What is the name of the military aircraft. Aircraft parts: structural significance and operation features. Types of passenger aircraft

An airplane is an aircraft, without which it is impossible to imagine the movement of people and goods over long distances today. The development of the design of a modern aircraft, as well as the creation of its individual elements, is an important and responsible task. Only highly qualified engineers, specialized specialists are allowed to this work, since a small error in calculations or a manufacturing defect will lead to fatal consequences for pilots and passengers. It is no secret that any aircraft has a fuselage, carrying wings, a power unit, a multidirectional control system and take-off and landing devices.

The following information about the features of the design of aircraft components will be of interest to adults and children involved in the design development of aircraft models, as well as individual elements.

aircraft fuselage

The main part of the aircraft is the fuselage. The remaining structural elements are fixed on it: wings, tail with plumage, landing gear, and inside the control cabin, technical communications, passengers, cargo and aircraft crew are located. The body of the aircraft is assembled from longitudinal and transverse power elements, followed by metal sheathing (in light versions - plywood or plastic).

When designing an aircraft fuselage, requirements are imposed on the weight of the structure and maximum strength characteristics. This can be achieved using the following principles:

The body of the aircraft fuselage is made in a form that reduces drag on air masses and contributes to the emergence of lift. The volume, dimensions of the aircraft must be proportionally weighed;
When designing, they provide for the most dense layout of the skin and power elements of the hull to increase the usable volume of the fuselage;
They focus on the simplicity and reliability of fastening wing segments, takeoff and landing equipment, power plant;
Places for securing cargo, accommodating passengers, consumables must ensure reliable fastening and balance of the aircraft under various operating conditions;

The location of the crew should provide conditions for comfortable control of the aircraft, access to the main navigation and control devices in emergency situations;
During the maintenance of the aircraft, it is possible to freely carry out diagnostics and repair of failed components and assemblies.

The strength of the aircraft body must provide resistance to loads under various flight conditions, including:

loads at the attachment points of the main elements (wings, tail, landing gear) during takeoff and landing;
during the flight period, withstand the aerodynamic load, taking into account the inertial forces of the weight of the aircraft, the operation of the units, the functioning of the equipment;
pressure drops in hermetically limited parts of the aircraft, which constantly occur during flight overloads.

The main types of aircraft body construction include flat, one- and two-story, wide and narrow fuselages. Beam-type fuselages have proven themselves and are used, including layout options that are called:

Sheathing - the design excludes longitudinally located segments, reinforcement occurs due to frames;
Spar - the element has significant dimensions, and the direct load falls on it;
Stringer - have an original shape, area and cross section is less than in the spar version.

Important! The uniform distribution of the load on all parts of the aircraft is carried out due to the internal frame of the fuselage, which is represented by the connection of various power elements along the entire length of the structure.

Wing structure

The wing is one of the main structural elements of the aircraft, which provides the creation of lift for flight and maneuvering in air masses. Wings are used to accommodate take-off and landing devices, power unit, fuel and attachments. The operational and flight characteristics of the aircraft depend on the correct combination of weight, strength, structural rigidity, aerodynamics, and workmanship.

The main parts of the wing is called the following list of elements:

Hull formed from spars, stringers, ribs, skin;
Slats and flaps for smooth takeoff and landing;
Spoilers and ailerons - through them, the aircraft is controlled in the airspace;
Brake flaps designed to reduce the speed of movement during landing;
Pylons necessary for mounting power units.

The structural power scheme of the wing (the presence and location of parts under load) must provide a stable resistance to the forces of torsion, shear and bending of the product. It includes longitudinal, transverse elements, as well as external skin.

The transverse elements include ribs;
The longitudinal element is represented by spars, which can be in the form of a monolithic beam and represent a truss. They are located throughout the volume of the inner part of the wing. Participate in stiffening the structure, when exposed to bending and transverse forces at all stages of flight;
Stringer is also referred to as longitudinal elements. Its placement is along the wing along the entire span. Works as an axial stress compensator for wing bending loads;
Ribs - an element of transverse placement. The design is represented by trusses and thin beams. Gives a profile to the wing. Provides surface rigidity when distributing a uniform load during the creation of a flight air cushion, as well as fastening the power unit;
The skin gives shape to the wing, providing maximum aerodynamic lift. Together with other structural elements, it increases the rigidity of the wing and compensates for the effect of external loads.

The classification of aircraft wings is carried out depending on the design features and the degree of work of the outer skin, including:

Spar type. They are characterized by a slight thickness of the skin, forming a closed contour with the surface of the spars.
Monoblock type. The main external load is distributed over the surface of the thick skin, fixed by a massive set of stringers. Sheathing can be monolithic or consist of several layers.

Important! Docking parts of the wings, their subsequent fastening must ensure the transmission, distribution of bending and torque that occur during various operating modes.

Aircraft engines

Thanks to the constant improvement of aircraft power units, the development of modern aircraft construction continues. The first flights could not be long and were carried out exclusively with one pilot, precisely because there were no powerful engines capable of developing the necessary traction force. Over the entire past period, aviation has used the following types of aircraft engines:

Steam. The principle of operation was to convert the energy of steam into translational motion transmitted to the propeller of the aircraft. Due to the low efficiency, it was used for a short time on the first aircraft models;
Piston - standard engines with internal combustion of fuel and torque transmission to the propellers. The availability of manufacturing from modern materials allows their use to date on individual aircraft models. Efficiency is presented no more than 55.0%, but high reliability and unpretentiousness in maintenance make the engine attractive;

Reactive. The principle of operation is based on the conversion of the energy of intensive combustion of aviation fuel into thrust necessary for flight. Today, this type of engine is most in demand in the aircraft industry;
Gas turbine. They work on the principle of boundary heating and compression of the fuel combustion gas, directed to the rotation of the turbine unit. They are widely used in military aviation. Used in aircraft such as Su-27, MiG-29, F-22, F-35;
Turboprop. One of the variants of gas turbine engines. But the energy received during operation is converted into drive for the propeller of the aircraft. A small part of it is used to form a jet pusher jet. They are mainly used in civil aviation;
Turbofan. Characterized by high efficiency. The applied technology of injection of additional air for complete combustion of fuel ensures maximum efficiency and high environmental safety. Such engines have found their application in the creation of large airliners.

Important! The list of engines developed by aircraft designers is not limited to the above list. At different times, attempts were repeatedly made to create various variations of power units. In the last century, work was even carried out on the design of atomic engines in the interests of aviation. Prototypes were tested in the USSR (TU-95, AN-22) and the USA (Convair NB-36H), but were withdrawn from testing due to the high environmental hazard during aviation accidents.

Controls and signaling

The complex of on-board equipment, command and executive devices of the aircraft are called controls. Commands are given from the pilot cabin, and are carried out by elements of the wing plane, tail plumage. Different types of aircraft use different types of control systems: manual, semi-automatic and fully automated.

Controls, regardless of the type of control system, are divided as follows:

The main control, which includes actions responsible for adjusting flight modes, restoring the longitudinal balance of the aircraft in predetermined parameters, these include:

levers directly controlled by the pilot (steering wheel, elevators, horizon, command panels);
communications for connecting control levers with elements of actuators;
direct executing devices (ailerons, stabilizers, spoler systems, flaps, slats).

Additional control used during takeoff or landing.

When using manual or semi-automatic control of the aircraft, the pilot can be considered an integral part of the system. Only he can collect and analyze information about the position of the aircraft, load indicators, compliance of the flight direction with planned data, and make a decision appropriate to the situation.

To obtain objective information about the flight situation, the state of the aircraft components, the pilot uses groups of instruments, let's name the main ones:

Aerobatic and used for navigational purposes. Determine the coordinates, horizontal and vertical position, speed, linear deviations. They control the angle of attack in relation to the oncoming air flow, the operation of gyroscopic devices and many equally important flight parameters. On modern aircraft models, they are combined into a single flight and navigation complex;
To control the operation of the power unit. Provide the pilot with information about the temperature and pressure of oil and aviation fuel, the flow rate of the working mixture, the number of revolutions of the crankshafts, the vibration indicator (tachometers, sensors, thermometers, etc.);
To monitor the operation of additional equipment and aircraft systems. They include a complex of measuring instruments, the elements of which are located in almost all structural parts of the aircraft (pressure gauges, air consumption indicator, pressure drop in hermetically closed cabins, flap positions, stabilizing devices, etc.);
To assess the state of the surrounding atmosphere. The main measured parameters are the outdoor air temperature, the state of atmospheric pressure, humidity, and the speed indicators of the movement of air masses. Special barometers and other adapted measuring instruments are used.

Important! The measuring instruments used to monitor the state of the machine and the environment are specially designed and adapted for difficult operating conditions.

Takeoff and landing systems 2280

Takeoff and landing are considered critical periods in the operation of the aircraft. During this period, there are maximum loads on the entire structure. Only a well-designed landing gear can guarantee an acceptable take-off acceleration and a soft touch on the runway surface. In flight, they serve as an additional element to stiffen the wings.

The design of the most common chassis models is represented by the following elements:

folding strut, compensating lot loads;
shock absorber (group), ensures the smoothness of the aircraft when moving along the runway, compensates for shocks during contact with the ground, can be installed in a set with stabilizer dampers;
braces that act as a structural stiffener, can be called rods, are located diagonally with respect to the rack;
traverses attached to the fuselage structure and landing gear wings;
orientation mechanism - to control the direction of movement on the lane;
locking systems that secure the rack in the required position;
cylinders designed to extend and retract the landing gear.

How many wheels are on an airplane? The number of wheels is determined depending on the model, weight and purpose of the aircraft. The most common is the placement of two main racks with two wheels. Heavier models - three rack (placed under the nose and wings), four rack - two main and two additional support.

Video

The described device of the aircraft gives only a general idea of the main structural components, allows you to determine the degree of importance of each element in the operation of the aircraft. Further study requires deep engineering training, special knowledge of aerodynamics, strength of materials, hydraulics and electrical equipment. At aircraft manufacturing enterprises, these issues are dealt with by people who have undergone training and special training. You can independently study all the stages of creating an aircraft, only for this you should be patient and be ready to gain new knowledge.

The Russian military-industrial complex is one of the most modern in the world, so the Russian military aviation is also one of the most modern on the planet.

The Russian military-industrial complex is capable of producing almost any type of modern military aircraft, including fifth-generation fighters.

Russian military aviation consists of:

Bombers of Russia
Russian fighters
Stormtroopers of Russia
AWACS aircraft of Russia
Flying tankers (refuelers) of Russia
Military transport aircraft of Russia
Russian military transport helicopters
Russian attack helicopters

The main manufacturers of military aviation equipment in Russia are PJSC Sukhoi Company, JSC RAC MiG, the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M. L. Mil, OJSC Kamov and others.

You can see photos and descriptions of the products of some companies at the links:

Let's look at each class of military aircraft with descriptions and photographs.

Bombers of Russia

What is a bomber, Wikipedia will very accurately explain to us: A bomber is a military aircraft designed to destroy ground, underground, surface, underwater objects with bomb and / or missile weapons. .

Russian long-range bombers

Long-range bombers in Russia are developed and produced by the Tupolev Design Bureau.

Long-range bomber Tu-160

The Tu-160, unofficially called the White Swan, is the fastest and heaviest long-range bomber in the world. Tu-160 "White Swan" is capable of developing supersonic speed, not every fighter is able to keep up with him.

Long-range bomber Tu-95

Tu-95 is a veteran of Russian long-range aviation. Developed back in 1955, having gone through many upgrades, the Tu-95 is still Russia's main long-range bomber.

Long-range bomber Tu-22M

Tu-22M is another long-range bomber of the Russian Aerospace Forces. It has variable sweep wings, like the Tu-160, but its dimensions are smaller.

Front-line bombers of Russia

Front-line bombers in Russia are developed and produced by PJSC Sukhoi Company.

Front-line bomber Su-34

The Su-34 is a 4++ generation combat aircraft, a fighter-bomber, although it would be more accurate to call it a front-line bomber.

Front-line bomber Su-24

Su-24 is a front-line bomber, the development of which began in the USSR in the early 60s of the last century. Currently, he is being replaced by the Su-34.

Russian fighters

Fighters in Russia are developed and manufactured by two companies: PJSC Sukhoi Company and JSC RAC MiG.

Su Fighters

PJSC "Company" Sukhoi "delivers to the troops such modern combat vehicles as the fifth generation fighter Su-50 (PAK FA), Su-35, front-line bomber Su-34, carrier-based fighter Su-33, Su-30, heavy fighter Su- 27, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-24M3 front-line bomber.

Fighter of the fifth generation PAK FA (T-50)

PAK FA (T-50 or Su-50) is a fifth-generation fighter developed by Sukhoi Company PJSC for the Russian Aerospace Forces since 2002. As of the end of 2016, tests are being completed and the aircraft is being prepared for transfer to regular units.

Photo by PAK FA (T-50).

Su-35 is a 4++ generation fighter.

Photo Su-35.

Su-33 carrier-based fighter

Su-33 is a 4++ generation carrier-based fighter. Several of these aircraft are in service with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Fighter Su-27

Su-27 is the main combat fighter of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Based on it, the Su-34, Su-35, Su-33 and several other fighters were developed.

Su-27 in flight

MiG fighters

JSC "RSK" MiG "" today supplies the troops with the MiG-31 fighter-interceptor and the MiG-29 fighter.

Fighter-interceptor MiG-31

The MiG-31 is a fighter-interceptor designed to perform tasks at any time of the day and in any weather. The MiG-31 is a very fast aircraft.

Fighter MiG-29

MiG-29 - is one of the main combat fighters of the Russian Aerospace Forces. There is a deck version - MiG-29K.

Stormtroopers

The only attack aircraft in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces is the Su-25 attack aircraft.

Attack aircraft Su-25

Su-25 - armored subsonic attack aircraft. The machine made its first flight in 1975 since then, having undergone many upgrades, it has been reliably fulfilling its tasks.

Russian military helicopters

Helicopters for the army are produced by the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M.L. Mil and OJSC Kamov.

Kamov helicopters

JSC "Kamov" specializes in the production of coaxial helicopters.

Helicopter Ka-52

The Ka-52 "Alligator" is a two-seat helicopter capable of performing both attack and reconnaissance functions.

Deck helicopter Ka-31

The Ka-31 is a carrier-based helicopter equipped with a long-range radio detection and guidance system, which is in service with the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

Deck helicopter Ka-27

Ka-27 is a multi-purpose carrier-based helicopter. The main modifications are anti-submarine and rescue.

Photo Ka-27PL Russian Navy

Mil helicopters

Mi helicopters are being developed by the Moscow Mil Helicopter Plant.

Mi-28 helicopter

The Mi-28 is a Soviet-designed attack helicopter used by the Russian army.

Mi-24 helicopter

Mi-24 is a world-famous attack helicopter, created in the 1970s in the USSR.

Mi-26 helicopter

The Mi-24 is a heavy transport helicopter, also developed back in Soviet times. At the moment it is the largest helicopter in the world.

Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. By purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and to serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed to carry passengers, baggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local line aircraft.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on the flight range, are divided into:
a) close ones with a flight range of 1000 ... 2000 km;
b) medium with a flight range of 3000 ... 4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000 ... 11 000 km.

Aircraft of local lines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50 ... 55;
b) average with the number of passengers 24 ... 30;
c) lungs with the number of passengers 8 ... 20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various cargoes.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, air ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, for protecting forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft for pilot training. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seat aircraft that are quite simple in learning and piloting techniques. Transition aircraft are used to train pilots to fly serial aircraft in operation.

Military aircraft are used to deliver air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in his rear and in the front line, to protect their facilities and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers, the purpose of which is to deliver bombing strikes on the most important objects, communications centers, places of concentration of equipment and manpower of the enemy in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters that protect their troops from
enemy aircraft over the battlefield and in the frontline;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers equipped with bombs, rocket and cannon weapons and serving to strike at objects in the area of \u200b\u200bforward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communications aircraft, sanitary aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, empennage, landing gear and power plant.

The wing is the bearing surface of an aircraft designed to generate aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

Plumage - bearing surfaces designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Chassis - a system of aircraft supports used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, on the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, is used to create traction.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of different equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudders), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, cleaning and landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
Classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components of the aircraft units. The aircraft scheme is determined by the following features:

1) the number and arrangement of wings;
2) fuselage type;
3) the location of the plumage
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the aircraft layout only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

According to the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low plans, medium plans and high plans. According to the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one-fuselage and two-beam. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, aircraft may have wheel, ski, or float landing gear. In seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as boats. There are mixed schemes: wheel-ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widespread at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its layout.

Airports

Babodedovo, Darmoedovo, Gomodedovo, Domik, Grandfather - Domodedovo
Granddaughter - Vnukovo
Korovkino - Bykovo
Sharik, Sharomoykino, Sharomyga, Sharomyzhkino, "Wider Mother," Sherema - Sheremetyevo
Rama - Ramenskoye airfield
Khitrovka - Heathrow Airfield (London)

Weather

four nines - good weather
million per million - visibility over 10 km
puff - stratus clouds
heaps - cumulus clouds
case - the weather is below the minimum
dung, shit - bad weather
stones from the sky - heavy rain
mryaka - blizzard
mryaka with milk - fog with precipitation

Aircraft elements

snout, nickel - nose; coccyx - tail; belly - the middle part of the fuselage
rowing, mahalo - propeller; palm tree - helicopter rotor in the parking lot
fan, meat grinder - screw motor
burner - the outlet part of the turbojet turbine
paws, paws, legs, mosses - the chassis (“pull the legs” - remove the chassis, “throw the wheels” - advice that it's time to release the chassis)
bast shoes - pads for the wheels of the aircraft
mugs - flaps, spoilers, brake flaps
jar - aircraft cabin (tube - passenger cabin of a small aircraft)
potty - toilet
trestle bed - passenger seat, slap - upper part of the seat, boulevard - passage between the seats
hole - porthole
noose - seat belt
office - cockpit
horns - steering wheel (RS (cattle) - flight personnel, KRS (cattle) - command and control staff)
muzzle - oxygen mask
ears - headset
a stool, a bench, a cup - the pilot's seat in the cockpit (the left cup is the FAC's seat, the right cup is the co-pilot's seat. The co-pilot's motto is: “Our right thing is not to interfere with the left one!” The fighter is a bad co-pilot. The guardsman is a good co-pilot. Phrase from the song: "Well, here I am on the left stool ...")
Tamara - sparka (on the MiG-21)
chip - plug connector for connecting ground power to the aircraft
traffic light - light signaling in the cargo-passenger cabin of an aircraft equipped for landing
button accordion - a crowd of gas stations behind a chair in the cockpit of the MiG-29
newspaper - light signal boards located on the upper central console
carrot - keel fairing for electronic warfare antennas on the Tu-160
pioneer - turn and slip indicator (the term originates from imported devices from the American company Pioneer)
soldier - a mechanical doubler for the indicator of the extended position of the landing gear
l opata - Su-27 brake pad
dog lover - the space of an airplane glider, where you can carry personal cargo
eyes - landing lights
fins - horizontal stabilizer (scallop - vertical)
goiter - the lower lamp of the pilot's cabin

At the airport

board - aircraft
tram - plane in the usual passenger configuration (salon - plane in the VIP configuration)
gut - air bridge or ground power cable
pipelac - self-propelled gangway
passenger pump - telescopic gangway
livestock carrier, hearse - bus for passengers
member carrier - VIP car
cassette - hot food wrapped in foil
chicken - catering
goat service - service of flight attendants of AC Transaero (the name comes from the name of the head of the service M.M. Kozlov, who, according to the internal legend, introduces himself as “the head of the Kozlov service”)
hanger - installation for weighing luggage
boob, can - tanker
Zelenka, tarragon - gasoline B-91/115 (from the characteristic green color)
dovecote, birdhouse - control tower
bow - locator installation in AP
condom, sorcerer - windsock
shit - a machine for draining chemicals. toilet fluids
tablet - ambulance
tamagotchi - luggage tractor TMH-30
massandra, bulldozer, equivalent, sword and much more - aviation alcohol
massandrovoz - alcohol tanker
Massandric key - the key to the filler necks
chassis liqueur - alcohol with glycerin from shock absorbers
shaernitsa - pincers for screwing connectors ШР
TK-16 (tank sledgehammer 16 kg) - a device for dismantling the stabilizer on the MiG-23
sledgehammer - sledgehammer
teddy bear - a small hydraulic lift
goose - a ladder with a long "neck" for access to the top of the fuselage
zhlyga - a rod for draining sludge
slurry - hydraulic fluid
gorilka - kerosene
TOM, serpent gorynych - heat-blowing machine for de-icing
skyscraper - high-altitude oxygen service
cool bottle - oxygen bottle (oxygen bootle)
runner - flight task
bow - back and forth flight between two airfields on an MVL (outside the base)
tram flight - a flight with several intermediate stops or a flight operated from day to day on the same route, without any changes
window dressing - demonstration performances, demonstration of aircraft
gangbang - group aerobatics
nut - restricted area Barvikha (octahedron on the screen); "draw through the hole" - the flight of the aircraft between the "nut" and Moscow
neighbors - a nearby military airfield; "to pass along the fence" - the flight of the aircraft along the border with the "neighbors"
checkerboard - a form for manual registration of passengers during check-in
check in - check in for a flight
shmon - screening
red plan - daily flight plan for operational services of the airport
physical education (physical exercise) - checking mechanization before takeoff
shevretka - a uniform jacket for flight personnel made of shevret leather
rompers - semi-overall trousers from a demi-season or winter set of flight uniforms
sciatica - demi-season jacket
Order of Sutuly - badge "For an accident-free raid"

people in aviation

flight master - marker
pinstr - instructor (in civil aviation, and in the military - shkrab)
boot - pilot of military transport aviation
skipper - co-pilot ("legs together - salary two hundred" - about the right pilot)
rvach - a pilot with a sannorma
white-headed - a pilot in a helmet
bortach - flight mechanic
fornication - navigator
bird-talker - radio operator
frostbitten - a crew that does not respond quickly to commands
steura, wire, girls, boys - flight attendants ("click on the girl" - click on the call button for flight attendants)
old sick cassette - an experienced flight attendant
paks, vomiters, banderlogs, pickles - passengers (umka - an unaccompanied child; bagmen - shuttles; economists - economy class passengers; businessmen, truffles - business class passengers; pervachs - first class passengers; driving cattle, pressing - boarding passengers)
mullet - passenger traffic (for example, “mullet went”); scow - jet aircraft of civil aviation
Shurik - cop in the cabin in case of ship hijacking
glide slope master - landing controller
lord of the ring - circle controller
nachpryg - head of the PDS
super, superman - supervisor on the platform
Hitler Youth - an employee of the East Line Security (the name is due to the characteristic dark blue uniform)
oil tank, oil tank, elephant - CID technician (aircraft and engine); elephant is short for Aircraft Maintenance and is also one of the Elephants that keeps aircraft
lace, wild boar, monkey, monkey, rosin, special, kishchkomot - specialist in avionics (aviation and radio-electronic equipment).
copperheads, two-headed, tupatites, trunks, oak cutters, bombheads - AB specialists (aircraft weapons)
click - AV technician
hemp, skullA - specialists of the PNK (flight and navigation complex)
wind blower, meteoretician - meteorologist
boar - aviation security officer (VOHR)
masemshchik - the driver of a sewage airfield special vehicle (from the Soviet MA-7, called GUK - shit harvester)
panicles - employees of the service engaged in internal cleaning on board the aircraft
turtle - an employee of the interior cleaning service
Carlson - paraglider
batman, prostynist, hang glider - hang glider
jumpers - skydivers

Slang phrases

pull the horns - turn the helm
fly on horns (on hands) - pilot the aircraft in case of autopilot failure
fly (pull) on light bulbs - fly with a small amount of fuel left
flapping wings - flying with insufficient fuel or landing with faulty engines
fornicate - fly with a lost orientation
go against the grain - fly on a flight level with a course for which the flight level is not intended
fluff up, snarl, wool on end - release mechanization
vuropit klachi - full throttle
polish - fly without problems
to march - to fly in a cruising flight
wash away - pass through the clouds
shave the grass - land the plane perfectly
spin-up - soft landing
gild the keel - sit at sunset
fold wings - land (after stopping on the runway)
knock out the cork - open the door after landing
score flights - cancel flights
give a pulse - pass a pre-flight inspection
stomp - maneuver along the steering tracks in the AP
wait for traffic lights - stand in front of the runway exit
make a poker, make Seeds - fly in a day 7.00
make Vasily - fly in a day 8.00
unbend hooks - perform short flights
bones overboard, get out of the office, pull the balls - eject
scoop - unplanned loss of altitude during the execution of the maneuver
the bushes flicker - the withdrawal from the maneuver is below the minimum safe height
slip - fell into an air pocket
rest - turn on reverse, start braking
entry according to the scheme - returning home under a good degree, that is, drunk
care for a spare - care for a friend (lover)
drilling holes in ZSH - unsuccessful family life (holes - for horns)
go into a tailspin, go into promotion - go into a binge
break the weather - have a booze in non-flying weather
nose to the alignment point - the position of the pilot who fell asleep while drunk at the table
blenders fell out - went through alcohol
failure of the vertical gyro (or blockage of the gyro unit) - the level of drunkenness, when you can’t stand on your feet, but still have the remnants of the strength to move (and attempts to move lead to periodic falls)
trupopause - the state of the pilot with overwork, after taking a large dose
drain the sludge - go to the toilet
presses on the valve - the desire to piss ("Passat" is a lightweight "Nissan")
center - pull something off the aircraft (cargo, luggage, catering)
KUR zero bullshit on weight - fly to the radio station
wind the glide path on the screw - hang noodles on the ears of the interlocutor
sticks stood up - engine failure
badges flew - accident
a mouthful of earth is a disaster
decompose - break the aircraft (mainly - when landing)
minor breakdowns - fragments of the aircraft, collected from the crash site with a rake
oblique aircraft - an aircraft after an engine failure. Fly on an oblique plane - fly with asymmetrical thrust
left egg is harder - fly with chronic left roll
set fire to the crosses, cross - (for dispatchers) close the marks, which triggers the Close Proximity Warning System (FPOS), the crosses around the marks light up
squat - inability to quickly release the runway
push - tow the aircraft
stand on a shoelace - release the plane
stand on your ears - keep in touch with the cabin through the SPU
sit on a tube - fly
sit on the "nipple" - use the tips of the PRP on landing
drive to Katya - make a flight to Yekaterinburg (other geographical names: Minstrualnye Vody, Krasnodyr, Syphilisi (Tbilisi), Puddle (Atlantic Ocean - for example, “flights beyond the Puddle”, i.e. to America), dome (North Pole), Lax - flight to Los Angeles)
Trizor escaped again - the border came
"N hours, M minutes - wheels in the air" - the most strict indication of the start time of any action - for example, a spill or an alarm arrival
"I bought my son a cap with a large visor" - do not let his son go to the flight school (visor - so that he does not see the sky)

Names of various aircraft

Aircraft manufactured by Airbus - watermelon
Aircraft produced by Boeing - Bobik
Boeing 737 - small Boeing
Boeing 747 - humpback, silver carp
Boeing 777 - three axes
An-12 - barn, cattle truck, fantomas
An-2 - antoshka (anton), anushka, barn, cockroach
An-24 - fantomas, driftwood, shard, vibration stand
An-26 - dump truck, barge
An-72, An-74 - cheburashka, cheburator ("Gazprom" An-74 - lighter)
An-8 - alcohol carrier
An-225 "Mriya" - centipede
IL-2, IL-10 (Ilyushin attack aircraft) - humpbacked
IL-114 and IL-18 - sawmills
I-16 - donkey
IL-18 - shaggy, junkers
IL-62 - log
IL-76 - humpbacked
IL-76MF - tuning
IL-86, IL-96 - loaf, eggplant
Ka-26 - porridge, turd, Ivan the Fool (where it blows, it will fly there)
Mi-1 - double toilet
Mi-6, Mi-26 - cow
Mi-6 - locomotive nuts, bear
Mi-24 - crocodile, striped, file, drum
Mi-26 - brick with a bow
Mi-8 - beautiful vasilisa
Mikoyaniya - OKB im. Art. Iv. Mikoyan
Mikoyanovsky Meat Processing Plant - it is (when mentioned in some unflattering context)
Migar - MiG aircraft
MiG 1-42 and 1-44 - Rupee forty-two, Rupee forty-four, respectively
MiG-15 - a barrel of beer
UTI MiG-15 - duckling
MiG-21 - balalaika, cheerful
MiG-23 - a small athlete
MiG-25 - deli
MiG-25RB - cow
MiG-27 - platypus
meat - planes OKB Myasishchev
Rusk, drying - a jet aircraft of the Sukhoi Design Bureau
Suchok - piston aircraft of the Sukhoi Design Bureau
Su-47 - hands up (due to significant reverse sweep wing)
Tupol - this is the Design Bureau itself, its representatives
Tupol, carcass, jerboa - any aircraft of the Tupolev Design Bureau
Tu-134 - small carcass, blunt, whistle, fighter, teal, cigarette butt
Tu-154 - ace, big carcass, Tupol, fifty dollars, "Aurora" (because there are three engines), "locomotive"
Yashka - Yakovlev Design Bureau aircraft (not aerobatic). Most often refers to ed. 40, 42, 18/18T, 12.
Yak-40 - cigarette butt, three-pipe giant, goby
Yak-42 - pregnant cockroach, shed, cigar, silver carp
Yak-50 - fifty dollars
"aircraft" - as some experts call aircraft
banana - double LA
concrete mixer, saber dance, pear with a bow, aerodynamic error, spinner, helicopter, twist-and-roll apparatus, round-helicopter
primer - foreign aircraft operating with a registration number, for example, DAFGH
wooden - low-speed aircraft, not equipped with a transponder
oaks - landing parachutes, uteha - parachute UT-15; forester - a paratrooper who landed on a tree; summer resident - to the dachas
sparka - training (-combat) aircraft with two cabins
herringbone, oblique herringbone, drunken herringbone - East Line Group logo
ibatnaya aviation, ibatnaya aviation - fighter-bomber (from the abbreviation IBA)
brick - aircraft with low aerodynamic quality
brick with a bow - a light helicopter from the point of view of a purely aeroplane
oil lamp, fart, piece of iron - any motor aircraft (gliding)
wet aviation - hydroaviation
cormorants - naval aviation (in terms of all other aviation)
dives - submariners (in terms of anti-submarine aviation)
drychepopa - an aircraft with a low-power power plant (less than 100 forces)
pornolet - paragliding
sheet, rag - hang glider
mentokrylyymusorschmidt - a traffic police helicopter or any aircraft of the aviation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
barn - transport aircraft; columbine - large transport aircraft
asterisk - VTA board
whistle - a jet aircraft, especially a light one
mower - propeller plane
sawmill - a very humming propeller plane
glass - fiberglass aircraft
teshka - an aircraft in the modification "T". Most often refers to the Yak-18T, then in descending order - Il-76T, Il-18T, An-24T
fakery - aircraft brand "Fokker"
sausage - wide-body liner (sausage - narrow-body)
heron - concord
real estate - decommissioned (dead) aircraft

Free decoding of abbreviations

GVF (Civil Air Force) - Shit In The Cap
DOSAAF - Voluntary Society of Decommissioned from Aviation and Fleet
cadet - Colossal Universal Labor Force, Absolutely Unwilling to Work
PTL (parachute PTL-72) - Dumb Pilot's Parachute
PPiO-01 - Trial and Error Device (cadet)
CPAP - Shelter for Decommissioned Pilots
AUVVSM - Automatic Leveling Altitude Indicator Heavily swearing (installed at the instructor pilot's workplace)
KGSh (tarpaulin navigator's head) - portfolio for maps, collections
net - Soviet Aviation Man of Special Quality
masandra - Mikoyan Anastas Son of the Armenian People Gave Joy to Aviation

From flight school

bastards - cadet boots
kulpovka - cadet's cap
spades - stripes
oaks - ornament on the visor FAC
rooks, cursuli - cadets of the aviation school
marvelous pepper - a young graduate of the flight school
long-distance drive - toilet in the school
go drive - go take a piss
bread card - VLEK help
Kaluga - Kaltu
wrinkle - severe punishment
instructor to cadet: “You need a Tu-2C in the subject!” (Tightly Assimilated, Two, Sit down). In general, there was such an aircraft, Tupolev's design.
hold up your pants - prevent a break in the types of flight training
yellow sheet - a grandiose group regimental "field trip" about the end of flights with cadets in September - October
Shalopaevka - ShVLP (school of higher flight training)

Aviation principles

Do not leave braking at the end of the lane, raid - at the end of the month, love - for old age. ( Option: The one behind is not a stripe!)
The word "last" in aviation is used only in relation to a person who is no longer alive, or who is finally decommissioned to the ground, or in relation to an aircraft that will never take off again. In other cases, they are replaced by equivalents: "extreme", "final", "final".
If the question is - to fly or not to fly, then you need to decide unambiguously: do not fly.
At aeronautical work, a pilot can be hindered by three "P": booze, girlfriend and weather.
... was sent as far away as possible only at the airfield.
ass in oil, nose in grease, but in Aeroflot - this is about technicians

Aviation toasts

For the fact that the number of take-offs coincided with the number of landings!
A pilot is walking along the airfield, holding a glass of vodka in his hand. He passes by an airplane with a technician on it. He stopped, stared for a long time, then asked: "Hey, man. What are you doing?" Technician: "Flaps". Pilot (raising his glass): "Oh! For the wings!" (drinks in one gulp).
Once a shepherd was tending a herd of sheep high in the mountains. Suddenly, a large eagle swooped down, grabbed the fattest ram and carried it to the mountains. The shepherd threw up his gun, fired ... The eagle fell, and the ram flew on. So let's drink so that the rams do not fly, and the eagles do not fall!
For those who are like a bird in the sky,
For those who die from heaven,
For those who dream of their beloved at night,
For those who serve in the Air Force!
For the political vigilance of the aircrew!
Not drunkenness for the damned sake, but just for fun!
For the moose: to drink, to sleep, to eat, to be loved - for the moose!
So that we have everything and that we have nothing for it!
So that the tables burst with food, and the beds - with pleasure!
Better late than late!
So that any mood was with someone to share!

There are two main types: military And civil. Structures of the first type are used to perform various strategic tasks, mainly for defense or, conversely, the destruction of military facilities. Within this family, a complex grid is formed, consisting of a complex system of subgroups. Civil liners are passenger and cargo, the main types of aircraft are discussed in more detail below.

It is worth noting that there are many groups according to various characteristics and it is impossible to single out a single most common one. So, there are the following classifications of aircraft: according to the aerodynamic configuration, according to the tail, according to the number and type of wings, and so on.

It is impossible to consider all classifications within the framework of one article. Moreover, a huge amount of literature is devoted to a detailed description of the classifications and types of aircraft. Therefore, here we will consider the most common division.

Perhaps it is worth starting with the technique used for strategic purposes, since there are more types in this category. Basically, such aircraft can be seen at parades dedicated to the Great Victory Day, in films or in museums.

Bombers

The main task that bombers must perform is to defeat ground targets from the air. For this, bombs and rockets are used. The list of the most famous bombers includes Su-24, Su-34, XB-70 Valkyrie, Boeing B-17.

The first aircraft of this type can be called "Ilya Muromets", created in 1913 by designer Igor Sikorsky. Directly under the bomber, it was converted during the First World War.

Fighters

These aircraft are used to destroy air targets. However, despite such a sonorous and rather aggressive name, fighters belong to the class of defense equipment, and as a rule, these aircraft are not used separately for the offensive. It is curious that at first the fighter pilot had to shoot at the enemy from a revolver while driving the ship, which later gave way to a machine gun. During the Second World War, fighters were actively used, for example, LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1. German pilots flew Bf. 109, Bf. 110 and Fw 190.

Fighter-bombers

A universal technique that combines the qualities of the two aircraft described above. Their main advantage is that they can fire at ground targets without cover. They combine three most important features: lightness, maneuverability and sufficient weapons for a firefight. Among the most common examples are the MiG-27, Su-17, F-15E Strike Eagle, SEPECAT Jaguar.

Fighter-bomber Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

Interceptors

This is a subspecies of fighters worthy of a separate class. The primary task of such aircraft is the destruction of enemy bombers. They differ from fighters by the presence of radar equipment in addition to rapid-fire guns. The well-known Soviet models include Su-9, Su-15, Yak-28, MiG-25 and others.

Stormtroopers

Aircraft from this category were designed for air support of ground forces during combat. The secondary task is the defeat of sea and ground targets. Perhaps the most famous name for ground attack aircraft designed in the Soviet Union is the Il-2. Interestingly, this particular model is the most mass-produced in history: a total of 36,183 units of this technique.

Aircraft of civil aviation

Today, air transport is one of the most popular means of transportation. In the modern world, there are so many pieces of passenger equipment that every 3 seconds, somewhere on the globe, one passenger airliner lands. Below is the most common classification of aircraft.

Passenger wide-body double-deck aircraft Airbus A380

Widebody

Such aircraft are large in size, they are designed for flights over medium and long distances (some models overcome routes up to 11,000 km long). The length of the hull can reach 70 meters, and the width of the cabin allows you to accommodate 7-10 seats in a row. Aircraft such as the Boeing 747 and A380 have two decks. Due to the high cost, aircraft from this group are at the disposal of a relatively small number of airlines.

Narrow-body

This is the largest group, liners from which are used, as a rule, for routes of short or medium length. The fuselage diameter most often does not exceed 4 meters. The most famous aircraft from this category is the Boeing 737, more precisely, 10 types of aircraft belonging to the Boeing 737 family.