two wings) and sesquiplane (one wing is shorter than the other).

In turn, monoplanes divide for low-wing, medium-wing and high-wing. The basis of this classification is the location of the wings near the fuselage.

If we talk about plumage, then we can distinguish the classical scheme (feathering behind the wings), the type of “duck” (feathering in front of the wing) and “tailless” (feathering - on the wing).

According to the type of chassis, aircraft are land, seaplanes and amphibians (those seaplanes on which wheeled landing gear were installed).

There are different types of aircraft and types of fuselage. Distinguish narrow-body and wide-body aircraft. The latter are mainly double-deck passenger liners. At the top are passenger seats, and at the bottom are luggage compartments.

This is what the classification of aircraft according to design features is.

The aircraft fuselage consists of a frame and skin. There are three types of fuselages: truss, the load-bearing frame of which is a spatial truss; beam - their power frame is formed by longitudinal and transverse elements and working skin; mixed, in which the front part is a truss, and the tail is a beam, or vice versa.

Truss fuselages. As mentioned above, the power part of the truss fuselage is a frame, which is a spatial truss. The truss rods work in tension or compression, and the skin serves only to give the fuselage a streamlined shape. The truss is formed (Fig. 50) by spars located along the entire length or part of the length of the fuselage, struts and braces in the vertical plane, braces and braces in the horizontal plane and diagonals.

Instead of rigid braces and diagonals, the installation of wire or tape braces is widely practiced.

Knots are attached to the truss frame, which serve to attach the wing, plumage, landing gear and other parts of the aircraft to the fuselage. Fuselage trusses, as a rule, are made of welded pipes and less often riveted from duralumin profiles. Sheathing is made of canvas, plywood or sheets of duralumin. The streamlined shape of the truss fuselage is given by special non-power superstructures - fairings, called fairings.

The main advantages of truss fuselages over beam fuselages are ease of manufacture and repair, ease of installation, inspection and repair of equipment located in the fuselage.

The disadvantages include the imperfection of aerodynamic forms, low rigidity, short service life, the inability to fully use the internal volume to accommodate cargo. At present, truss structures are rarely used and mainly for light aircraft.

Beam fuselages are a beam, usually of oval or round section, in which reinforced skin and frame elements work on bending and torsion. There are three types of beam fuselages: spar-beam, stringer-beam (semi-monocoque), shell-beam (monocoque). Beam structures of the fuselages are more advantageous than truss structures, since their power section forms a streamlined surface, and the power elements are placed along the periphery, leaving the internal cavity free. This makes it possible to get a smaller midsection; a rigid working skin provides a smooth, undistorted surface, which leads to a decrease in drag. Beam fuselages are also more advantageous in terms of weight, since the material of construction is more distant from the neutral axis and, therefore, is better used than truss fuselages.

The frame of the spar-beam fuselage is formed by spars, stringers and frames. The frame is sheathed with duralumin sheets (plating).

The frame of the stringer-beam fuselage (Fig. 51) consists of often supplied stringers and frames, to which

the metal skin is attached to a greater thickness than that of the spar-beam fuselages.

The shell-and-beam fuselage (Fig. 52) does not have elements of a longitudinal set and consists of a thick skin reinforced with frames.

Currently, the prevailing type of fuselage is stringer-beam.

Stringers are elements of the longitudinal set of the fuselage frame, which interconnect the elements of the transverse set - frames. Stringers perceive mainly longitudinal forces and reinforce the rigid skin. Fuselage stringers are similar in design to wing stringers. The distance between the stringers depends on the thickness of the skin and ranges from 80-250 mm. The cross-sectional dimensions of the stringers vary both along the perimeter of the contour and along the length of the fuselage, depending on the nature and magnitude of the load on the fuselage frame.

The spars are also elements of the longitudinal set of the fuselage frame, which, working in compression-tension, perceive (partially) the moments bending the fuselage. As can be seen from the tasks and working conditions, the fuselage spars are similar to stringers.

The design of the spars is extremely diverse.

different. They are bent or extruded profiles of various sections; on high-capacity aircraft, they are riveted from several profiles and sheet elements.

Frames are elements of the transverse framing of the fuselage, they give the fuselage a given cross-sectional shape, provide transverse rigidity, and also perceive local loads.

In some cases, partitions are attached to the frames, dividing the fuselage into a number of compartments and cabins.

Frames are divided into normal and power. Power frames are installed in places where concentrated loads are applied, for example, in places where the wing is attached to the fuselage, landing gear, parts of the tail, etc.

Normal frames (Fig. 53) are assembled from arcs stamped from a metal sheet. The cross section of normal frames is most often channel-shaped, sometimes Z-shaped and less often T-shaped. Power frames are riveted from separate profiles and sheet elements. Sometimes such frames are pressed out on powerful aluminum alloy presses.

The distance between the frames usually ranges from 200-650 mm.

Sheathing is made of sheets of duralumin or titanium of various thicknesses (from 0.8 to 3.5 mm) and is attached to the frame elements with rivets or glued. Sheathing sheets are connected to each other along stringers and frames either end-to-end or overlapping, without undercutting. In the latter case, each front sheet overlaps the bottom one. A typical connection of the skin with stringers and frames is shown in fig. 53.

Cutouts in the beam-type fuselage skin dramatically reduce the strength of the structure. Therefore, in order to maintain the necessary strength, the skin at the cutouts is reinforced with reinforced stringers and reinforced frames. Small cutouts are edged with rings made of a material thicker than the skin, sometimes the necessary rigidity is provided by flanging the hole.

The fuselages of small aircraft are made, as a rule, one-piece. For larger aircraft, to simplify production, repair and operation, the fuselage is divided into several parts. The connection of the fuselage parts depends on its design scheme. The connection of the truss fuselages is made by butt joints mounted on the spars,

for beam fuselages, fastening is carried out along the entire contour of the connector.

On fig. 54 shows typical technological connectors of the fuselage of a transport aircraft. The fuselage consists of three parts, and each of the parts in turn is formed by panels representing skin sections with elements of a longitudinal set. The panels, connecting with the frames, are finally assembled in the assembly slipway. The connection of the panels is one-piece and is made with a riveted seam, separate parts of the fuselage are connected by bolts around the entire perimeter of the connector. Docking is carried out through fittings attached to the fuselage stringers (Fig. 55).

The floor in aircraft cabins is usually calculated on the maximum distributed static load. On passenger aircraft this load does not exceed 500 kg/m2, on cargo aircraft it reaches 750 kg/m2 or more. The floor frame consists of a set of longitudinal and transverse beams, stringers and connecting nodes.

The transverse set of the floor consists of the lower beams of the frames. The chords of these beams are made from milled or stamped profiles. The panels covering the frame are made from sheets of pressed plywood 10-12 mm thick, from duralumin sheets reinforced with profiles attached from below

corner and channel sections or corrugation from pressed sheets of aluminum or magnesium alloy with subsequent mechanical or chemical processing. To prevent slipping, floor panels have a corrugated or rough surface, and in some cases are covered with cork chips. There are sockets on the floor for attaching passenger seats, and on cargo planes there are rings for securing transported goods.

The windows of the passenger cabin are made rectangular or round. All cabin windows, as a rule, have double organic glass. Very often in pressurized cabins, the inner glass is the main working glass and takes the load from the excess pressure in the cabin. Only in the event of the destruction of the inner glass, the outer glass begins to receive excess pressure. The space between the panes is connected to the cavity of the pressurized cabin through a drying system that prevents the panes from fogging and freezing. Glazing is sealed with soft frost-resistant rubber, sometimes with non-drying putty.

The glazed part of the fuselage, which provides a view to the crew, is called a lantern. The shape of the lanterns, their placement and dimensions are chosen to provide the best view and the least resistance. On fig. 56 shows the appearance of the lantern of the navigator and the appearance of the lantern of the cockpit. The angle of inclination of the visor of the lantern is taken equal to 50-65 ° (depending on the value of V max). Canopy windshields are usually electrically heated to prevent icing in flight. The lantern consists of a frame, cast or stamped from aluminum or magnesium alloys, and glasses. Glasses are fastened to the frame with bolts and pressed with duralumin tape. The glass is sealed with a rubber gasket, sealing tape and putty (Fig. 56, c).

Cutouts for the entrance doors of transport aircraft are most often located on the side surface of the fuselages, but in some cases they are also installed in the lower part. The width of the door usually does not exceed 800 mm, and the height - 1500 mm. The choice of dimensions of cargo doors (hatches) and their placement are made taking into account the dimensions of the cargo and the minimum time spent on loading (unloading) the aircraft. Doors open inside the cabin or move up or to the side. Doors are usually made in the form of a wedge, the base of which is the inner surface of the door leaf. Excessive pressure in the pressurized fuselage presses the door leaf against its base. In the closed position, the door is locked with a lock. When the door is open in the cockpit, a warning light comes on.

Cutouts under the door are reinforced by installing more powerful frames and stringers in the place of the cutout, installing additional skin. The door edging is included in the power frame of the fuselage. The door is metal, it usually consists of a bowl stamped from sheet duralumin, reinforced with a frame. Doors are sealed with rubber profiles.

Many modern aircraft fly at high altitudes, and to ensure the normal life of people on board such an aircraft, it was necessary to create the necessary pressure in the cabins. An aircraft cabin, inside which an increased (compared to atmospheric) air pressure is maintained during flight, is called hermetic. A pressurized cabin, made in the form of a separate power unit and installed in the fuselage without its inclusion in the power circuit, is called suspended. The dimensions of such a cabin do not depend on the dimensions and contours of the fuselage, and therefore it can be made with the most advantageous shapes and minimum dimensions in terms of strength. Cabins of passenger aircraft, as a rule, are a pressurized compartment of the fuselage and are fully included in its power circuit. Such a cabin works like a vessel under the influence of internal pressure, and is also subjected to bending and torsion, like a conventional fuselage. For reasons of strength, the best form of a structure loaded from the inside with excess pressure is a ball, but due to the mismatch in the shape of the fuselage and the inconvenience of placing the crew and passengers in such a cabin, they tend to give the cabin the shape of a cylindrical shell, closed at the ends with spherical bottoms. The transition from the cylindrical walls to the bottom, if possible, should be smooth without fractures. In the presence of fractures, the bottom, loaded with excess pressure, compresses the walls of the cylinder in the direction of the radii, and then a reinforced frame must be installed in this place. Flat bottoms need to be reinforced especially strongly.

To maintain excess pressure in the cabin, it is necessary to ensure its tightness. Of course, it is very difficult to ensure complete tightness of the cabin, so some air leakage from the cabin is allowed, which does not reduce flight safety. The criterion of tightness can be the time of pressure drop from the value of the working excess to the value of 0.1 kg/cm 2 . This time should be at least 25-30 minutes.

The sealing of the cabins is achieved by: sealing the lining and glazing of hatches and doors, the conclusions from the cabins of rods, cables, aircraft and engine control rollers, electrical wiring, hydraulic pipelines, etc.

Sealing of skin sheets at the point of their connection and fastening to the elements of the fuselage frame is achieved by using multi-row seams, installing special sealing tapes laid between the skin and frame sheets. On the inside of the cabin, the rivet seams are covered with sealing putties. The sealing of entrance doors, loading hatches, emergency exits, moving parts of the lantern, windows (glazing), etc. is carried out with rubber profiles and gaskets. The following sealing methods are used: “knife-on-rubber” type seal; sealing with a rubber gasket having a pipe cross section; sealing with reed valve; sealed with a rubber tube inflated with air.

Hatches and doors opening inside the cabin are sealed according to the first three methods indicated. When sealing with a reed valve, a strip of lamellar rubber is reinforced on the inside along the contour of the cutout, then excess pressure presses the edges of the valve against the hatch and thereby seals the gaps.

It is more difficult to seal hatches that open outward and have relatively large dimensions, since internal overpressure will squeeze the hatch. Such hatches are most often sealed with a rubber tube inflated with air.

There are three types of pressure seals for control rods and cables, electrical wires and other elements: some of them are designed to provide reciprocating motion, others provide sealing of rotational movement, and still others seal fixed parts.

To ensure the tightness of reciprocating rods, a corrugated rubber hose of a cylindrical or conical shape is often used, or a device is made consisting of a body cast from a magnesium alloy with pressed bronze bushings in which steel rods move. There are felt and rubber seals between the rods and bushings. The internal cavity of the housing is clogged with grease through a special hole.

The cables are sealed with rubber plugs having through holes with a diameter smaller than the diameter of the cable, and a longitudinal section that allows you to put the plug on the cable. To reduce the friction force, the cable is coated with an antifreeze lubricant containing graphite over its entire length of travel. The sealing of parts that transmit rotational motion is carried out by rubber sealing rings. Sealing of pipelines is carried out with the help of special adapters fixed on the containment wall. Pipelines are attached to the adapter on one side and the other with union nuts. The wiring is sealed with special electrical inputs.

Used literature: "Fundamentals of Aviation" authors: G.A. Nikitin, E.A. Bakanov

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