Problems of development of cultural and educational tourism. The main problems and prospects for the development of sightseeing and educational tourism. As well as other works that may interest you

Formation of organizational and economic conditions for the development of cultural and educational tourism

coursework

Tourism and recreation

Among the main types of tourism, the leading role is occupied by cultural and educational (cultural and educational tourism). Its intensive development is associated with an increased need to expand one's knowledge in various directions, in raising the intellectual level of a person.

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INTRODUCTION

Excursion tourism is today an important object of study, as it is an essential object of the world economy. Over the last decades of the twentieth century, international tourism relations have become an integral part of the socio-economic relations of the world community. In this regard, the process of studying tourism as a science is of great importance. A region interested in attracting tourists should plan and develop special programs and events that promote interest in its culture in order to attract potential tourists. The historical heritage of the region needs to be promoted to the tourist market. Therefore, local tourism organizations should be engaged in the dissemination of information about their region.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that with the help of the data obtained and analyzed in this work, it will be possible to determine the compliance of excursion tours in Krasnoyarsk with GOSTs.

The main purpose of the work is to check for compliance with GOSTs of Krasnoyarsk excursion tours.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated:

1. Understand what excursion tourism is
2. Make a list of the main criteria based on GOSTs
3. Check the compliance of the excursion tours of the Krasnoyarsk tour operators with the compiled criteria

The object of research is excursion tourism.

The subject of the study is the program of excursion tours.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL TOURISM

Concepts of cultural and educational tourism

The cultural self-expression of the people is always of interest. The natural curiosity of a tourist in relation to various parts of the world and the peoples inhabiting them form one of the strongest incentives for tourism.

Tourism is the best way to experience another culture. The humanitarian significance of tourism lies in the use of its opportunities for the development of the individual, its creative potential, and the expansion of the horizon of knowledge. The desire for knowledge has always been an integral feature of man. Combining recreation with learning about the life, history and culture of another people is one of the tasks that tourism is fully capable of solving. To see the world with one's own eyes, to hear, to feel are important parts of the restorative function of tourism, they carry a great humanitarian potential. Acquaintance with the culture and customs of another country enriches the spiritual world of a person.

Culture is the fundamental basis of the process of development, preservation, strengthening of the independence, sovereignty and identity of the people. The identity of the paths of the historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the commonality of new methods of approach to their further development. In most countries of the world, there is a process of democratization of culture and tourism, which are an integral part of society. Self-awareness and knowledge of the surrounding world, personal development and achievement of goals are unthinkable without acquiring knowledge in the field of culture.

At a conference in Mexico City (1981), two definitions of culture were proclaimed. The first definition is of a general nature, based on cultural anthropology and including everything that man has created in addition to nature: social thought, economic activity, production, consumption, literature and art, lifestyle and human dignity.

The second definition is of a specialized nature, built on the "culture of culture", i.e. on the moral, spiritual, intellectual and artistic aspects of human life.

The cultural heritage of any nation is not only the works of artists, architects, musicians, writers, works of scientists, etc., but also intangible assets, including folklore, folk crafts, festivals, religious rituals, etc.

For a long time, such a type of tourism as cultural, or educational, stood out and became independent. Its basis is the historical and cultural potential of the country, which includes the entire socio-cultural environment with traditions and customs, features of household and economic activities. Any area can provide a minimum set of resources for educational tourism, but its mass development requires a certain concentration of cultural heritage objects, among which are:

archeological monuments;

religious and civil architecture;

monuments of landscape architecture;

small and large historical cities;

rural settlements;

museums, theaters, exhibition halls, etc.;

sociocultural infrastructure;

objects of ethnography, folk arts and crafts, centers of applied arts;

technical complexes and structures.

When visiting another country, tourists perceive as a whole cultural complexes, of which nature is an integral part. The attractiveness of cultural complexes is determined by their artistic and historical value, fashion and accessibility in relation to places of demand.

The peculiarities of the culture of different regions of the world are increasingly encouraging people to spend their holidays while traveling. Objects visited by tourists contribute to their spiritual enrichment, broadening their horizons. Culture is one of the main elements of tourist interest.

The level of cultural development can be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in the tourism market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourist opportunities of the area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base that meets generally accepted standards and requirements, but also on the uniqueness of the national cultural heritage.

Objects of national cultural heritage must be presented intelligently and creatively. Scientific and technological progress has done its job: the products of one country practically do not differ from similar products of another country. Cultural uniformity is unacceptable. A region that wants to become a popular tourist destination must have unique cultural complexes and offer them to the tourist market.

The assessment of cultural complexes for tourism purposes can be carried out by two main methods:

ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture;

necessary and sufficient time for sightseeing, which makes it possible to compare different territories in terms of the prospects for historical and cultural potential for tourism.

These methods are largely subjective: cultural complexes highly valued by experts do not always evoke an adequate response from tourists. The necessary and sufficient time for viewing objects is to a certain extent determined by their availability and the construction of excursion routes. Finally, the idea of the value of cultural complexes depends on the level of education, national characteristics of tourists. In most cases, interest in cultural objects is determined by fashion.

An important characteristic of a cultural complex is the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed by the population. This factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in a particular cultural object. The stability of tourists' interest in such objects of world cultural heritage as the Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture, etc., remains stable. At the same time, a number of objects, for example, Lenin's places, which were most visited during the Soviet period in Russia, have lost their attractiveness with a change in ideological attitudes in society. Therefore, one of the main tasks of tourism organizers is not only the creation of a cultural complex for tourism, but also its preservation for a sufficiently long historical period.

Despite the fact that almost any information can be obtained from printed periodicals, fiction and other sources, the old truth never gets old: "It is better to see once than hear a hundred times." Therefore, a region interested in attracting tourists should reasonably plan and develop special programs and events that increase interest in its culture, disseminate information about its cultural potential in order to attract potential tourists.

There are practically seven types of cultural tourism, each of which is aimed at visiting certain cultural and historical places. Main types of cultural tourism:

Architectural tourism - visits to architectural forms of cultural significance;

Historical is a special type of tourism, the main direction is visiting places of historical battles, museums, ruins and other types of historical and military architecture;

Tourism of literature and arts - theaters, galleries, houses and museums of artists and writers;

Music tourism - concerts, festivals, carnivals;

Cultural parks tourism - landscape exploration;

Excursion tourism - architecture and panoramas of cities;

Rural - countryside, clean air, culture and folklore.

Cultural and educational tourism is aimed at expanding the horizons of the tourist. The tours must have a program with certain objects on the subject. This distinguishes it from other types of tourism.

Introduction

Cultural tourism: essence and classification

General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Factors affecting cultural tourism

Problems of development of cultural tourism in Russia

Cultural heritage sites

The main problems of Russian cultural tourism

Potential for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Evaluation of cultural complexes

Criteria for evaluating objects of cultural tourism in Russia

The development of cultural tourism on the example of the tourist and recreational zone "Golden Ring of Moscow"

Prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

More than a third of a century ago, the "International Convention for the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage" was promulgated in Paris, dictated by fear, if not fear, for the safety of objects of material culture of human civilization.

They are threatened not so much by natural disasters, but by natural aging - the inevitably destructive course of time. And not even acts of vandalism or negligence of individual, in general, individual irresponsible members of society. And far more serious, more destructive forces are the changing mass consciousness in a changing world.

Culture is the fundamental basis for the process of development, preservation, strengthening of the independence, sovereignty and identity of the people. The identity of the paths of the historical evolution of culture and tourism predetermined the commonality of new methods of approach to their further development. In most countries of the world, there is a process of democratization of culture and tourism, which constitute an integral part of society.

One of the main indicators of the effective work of the Committee for Tourism on the development of inbound tourism is the annual increase in the flow of foreign tourists to Moscow. According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, about 3.5 million foreign guests visited the capital through the airports of the Moscow air zone in 2006, which is 19% higher than the final figure in 2005 (2 million 919 thousand). The indicators of the first half of 2007 - 1 million 427 thousand foreign tourists show an increase in the flow of guests by 7.5% compared to the same period in 2006 (1 million 327 thousand).1

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in the light of the formation of democratic principles, Russia needs integration into pan-European and world cultural processes, incl. development processes of cultural tourism as one of the most promising areas of social and economic cooperation.

There are many definitions of the term "cultural heritage". One of them says that cultural heritage is a reflection of the interaction between the human community and the natural environment. Cultural tourism, unlike, for example, sports or beach tourism, is aimed at the development of cultural heritage, the study of the life experience of other people, their customs, intellectual and creative achievements.

Today, when humanity is entering the era of the Information Society, the requirements for the nature and completeness of the available information have increased dramatically. This also applies to cultural tourism.

The relevance and insufficient degree of theoretical and practical development of the problems of the development of historical and cultural tourism in Russia and its regions predetermined the choice of the topic, the purpose and objectives of the study.

The purpose of the thesis is to consider the problem and prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

In accordance with the intended goal, the following tasks are defined:

to formulate the methodological foundations for the analysis of the socio-economic nature of cultural tourism;

consider the role of cultural tourism in the development of the regional economy;

identify general global trends and prospects for the development of cultural tourism;

assess the current state of cultural tourism in the Russian Federation,

identify economic and organizational features and opportunities for the development of historical and cultural tourism on the example of the Golden Ring;

determine a set of measures for the development of cultural tourism as one of the promising areas.

The subject of the study is cultural tourism

The object of the study is a set of organizational, economic, socio-cultural and legal relations that arise in the course of the formation, functioning and development of historical and cultural tourism in Russia at the regional level.

The theoretical foundations, the study of the problems of the development of historical and cultural tourism have been developed in the works of a number of foreign authors: Ch. Landry, D. Pierce, R. Prentice, G. Richards, and others. In the domestic literature, the features and trends in the development of historical and cultural tourism are reflected in works: O.I. Genisaretsky, V.E. Gordina, B.V. Emelyanova, V.A. Quarterly, E.A. Kotlyarova, N.I. Podunova,
O.V. Rakhmaleva, T.V. Rumyantseva, V.B. Saprunova, V.T. Ustimenko and others.

In preparing the work, the author analyzed the legislative and regulatory documents that underlie the state policy of regulating tourism activities in Russia, statistical materials: publications of the UN Commission on Tourism, the World Tourism Organization, the WTO Commission for Europe, materials of the Commission of the European Community, international conferences on the development of historical heritage; national statistical publications, reports, reports, surveys of government departments on tourism, data from periodicals.

In the process of research, general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, analogy, abstraction, induction and deduction, principles of unity of quantitative and qualitative measurement, historical and logical methods. The paper also uses methods of comparative assessments, forecasting, graphical and economic-statistical analysis, expert assessments.

Structurally, the thesis consists of an introduction, in which the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the purpose and objectives of the study are formulated; three logically interconnected chapters, revealing the conditioned aspects of the topic under study; conclusions, which present generalizing conclusions on the study; list of used literature and applications. The chapter titles reflect their content.

1 Cultural tourism: essence and classification

1.1 General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Cultural tourism refers to travel with the aim of getting to know the material and spiritual objects of culture, participating in cultural events. Together they affect the spiritual sphere of a person, his system of values, knowledge, influence social behavior, one way or another, affect the behavior as an economic entity.

In the context of globalization, cultural tourism, as the leading sub-industry of tourism, has new functions. It is no longer considered only as a kind of tourism activity, but also as an important mechanism for managing the intercultural dialogue of peoples in a globalizing world, effective; a way to implement the principles of social partnership at the level of various subjects of interaction.

One of the most attractive resources for tourism in the Russian Federation is cultural heritage. Russia is traditionally perceived as a country that has made a huge contribution to world culture. It is necessary to implement a competent policy in the field of heritage.

Heritage policy can be understood as a system of complex interactive interaction of various institutions and individuals: organizations of the global, national and regional levels of governments, state organizations and organizations of the third sector, educational institutions, scientists and specialists in the field of heritage, simply "consumers of heritage" (visitors of museums , tourists, etc.), as a result of which the very essence of the concept of heritage is determined, as well as the strategy and tactics in relation to it. elements of strategy and tactics, but refers, as a rule, to the activities of government organizations at various levels. Here are some foreign definitions of this concept. Very clearly, although very narrowly, it is formulated in the American methodology: it is “the state-funded conservation and study of archaeological and historical resources, including archaeological sites and historical buildings. Often used in a narrower sense to refer to archaeological and historical work carried out in advance of various major publicly funded projects such as dams or highways. One more definition, somewhat similar but different from the first one, can be given: Cultural resource management or management of archaeological cultural resources is, for the most part, federally or stately funded archaeological research, which is carried out because a certain part of private property was acquired for use or construction of a road, bridge or for the purpose of other public works. For example, in order to begin construction of an interstate highway using federal funding, site assessments must be completed in terms of archaeological resources. This assessment reflected in the technical report is similar to, and sometimes is also part of the conclusions on the assessment of the impact of the project on the environment. It must evaluate all available cultural resources, historical and prehistoric, that may be affected by the project. The management of cultural archaeological resources is usually broken down into three phases or stages of implementation: Phase one: identification of archaeological sites. The goal is to find and describe archaeological sites within a given territory. Phase Two: Implemented for a small percentage of archaeological sites when it is determined during the first phase that a better understanding of the site is needed in order to identify mechanisms to avoid or mitigate project impacts on sites. Phase Three: Mitigation and Data Acquisition. Implemented when all or part of a monument is planned for demolition or destruction, in which case the goal is to obtain as much scientific data and information as possible.3

The course of the paradigm shift in relation to heritage was ambiguous and often depended on national and regional characteristics.

While in Russia, researchers and managers in the field of culture only came to the active use of this concept and related terminology in the theory and practice of cultural policy only in the early to mid-nineties, the West has long been using heritage tools to develop an economic and economic strategy. social development of a region or even an entire country, where heritage is sometimes the main, if not the only, resource for development. Very soon, such a connection led to the fact that, on the one hand, heritage began to be regarded as an extremely important resource for regional and international development, and on the other hand, it moved from the category of abstract culturological concepts into a real economic and managerial category.

At the same time, the internal dialectical essence of heritage is also manifested here, in which the unity and opposition of global and local are very well manifested, which largely determine the logic of modern development. On the one hand, of course, “heritage is a factor in “shaping the cultural identity of a nation, its spirituality and historical memory”4, on the other hand, its use is a very important element of the policy of global structures such as UNESCO, the World Bank, etc. As a result, heritage policy-making increasingly includes a variety of global and national governmental and non-governmental organizations, groups of people and individuals, cultural and world heritage information networks.

One of the "pillars" of globalization - the World Bank - has become a striking example of the consistent use of material cultural heritage as an essential component of policy at the international, global level.

The World Bank's policy towards tangible cultural heritage "has a long and extensive history...beginning with its role in the reconstruction of post-war Europe"5. Studies conducted “identified 217 Bank loans, credits and grants dating back to the 1970s that included activities related to cultural heritage”6.

In the mid-eighties of the last century, UNESCO specialists formulated the main positions of modern policy in relation to cultural heritage, which became the basis for the World Bank's policy in this area, moreover, they were developed and acquired a more practical connotation. They contained the following important messages: first of all, the presence of two dialectical poles in relation to heritage: do no harm in relation to heritage, which, in fact, is a synonym for the policy of protecting and preserving heritage "to do good", i.e. include heritage in the development process and treat it as a resource.

Among other important postulates, the following can be noted: “Do no harm to the heritage”; limiting the policy of exclusively heritage protection; identification of the economic value of heritage sites; poverty reduction through the use of heritage sites; identifying the educational value of heritage sites7.

Such a strategy is being implemented with varying degrees of success by World Bank specialists and government agencies in the regions of the Middle East and North and Central Africa, Albania, Georgia, and other parts of the world.

Recently, very often the Bank's specialists have replaced the term "tangible cultural heritage" with the term "cultural resources", which is also synonymous with the concepts of "cultural heritage", cultural potential, "cultural property" and is used exclusively in relation to material cultural resources.

Special Guidelines developed by the World Bank specialists define the main principles of operational policy in this direction as follows: “Material cultural resources are of great importance as a source of valuable scientific and historical information, potential for economic and social development and an integral part of the cultural identity and traditions of the people. Throughout the world, material cultural resources are under threat of destruction, partly due to the processes of modernization and development. The loss of these resources is irreplaceable, but, fortunately, in many cases it can be avoided. The Bank helps countries prevent or reduce negative impacts on cultural resources from development projects it finances...”8.

Tourism is another important vehicle for incorporating heritage into global information and economic and political flows, as well as sustainable development strategies. Recently, tourism is considered as the most effective means of mass demand and accessibility of cultural values.

At the same time, the development of tourism is a way to promote globalization in the field of material and spiritual heritage. As the Croatian researcher D. Jelincic notes, “since tourism is not a static phenomenon, but a dynamic process, it has an impact on traditions (cultural heritage). In certain local communities, the tradition is changing due to tourism. Or if the tradition does not exist, it is invented or created. A similar situation is observed in the field of material heritage, when regions and territories that do not have objects of material heritage can create them, as they say, out of the blue, as, for example, they did in South Africa, creating the entertainment city of Sun City based on the existing the area of legends and legends. Thus, if the media is called the formula of globalization in general, then tourism can be called a catalyst for globalization in the field of heritage use. At the same time, tourism, of course, also causes the reverse process of searching for national, regional and other identity among the "owners", and this is impossible without the presence of material heritage.

As the Serbian researcher M. Dragicevic-Sesic writes in this regard, “cultural tourism as a “journey into history” is especially developed in those countries that emphasize the values of cultural and historical traditions, as well as where great attention is paid to the development of national identity, especially among small peoples fighting against cultural assimilation. In this sense, the time of the 19th century was very important for the history of tourism, when national self-consciousness was awakening in Europe, when travel, excursions, pilgrimages were associated with this. On the other hand, cultural tourism uses people's desire to get acquainted with "others" - other customs and culture, the desire to compare what they see with the situation in this area in their country. Travel agencies (especially in some European countries) organize specific trips to other countries for their clients, making this a kind of cultural and historical event for them. For lovers of history, contact with the places of certain historical events, familiarization with documents and exhibits in museums, etc. really is a big event."

She also proposed the following classification of cultural tourism: Historical travel, among which are:11

- "journey through history";

- "travel - reconstruction of historical events" (French Revolution, great battles of Napoleon, etc.);

Study of the historical period (California in the era of pioneers, Byzantine Greece, etc.);

Religious travel (pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Mecca and Medina, Hilandar, etc.).

She referred geographical travel to another group, the purpose of which is to acquaint tourists with any foreign country, a certain region or city. Such trips can be complex (when the object of acquaintance is any one country or its capital, their cultural and historical sights, modern socio-economic life) or specialized (when tourists get acquainted only with certain sights, most often with cultural and historical monuments , nature or certain sectors of the economy).

Travels of the third group, the so-called "culturological" ones, are not associated with trips to any country or acquaintance with any religion, but with the study of any direction in art, most often in fine art (for example, "From Istria to Ravenna" , "Baroque winter" - Vienna, Salzburg, Prague, Munich, etc.), or in the field of musical or theatrical art. Travel can also be arranged to pay tribute to an artist. In Germany, for this purpose, the Goethe tourist guide was published, and in France a lot of tourist routes are organized associated with famous writers: George Sand, Lamartine, or with their works (Paris in the works of Balzac or Zola).

In addition, specific forms of "ecological and" congress "tourism are singled out in a separate position12.

To this fairly complete classification, one can add specific forms of “nostalgic tourism”, which is associated with a feeling of loss of a certain identity, connection with a certain heritage. For well-known political and social reasons, one should expect the successful development of this type of tourism in the Russian Federation and the countries of the former USSR.

At the same time, there is another serious aspect in the organization of tourism in the field of heritage, which deserves special attention. It is clearly manifested in Europe. As the French researcher K. Perrier-D "Iteren13 notes, extensive activities have been launched in Europe on the methodological and organizational support of tourism in the field of heritage "Scientific and educational institutions, often with the support of the European Commission, develop all kinds of programs. Seminars, round tables and discussions where the participants consider this topic from different points of view.Special studies are commissioned, old ones are being revised, new documents are being put into effect.” to heritage, which should really be brought to the forefront. Heritage is currently viewed either exclusively from a hedonistic point of view, or “as a product of consumption.” Such an attitude poses clear and hidden threats to the very existence of heritage sites. As recorded in the UNESCO Convention on protection of the world culture natural and natural heritage, it is "increasingly threatened by destruction caused not only by traditional causes of damage, but also by the evolution of social and economic life, which aggravates them even more harmful and destructive phenomena."

Let's ask a simple question: how is the tourist route planned? Regardless of whether this work is done by a tour operator of the largest agency or just a private person who decides to go on vacation in his own car, this person (let's call him the route writer) must have information about the cultural landscape. But how to find it if it was published little, incompletely, with huge bills? At present, museums and specialists in the field of Russian culture have accumulated a fairly large amount of information that needs to be systematized, published and made to work for a particular person and society as a whole.

It would be a big mistake to think that we are talking about creating another guidebook (albeit in a modern, electronic form) containing only information about historical and cultural monuments. Our goal is not limited to satisfying the scientific and educational interests of lovers of antiquity. This task will be solved along the way, but it is not at the forefront. We are talking about cultural tourism - one of the most profitable areas of the world economy. It requires information not only about individual objects, but also about the cultural landscape as a whole.

There is a common misconception: "We have such a good museum in our city, such ancient churches, such historical places ... Why don't tourists come to us?" The answer is simple: not individual cultural objects are significant for tourism, but the cultural landscape.

Let's explain this idea with a simple example: a highway is not a monument of history and culture, but it is an important part of the cultural landscape. An architectural historian describing an ancient temple will not dwell on whether the access roads to it are good. And for the organization of tourism, this information is absolutely necessary. Especially in Russia, where even regional roads, not to mention local ones, are far from always surmountable for a tourist bus in bad weather.

So, for the purposes of cultural tourism, it is important to realize the strengths and weaknesses of the cultural landscape.

It is clear that in order to accurately determine the parameters of the cultural landscape, special field studies are required. The paradox is that the starting point of such studies (and they are not cheap) should be the hypothesis of their expediency. In other words, you need to have a considerable amount of information in advance and at least a rough estimate of the cultural resources of the region in order to afford the luxury of spending on expensive developments. There is a vicious circle: no primary information - nothing to offer the investor, no investment - no tourism infrastructure, no infrastructure - tourists do not go, no tourists - huge losses in the form of lost profits.

The only way to break this vicious circle is to centrally create a primary catalog of Russia's cultural landscape and make it available to the general public free of charge. The technologies used to create such a catalog may be different. The basis around which information content will be built up can be taken: the existing infrastructure, architectural monuments, museums.

At the same time, it is clear that no matter how important the infrastructure is, for cultural tourism it is a means, and not an object of interest. As for the choice between architectural monuments and museums, the latter are clearly preferable for this reason. Unlike architectural monuments, museums are able to independently supply a significant part of the information both about themselves and about the adjacent cultural landscape. Thus, the task is greatly simplified, largely reduced to a competent formulation of the request.

This brings to the fore activities to create a system of strong links between heritage and tourism, primarily through the implementation of educational programs.

K. Perrier-DIterin believes that targeted efforts are needed aimed at “achieving a fair balance between the needs of tourism, the legitimate interests of governments related to their desire to maximize the use of heritage sites for tangible economic benefits, the prerogatives of the tourism industry and, finally, the tasks of heritage conservation in the broad sense of the word - in other words, all physical and non-material objects containing the memory of the past. The implementation of the concept of sustainable tourism - another fashionable term - is unthinkable without the activation of appropriate programs for the conservation of heritage sites, since heritage is an important factor in the regional, social, economic and cultural development of any country"14.

In this case, the experience of the Netherlands is interesting, where, by decision of the government, since 1991, a national program for the protection of museum collections (the so-called “Delta” plan) has been implemented, which is based on the concept of heritage conservation and the idea of “preventive conservation”. But this was not always the case, why art centers, cultural sites, buildings and collections of outstanding works all over the world suffered. Indifference, negligence, catastrophic museological conditions, lack of funds, as well as, and above all, the influx of tourists, whose number is constantly growing - all this, like a sword of Damocles, hung over the cultural heritage. That is why, even if today we can talk about the improvement of the situation due to the growing, albeit belated, awareness of the value of cultural heritage, there is still a huge amount of work to be done through a coordinated effort of study and analysis.

A somewhat different, although similar in many aspects of the links between heritage and tourism, concept was presented by V.A. Kvartalnov. He notes that “objects of national cultural heritage must be presented intelligently and creatively. Scientific and technological progress has done its job: the products of one country practically do not differ from similar products of another country. Cultural uniformity is unacceptable. A region that wants to become a popular tourist destination must have unique cultural complexes and offer them to the tourist market”15.

1) ranking of cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture;

2) the necessary and sufficient time for sightseeing, which makes it possible to compare different territories in terms of the prospects of the historical and cultural potential for tourism.

At the same time, however, it is noted that these methods are subjective: cultural complexes that are interesting from a professional point of view are not always attractive for ordinary tourists. In addition, are of great importance: accessibility, construction of excursion routes, level of education, national characteristics and even fashion.

So, in connection with the increased need of people to expand knowledge in various areas, to increase the intellectual level, in the modern world, cultural tourism occupies a leading role among the main types of tourism, which is of great importance in the socio-economic (aligning the seasonal cycle of basic industries, creating jobs , the even distribution of tourist flows across the territory, the revival of decadent industrial centers, the formation of a favorable image of the regions) and cultural development (preservation of historical and cultural heritage, assistance in the creation and support of ancient monuments, architectural ensembles, museums, theaters, etc.). According to various estimates, cultural tourism is from 10% to 35%, and even 60% of the world's tourist flow. 16

Table 1.1

Shares of types of tourism in the total volume of tourist services

As a result of the analysis of existing definitions of cultural tourism, three approaches to its definition are distinguished, each of which, separately and in combination, seems to be useful in solving the problems of developing cultural tourism, as affecting various complementary aspects of the organization of tourism activities (technical, based on the description of the resources of historical and cultural tourism of territories that attract tourist flows; a conceptual approach based on a description of the motives and aspirations of people to visit historical and cultural centers; an approach in which the main aspect is the result received by tourists - impressions).

The cultural heritage of the territories must be considered both as a tourist resource that arouses interest and motivation for travel, and as a resource for the socio-economic development of the territories, their economic potential.

Organizational and economic support of activities in cultural tourism is a set (set) of measures and means, creating conditions conducive to the normal course of economic processes, maintaining the stable functioning of the economic system and its facilities, preventing failures, violations of laws, regulations, contracts, and includes the following : legislative support (development of legislation that contributes to the normal course of tourism activities); infrastructure support (the presence of a set of material and technical elements that create and provide general conditions for the organization of cultural tourism); financial support (determination of investment sources and creation of a favorable investment climate in the field of cultural tourism); information support (creation of an information system that promotes effective work on the organization of cultural tourism and information support for tourists, including using new information technologies); staffing (timely and continuous training and retraining of qualified personnel of higher, middle and lower levels, capable of providing high-quality tourist services).

Cultural tourism, as a wide and diverse phenomenon, has many classifications. We offer clarification of the most significant criteria - the "level of the cultural component", which determines the volume of the cultural component in the tourism activities of certain categories of tourists and the "theme of the tour", based on the characteristics of the tourist product and the theme of the proposed tours, by combining them within one classification.

To classify the products of cultural tourism in the region, we will make a kind of matrix of its types and levels. It identifies subspecies of cultural tourism both in terms of level and subject matter. The classification is presented in the form of a table, where each cell contains: certain tourism products; organizations that have the opportunity to participate in the creation of certain tourism products; funding sources, etc. depending on the task (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2

Classification of cultural tourism products by level and thematic type

Level	Professional	Specialized	Non-specialized	Related
Historical	Scientific tourism: conferences, expeditions	Historical, military-patriotic	Excursion to historical places, places of military battles, animation program
Ethno- Graphic		Ethnographic tours	Ethnographic excursion, animation program, traditional cuisine tasting
Architecture-		Architectural tours	architectural tour
Archaeological	Participation in excavations	Archaeological tours	Excursion to the places of excavations, burials
Folklore	Professional groups in festivals etc.	folklore tours, visiting festivals	folklore concert, folklore program
Religious	Pilgrimage	religious tour	Excursion to holy places

It should be noted that this classification does not claim to be complete coverage, since for each subspecies of cultural tourism, you can create a huge variety of different tourism products. At the same time, it is emphasized that professional historical, ethnographic, archaeological, architectural, religious, etc. historical and cultural tourism is closely intertwined with scientific tourism and will mainly take the form of scientific expeditions and conferences. Professional folklore tourism is the participation of groups in various performances and festivals. Specialized cultural tourism is characterized by detailed thematic tours. For example, a specialized architectural tour introduces the tourist in detail to the peculiarities of the architecture of the region, etc.; ethnographic tour - with the peculiarities of culture, traditions, life, cuisine of the people or peoples of the region, country.

Non-specialized cultural tourism involves various thematic excursions, animation programs, which are more of an introductory nature, the same applies to related tourism.

It is concluded that cultural tourism is a mechanism for preserving the country's heritage, which is considered not only as a cultural, but also as the economic potential of the territories, as an unclaimed resource for their socio-economic development, which is very important to use to the full. The development of cultural tourism in the regions can be considered as a means of coordinating the activities of federal and territorial authorities and numerous participants in the process of reviving territories by attracting funds from various investors, including business entities, business structures, and public organizations.

1.2 Factors affecting cultural tourism

The solution of one of the key tasks of the development of domestic historical and cultural tourism requires large-scale investments. However, in this regard, Russian cultural tourism has found itself in a kind of vicious circle: the low level of production of services, due to weak investment in historical and cultural monuments, leads to weak demand and low income from the provision of these services. Low income and, as a result, small savings lead to weak investment in the cultural tourism industry.

Activities in the field of cultural tourism, which is an integration component of the national economic system, should be planned, directed and coordinated comprehensively, affecting all aspects of its development - legal, economic, organizational, social, historical and cultural, scientific and educational, environmental. It is noted that in each of these areas, its own regulatory tools should be implemented (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3

Instruments for regulating the development of cultural tourism

Region regulation	Regulation tools
Legal	Regulation of norms and rules for the exploitation of cultural resources; Regulation of the rules for the activities of tourism industry enterprises, their rights and obligations in relation to cultural heritage sites; Regulation of the rules of entry and exit to the country for foreign and domestic tourists; Establishment of moratoriums and sanctions; Development and adoption of concepts and programs for the development of cultural tourism
Economic	Formation of favorable conditions for private investment in cultural tourism; Direct public investment in cultural tourism infrastructure; Concessional lending; Preferential taxation; Foreign trade benefits; Regulation of prices and tariffs; Insurance
Organizational	Development and formation of a regulatory system for the cultural tourism industry at the national and regional levels; Development and implementation of measures to form the image of the country and its regions; Development and implementation of advisory and conciliation schemes for interaction between the subjects of regulation and enterprises of the cultural tourism industry, public tourism organizations; Development and implementation of activities to promote the cultural tourism product of the country and regions; Establishment and maintenance of international relations in the field of cultural tourism; Development and formation of a system for monitoring and controlling the state of cultural tourism resources
Social	Subsidizing job creation; - investment in human development; - protection of the rights and interests of tourists

Region regulation	Regulation tools
Scientific and educational	Organization and financing of personnel training in the system of secondary and higher education; Financing of scientific research in the field of cultural tourism; Organization of international and domestic internships
cultural	Protection and restoration of historical monuments; Holding cultural festivals; Attracting and organizing tours of popular creative groups; Carrying out activities for the study, restoration and development of the folklore of the local population; Support for the activities of cultural institutions, creative teams
Ecological	Development and implementation of environmental measures; Elimination of damage and restoration of natural resources; Stimulating the introduction of environmentally friendly, harmless technologies for production activities

The state, regional and local budgets, target extra-budgetary funds form the financial base of the state, which ensures the performance by state and local authorities of their functions (powers), including the regulation of the economic life of society. At the heart of the use of many of the above methods of state regulation are public finances. A special place is occupied by methods of budgetary regulation. For example, methods of direct public financing and lending aimed at meeting current and long-term public needs (public procurement of material resources, public investment). By spending the funds of the state and local budgets, a targeted impact is made on the volume and structure of the tourist offer, on the distribution of investments and capital by industry and region.

The development of cultural factors within the region is a means of expanding resources to attract tourist flows. In many countries, tourism can be included in the so-called policy of cultural relations.

The level of cultural development can also be used to create a favorable image of a particular region in the tourism market. Elements and factors of culture can be channels for distributing information about the tourist opportunities of the area. The success of tourism development depends not only on the material and technical base,

Geographic location of the region. Popular places of tourism and recreation, formed resorts and tourist excursion centers (historical, cultural, religious, ethnographic). Characteristics of the main economic and social recreational resources.

Ecotourism in Russia as a means of supporting protected natural areas. Formation of special databases, creation of a reference and information system on natural, historical and cultural sights. Development of tourism infrastructure.

The role of historical heritage in the development of tourism. Types of cultural and historical tourism resources. General information about the tourist centers of the Golden Ring. Tourist infrastructure and features of tour operating in the direction of the Golden Ring.

The concept of innovation, its essence and features, classification and varieties, characteristics and distinctive features, significance in the economy of the state. The essence and basic principles of innovation in tourism. State support of tourism innovations in Russia.

Concepts, subject and method of studying the regional economy. Factors of development and tasks of the economy of regional tourism. The main goals and directions of the state policy of regional tourism. System economic analysis and process modeling.

Socio-economic background and features of the history of tourism development in France. State policy in the field of tourism and organization of tourism activities. Geography of tourism, places that are especially popular among foreign tourists.

Essence and organization of inbound tourism. The use of historical and cultural resources when creating tours for tourists from China on the example of the Khabarovsk Territory. Problems and prospects of the organization of this tourist product. Characteristics of Chinese tourists.

Goals of creating museums and problems of developing the legal status of museum organizations. International legal regulation of tourism and tourist services. International tourism organizations as forms of coordination of the efforts of states to develop tourism.

The concept of tourism development in the Irkutsk region for the period up to 2010, its goals and objectives. Stages of development of the Irkutsk region as a tourist region. Tourism as a sphere of small business development and employment. Support for tourism development.

The hospitality industry as a complex field of activity of workers who satisfy any requests and desires of tourists. The main factors of growth of the tourism industry. Business entities in the modern tourism system. The structure of the tourism industry.

Changing socio-economic and political conditions as a factor in the development of international tourism. Modern trends in the development of MT in the CIS and Baltic countries. International cooperation in the field of tourism. WTO contribution to the development of international tourism.

Basic concepts and state regulation of tourism in Russia. Tourism industry in Russia, state and problems. Features of the domestic Russian tourist market at the present stage. Assessment and forecasts for the development of domestic tourism in Russia.

Tourism is one of the most profitable businesses in the world economy. Unique natural resources and cultural and historical monuments of Siberia. The role of tourism in solving social problems. Development of the tourism and recreation industry of the Siberian region, its directions.

The development of tourism is one of the priority areas of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus. The tourist potential of Belarus is based on the diversity, beauty and pristine nature, the uniqueness of the historical and cultural heritage.

National and regional factors influencing the development of tourism in the Tver region. Natural healing resources. Development of recreational resources and tourist infrastructure of the region. Development of a long-term tourism development program.

Analysis of the process of state regulation of tourism development as the impact of the state on the activities of subjects and the market in order to implement a unified concept for the development of the tourism sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan. State bodies and legal framework.

The essence of tourism and the basic concepts of organization and management in the field of tourism. Specifics of organization and management in the field of tourism. Use of new technologies. Importance of marketing in the tourism industry. The uniqueness of the tourist service.

Cultural tourism as a promising component in the development of a historic city. Tourist representations of modern urban space. State of the regional institute of tourism. Designing the image of the territory in order to develop tourism.

Theoretical foundations for assessing the cultural and historical tourist and recreational potential of the territory. Features of educational tourism. Characteristics of the historical and educational resources of the Voskresensky district: Lake Svetloyar, the estates of Krivyakino and Spasskoye.

Cultural tourism: essence and classification

General presentation and classification of cultural tourism

Factors affecting cultural tourism

Problems of development of cultural tourism in Russia

Cultural heritage sites
The main problems of Russian cultural tourism

Potential for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Evaluation of cultural complexes
Criteria for evaluating objects of cultural tourism in Russia
The development of cultural tourism on the example of the tourist and recreational zone "Golden Ring of Moscow"
Prospects for the development of cultural tourism in Russia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

One of the main indicators of the effective work of the Committee for Tourism on the development of inbound tourism is the annual increase in the flow of foreign tourists to Moscow. According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, about 3.5 million foreign guests visited the capital through the airports of the Moscow air zone in 2006, which is 19% higher than the final figure in 2005 (2 million 919 thousand). The indicators of the 1st half of 2007 - 1 million 427 thousand foreign tourists show an increase in the flow of guests by 7.5% compared to the same period in 2006 (1 million 327 thousand). 1