River perch. Family of perch fish: names, description. Common ruff. Volga pike perch. River perch Game fish perch family 5 letters

Stoneflies

Stoneflies – small gray insects similar to butterflies; their larvae that live in water bodies are also called the same. Adult insects can be found along river banks, where they often land on coastal vegetation. Stonefly larvae live in running water, under stones. Larvae can be obtained by wrapping a bunch of grass or algae around a stick with a flyer. There is another method, when a net is installed vertically on a rocky bottom, and then, turning over the stones, they scare off the larvae, which the current carries directly into the prepared tackle. Some large specimens can reach a length of 2 cm. They should be placed on thin small hooks, several at a time.

Bloodworm is the larva of a long-lasting mosquito, a small red worm 10–12 mm long, living in the bottom silt of ponds, lakes, and river creeks. The lifespan in a reservoir is about a year, after which the larva pupates, floats up and turns into a mosquito. Adult insects are not used as bait, but the bloodworm itself is one of the most popular baits, especially in winter fishing. In summer it is used less often. Small bloodworms are mainly used as groundbait, and large ones as bait.

Bloodworms live in the muddy sediments of river creeks, lakes, and ponds, from where they are obtained by scooping up bottom soil and then washing them in a special sieve or gauze bag. Typically, a net with a minimum mesh diameter is used, and then bloodworms are sorted by size using a sieve system. The floating larvae are selected from the surface of the water using a special scoop.

In summer, bloodworms can be obtained from the shore or from a boat, and in winter - from ice. When mining from ice, a hole about 1 cubic in size is made. m, so that you can turn the pole in different directions, as well as wash the sludge on site. In winter, other methods are used to easily and quickly obtain a small amount of bloodworms. Pieces of fish and meat waste are lowered with a load on a rope and left on the muddy bottom, and the next morning they are taken out and the accumulated larvae are selected.

A special topic is keeping bloodworms alive and attractive to fish. For short fishing trips this is quite simple. The caught bloodworms are poured onto newspaper and after a short drying, when the worms become mobile and bright, they are transferred to a box with small holes. You need to put a piece of smooth, damp cloth in the box. It is best, especially for winter fishing, to use boxes made of foam plastic, in which temperature fluctuations are not too sharp, since bloodworms are very susceptible to both hypothermia and overheating.

The easiest way to store bloodworms for a long time is to store them in running water. The bloodworms are poured into a small wire frame covered with a fine brass mesh, or into a tin can with large holes, covered with two layers of gauze, and lowered into water. The amount of bloodworm required for fishing is taken from the jar. For a week, bloodworms can be kept in large tubers and fruits, such as potatoes, cucumbers, and zucchini. The top is cut off from the fruit, the middle is taken out, and the larvae are placed in the resulting cavity. For better preservation, a little sleeping tea is usually added. The top of the fruit is attached to the main part using matches. You can also store bloodworms in potato squeezes. For 50 g of larvae, one medium-sized potato is required, peeled and grated on a coarse grater. The resulting mass is squeezed out, removing the remaining starch liquid, and laid out on a thin, clean rag. Bloodworms are poured on top with a thin layer and covered with another layer of marc. The rag should be folded into a bag and placed in a cool, dark place.

Bloodworms can also be preserved for 7 to 10 days if they are wrapped in a piece of damp burlap or canvas. The flap is moistened and wrung out, then the larvae are placed on one half of it along with drunken tea and scraps of damp paper. You can put the bloodworms in several layers, then each thin layer must be covered with a damp paper sheet. This entire structure is covered with the second half of a piece of burlap and, in this form, placed in the cold (the bottom shelf of the refrigerator, in the basement, etc.), every 3 - 4 days the burlap must be rinsed and the bloodworms dried.

In perch fish, the anal fin contains 1-3 spines. The dorsal fin consists of two parts: spiny and soft, which are connected in some species and separate in others. The jaws have bristle-like teeth, among which in some species sit fangs. Scales ctenoid.

The perch family contains 9 genera and over 100 species. Perch are common in fresh and brackish waters of the northern hemisphere. Most widespread perches(North America, Europe and Northern Asia), followed by zander(North America and Europe) and ruffs(Europe and Northern Asia).

Chops, sculpin and percarina found only in the Azov-Black Sea basin; pepper, ammocrypt, eteostomy- only in North America.

Fish kind of Okuni(Regs) have two dorsal fins, their caudal fin is notched. The cheeks are completely covered with scales. The opercular bone has one flat spine, the preopercular bone is serrated at the back, with hooked spines at the bottom.

The setaceous teeth are located in several rows on the jaws, vomer, palatines, extrinsic pterygoids, and on the pharyngeal bones; no fangs.

The genus of perch contains 3 species: common perch, yellow perch and Balkhash perch.

Common perch(Pregsa fluviatilis) is one of the most common fish. It is found in Europe (except Spain, Italy, Northern Scandinavia) and in Asia, on the territory of the USSR. (Not in Lake Balkhash, in the Amur basin and east of Kolyma. In 1919, it was introduced into the upper reaches of the Amur basin, into Lake Kenon, near the city of Chita. Perch took root there well and became a commercial fish.) It lives in reservoirs of various types: lakes, reservoirs, rivers, flowing ponds and brackish lakes and even in some mountain lakes at an altitude of 1000 m.

The perch is beautifully and brightly colored: dark green back, greenish-yellow sides dotted with 5-9 dark transverse stripes, caudal, anal, pelvic fins are bright red, pectoral fins are yellow. The first dorsal fin is gray with a large black spot in the back, the second is greenish-yellow. The eyes are orange. However, the color of the perch changes in different reservoirs, and in forest peat lakes it becomes completely dark.

In large lakes and reservoirs, perch forms ecological forms confined to different areas of the reservoir: one - small coastal, grass perch; the other is deep. Grass perch grows slowly; zooplankton and insect larvae are of great importance in its diet. Deep perch is a predator, grows quickly and reaches significant sizes. The largest perches reach a length of 40 cm and a weight of more than 2 kg (perch 55 cm and 3 kg were recorded). At the same time, they become humpbacked, as they grow more in height and thickness than in length.

Perches reach sexual maturity early: males at 1-2 years, females at 3 years and later.

They spawn at temperatures from 7-8 to 15° C, in water bodies in the middle zone, following pike. Eggs are laid on last year's vegetation, driftwood, roots, willow branches, and even just on the ground. The egg clutch is a hollow mesh tube made of gelatinous substance, the walls of which have a cellular structure. The eggs are located 2-3 pieces on each side of the cell. The size of the developing egg is about 3.5 mm. The yolk contains a large drop of fat. The masonry, hung on various objects under water, resembles lace ribbons. The length and width of the clutch tape depends on the size of the female. In small ones its length ranges from 12 to 40 cm, in large ones it reaches 1 m or more. In the coastal zone there are often numerous short clutches, but sometimes in certain areas large clutches can be found in significant numbers. But more often large clutches are swept out at depth. This can be judged by measuring clutches laid on spruce brooms lowered to different depths in advance, the so-called artificial spawning grounds. The gelatinous substance in which the eggs are enclosed probably protects them from saprolegnia (a mold) and enemies - various invertebrates and fish. In some lakes, which are not very deep and fairly transparent, it is possible to count the number of eggs laid and thus determine the absolute number of females in the spawning part of the herd.

Females, depending on their size, lay from 12 to 200-300 and even 900 thousand eggs.

In the first year, small “sharp perches” stay mainly in the coastal zone and consume zooplankton in the thickets. Perch can switch to predatory feeding early, already at a length of 4 cm; but usually it becomes a predator after reaching a length of 10 cm. Perch is especially predatory at the end of summer, when numerous grown fish fry provide abundant, easily accessible food.

Perch makes small movements to spawning and feeding grounds. From large rivers or lakes it often rises into tributaries and spawns in the floods. After spawning, perch makes feeding migrations. For example, in the lakes of the Meshcherskaya Lowland, located in the floodplain of the Pra and Oka rivers, at the end of July perch 10-14 cm long comes to feed on numerous young fish. Perch willingly feeds on its own young. It is more voracious than pike: 4.9 kg of other fish are spent on 1 kg of perch meat, and 3.5 kg on 1 kg of pike.

Due to its wide distribution and high abundance in water bodies, perch is an accessible prey for many fish. Catfish, pike, pike perch, and burbot readily feed on it. Gulls, terns and osprey also attack it.

Perch is caught in significant quantities, making up half of the fish catch in some lakes. It is readily consumed by the local population. Thanks to the enormous gluttony and behavioral characteristics of the perch, amateur fishermen easily catch it throughout the year with a variety of gear: float rods, mugs, spinning rods, a track, a jig, and vertical lures. The perch takes it willingly; Often, having fallen off the hook, he grabs the bait again and again until he is completely hooked. There are cases when a perch, having broken one hook, sits on another after a few minutes. Perch is insensitive to pain. Fishermen have seen how a perch, having caught its eye on a hook and thus losing it, soon fell for the same hook, deceived by its own eye. Often, large perches grab small fish caught in nets and go to fishermen as an unexpected catch. Perch is not afraid of noise. In the Neman delta, they even use a special method of commercial winter fishing, in which perch are lured by striking an oak board, one end of which is lowered into a hole. To catch large perch, fishermen on lakes in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region make a noise with their rods, slightly reminiscent of the sound of a jumping fish. Perch often stays among the piles of destroyed mill dams, near large stones, and hides near flooded snags. Small perches climb inside dark glass jars and even into bottles placed at the bottom. This is how small fishermen catch them.

In lakes, reservoirs and ponds rich in valuable commercial species (whitefish, trout, bream, carp, pike perch), perch is a trash fish: it feeds on the same food and eats the eggs laid by these fish. In such reservoirs, it is necessary to strive to reduce the number of perch - to increase its catch, and most importantly, to limit reproduction. For this purpose, artificial spawning grounds are placed in the reservoir, which are then removed along with the perch eggs laid on them.

Balkhash perch(P. schrenki) is distributed in the system of lakes Balkhash and Alakulya, in the river. Or the lakes of its floodplain. It differs from the common fish in its more elongated body, the absence of a black spot on the dorsal fin and transverse dark stripes in adult fish, a lower first dorsal fin, and a protruding lower jaw. It lives in a wide variety of conditions, found both in fast semi-mountain rivers, for example in the Ili River below the city of Iliysk, and in heavily overgrown lakes, where it sometimes has an almost black color. Spawning in April, for spawning it goes from Balkhash to Ili. Balkhash perch is a predator; it feeds on loaches and juveniles of other species, but especially often eats its own juveniles. It grows slowly, reaching a length of 50 cm and a weight of 1.5 kg. In Balkhash, perch is a commercial species; it is prepared in salted, dried and frozen form. Balkhash perch meat tastes like pike perch meat.

Yellow perch(P. flavescens) is very close in structure and lifestyle to the common one. It is possible that it should be considered as a subspecies of the common one. It is distributed throughout eastern North America and is an important sport fishery in the Great Lakes. In some lakes it is bred specifically for this purpose.

Genus Sudaki(Stizostedion, or Lucioregsa). Pike perches have an elongated body, the ventral fins are spread wider than those of perches, the lateral line is extended onto the caudal fin, and there are usually fangs on the jaws and palatine bones.

There are 5 species of pike perch in the genus: common pike perch, bersh, sea pike perch- in water bodies of Europe, Canadian pike perch and lightfin pike perch- in the eastern part of North America.

Common zander(S. lucioperca) differs in that in the second dorsal fin it has 19-24, and in the anal fin 11-13 branched rays, the cheeks (preoperculum) are bare or only partially covered with scales, the fangs on the jaws are strong. This is the largest representative of the perch family, reaching 120 cm in length and 12 kg in weight. The usual dimensions of pike perch are 60-70 cm, weight 2-4 kg. The back of the pike perch is greenish-gray, with 8-12 brown-black stripes on the sides. The dorsal and caudal fins have dark spots, the rest are pale yellow. Pike perch is common in the basins of the Baltic, Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas, in the river. Maritsa, flowing into the Aegean Sea. The range of pike perch is expanding due to active human activity. At the end of the 19th century. it has been introduced into some lakes in England. In the 50s of the 20th century, pike perch was transplanted into lakes Issyk-Kul and Balkhash, lake Biylikul and the Ust-Kamenogorsk reservoir, lake Chebarkul (Chelyabinsk region). Within its natural range, it is resettled in reservoirs where it was previously absent: in some lakes of Karelia, the Latvian SSR, in the reservoirs of the Moscow Canal, and the Mozhaisk Reservoir.

According to their lifestyle, two biological forms of pike perch are distinguished: residential, or semi-anadromous, and semi-anadromous. Residential pike perch inhabit rivers and clean lakes. In lakes and reservoirs it lives in the pelagic zone, where it stays at different depths depending on the location of the main food, oxygen content and water temperature. Pike perch prefers a water temperature of 14-18°C. It avoids bodies of water with unfavorable oxygen conditions.

Semi-anadromous pike perch is common in the southern seas of the USSR in brackish water and rises into rivers to spawn. From the Black Sea it goes to the Dnieper, from the Azov Sea to the Don and Kuban, from the Caspian Sea to the Volga, to the floodplain flooded with spring floods. About 90% of the total pike perch catch comes from the semi-anadromous form.

The caviar of pike perch is small and the fertility is high: in the Kuban, for example, from 200,000 eggs to 1,000,000. Spawning occurs at dawn, the eggs are spawned within 1-2 hours. The male chooses a place for laying eggs and cleans it of silt.

For spawning, pike perch uses a wide variety of substrates. In the Don, Kuban, and Volga, it lays eggs on vegetation, in a large number of lakes and reservoirs - on sand, and in the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea - on stones. This plasticity of pike perch in relation to the substrate contributes to the fact that pike perch successfully lays eggs on artificial spawning grounds (spruce branches, bast, synthetic fibers sewn to burlap stretched over a frame, on sheets of slate imitating a flat stone).

The rate of egg development depends on the temperature: at 9-11° C, the larvae hatch after 10-11 days, at 18-22° C - after 3-4. After absorption of the yolk sac, the larvae feed on zooplankton. In the second month, pike perch switches to feeding on large invertebrates - mysids, cumaceans, and also juvenile fish. If juvenile pike perch is always provided with suitable food, it grows quickly and reaches 10-15 cm by autumn. Pike perch feeds on relatively small prey, the main size of the prey of a large pike perch is 8-10 cm. It usually swallows runaway prey, and therefore the favorite food of pike perch in In the northern lakes there are smelt, roach, in the middle zone - ruffe, perch, bleak, roach, in the southern seas - sprat, gobies. Thus, pike perch feeds on low-value fish. For 1 kg of its weight, pike perch consumes 3.3 kg of other fish. This is less than what pike and especially perch need. Therefore, it is readily bred in different bodies of water.

The Kuban pike perch grows faster than others, reaching sexual maturity at 3-5 years. In northern reservoirs, pike perch grows more slowly and reaches sexual maturity later - at the age of 5-7 years.

Pike perch also have enemies. Invertebrates, especially cyclops, feed on its larvae. Young pike perch are consumed by perch, pike, eel, and catfish.

Pike perch is a very valuable commercial fish. Fishing enthusiasts also catch it, and it is caught only in the morning, in the evening or at night.

After the regulation of the flow of rivers in the southern seas of the USSR, the natural conditions for spawning pike perch deteriorated. Currently, most of the pike perch reproduce in special fish farms. At the same time, pike perch is becoming an important commercial fish in reservoirs of temperate latitudes in the European part of the USSR.

Bersh(S. volgensis) differs from pike perch in that it has no fangs on the lower jaw and the preoperculum is completely covered with scales. The size of the bersh is smaller than the pike perch: it reaches a length of 45 cm and a weight of 1.2-1.4 kg. Bersh lives in the rivers of the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas, mainly in the lower and middle reaches. This is mainly a freshwater fish of the lower reaches of rivers, but also enters the Caspian Sea. It rises quite high along the Volga, and is found in Sheksna, Beloozero, and Kama.

Bersh is quite common in southern reservoirs: Tsimlyansk, Volgograd, Kuibyshev. As you move north, the timing of spawning shifts to a later time. In the Volga delta, spawning occurs in April - May, and in the Kuibyshev Reservoir - in May - June. After hatching, the larvae feed on small zooplankton, and when they reach a length of 40 mm or more, they switch to feeding on benthos. The transition to carnivorous feeding is observed in bersha in the second year of life. Its main food: fingerlings of carp and perch fish. Bersh over 15 cm feed exclusively on fish. Bersh is not able to capture (due to the lack of fangs) and swallow (narrow throat) large prey. The size of the prey ranges from 0.5 to 7.5 cm. Fish 6.0-7.5 cm are rare, even in large berths (30-40 cm). The usual size of the prey is 3-5 cm. Bersh intensively feeds on overwintered yearlings in the spring and on grown-up young-of-the-year fish in the fall; in the summer the feeding intensity decreases.

Walleye(S. marinus) differs from pike perch and bersh by smaller eyes and fewer branched rays in the dorsal fin. Distributed in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, in the middle and southern Caspian Sea. Sea pike perch of the Caspian Sea does not enter rivers and avoids desalinated areas. From the Dnieper-Bug estuary it occasionally enters the mouths of the Dnieper and Bug. Reaches a length of 60 cm. Caspian pike perch prefers dense soils. Partially reaches sexual maturity at the age of two. Spawns in spring in rocky areas. The caviar is larger than that of ordinary pike perch. Depending on the size, fertility ranges from 13 to 126 thousand eggs. Sea pike perch guards caviar, which gobies are especially keen on. The main food of pike perch is gobies, sprat, silverside, juvenile herring, and shrimp. Its commercial value is small.

American pike perch are closer to sea pike perch than to common pike perch and bersh.

Canadian walleye(S. canadense) resembles the color of the dorsal fins of the common pike perch. It is distributed from Hudson Bay to the states of Virginia, Oklahoma and Kansas. Lightfin zander(S. vitreum) reaches 90 cm in length. Its dorsal fins do not have rounded dark spots, but at the end of the first dorsal fin there is a large black spot (like our perch). Its range extends much further north, including the Mackenzie River system, which flows into the Arctic Ocean.

Rod Ershi(Acerina) is characterized by the fact that the spiny and soft parts of the dorsal fin are fused together, there are large cavities of sensitive canals on the head, and the teeth on the jaws are bristly.

There are three species in the ruff genus: common ruffe, privet, striped ruffe.

Common ruff(A. cernua) is distributed in Europe west to France and in Northern Asia. It is not found in Spain, Italy, Greece, Transcaucasia and the Amur basin.

In its extensive range, it inhabits large rivers and small tributaries, lakes, and flowing ponds. Avoids northern fast-flowing rivers. The back is gray-green with blackish spots and dots, the sides are somewhat yellowish, and the belly is whitish. Dorsal and caudal fins with black dots. The color of the fish depends on its habitat: the ruffe is lighter in rivers and lakes with a sandy bottom than in those with a muddy bottom. The eyes of the ruff are large, protruding, with a dull purple, sometimes even bluish iris. The usual dimensions are 10-15 cm, weight 20-25 g, sometimes reaching a length of 25-30 cm and weight 200 g. Larger specimens, as a rarity, are found in Siberian rivers and Ural lakes. Numerous in reservoirs, especially in the central zone of the European part of the USSR (Rybinskoye, Moscow Canal reservoirs, etc.).

The ruffe spawns in the spring, in southern rivers - from April. In the Moscow region, spawning begins in the second half of May and ends in early July. The caviar is about 1 mm in diameter, with a large drop of fat. The female lays eggs several times. Individuals 8-10 cm long spawn 4-6 thousand eggs, and 15-18 cm - up to 100 thousand.

The ruffe feeds very intensively. At a time, it consumes 14.4 g of chironomid larvae per 1 kg of weight, which is 6 times more than bream. The ruff is very voracious; it does not stop feeding throughout the year.

The ruffe matures early; at two years it already spawns. Early maturation and high fertility ensure rapid growth of its numbers in the reservoir. The ruff has a detrimental effect on the feeding conditions of valuable commercial fish, especially bream. In addition, the ruffe is a very active consumer of caviar from other fish species.

Immediately after hatching, the ruffe feeds on zooplankton, but soon switches to feeding on benthos.

The activity of the ruffe increases at night, when it goes to smaller places and intensively fattens. It is difficult to observe the ruffe in natural conditions. We observed ruffes in an aquarium in winter. About a dozen ruffs were released into a large aquarium. They hid in the corners, two or three hid in a shelter that was built in one of the corners. Soon a struggle began between them for possession of the refuge. They drove each other out, hitting the enemy with their snouts, pulling fins, tearing off scales. Other ruffs joined them, sometimes all ten fish ended up in the shelter. After several days of struggle, one of the ruffs firmly took possession of the shelter and did not let any of its relatives, who huddled in the corners of the aquarium, get close. Soon they all died. The ruffe remaining in the aquarium almost never left its shelter, jumping out only for a moment to grab food. A perch that lived for some time in the aquarium climbed into his shelter from time to time, and they spent the whole day peacefully, side by side. The ruff did not notice any other fish in the aquarium - crownfish, minnows, silver bream. With the onset of spring, the ruffe perked up and began to show aggressive tendencies towards other fish. As soon as the food was given, the ruffe with fins spread out jumped out of the shelter, drove away all the fish and did not let anyone near the food until it had eaten its fill. It is possible that in a reservoir the ruffe also drives other fish away from their feeding areas. It is known from fishing practice that in places rich in ruff, no other fish except perch are found.

The ruff grows slowly. The maximum age of the ruffe in reservoirs near Moscow is 7-8 years; in the Gulf of Finland, the ruffe lives up to 10 years. An increase in the number of ruffe in water bodies is very undesirable. To combat it, it is necessary to maintain a high number of predatory fish, primarily pike perch, and also to actively catch ruffe on spawning grounds.

Nosar, or little privet(A. acerina), differs from the ruffe in its long snout and smaller scales. Found only in rivers with fairly fast currents. In such areas it is much more numerous than the common ruffe, which prefers lakes and flowing ponds. The general color of the body is yellowish, the back is mostly olive-green, the belly is silvery-white, and on the sides of the body and the dorsal fin there are several rows of dark spots, making the fish appear very motley. The privet is somewhat larger than the ruffe, its usual size is 8-13 cm; privet 16-20 cm long are quite common. It spawns in the spring, before the ruffe, in fast-flowing rivers, on clean sandy and rocky soil. The caviar is bottom-based, sticky, with a large drop of fat. Development is slow due to low temperatures. At a water temperature of 14° C, hatching occurs after 7-8 days. The size of the hatched larvae is 4.3 mm. They spend a significant part of their time in the bottom layers. The yolk is absorbed after 9-10 days, during this period the larvae are light-loving, lead a pelagic lifestyle and are carried down the river by the current. The privet feeds on various bottom invertebrates and small fish. Privet meat is tender. Fishermen highly value privet fish soup.

Striped ruff(A. schraetser) lives in the Danube, from Bavaria up to the delta, and is also found in the Black Sea before the mouth of the Danube. It has 3-4 black longitudinal stripes on the sides of its body. The length of the striped ruff reaches 20-24 cm.

Chops(Aspro) differ from ruffes by the fusiform-cylindrical shape of the body, the presence of two noticeably spread dorsal fins, and the smooth lower edge of the preoperculum.

Rod Chopy includes 3 types: regular chop, small chop and French chop.

Ordinary chop(A. zingel) has a grayish-yellow color, with 4 oblique dark brown stripes on the sides. It is distributed in the Danube and its tributaries from Bavaria to the delta. Reaches a length of 30-40 cm, sometimes up to 48 cm. The chop stays near the bottom, in deep places, feeding on bottom invertebrates and small fish. It spawns in March - April in the riverbed, on pebbles. The caviar is small and sticky.

Small chop(A. streber) is distributed in the Danube and in the Vardar River, which flows into the Aegean Sea. French chop(A.asper) lives in the Rhone basin.

Perkarina(Percarina, one species P. demidoffi) is close to ruffs, but differs in that there are two dorsal fins, although they touch. The lid is equipped with spikes along the edge. The posterior edge of the operculum overlaps the spine located on the upper part of the clavicle. The scales are thin and fall off easily. Perkarina lives in the northern, slightly saline parts of the Black and Azov Seas. This is a small fish (about 10 cm), the body color is yellowish with a pinkish-purple tint on the back, the sides and belly are silvery. There are several dark spots on the back at the base of the dorsal fin; all fins are transparent, without spots.

Perkarina begins to reproduce in the second year of life, spawns in portions, and spawning continues throughout the summer, from June to August. The eggs are small and stick to the substrate at the bottom. The hatched larvae first lie on the bottom, then begin to float up from time to time, and after two days they rise to the surface and switch to a pelagic lifestyle. The juveniles feed on small invertebrates, then exclusively on calanipeda and mysid crustaceans, and upon reaching a length of 4 cm, on juvenile gobies and sprat. At different times of the day, percarina feeds on different organisms: during the daytime it consumes crustaceans, and at night - mainly sprat. Probably, the sprat, which has good eyesight, is more accessible to perkarina at night. Perkarina hunts for sprat, focusing on the lateral line organs, which are very well developed in it. Perkarina feeds on pike perch. Perkarina is a trash fish, it secretes a lot of mucus, and therefore, when it is caught together with sprat, the value of the catch is sharply reduced.

Sculpin Perch(Komanichthys, one species of K. valsanicola) was first described in 1957 from small mountain streams in Romania. Its preopercular bone has a smooth edge. There are two dorsal fins. The pectoral and ventral fins are long. It is remarkable that the sculpin perch has a well-developed genital papilla (genital papilla), like small American perches - darters. The sculpin perch reaches a length of 12.5 cm. It usually stays under stones.

Three distinctive genera of American perch - pepper(Percina, 20 species), ammocrypta(Ammocrypta, 5 species), etheostomy(Etheostoma, about 74 species) - called darters. Darters are small fish, their usual length is 3-10 cm, only a few reach 15-18 cm.

The preopercular bone in darters is completely smooth or slightly serrated in some, the mouth is small, the posterior edge of the maxillary bone is hidden under the preorbital bone. Due to the bottom lifestyle, a reduction in the swim bladder is observed; it is completely absent in species of the genus Etheostoma. Females have a genital papilla, which is especially well developed in large individuals. During spawning, males of many species develop epithelial tubercles, the so-called nuptial plumage, in the lower part of the sides and on the belly. Darters are found in various types of bodies of water, but many prefer streams and small rivers with fast currents. They stay near the bottom, hide under rocks, or, if the soil is sandy, burrow into it. When danger approaches, they quickly, like an arrow from a bow (hence their English name darter), take off, move a short distance and, just as suddenly stopping, hide again under stones or in the ground. Some species stick to rocky areas with developed vegetation. They feed primarily on insect larvae: chironomids, mayflies and stoneflies.

Among darters, there are species that take care of their offspring and protect laid eggs. Others do not directly protect the eggs, but are located near the spawning area, as if protecting the spawning area from other individuals of their species. But there are species that, having buried their eggs to a depth of several millimeters, leave these areas and never visit them again. Many species are characterized by the formation of pairs, peculiar spawning games, and fights between males.

The species diversity of darters is enormous (about 100 species!), they inhabit such unique water bodies that there are probably still species that are still unknown to science. Until recently, new species were described and the systematic names of already known species were put in order.

Animal life: in 6 volumes. - M.: Enlightenment. Edited by professors N.A. Gladkov, A.V. Mikheev. - List of species listed in the Red Book of the Yaroslavl region, published in 2004. The Red Book of the Yaroslavl Region includes 14 species of mushrooms, 173 species of plants and 172 species of animals. The classification is given by edition. Contents 1 Kingdom Mushrooms ... ... Wikipedia

Below is a list of animals listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia. In square brackets after the name of each species there is a digital code indicating the category of rarity: 0 probably extinct on the territory of the Republic... ... Wikipedia

Common perch- (Perca fluviatilis) see also PERCH FAMILY (PERCIDAE) The common perch has a laterally compressed oval body, covered with small, rough scales. The cheeks are completely covered with scales. There are two dorsal fins: the first consists only of spines, and the second... ... Pisces of Russia. Directory

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Yellow perch Scientific ... Wikipedia

Perciformes are the largest, numbering more than 10,000 species, distributed throughout different bodies of water on the planet. The most common are the perch fish family. Some species have pelvic fins, which are located under or in front of the pectoral fins. The fins of perciformes, as a rule, have spines. The number of rays is no more than six. The bases of the pectoral fins are placed obliquely or perpendicular to the axis of the body. Perciformes lack an adipose fin. unconnected to the intestines or completely absent. The order includes 160 families and 20 suborders.

Which fish belong to the perch family?

The perch family is found in fresh and salt waters of the Northern Hemisphere:

• in European countries, with the exception of Northern Scotland, Spain and Italy;
• in Norway, Greece;
• in Northern Asia, not counting Kamchatka and Chukotka;
• in North America.

The dorsal fin is divided into a soft and spiny part; in some individuals they are combined, while in others they are located separately. The bristle-like teeth on the jaws are arranged in several rows, and some even have fangs. The gill membranes are free from the interbranchial space. The scales consist of thin, round, translucent plates with a serrated outer edge. The family of perch fish has ten genera and more than one hundred species, 7 of which inhabit the waters of Russia. Perches are more widespread, followed by pike perch, pipe cleaners and chops.

In the Azov-Black Sea basin they catch sculpin perch and percarina, as well as chop. Etheostoma, pepperina and ammocrypta can be found in North America.

Rod Okuni

There are three types of perch: river (ordinary), yellow and Balkhash.

River perch is one of the most popular fish species. It lives in most reservoirs, as well as in mountain lakes, which are located at an altitude of several thousand meters.

The perch has a striking color - a rich green back, and the sides with dark stripes of a yellowish-green hue. The pectoral fins are yellow, and the pelvic fins are reddish. Round eyes of orange hue. The color of the common perch depends on the environment; for example, in forest lakes it becomes dark.

Females become sexually mature after three years, and males already at one or two years. Female eggs are laid on silt and driftwood. There are 200-300 thousand eggs, the number depends on the size of the female.

Newly born perches live in the coastal zone, trying to stay together, and feed on zooplankton. A young perch becomes a predator when its body grows to 10 cm in length, and then it begins to eat small fish.

For pike and pike perch, perch is considered an easy and tasty prey.

Common perch makes up the bulk of the total catch in some waters. It is eaten with pleasure. Perch is very voracious, so anglers catch it throughout the year using various gear.

Perca flavescens, Perca schrenkii

Yellow perch is very similar to river perch in all respects.

It lives in eastern North America and is considered an important sport fishery.

Balkhash perch, unlike river perch, has an elongated body. It does not have dark spots on its dorsal fin. Balkhash perch is a predatory fish that happily devours small fish, but does not disdain its own fry. Perch grows slowly, growing up to 50 cm in length and weighing up to one and a half kilograms.

Perch is considered a game fish. It is dried, smoked, and frozen.

Genus zander

The genus of pike perch has a long body, the lateral line covers the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are widely spread, and the jaws usually have fangs.

The following types are distinguished:

• ordinary;
• bersh;
• nautical;
• light-feathered;
• Canadian.

The pike perch has about 20 branched rays that are located on the dorsal fin. Strong fangs are found on the jaws. There are very large fish, weighing 11 kg and 115 cm long. Mostly pike perch with a body length of 60 cm and weighing 3 kg. Pike perch, the largest species of the perch fish family, is widely known and popular in the waters of the Baltic, Azov and Caspian seas. The back is grayish in color, with black stripes on the sides.

Residential and semi-anadromous pike perch are two biological forms. The first prefers clean lakes and rivers. Feels comfortable at a water temperature of 16-17 degrees. The migratory fish prefers brackish water. Approximately 90% of the total catch is semi-anadromous pike perch. The eggs are small and fertile. Enemies: perch, eel, pike. River pike perch is considered a valuable commercial fish.

Sander volgensis

The Volga pike perch (bersh), unlike the common one, does not have fangs, the preoperculum is entirely covered with scales. The weight of pike perch is 1.3 kg and the length is 45 cm. It is popular in the rivers of the Azov and Black Seas, usually in the middle reaches.

Volzhsky is a freshwater fish, but sometimes enters the Caspian Sea. Volga pike perch lives in Sheksna, Kama, and can also be found in southern reservoirs. The farther from the south the habitat of pike perch is, the later spawning is postponed. When born, pike perch begins to feed on small-sized zooplankton, and as soon as it grows to 40 mm, it begins to eat benthos. In the second year it switches to carnivorous feeding - perch fish. Pike-perch, which are longer than 15 cm, eat exclusively fish. They don't have fangs, so they can't catch big fish. Pike perch swallows fish from 0.5 to 7 cm. In the spring it begins to fatten up with yearlings, in the summer the feeding intensity decreases, and in the autumn it feeds on older fish.

Sander marinus

Sea pike perch, unlike the Volga pike perch, has smaller eyes. The length of pike perch is 600 mm. This fish is especially popular in the middle and southern Caspian Sea, in the west

Pike perch, which lives in the Caspian Sea, practically does not enter rivers. In spring it is time for spawning. The eggs are larger than those of river pike perch. Fecundity depends on the size of the female and varies from 13 to 126 thousand eggs. At two years old, pike perch are ready to breed. Sea pike perch prefers to eat young herring, gobies, sprat, and shrimp. The fishing role is small.

Rod Ershi

In the genus of ruffs, the fins on the back, consisting of a spiny and soft part, are interconnected, there are cavities of receptive canals on the head, and bristle-like teeth on the jaws. The following types are distinguished: common, privet and striped ruff.

Gymnocephalus cernuus

The common ruffe is popular in large rivers, mainland lakes and flowing ponds. Beware of rivers with fast flowing water. The body of the fish is covered with scales and mucus, compressed from the sides. The back is gray-green with dark, almost black spots, the belly is white and the sides are yellowish. There are black dots on the dorsal and caudal fin. The eyes are large, the iris is dull purple. The color of the ruffe depends on its habitat. In reservoirs with a muddy bottom, the color shade is darker than in waters with a sandy bottom.

The fish is from 10 to 15 cm in length, weighing 20-25 g. There are individuals up to 30 cm in length, weighing up to 200 g, mainly in reservoirs of Siberia and the Urals. In spring the spawning period begins. At this time, females are able to lay eggs repeatedly. The ability to reproduce occurs at two years. Rapid maturation and excellent fertility contribute to a rapid increase in population.

After birth, the common ruffe feasts on zooplankton, but after some time it switches to feeding on organisms that live at the bottom of the reservoir. The ruffe has a peak of activity at night, and it begins to feed intensively. The maximum life age of the ruffe has been recorded as 10 years.

The privet, unlike the ruffe, has a longer body and small scales. It can only be found in bodies of water with fast currents. The body color is yellow, the back is greenish-yellow, the belly is white, slightly silver, and several dark spots are visible on the sides. It goes to spawn in the spring. It eats mainly benthic invertebrates and small fish. Privet makes a very good ear.

The striped ruffe lives in fresh waters with a sandy bottom and saturated with oxygen. It feeds on crustaceans, eggs, and worms. The body shape is elongated, the head is large, the dorsal fin has a small notch. The fish is slippery to the touch. There are black longitudinal stripes on the sides of the body. The body is pale yellow, the abdomen is whitish-silver, the sides are golden-yellow. Spawns in early spring.

Rod Chopy

Chops also belong to the family of perch fish, but, unlike ruffs, they have a fusiform-cylindrical body shape, two spread dorsal fins, and a smooth lower edge of the preoperculum.

There are the following types of chops: ordinary, small, French.

The common chop has a cylindrical, slightly flattened body of a yellowish-gray color. There are distinct brown stripes on the sides. Popular in the Danube and its tributaries. The size of the fish can reach 48 cm. Mostly specimens are found with a length of 25 cm. Chop prefers to be at the very bottom, feeding on small fish and bottom invertebrates. It spawns in March-April. The eggs are mostly small and sticky.

Zingel streber

The small chop is popular in the Danube and the Vardar River, which flows into the Aegean Sea. Chop prefers twilight.

As a rule, it feeds at night on larvae, worms, mollusks and crustaceans. The body length is 20 cm, and the weight is approximately 200 g. It spawns in April-May. Fertility can reach 10 thousand eggs. The eggs are small and stick to the substrate.

Zingel asper

The French chop leads mainly nightlife. Lives at the bottom of reservoirs. It feeds mainly on various bottom animals. The length ranges from 15 to 20 cm.

The body of the fish is grayish-yellow in color. The belly is white, and there are three brown stripes on the sides. They spawn from March to April. The lifespan of a French chop is approximately 3.5 years. Chop - a small fish of the perch family common in the pool

Family Stavridae

Horse mackerel have two dorsal fins: the first is spiny, small in size, with small spiny rays, and the second is long. Some species have bony shields on the lateral line. This type of fish has a thin caudal peduncle. Horse mackerel live in warm waters. Most fish are of great importance in fishing. The family includes about 20 genera with two hundred species of marine fish.

The most popular species is considered to be the horse mackerel genus. The perch family has an oblong body, which is slightly compressed at the sides. The head is covered with scales, and the eyes have fatty eyelids. Horse mackerel has small teeth and feeds on zooplankton and small fish.

Perch have spread almost throughout the globe. They are of greatest value when consumed fresh, frozen or canned.