The highest peaks of the world on all continents. Where is the highest mountain peak in the world. Photo of a large mountain panorama

Mnemonikon website (http://www.mnemotexnika.narod.ru)

Moscow, 2007

Chapter 1 Introductory Articles

1.1 Giordano memory system

Welcome to the Giordano memory system, created in 1990. It is the most developed and most practical memorization system. It has been specifically designed to effectively memorize the information most frequently encountered in everyday life and in the process of teaching various disciplines. Unlike other memory systems, the Giordano system is free from unnecessary and impractical tricks.

"Giordano" is the crown of many years of systematic development. Its practical basis is the principles of classical mnemonics and elements of Giordano Bruno's memorization system. The theoretical basis is an original memory model developed on the basis of modern ideas about the quasi-holographic nature of the brain.

Memorization techniques that exist in different systems and schools of world memory have been systematized, refined and combined into one coherent system in order to meet three main criteria: simplicity, versatility and efficiency.

"Simplicity" means that the memorization methods are easy to learn and "transparent" to understand the principle of their operation. By "universality" is meant that the system allows you to remember almost any information. And "efficiency" guarantees you complete control over the process of remembering and storing information in the brain.

The Giordano system is aimed primarily at memorizing logically related information, which, in particular, are: telephone numbers and addresses, last names and first names, exact dates and geographical names, anecdotes and encyclopedic information, texts, lectures and reports. Nevertheless, the system allows you to effectively memorize logically unrelated information: chains of words, numbers, cards, letter combinations.

What most people don't realize is that memorization techniques are only a small part of what you need to know to memorize effectively. Of great importance are: the formation of a memorization skill, achieved by sequentially practicing each individual technique, the performance of additional psychotechnical exercises aimed at developing visual thinking and stability of attention, careful control of nutrition, which affects not only the performance of the brain, but also human health in general.

There is a strong misconception that by doing mnemonics you can easily overload your brain with information. The spread of this opinion was facilitated by the book of A.R. Luria “A Little Book about Great Memory”, where the then still young psychologist described the possibilities of the memory of the mnemonist Shereshevsky. He allegedly complained of constant headaches. Now it is difficult to judge what caused Shereshevsky's head to hurt. On the other hand, we can definitely say that it is almost impossible to overload the brain with information, since information appears in your brain only at the moment of remembering it. Up to this point, there is no information in the brain.

Fatigue that occurs in a person in the process of mental activities is not associated with memory overload, but with general fatigue of the body. Since maintaining attention on the performance of any action requires a certain amount of stress and energy expenditure.

Without knowing the mechanism of fixing information by the brain, it is impossible to create an effective memorization system. The system "Giordano" describes the mechanisms of memory. There are two mechanisms for fixing the connection by the brain, which are called "electric memory" and "reflex memory".

The mechanism of understanding textual and speech information is described and a simple scheme of the work of the recreating imagination is given.

Visual (imaginative) thinking is considered the basis of human thought processes. Speech is seen as a means of communication designed to “output” information from the brain and transfer it to another brain. The use of speech thinking (inner speaking) is not recommended due to the fact that automatic speech constructions often contain false relationships leading to incorrect conclusions. Speech thinking is slow and "slows down" memorization.

The concept of "accurate" or "sign" information is introduced, which is not specially distinguished by academic psychology.

The reaction of the brain to different types of information is explained: why some information is remembered automatically, while others “do not want” to be remembered.

1.3 Philosophical aspects

The word "logic" is specifically considered. Any connection created automatically by the brain, or created by you consciously, is considered logical.

A specific interpretation of the concept of "information" is given. Information “for a person” and information “for the brain” are distinguished. In a general sense, information is understood as an unlimited variety of combinations of repeating elements, the number of which is limited.

The concept of "the meaning of memorization" is explained. The meaning of memorization is a sequential connection of elements of separate information.

The interpretation of the word "understanding" is given. Under "understanding" is meant the representation in the imagination of a group of spatially organized visual images.

Memorization techniques are systematized and unified. Any information is remembered by a combination of a limited set of techniques. From techniques, as from bricks, different methods (sequences of techniques) and different memorization techniques are built.

The whole process of memorization is divided into four stages:

coding of information elements into visual images;

The process of memorization itself

remembering the sequence of information;

fixing information in the brain.

Memorization techniques are systematized according to these four stages.

The concept of an association is introduced, as a group of images in which information is encoded. In the Giordano system, the concept of "association" differs from the concept of "connection of images".

The main mental operation leading to the conscious inclusion of the “memory” process is clearly indicated - the operation “Combining images”.

Two possible ways of memorizing the sequence of information are indicated.

Figurative codes are widely used as speed memorization tools.

The system for encoding numbers in images is based on the following alphanumeric code: 1-gzh, 2-dt, 3-kh, 4-chsch, 5-pb, 6-shl, 7-sz, 8-vf, 9-rc, 0 -nm. Figurative codes of two-digit numbers and figurative codes of three-digit numbers have been developed and are given in the form of a reference book.

COMPOSITION OF PHRASES, SENTENCES AND STORIES IN THE GIORDANO SYSTEM IS NOT APPLIED.

IN THIS SYSTEM, IT IS CONSIDERED THAT EMOTIONS DO NOT HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY AND ONLY INTERFERE WITH MEMORY.

To build systems of auxiliary support images (loks), combinations of ten different methods of sequence memorization are used.

Kozarenko V.A.

Textbook
mnemonics

Giordano memory system

Mnemonikon website ( )

Moscow, 2007

Chapter 1 Introductory Articles

1.1 Giordano memory system

Welcome to the Giordano memory system, created in 1990. It is the most developed and most practical memorization system. It has been specifically designed to effectively memorize the information most frequently encountered in everyday life and in the process of teaching various disciplines. Unlike other memory systems, the Giordano system is free from unnecessary and impractical tricks.

"Giordano" is the crown of many years of systematic development. Its practical basis is the principles of classical mnemonics and elements of Giordano Bruno's memorization system. The theoretical basis is an original memory model developed on the basis of modern ideas about the quasi-holographic nature of the brain.

Memorization techniques that exist in different systems and schools of world memory have been systematized, refined and combined into one coherent system in order to meet three main criteria: simplicity, versatility and efficiency.

"Simplicity" means that the memorization methods are easy to learn and "transparent" to understand the principle of their operation. By "universality" is meant that the system allows you to remember almost any information. And "efficiency" guarantees you complete control over the process of remembering and storing information in the brain.

The Giordano system is aimed primarily at memorizing logically related information, which, in particular, are: telephone numbers and addresses, last names and first names, exact dates and geographical names, anecdotes and encyclopedic information, texts, lectures and reports. Nevertheless, the system allows you to effectively memorize logically unrelated information: chains of words, numbers, cards, letter combinations.

What most people don't realize is that memorization techniques are only a small part of what you need to know to memorize effectively. Of great importance are: the formation of a memorization skill, achieved by sequentially practicing each individual technique, the performance of additional psychotechnical exercises aimed at developing visual thinking and stability of attention, careful control of nutrition, which affects not only the performance of the brain, but also human health in general.

There is a strong misconception that by doing mnemonics you can easily overload your brain with information. The spread of this opinion was facilitated by the book of A.R. Luria “A Little Book about Great Memory”, where the then still young psychologist described the possibilities of the memory of the mnemonist Shereshevsky. He allegedly complained of constant headaches. Now it is difficult to judge what caused Shereshevsky's head to hurt. On the other hand, we can definitely say that it is almost impossible to overload the brain with information, since information appears in your brain only at the moment of remembering it. Up to this point, there is no information in the brain.

Fatigue that occurs in a person in the process of mental activities is not associated with memory overload, but with general fatigue of the body. Since maintaining attention on the performance of any action requires a certain amount of stress and energy expenditure.

1.2 Scientific soundness

Without knowing the mechanism of fixing information by the brain, it is impossible to create an effective memorization system. The system "Giordano" describes the mechanisms of memory. There are two mechanisms for fixing the connection by the brain, which are called "electric memory" and "reflex memory".

The mechanism of understanding textual and speech information is described and a simple scheme of the work of the recreating imagination is given.

Visual (imaginative) thinking is considered the basis of human thought processes. Speech is seen as a means of communication designed to “output” information from the brain and transfer it to another brain. The use of speech thinking (inner speaking) is not recommended due to the fact that automatic speech constructions often contain false relationships leading to incorrect conclusions. Speech thinking is slow and "slows down" memorization.

The concept of "accurate" or "sign" information is introduced, which is not specially distinguished by academic psychology.

The reaction of the brain to different types of information is explained: why some information is remembered automatically, while others “do not want” to be remembered.

1.3 Philosophical aspects

The word "logic" is specifically considered. Any connection created automatically by the brain, or created by you consciously, is considered logical.

A specific interpretation of the concept of "information" is given. Information “for a person” and information “for the brain” are distinguished. In a general sense, information is understood as an unlimited variety of combinations of repeating elements, the number of which is limited.

The concept of "the meaning of memorization" is explained. The meaning of memorization is a sequential connection of elements of separate information.

The interpretation of the word "understanding" is given. Under "understanding" is meant the representation in the imagination of a group of spatially organized visual images.

1.4 Memory system

Memorization techniques are systematized and unified. Any information is remembered by a combination of a limited set of techniques. From techniques, as from bricks, different methods (sequences of techniques) and different memorization techniques are built.

The whole process of memorization is divided into four stages:

encoding elements of information into visual images;

the actual process of memorization;

remembering the sequence of information;

storing information in the brain.

Memorization techniques are systematized according to these four stages.

The concept of an association is introduced, as a group of images in which information is encoded. In the Giordano system, the concept of "association" differs from the concept of "connection of images".

The main mental operation leading to the conscious inclusion of the "memory" process - the operation "Combining images" is clearly indicated.

Two possible ways of memorizing the sequence of information are indicated.

Figurative codes are widely used as speed memorization tools.

The system for encoding numbers in images is based on the following alphanumeric code: 1-gzh, 2-dt, 3-kh, 4-chsch, 5-pb, 6-shl, 7-sz, 8-vf, 9-rc, 0 -nm. Figurative codes of two-digit numbers and figurative codes of three-digit numbers have been developed and are given in the form of a reference book.

COMPOSITION OF PHRASES, SENTENCES AND STORIES IN THE GIORDANO SYSTEM IS NOT APPLIED.

IN THIS SYSTEM, IT IS CONSIDERED THAT EMOTIONS DO NOT HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY AND ONLY INTERFERE WITH MEMORY.

To build systems of auxiliary support images (loks), combinations of ten different methods of sequence memorization are used.

Text information is not remembered verbatim, but very close to the text, preserving the sequence of paragraphs and all the exact information of paragraphs. Texts are memorized according to the principle “from parts to the whole”. The more accurate information in the text, the more accurately it can be remembered. The texts of the humanities are the most convenient for memorization.

Verbatim memorization of texts in an unfamiliar language is not considered by this system.

The memorization of verses is not considered, since it is believed that the creation of a poem is, albeit a complex, but mnemonic method of verbatim memorization of prose.

The concept of “memorization skill” is introduced as the dynamics of the processes of visual thinking and attention. A computer test has been developed to test the memorization skill. The test allows you to compare the memorization skill of different people with significant variations in the parameters of speed, volume and errors. The memorization skill is displayed as the "Coefficient of increase in memorization ability" compared to the norm (a person not trained in memorization technique).

Substantiated and developed ways of "finishing" information to the reflex level of recall. Such a reminder is needed: foreign words, new alphabets, figurative codes. A method for testing reflex memorization is introduced.

A student standard for the speed of memorizing figurative codes is introduced - 6 seconds for memorizing one element. This makes it easy to calculate the standard time for storing different types of information. So, a student who has completed a course of study is given 24 seconds to memorize a phone number.

The VOLUME of memorized information in the Giordano system is understood as the amount of information memorized "in one breath", without interruptions, without the possibility of re-perception of elements, and with subsequent homogeneous interference (a distracting task containing elements of memorized information).

1.5 The capabilities of the Giordano system

The system allows to accumulate in the brain hundreds and thousands of individual information messages (individual telephone numbers, historical dates, terms and their interpretation, etc.), with the possibility of both sequential and instantaneous selective recall. The system allows you to quickly find information in the brain that contains the same elements. For example, all dates related to the same number.

The speed of memorizing information depends on the degree of training of each individual and on the complexity of the information itself. When memorizing figurative codes (fixed images for two-digit numbers), with a short training, an average speed of 3 seconds per two-digit number is easily achieved. This means that the memorization time for 100 two-digit numbers will be 5 minutes. The student standard for memorizing 100 two-digit numbers is 10 minutes (6 seconds per visual image).

The information memorized by mnemonics is automatically erased after a while. When using special techniques for fixing information, you can adjust the time it is stored in the brain - from 1 hour to lifelong storage.

There is a possibility of overwriting information in the brain (replacing phone numbers, overwriting schedule items).

Information brought to a reflex does not need to be repeated and is stored for life.

The method of accumulation in the brain of a large number of phrases (including those in a foreign language) and bringing them to automatism is considered. However, this is based on visual images and takes some time to remember and consolidate.

1.6 Limitations of the Giordano system

The amount of stored information is limited:

the number of auxiliary reference images (previously learned);

the speed of remembering a particular person;

fatigue that inevitably arises in the process of memorization;

the need to consolidate and repeat previously memorized information.

Speed ​​memorization is possible only if figurative codes are learned in advance for the elements of memorized information. The speed of memorization of any other information is much lower due to the need for detailed coding into images.

All memorization in the Giordano system is based on mental operations with visual images in the imagination. For people who don't like it (or don't succeed), it makes sense to use other memory systems that do not actively use visual thinking for memory.

1.7 The procedure for mastering the memorization system

Initially, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the theoretical issues of the psychology of memory and the general principles of memorization in this system.

In parallel with this, the process of formation in the brain of an extensive system of reference images and a system of figurative codes for frequently repeated elements (two-digit and three-digit numbers, names of months, days of the week, names) should go on.

Techniques for memorizing different types of information (telephones, dates, exact dates, last names and names, terms and interpretations, foreign words, etc.) are being studied. Although memorization techniques have one common universal principle, memorization of each type of information has its own specifics.

In parallel with this, regular training should be carried out in your free time, practicing memorization techniques on the street, in a store, at work, at school or college.

Then comes the stage of specialization. You can choose the type of information you need and train hard in remembering this particular information. In this case, you need to perform special exercises, depending on the type of information to be remembered and on their volume.

In conclusion, you can switch to using the Giordano system to memorize complex educational information, such as textbook abstracts, the main provisions of the books you read, lectures, and reports. This is where mnemonics blends seamlessly into rhetoric (oratory) and connects you to other areas of psychology.

Memory mechanisms are universal. They allow you to understand not only the principles of memorization. With their help, one can substantiate and better understand such sections of practical psychology as hypnosis, NLP, the psychology of thinking, the formation and change of personality. Mechanisms of memory throw a bridge into parapsychology as well. Some phenomena from this discipline are easily realized using mnemonic techniques.

1.8 What is mnemonics?

The words "mnemonics" and "mnemonics" mean the same thing - the technique of memorization. They come from the Greek "mnemonikon" - the art of memorization. It is believed that this word was coined by Pythagoras of Samos (6th century BC).

The art of memorization is called the word "mnemonikon" after the ancient Greek goddess of memory Mnemosyne - the mother of the nine muses.

The first surviving works on mnemonics date back to about 86-82. BC, and belong to the pen of Cicero and Quintilian (see the section "History of mnemonics").

The modern encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definitions of mnemonics.

Mnemonics is the art of memorization, a set of techniques and methods that facilitate memorization and increase memory capacity by forming artificial associations.

MNEMOTECHNIQUE: 1) the same as mnemonics; 2) a circus and variety number based on the art of memorization (“guessing” numbers, objects, dates and names). Performed by two artists using a specially designed code.

It is possible to give a third definition of mnemonics, which most accurately reflects modern mnemonics.

MNEMOTECHNIQUE is a system of internal writing that allows you to sequentially record information into the brain, converted into combinations of visual images.

Mnemonics uses the natural memory mechanisms of the brain and allows you to fully control the process of storing, storing and recalling information.

Initially, mnemonics arose as an integral part of rhetoric (oratory) and was intended to memorize long speeches. Modern mnemonics has made significant progress both theoretically and technically and makes it possible not only to fix a sequence of textual material in memory, but also allows you to accurately memorize any accurate information that is traditionally considered unmemorable: lists of telephone numbers, chronological tables, various numerical tables, personal data, complex educational texts containing a large amount of terminology and numerical information, etc.

Mastering mnemonics is mastering an instrumental skill. Learning mnemonics can be compared with learning typing, shorthand. It is obvious that for the formation of a skill it is necessary to perform exercises. It is impossible to master mnemonics without exercises. After the formation of a memorization skill, a person may or may not use this skill. The information itself will not be remembered. To memorize, each time you will have to apply the formed memorization skill - a sequence of certain mental actions leading to the fixation of information in the brain.

The quality of memorization provided by mnemonics can be compared to moving through folders on a computer. But, unfortunately, not much information can be recorded in each "mnemonic daddy" - from one to several dozen telephone numbers, for example. The memorized information can be reproduced both in direct and reverse order, as well as selectively, without going through all the information available in the memory.

The duration of information storage in memory is fully controlled. You can remember information for just one hour, or you can save it for a lifetime. Memorized information can be consciously erased from your brain by memorizing new information in its place.

If earlier psychologists tried to compare human memory with the memory of technical devices, then recently the opposite has been observed. The creators of modern computers and software draw their ideas from neurophysiology textbooks. As a result, computers are getting smarter and smarter. A striking example of this process is the well-known text recognition program FineReader, which is based on the principles of the human visual analyzer system.

It can be predicted that in the very near future neuroprograms will be created that simulate the associative memory of a person, on the basis of which computers will have an unlimited memory capacity and learn to think. Because the mechanisms of associative memory are at the same time the main mechanisms of thought processes in humans.

Computer technology has opened up unlimited access to information for us. You can buy a CD with several thousand photos. One disk contains 15 thousand literary works. Bookstores are literally littered with books. But! The possibilities of the brain remain at the same level and too many people are not able to take this information. Not because there is no money, but because people do not know how to work with information, do not know how to read quickly, do not know how to memorize. Recently, there has been a catastrophic gap between the rapid growth of high technology and the former “absorption” of information by the human brain.

Mnemonics will significantly increase your learning ability in any discipline and will give you the opportunity to keep up with technological progress.

So, what is modern mnemonics?

This is the ability to accumulate a large amount of accurate information in memory. This saves time when memorizing - the memorization process is fully controlled. This is the preservation of memorized information in memory - what you remember, you no longer have to learn again. This is a powerful training of attention and thinking. This is a real chance to quickly master several new specialties and become a professional in your field. This is the ability to use information: a person can apply knowledge only when they are in the head. This is just great gymnastics for the brain - the brain needs to be trained so that it does not atrophy.

Sherlock Holmes, the famous intellectual, used to say: "The most perfect brain in the world rusts without work."

1.9 Let's look into the mind of a mnemonist

So that you understand what awaits you when you come into contact with the mysterious art of memory, I will describe to you what happens in the imagination of a person who knows how to control the process of memorization and recall. Let's start with a reminder.

Imagine that you have a common notebook in front of you. It contains a lot of accurate information. This, from the point of view of an ordinary person, is completely unnecessary (read - “unmemorable”) information: reference information, tables, complex text passages, telephone numbers, last names and first names, chronological tables, lists of geographical names, terms and concepts. And now imagine that you are holding such a notebook in your hands, and in front of you is a person who claims that he can read the contents of this notebook to you by heart, without a single mistake, without violating the sequence of information recorded there. And he (the mnemonist) actually reads. You follow the lines and do not notice a single mistake, the numerical information from the tables is reproduced with an accuracy of thousandths. At first you think that this notebook must have been memorized for several years. Then you realize that it is impossible to memorize this amount of accurate information. It's not poetry. When a mnemonist reads the contents of a notebook to you by heart in reverse order (literally, that is, he repeats each phone number from the end), you will most likely come to the conclusion that the person in front of you has a phenomenal memory. It will seem to you that this person sees the page with text as a photograph and reads it from his imagination.

Nevertheless, you will still have suspicions that this “trick” was prepared for several years, through endlessly long cramming. But when you are offered to write 200 numbers on a piece of paper and before your eyes they will remember them in about 5-10 minutes and reproduce them both in forward and reverse order, and even in columns! - here you will have no doubts: in front of you is a person with an abnormal (phenomenal) memory.

Meanwhile, the mnemonist, of course, does not see in his imagination a page with text or numbers. Everything is much easier. Let's look into the head of a mnemonist and see how the information is recorded in his head.

Here he reproduces in his imagination the image of a radio receiver and examines it, highlighting the different parts: the strap, the speaker, the tuning scale, the antenna, the regulator. These images do not contain any information. These images are helpful. Now the mnemonist presents the first auxiliary image “strap” on a large scale, enlarges it large and another image appears in the imagination - the “bus”. But this image is also auxiliary. The mnemonist examines the bus and sees the following images on it: on the headlight - a graph, on the glass of Napoleon's cocked hat, on the steering wheel - paints, on the seat - a weight, on the first aid kit - a book. On the roof of the bus, the mnemonist sees a huge donut image.

Reproducing these images in his imagination, he says aloud the following: the schedule of lessons for Monday: algebra, history, drawing, physical education, literature.

Then his attention switches to the tuning dial. There he sees a MUR certificate with slime, and on it are images of a shrimp, an Indian stick, and two spruce. The following is reproduced aloud: in 1398, Timur invaded India and captured the city of Delhi.

Attention turns to the antenna. On the antenna, the mnemonist sees a drawbridge and a bag on it. He says: Petersburg was founded in 1703.

On the receiver controller, images are visible: scales, an American flag and a whistle. According to these images, the mnemonist reproduces the following date: 1787 - the proclamation of the US constitution.

Moving through the images in his imagination from left to right, the mnemonist reproduces the information in direct order. But to reproduce the information in reverse order, you just need to read the images from right to left.

The process of reading information from the brain is very similar to viewing photos on a computer screen. You can frequently press the button and view photos quickly. But you can hold your attention on one photo and look at it in more detail.

The pictures that the mnemonist looks at are not quite ordinary. These are mostly rather strange combinations of images: roller skates on the speaker, cheesecake, compasses, graph, violin on the boot.

Here is how telephone numbers look like in mnemonic interpretation.

Birch - 301-90-83. The mnemonist remembers this number as a combination of four pictures. The birch and on its parts are images of “book”, “glass”, “wax”.

Aurora - 337-26-00. The mnemonist recalls the image of the cruiser "Aurora", and on it are the images of "coconut", "showers", "barrels".

Angara - 110-77-60. The mnemonist sees this phone number as a hangar with a gate on fire, a jar of sauce on the roof, and old tires piled up behind the hangar.

"Why such complexity and absurdity?" - you ask. "Can't you just memorize these phone numbers?" The theory of memory and everyday experience say: it is impossible in another way. The brain does not know how to memorize numerical information. You didn't notice it before, because no one forced you to do it. If you don't believe me, write 100 numbers on a piece of paper and try to remember them.

Encoding memorized information into visual images is a necessity. The brain cannot remember anything but visual images. You are used to encoding speech sounds into words - combinations of 33 letters. Any person in the process of learning mnemonics quickly gets used to encoding information in associations - combinations of simple visual images.

So, when memorizing, the mnemonist encodes information into visual images and links the images together. In essence, there is a direct, direct recording of information in the brain, but only with the help of visual images. Each image means something. Either a two-digit number, or a three-digit number, or a combination of several images is easy to read a new geographical name.

When recalling, the mnemonist reproduces combinations of visual images and reads from them literally as if from a book.

For example, if you memorize 200 phone numbers, then you can play them both in direct and reverse order, instantly (without enumeration) remember the numbers of the number by the name, and the name by the numbers of the number. You will also be able to answer this question: "In what phone numbers did the number 25 occur?". If you learn the lessons of mnemonics correctly and remember correctly, then your memory will instantly give out all the information that used the number 25.

It seems incredible. But this is a fact. And this is a natural consequence of the holographic principles of the functioning of the brain.

In the head of a mnemonist there is a huge number of ordered visual images. Some images are auxiliary and serve to search for information. In other visual images, specific information is encoded: names, concepts, numbers, surnames.

Viewing information in your mind is like viewing slides. Mnemonic recall is a kind of "picture story" exercise familiar to you from elementary school. Only in mnemonic pictures any information you need is very accurately recorded.

Isn't memory cluttered by such a large number of visual images? The answer to this question is unequivocal - no. The fact is that until you remember a certain combination of pictures, they are simply not in your head! Images appear in the imagination only at the moment of their recall. This is how your brain works.

People who say that there is a danger of memory overload are deeply mistaken. Memory is almost impossible to overload, since the brain does not actually remember numbers, images, or words. This seems paradoxical. But it just seems. In fact, everything is quite simple. The following articles will help you understand the simple yet paradoxical mechanisms of human memory.

Textbook
mnemonics

Giordano memory system

Mnemonikon website (http://www.mnemotexnika.*****)

Moscow, 2007

Chapter 1 Introductory Articles

1.1 Giordano memory system

Welcome to the Giordano memory system, created in 1990. It is the most developed and most practical memorization system. It has been specifically designed to effectively memorize the information most frequently encountered in everyday life and in the process of teaching various disciplines. Unlike other memory systems, the Giordano system is free from unnecessary and impractical tricks.

"Giordano" is the crown of many years of systematic development. Its practical basis is the principles of classical mnemonics and elements of Giordano Bruno's memorization system. The theoretical basis is an original memory model developed on the basis of modern ideas about the quasi-holographic nature of the brain.

Memorization techniques that exist in different systems and schools of world memory have been systematized, refined and combined into one coherent system in order to meet three main criteria: simplicity, versatility and efficiency.

"Simplicity" means that the memorization methods are easy to learn and "transparent" to understand the principle of their operation. By "universality" is meant that the system allows you to remember almost any information. And "efficiency" guarantees you complete control over the process of remembering and storing information in the brain.

The Giordano system is aimed primarily at memorizing logically related information, which, in particular, are: telephone numbers and addresses, last names and first names, exact dates and geographical names, anecdotes and encyclopedic information, texts, lectures and reports. Nevertheless, the system allows you to effectively memorize logically unrelated information: chains of words, numbers, cards, letter combinations.

What most people don't realize is that memorization techniques are only a small part of what you need to know to memorize effectively. Of great importance are: the formation of a memorization skill, achieved by sequentially practicing each individual technique, the performance of additional psychotechnical exercises aimed at developing visual thinking and stability of attention, careful control of nutrition, which affects not only the performance of the brain, but also human health in general.

There is a strong misconception that by doing mnemonics you can easily overload your brain with information. The spread of this opinion was facilitated by the book "A Little Book of Great Memory", where the then young psychologist described the possibilities of the memory of the mnemonist Shereshevsky. He allegedly complained of constant headaches. Now it is difficult to judge what caused Shereshevsky's head to hurt. On the other hand, we can definitely say that it is almost impossible to overload the brain with information, since information appears in your brain only at the moment of remembering it. Up to this point, there is no information in the brain.

Fatigue that occurs in a person in the process of mental activities is not associated with memory overload, but with general fatigue of the body. Since maintaining attention on the performance of any action requires a certain amount of stress and energy expenditure.

1.2 Scientific soundness

Without knowing the mechanism of fixing information by the brain, it is impossible to create an effective memorization system. The system "Giordano" describes the mechanisms of memory. There are two mechanisms for fixing the connection by the brain, which are called "electric memory" and "reflex memory".

The mechanism of understanding textual and speech information is described and a simple scheme of the work of the recreating imagination is given.

Visual (imaginative) thinking is considered the basis of human thought processes. Speech is seen as a means of communication designed to “output” information from the brain and transfer it to another brain. The use of speech thinking (inner speaking) is not recommended due to the fact that automatic speech constructions often contain false relationships leading to incorrect conclusions. Speech thinking is slow and "slows down" memorization.

The concept of "accurate" or "sign" information is introduced, which is not specially distinguished by academic psychology.

The reaction of the brain to different types of information is explained: why some information is remembered automatically, while others “do not want” to be remembered.

1.3 Philosophical aspects

The word "logic" is specifically considered. Any connection created automatically by the brain, or created by you consciously, is considered logical.

A specific interpretation of the concept of "information" is given. Information “for a person” and information “for the brain” are distinguished. In a general sense, information is understood as an unlimited variety of combinations of repeating elements, the number of which is limited.

The concept of "the meaning of memorization" is explained. The meaning of memorization is a sequential connection of elements of separate information.

The interpretation of the word "understanding" is given. Under "understanding" is meant the representation in the imagination of a group of spatially organized visual images.

1.4 Memory system

Memorization techniques are systematized and unified. Any information is remembered by a combination of a limited set of techniques. From techniques, as from bricks, different methods (sequences of techniques) and different memorization techniques are built.

The whole process of memorization is divided into four stages:

coding of information elements into visual images;

The process of memorization itself

remembering the sequence of information;

fixing information in the brain.

Memorization techniques are systematized according to these four stages.

The concept of an association is introduced, as a group of images in which information is encoded. In the Giordano system, the concept of "association" differs from the concept of "connection of images".

The main mental operation leading to the conscious inclusion of the "memory" process - the operation "Combining images" is clearly indicated.

Two possible ways of memorizing the sequence of information are indicated.

Figurative codes are widely used as speed memorization tools.

The system for encoding numbers in images is based on the following alphanumeric code: 1-gzh, 2-dt, 3-kh, 4-chsch, 5-pb, 6-shl, 7-sz, 8-vf, 9-rc, 0 -nm. Figurative codes of two-digit numbers and figurative codes of three-digit numbers have been developed and are given in the form of a reference book.

COMPOSITION OF PHRASES, SENTENCES AND STORIES IN THE GIORDANO SYSTEM IS NOT APPLIED.

IN THIS SYSTEM, IT IS CONSIDERED THAT EMOTIONS DO NOT HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY AND ONLY INTERFERE WITH MEMORY.

To build systems of auxiliary support images (loks), combinations of ten different methods of sequence memorization are used.

Text information is not remembered verbatim, but very close to the text, preserving the sequence of paragraphs and all the exact information of paragraphs. Texts are memorized according to the principle “from parts to the whole”. The more accurate information in the text, the more accurately it can be remembered. The texts of the humanities are the most convenient for memorization.

Verbatim memorization of texts in an unfamiliar language is not considered by this system.

The memorization of verses is not considered, since it is believed that the creation of a poem is, albeit a complex, but mnemonic method of verbatim memorization of prose.

The concept of “memorization skill” is introduced as the dynamics of the processes of visual thinking and attention. A computer test has been developed to test the memorization skill. The test allows you to compare the memorization skill of different people with significant variations in the parameters of speed, volume and errors. The memorization skill is displayed as the "Coefficient of increase in memorization ability" compared to the norm (a person not trained in memorization technique).

Substantiated and developed ways of "finishing" information to the reflex level of recall. Such a reminder is needed: foreign words, new alphabets, figurative codes. A method for testing reflex memorization is introduced.

A student standard for the speed of memorizing figurative codes is introduced - 6 seconds for memorizing one element. This makes it easy to calculate the standard time for storing different types of information. So, a student who has completed a course of study is given 24 seconds to memorize a phone number.

The VOLUME of memorized information in the Giordano system is understood as the amount of information memorized "in one breath", without interruptions, without the possibility of re-perception of elements, and with subsequent homogeneous interference (a distracting task containing elements of memorized information).

1.5 The capabilities of the Giordano system

The system allows hundreds and thousands of individual information messages to be accumulated in the brain (individual telephone numbers, historical dates, terms and their interpretation, etc.), with the possibility of both sequential and instantaneous selective recall. The system allows you to quickly find information in the brain that contains the same elements. For example, all dates related to the same number.

The speed of memorizing information depends on the degree of training of each individual and on the complexity of the information itself. When memorizing figurative codes (fixed images for two-digit numbers), with a short training, an average speed of 3 seconds per two-digit number is easily achieved. This means that the memorization time for 100 two-digit numbers will be 5 minutes. The student standard for memorizing 100 two-digit numbers is 10 minutes (6 seconds per visual image).

The information memorized by mnemonics is automatically erased after a while. When using special techniques for fixing information, you can adjust the time it is stored in the brain - from 1 hour to lifelong storage.

There is a possibility of overwriting information in the brain (replacing phone numbers, overwriting schedule items).

Information brought to a reflex does not need to be repeated and is stored for life.

The method of accumulation in the brain of a large number of phrases (including those in a foreign language) and bringing them to automatism is considered. However, this is based on visual images and takes some time to remember and consolidate.

1.6 Limitations of the Giordano system

The amount of stored information is limited:

The number of auxiliary reference images (previously memorized);

The speed of remembering a particular person;

fatigue that inevitably occurs in the process of memorization;

The need to consolidate and repeat previously memorized information.

Speed ​​memorization is possible only if figurative codes are learned in advance for the elements of memorized information. The speed of memorization of any other information is much lower due to the need for detailed coding into images.

All memorization in the Giordano system is based on mental operations with visual images in the imagination. For people who don't like it (or don't succeed), it makes sense to use other memory systems that do not actively use visual thinking for memory.

1.7 The procedure for mastering the memorization system

Initially, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the theoretical issues of the psychology of memory and the general principles of memorization in this system.

In parallel with this, the process of formation in the brain of an extensive system of reference images and a system of figurative codes for frequently repeated elements (two-digit and three-digit numbers, names of months, days of the week, names) should go on.

Techniques for memorizing different types of information (telephones, dates, exact dates, last names and names, terms and interpretations, foreign words, etc.) are being studied. Although memorization techniques have one common universal principle, memorization of each type of information has its own specifics.

In parallel with this, regular training should be carried out in your free time, practicing memorization techniques on the street, in a store, at work, at school or college.

Then comes the stage of specialization. You can choose the type of information you need and train hard in remembering this particular information. In this case, you need to perform special exercises, depending on the type of information to be remembered and on their volume.

In conclusion, you can switch to using the Giordano system to memorize complex educational information, such as textbook abstracts, the main provisions of the books you read, lectures, and reports. This is where mnemonics blends seamlessly into rhetoric (oratory) and connects you to other areas of psychology.

Memory mechanisms are universal. They allow you to understand not only the principles of memorization. With their help, one can substantiate and better understand such sections of practical psychology as hypnosis, NLP, the psychology of thinking, the formation and change of personality. Mechanisms of memory throw a bridge into parapsychology as well. Some phenomena from this discipline are easily realized using mnemonic techniques.

1.8 What is mnemonics?

The words "mnemonics" and "mnemonics" mean the same thing - the technique of memorization. They come from the Greek "mnemonikon" - the art of memorization. It is believed that this word was coined by Pythagoras of Samos (6th century BC).

The art of memorization is called the word "mnemonikon" after the ancient Greek goddess of memory Mnemosyne - the mother of the nine muses.

The first surviving works on mnemonics date back to about 86-82. BC e., and belong to the pen of Cicero and Quintilian (see the section "History of mnemonics").

The modern encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definitions of mnemonics.

Mnemonics is the art of memorization, a set of techniques and methods that facilitate memorization and increase memory capacity by forming artificial associations.

MNEMOTECHNIQUE: 1) the same as mnemonics; 2) a circus and variety number based on the art of memorization (“guessing” numbers, objects, dates and names). Performed by two artists using a specially designed code.

It is possible to give a third definition of mnemonics, which most accurately reflects modern mnemonics.

MNEMOTECHNIQUE is a system of internal writing that allows you to sequentially record information into the brain, converted into combinations of visual images.

Mnemonics uses the natural memory mechanisms of the brain and allows you to fully control the process of storing, storing and recalling information.

Initially, mnemonics arose as an integral part of rhetoric (oratory) and was intended to memorize long speeches. Modern mnemonics has made significant progress both theoretically and technically and makes it possible not only to fix a sequence of textual material in memory, but also allows you to accurately memorize any accurate information that is traditionally considered unmemorable: lists of telephone numbers, chronological tables, various numerical tables, personal data, complex educational texts containing a large amount of terminology and numerical information, etc.

Mastering mnemonics is mastering an instrumental skill. Learning mnemonics can be compared with learning typing, shorthand. It is obvious that for the formation of a skill it is necessary to perform exercises. It is impossible to master mnemonics without exercises. After the formation of a memorization skill, a person may or may not use this skill. The information itself will not be remembered. To memorize, each time you will have to apply the formed memorization skill - a sequence of certain mental actions leading to the fixation of information in the brain.

The quality of memorization provided by mnemonics can be compared to moving through folders on a computer. But, unfortunately, not much information can be recorded in each "mnemonic daddy" - from one to several dozen telephone numbers, for example. The memorized information can be reproduced both in direct and reverse order, as well as selectively, without going through all the information available in the memory.

The duration of information storage in memory is fully controlled. You can remember information for just one hour, or you can save it for a lifetime. Memorized information can be consciously erased from your brain by memorizing new information in its place.

If earlier psychologists tried to compare human memory with the memory of technical devices, then recently the opposite has been observed. The creators of modern computers and software draw their ideas from neurophysiology textbooks. As a result, computers are getting smarter and smarter. A striking example of this process is the well-known text recognition program FineReader, which is based on the principles of the human visual analyzer system.

It can be predicted that in the very near future neuroprograms will be created that simulate the associative memory of a person, on the basis of which computers will have an unlimited memory capacity and learn to think. Because the mechanisms of associative memory are at the same time the main mechanisms of thought processes in humans.

Computer technology has opened up unlimited access to information for us. You can buy a CD with several thousand photos. One disk contains 15 thousand literary works. Bookstores are literally littered with books. But! The possibilities of the brain remain at the same level and too many people are not able to take this information. Not because there is no money, but because people do not know how to work with information, do not know how to read quickly, do not know how to memorize. Recently, there has been a catastrophic gap between the rapid growth of high technology and the former “absorption” of information by the human brain.

Mnemonics will significantly increase your learning ability in any discipline and will give you the opportunity to keep up with technological progress.

So, what is modern mnemonics?

This is the ability to accumulate a large amount of accurate information in memory. This saves time when memorizing - the memorization process is fully controlled. This is the preservation of memorized information in memory - what you remember, you no longer have to learn again. This is a powerful training of attention and thinking. This is a real chance to quickly master several new specialties and become a professional in your field. This is the ability to use information: a person can apply knowledge only when they are in the head. This is just great gymnastics for the brain - the brain needs to be trained so that it does not atrophy.

Sherlock Holmes, the famous intellectual, used to say: "The most perfect brain in the world rusts without work."

1.9 Let's look into the mind of a mnemonist

So that you understand what awaits you when you come into contact with the mysterious art of memory, I will describe to you what happens in the imagination of a person who knows how to control the process of memorization and recall. Let's start with a reminder.

Imagine that you have a common notebook in front of you. It contains a lot of accurate information. This, from the point of view of an ordinary person, is completely unnecessary (read - “unmemorable”) information: reference information, tables, complex text passages, telephone numbers, last names and first names, chronological tables, lists of geographical names, terms and concepts. And now imagine that you are holding such a notebook in your hands, and in front of you is a person who claims that he can read the contents of this notebook to you by heart, without a single mistake, without violating the sequence of information recorded there. And he (the mnemonist) actually reads. You follow the lines and do not notice a single mistake, the numerical information from the tables is reproduced with an accuracy of thousandths. At first you think that this notebook must have been memorized for several years. Then you realize that it is impossible to memorize this amount of accurate information. It's not poetry. When a mnemonist reads the contents of a notebook to you by heart in reverse order (literally, that is, he repeats each phone number from the end), you will most likely come to the conclusion that the person in front of you has a phenomenal memory. It will seem to you that this person sees the page with text as a photograph and reads it from his imagination.

Nevertheless, you will still have suspicions that this “trick” was prepared for several years, through endlessly long cramming. But when you are offered to write 200 numbers on a piece of paper and before your eyes they will remember them in about 5-10 minutes and reproduce them both in forward and reverse order, and even in columns! - here you will have no doubts: in front of you is a person with an abnormal (phenomenal) memory.

Meanwhile, the mnemonist, of course, does not see in his imagination a page with text or numbers. Everything is much easier. Let's look into the head of a mnemonist and see how the information is recorded in his head.

Here he reproduces in his imagination the image of a radio receiver and examines it, highlighting the different parts: the strap, the speaker, the tuning scale, the antenna, the regulator. These images do not contain any information. These images are helpful. Now the mnemonist presents the first auxiliary image “strap” on a large scale, enlarges it large and another image appears in the imagination - the “bus”. But this image is also auxiliary. The mnemonist examines the bus and sees the following images on it: on the headlight - a graph, on the glass of Napoleon's cocked hat, on the steering wheel - paints, on the seat - a weight, on the first aid kit - a book. On the roof of the bus, the mnemonist sees a huge donut image.

Reproducing these images in his imagination, he says aloud the following: the schedule of lessons for Monday: algebra, history, drawing, physical education, literature.

Then his attention switches to the tuning dial. There he sees a MUR certificate with slime, and on it are images of a shrimp, an Indian stick, and two spruce. The following is reproduced aloud: in 1398, Timur invaded India and captured the city of Delhi.

Attention turns to the antenna. On the antenna, the mnemonist sees a drawbridge and a bag on it. He says: Petersburg was founded in 1703.

On the receiver controller, images are visible: scales, an American flag and a whistle. According to these images, the mnemonist reproduces the following date: 1787 - the proclamation of the US constitution.

Moving through the images in his imagination from left to right, the mnemonist reproduces the information in direct order. But to reproduce the information in reverse order, you just need to read the images from right to left.

The process of reading information from the brain is very similar to viewing photos on a computer screen. You can frequently press the button and view photos quickly. But you can hold your attention on one photo and look at it in more detail.

The pictures that the mnemonist looks at are not quite ordinary. These are mostly rather strange combinations of images: roller skates on the speaker, cheesecake, compasses, graph, violin on the boot.

Here is how telephone numbers look like in mnemonic interpretation.

Birch -. The mnemonist remembers this number as a combination of four pictures. The birch and on its parts are images of “book”, “glass”, “wax”.

Aurora - . The mnemonist recalls the image of the cruiser "Aurora", and on it are the images of "coconut", "showers", "barrels".

Angara -. The mnemonist sees this phone number as a hangar with a gate on fire, a jar of sauce on the roof, and old tires piled up behind the hangar.

"Why such complexity and absurdity?" - you ask. "Can't you just memorize these phone numbers?" The theory of memory and everyday experience say: it is impossible in another way. The brain does not know how to memorize numerical information. You didn't notice it before, because no one forced you to do it. If you don't believe me, write 100 numbers on a piece of paper and try to remember them.

Encoding memorized information into visual images is a necessity. The brain cannot remember anything but visual images. You are used to encoding speech sounds into words - combinations of 33 letters. Any person in the process of learning mnemonics quickly gets used to encoding information in associations - combinations of simple visual images.

So, when memorizing, the mnemonist encodes information into visual images and links the images together. In essence, there is a direct, direct recording of information in the brain, but only with the help of visual images. Each image means something. Either a two-digit number, or a three-digit number, or a combination of several images is easy to read a new geographical name.

When recalling, the mnemonist reproduces combinations of visual images and reads from them literally as if from a book.

For example, if you memorize 200 phone numbers, then you can play them both in direct and reverse order, instantly (without enumeration) remember the numbers of the number by the name, and the name by the numbers of the number. You will also be able to answer this question: "In what phone numbers did the number 25 occur?". If you learn the lessons of mnemonics correctly and remember correctly, then your memory will instantly give out all the information that used the number 25.

It seems incredible. But this is a fact. And this is a natural consequence of the holographic principles of the functioning of the brain.

In the head of a mnemonist there is a huge number of ordered visual images. Some images are auxiliary and serve to search for information. In other visual images, specific information is encoded: names, concepts, numbers, surnames.

Viewing information in your mind is like viewing slides. Mnemonic recall is a kind of "picture story" exercise familiar to you from elementary school. Only in mnemonic pictures any information you need is very accurately recorded.

Isn't memory cluttered by such a large number of visual images? The answer to this question is unequivocal - no. The fact is that until you remember a certain combination of pictures, they are simply not in your head! Images appear in the imagination only at the moment of their recall. This is how your brain works.

People who say that there is a danger of memory overload are deeply mistaken. Memory is almost impossible to overload, since the brain does not actually remember numbers, images, or words. This seems paradoxical. But it just seems. In fact, everything is quite simple. The following articles will help you understand the simple yet paradoxical mechanisms of human memory.

1.10 Many faces of mnemonics

Currently, there are several areas of mnemonics. Memory training books tend to mix various, often incompatible, areas of mnemonics. The result is a kind of salad of memorization techniques, in which it is difficult for an uninformed reader to see any system.

Another drawback of books on memory training is the complete lack of theoretical justification for the methods of memorization used. Without theory, it is difficult to create an effective mnemonic system.

One should also be skeptical about the authors' claims that it was they who invented the method of Cicero and generally invented mnemonics. Mnemonics is so common that many do not notice it, because it is too global, pervading our entire lives. Remember Krylov's fable: "... I didn't even notice the elephant."

I distinguish six areas of mnemonics:

folk mnemonics;

classical mnemonics;

· pedagogical mnemonics;

· circus (variety) mnemonics;

sports mnemonics;

modern mnemonics.

Let's briefly consider each of these areas.

Folk mnemonics

This type of mnemonics should include those memorization techniques that have become so firmly established in our lives that many people do not even notice them. These are the techniques that we are taught in kindergarten and school, these are the memorization techniques that a physics or physical education teacher recommends to his students. Each person during his life develops for himself his own system of memorization. Mnemonics has existed for a very long time, and many methods and techniques are literally built into our lives, surrounding us from all sides.

Look at your computer monitor. You will see a large number of visual images. Thanks to the visualization of information, even a child who cannot read knows that in order to write information to a floppy disk, you need to click on the floppy disk icon. Road signs are also a vivid example of the introduction of mnemonics into everyday life. At high speeds, a person is not able to perceive text messages. Road signs, which are essentially symbols of certain rules, are perceived quickly. The usual alphabet is also a mnemonic device. At school, the child learns the correspondence of sounds to certain symbols - letters. When letters are encoded in combinations of dots and dashes (Morse code) this is also a mnemonic method.

The human brain does not know how to remember numerical information, so each person comes up with his own tricks for remembering phone numbers. As a rule, these techniques are approximately the same for everyone. The consonance coding technique is widely used to memorize new terms or foreign words. Often, unconsciously, the method of linking to well-known information is used, the method of searching for patterns in the elements of memorized information.

The number of methods of folk mnemonics is limited, they can be counted on the fingers. And these techniques are all about the same. This, apparently, is due to the fact that directly or indirectly we are taught these techniques by our parents, in kindergarten, at school. The techniques used, as a rule, are not realized; their effectiveness is extremely low, they have no scientific justification and do not represent any memorization system. But they help me remember. After all, each person remembers a certain number of historical dates, names, addresses, telephone numbers. All this information is remembered by us thanks to the methods of the so-called folk (widespread) mnemonics.

Classical mnemonics

Classical mnemonics is the first branch of mnemonics in history. They say that mnemonics were used in ancient Egypt and the Mayan tribes taught their children mnemonics - the system of internal writing. However, we do not have written documents confirming this. The first surviving works on mnemonics date back to 86 BC. It is this date that is considered in the history of mnemonics as the date of the emergence of classical mnemonics.

Classical mnemonics arose as an integral part of oratory and was used as an aid to memorizing the sequence of presentation of long speeches. The set of classical mnemonics techniques is limited. The mechanisms of memory were intuitively understood correctly, but at that time it was not possible to explain the principles of memory operation - the level of knowledge about the world around was too low.

A striking example of classical mnemonics is the method of Cicero - the selection of objects in a well-known room or on the street, and using them as "hangers" for memorized information. Some other provisions formulated by Cicero still remain relevant. So, classical mnemonics recommended memorizing information, having previously converted it into visual images. The images themselves were divided into two large groups: auxiliary images for fixing the sequence, and images in which the memorized information itself was encoded. Classical mnemonics drew attention to the fact that images can not only be remembered, but they can also be erased.

Classical mnemonics at one time also divided into two directions. Some (Cicero) perfectly mastered the technique of memorization using figurative codes. Other representatives of mnemonics (Quintilian) did not recommend the use of figurative codes for memorization. As historians of mnemonics note, people who abandoned the methods of classical mnemonics, as a rule, had some problems with visual thinking. They could not vividly represent visual images and manipulate them in their imagination. Due to physiological limitations, the methods of classical mnemonics were not available to such people, and they were forced to develop their own alternative memorization systems, which depended less on visual thinking. Already in the works of Quintilian, we can see the first sprouts of pedagogical mnemonics, mnemonics for people incapable of effective visual thinking. However, fully pedagogical mnemonics was formed only in the 16th century.

Pedagogical mnemonics

P. Ramus can be considered the founder of pedagogical mnemonics. In the 16th century, both classical mnemonics () and pedagogical mnemonics, promoted by Peter Ramus, were taught at the University of Cambridge in England. It already happened that pedagogical mnemonics, not based on visual thinking, was more accessible and understandable to most people. And most importantly, pedagogical mnemonics did not set such high standards as classical mnemonics did. Simply put, pedagogical mnemonics abandoned the direct use of visual images when memorizing, and in order to mask the drop in memorization efficiency, it sharply reduced the requirements for students. Pedagogical mnemonics did not force memorizing chronological tables, so the students did not need to do this. Pedagogical mnemonics focuses on natural memorization with intensive "chewing" of the material being studied. This is repeated reading of the text; repeated repetition aloud (frank cramming); rewriting the studied material from a book into a notebook (compilation of notes); redrawing illustrations from textbooks. This is the organization of the educational process in the form of a game. This is the creation of a large amount of auxiliary (didactic) material ... And many other methods familiar to us from school.

In the 16th century, pedagogical mnemonics won a complete victory over classical mnemonics. Her methods are still used in the formal education system. Classical and pedagogical mnemonics have their pros and cons. Classical mnemonics is undoubtedly an order of magnitude more effective than pedagogical ones. However, the methods of pedagogical mnemonics are an order of magnitude simpler and clearer, and accessible to more people. The logic of teachers is extremely simple. Everyone needs to be taught, not just people who have visual thinking.

Circus (variety) mnemonics

Circus mnemonics uses the principles of classical mnemonics. A distinctive feature of circus mnemonics is the careful development of the stage of encoding information. Information is encoded there in anything: in gestures, words, facial expressions, intonation of voice, in the order of words in a sentence... Often, when demonstrating the miracles of phenomenal memory, performers do not have to memorize anything at all. They simply send messages to each other using a code known only to them. You can even say that the main thing in circus mnemonics is not memorization, but the transfer of information from an assistant to a performer using various tricks. In this regard, circus mnemonics uses only part of the arsenal of mnemonics. Although, of course, the performers are of different qualifications.

Page 9 of 9

The highest mountain peaks of the world by mountain systems. Table.

Note: Dear visitors, the hyphens in long words in the table are set for the convenience of mobile users - otherwise the words will not wrap and the table will not fit on the screen. Thanks for understanding!

However, if we take as a basis the height not above sea level, but from the base of the mountain, then the recognized leader among the highest mountains in the world becomes Mauna Kea is a shield volcano located in the Hawaiian Islands.

The height of Mauna Kea from the base to the top is 10203 meters, which is 1355 meters higher than Chomolungma. Most of the mountain is hidden under water, and above sea level Mauna Kea rises to 4205 meters.

The Mauna Kea volcano is about a million years old. The volcano's activity peaked during the shield stage about 500,000 years ago. Currently, the volcano is recognized as inactive - according to scientists, the last eruption was 4-6 thousand years ago.

The highest mountains in the world by continent. Descriptions of the seven highest peaks of the world by parts of the world.

"Seven Peaks" is a climbing project that includes the highest peaks of the world in parts of the world. North and South America, as well as Europe and Asia are considered separately. Climbers who have conquered all seven peaks become members of the "7 Peaks Club"

List of "seven peaks":

• Chomolungma (Everest) (Asia)
• Aconcagua (South America)
• McKinley (North America)
• Kilimanjaro (Africa)
• Elbrus or Mont Blanc (Europe)
• Vinson Massif (Antarctica)
• Kosciuszko (Australia) or Carstens Pyramid (Puncak Jaya) (Australia and Oceania)

The seven highest mountain peaks in the parts of the world. Map.

Chomolungma (Everest) - the first of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in Asia and the highest peak in the world.

Chomolungma belongs to the Himalayas, the Mahalangur-Himal range. The southern peak (8760 m) lies on the border of Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region (China), the Northern (main) peak (8848 m) is located on the territory of China.

Geographical coordinates of Mount Chomolungma - 27°59′17″ s. sh. 86°55′31″ E d.

The fact that Chomolungma (Everest) is the highest mountain in the world was determined by the Indian mathematician and topographer Radhanat Sikdar in 1852 on the basis of trigonometric calculations, when he was in India, 240 km from Chomolungma.

The highest mountain in the world and Asia has the shape of a trihedral pyramid. The southern slope is steeper, snow and firn are not kept on it, so it is exposed. Many glaciers descend from the top of the mountain range, ending at an altitude of 5000 meters.

The first ascent of the largest mountain in the world was made on May 29, 1953 by Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander Edmund Hillary through the South Col.

The climate of the highest peak in the world, Chomolungma, is extremely harsh. The wind speed there reaches 55 m/s, and the air temperature drops to -60 °C. As a result, climbing the highest mountain in the world is fraught with many difficulties. Despite the modern equipment and equipment used by climbers, for every twentieth of them, conquering the highest peak in the world is the last thing in life. From 1953 to 2014, about 200 climbers died on the slopes of Everest.

aconcagua- the second of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in South America and the highest peak in the western and southern hemispheres of the Earth.

Mount Aconcagua is located in the central Andes in Argentina. Absolute height - 6962 m. The highest peak of South America was formed during the collision of the Nazca and South American lithospheric plates. The mountain has many glaciers, the largest of which are northeastern (Polish Glacier) and eastern.

The geographic coordinates of Mount Aconcagua are 32°39′S. sh. 70°00′ W d.

Climbing the highest peak of the western and southern hemispheres of the Earth is technically considered easy if carried out along the northern slope. From the south or southwest, conquering the summit of Aconcagua is much more difficult. The first ascent of the highest mountain in South America was recorded in 1897 by the expedition of the Englishman Edward Fitzgerald.

McKinley- the third of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in North America. Height - 6168 meters.

The geographical coordinates of Mount McKinley are 63°04′10″ s. sh. 151°00′26″ W d.

Mount McKinley is located in Alaska, in the center of the Denali National Park. Until 1867, it was considered the highest peak of the Russian Empire, until Alaska was sold to the United States. The first explorer of Mount McKinley is the Russian leader of the expedition, Lavrenty Alekseevich Zagoskin, who first saw it from two sides.

The highest mountain in North America was first climbed by American climbers under the command of the Rev. Hudson Stack, who reached the top of the mountain on March 17, 1913.

Mount McKinley used to be called differently. The Athabaskan Indians - the indigenous people - called her Denali, which means "great." While Alaska belonged to the Russian Empire, the mountain was simply called "Big Mountain". In 1896, the highest mountain in North America received its modern name in honor of the 25th American president.

kilimanjaro- the fourth of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in Africa. Height - 5,891.8 m.

The geographic coordinates of Mount Kilimanjaro are 3°04′00″ S. sh. 37°21′33″ E d.

Kilimanjaro is a potentially active stratovolcano in northeastern Tanzania. The highest peak in Africa consists of three main peaks, which are also extinct volcanoes: Shira in the west with 3,962 meters above sea level, Kibo 5,891.8 meters in the center and Mawenzi with 5,149 meters in the east.

The top of the Kibo volcano is covered with an ice cap. Once this cap was clearly visible from afar, but at present the glacier is actively melting. Over the past 100 years, the glacier covering the top of Africa's highest mountain has shrunk by more than 80%. The melting of the glacier is associated with a decrease in precipitation associated with deforestation in the area adjacent to the mountain. According to some scientists, the Kilimanjaro ice cap will disappear by 2020.

The first ascent of the highest peak in Africa was made in 1889 by Hans Meyer. Climbing Kilimanjaro is not considered difficult from a technical point of view, although it is incredibly spectacular. Due to the proximity to the equator, all types of altitudinal zonality are represented on the mountain, which the climber sequentially passes one after another. Thus, in the process of ascent, you can see all the main climatic zones of the Earth in a few hours.

Elbrus- the fifth of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in Europe and the highest peak in Russia.

The geographical coordinates of Mount Elbrus are 43°20′45″ s. sh. 42°26′55″ E d.

The border between Asia and Europe is ambiguous, as a result of which there are disputes whether Elbrus belongs to Europe. If yes, then this mountain is the highest point in Europe. If not, then the palm goes to Mont Blanc, which is discussed below.

Elbrus is located in the Greater Caucasus, on the border of the republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia. It is the highest mountain in Russia. The highest peak in Europe is a two-peak saddle-shaped volcano cone. The western peak has a height of 5642 m, the eastern one - 5621 m. The last eruption was in the 50s of our era.

The largest mountain in Europe is covered with glaciers with a total area of ​​134.5 km²; the most famous of them: Big and Small Azau, Terskol.

The first documented ascent of Mount Elbrus dates back to 1829 and was made during an expedition led by General G. A. Emmanuel, head of the Caucasian fortified line. Climbing Mount Elrus according to the climbing classification is not technically difficult. Although there are routes of increased complexity.

Vinson Massif- the sixth of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain of Antarctica. Height - 4897 meters.

The geographical coordinates of the Vinson Massif are 78°31′31″ S. sh. 85°37′01″ W d.

The Vinson Massif is located 1200 km from the South Pole and is part of the Ellsworth Mountains. The massif is 21 km long and 13 km wide. The highest peak of the Vinson Massif is Vinson Peak.

The highest mountain in Antarctica was discovered by American pilots in 1957. The first ascent of the highest peak on the southern continent was made on December 18, 1966 by Nicholas Clinch.

Mont Blanc- the highest mountain in Europe, the fifth of the "seven peaks", if Elbrus belongs to Asia. Height - 4810 meters.

The geographical coordinates of Mont Blanc are 45°49′58″ s. sh. 6°51′53″ E d.

The highest peak in Europe is located in the Alps mountain system on the border of France and Italy. Mount Mont Blanc is part of the Mont Blanc crystalline massif with a length of about 50 km. The ice cover of the massif covers an area of ​​200 km², the largest glacier is the Mer de Glace.

The first ascent of the highest point in Europe, Mont Blanc, was made by Jacques Balmat and Dr. Michel Paccard on August 8, 1786. In 1886, during his honeymoon, the highest mountain in Europe was conquered by the future President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt.

Kosciuszko- the seventh of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in continental Australia. Height - 2228 meters.

The geographical coordinates of Mount Kosciuszko are 36°27′ S. sh. 148°16′ E d.

The highest peak of the Australian continent is located in the Australian Alps in the south of the state of New South Wales on the territory of the national park of the same name. Mount Kosciuszko was discovered in 1840.

The first ascent of the highest mountain in Australia in 1840 was made by the Polish traveler, geographer and geologist Pavel Edmund Strzelecki. He also named the mountain in honor of the military and political figure Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

Pyramid of Carstens (Punchak Jaya)- the seventh of the "seven peaks", the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania.

There is disagreement about which mountain to rank as the last, seventh peak. If we take into account only the Australian continent, then this will be Kosciuszko Peak. If we consider the whole of Australia and Oceania, then it will be the Carstens Pyramid with a height of 4884 m. In this regard, there are currently two Seven Summits programs, including the first and second options. But the main option is still recognized as a program with the Carstens Pyramid.

The geographical coordinates of Mount Punchak Jaya are 4°05′ S. sh. 137°11′ E d.

Mount Punchak Jaya is located in the western part of the island of New Guinea and is part of the Maoke massif. The highest peak in Oceania is also the highest mountain located on the island. The mountain was discovered in 1623 by the Dutch explorer Jan Carstens. Puncak Jaya is sometimes called the Carstens Pyramid after him.

The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1962 by a group of four Austrian climbers led by Heinrich Harrer.

The highest mountains in the world by continent and country. The highest peaks of the Earth.

Note: there is still debate among scientists whether or not the Caucasus Mountains should be included in Europe. If so, then Elbrus will be the highest peak in Europe; if not, then Mont Blanc. Until unanimity was reached on this issue, we ranked the Caucasus among Europe, and therefore the mountains of the Caucasus (Russia) were included in the list of the highest mountains in Europe.

It is not for nothing that in a famous song it is sung "Only mountains can be better than mountains." Snow-capped peaks attract people like a magnet, forcing them to climb up, overcoming all difficulties and hardships. Especially climbers are attracted by the highest mountains in the world, which only the most prepared, brave, desperate and lucky can climb. Meet the ten highest mountain peaks in the world, whose height exceeds eight thousand meters. All of them are located in the Himalayas in a small area on the border of China, Nepal, India and Pakistan.

10. Annapurna I, 8.091 meters

The top of Annapurna I, which in Russian from Sanskrit as the "Goddess of Fertility", rises up to 8.091 meters and is part of the Annapurna mountain range in the Himalayas. For the first time, two French climbers Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal were able to climb the mountain in 1950. Today it is one of the most dangerous mountain peaks in the world, where training and experience mean nothing, it all depends on a good combination of circumstances. Travelers face difficulties climbing even before approaching the base camp and most of the way they have to climb slopes with a slope of 40%, constantly risking falling into an avalanche. To this day, only about 150 successful ascents of Annapurna have been made, and mortality is about 40% of the total number of people trying to climb up.

9. Nanga Parbat, 8.126 meters

The ninth highest mountain peak on Earth, Nanga Parbat, also known as the "Mountain of the Gods", in the western part of the Himalayas, rises up to a height of 8.126 meters. Travelers have tried to climb this peak many times since 1859, but they managed to conquer Nanga Parbat only in 1953. This feat was accomplished by the Austrian Hermann Buhl, who for the first time in history conquered the eight-thousander alone. Nanga Parbat is one of the three most dangerous peaks for climbing, where the death rate of climbers is more than 22%.

8. Manaslu, 8.163 meters

Mount Manaslu, in the Himalayas, has a height of 8.163 meters. For the first time, the Japanese Toshio Imanishi and the Sherpa Gyalzen Norbu were able to climb it in 1956. For a long time, the mountain and its surroundings were a closed area for foreigners to visit due to their proximity to Tibet.

7. Dhaulagiri, 8.167 meters

Dhaulagiri is a mountain range with several peaks in the Himalayas, the highest point of which rises above sea level to a height of 8.167 meters. The summit was first summited in 1960 by a team of European climbers and Sherpa porters. This mountain is considered one of the most difficult to climb, and its southern route, known as the Dhaulagiri face, has not been climbed so far.

6. Cho Oyu, 8.188 meters

The peak of Cho Oyu is located in the Himalayas, on the border of China with Nepal, has a height of 8.188 meters. The mountain was first climbed in 1954 by an Austrian expedition consisting of Herbert Tichy, Josef Johler and Sherpa Pasang Dawa Lama. This is one of the easiest peaks with a height of more than eight thousand to climb, which has become a real Mecca for amateur climbers.

5. Makalu, 8.485 meters

The fifth highest mountain peak in the world is Makalu, also known as the "Black Rider" located in the central Himalayas, rising up to a height of 8.485 meters above sea level. For the first time, a French expedition was able to climb the mountain in 1955 in three groups of three people. This peak is considered one of the most difficult in the world to climb, with only about 30% of expeditions to the summit successful.

4. Lhotse, 8.516 meters

By and large, the fourth highest mountain in the world, Lhotse in the Himalayas, has three peaks over eight thousand meters high, where the highest peak has a height of 8.516 meters. The first ascent of the mountain was made by the team of Swiss climbers Ernst Reiss and Fritz Luchsinger in 1956. Among other eight-thousanders, Lhotse has the fewest routes to the summit, there are only three of them, where one at a time, climbers were able to reach the peak only once in the 90s

3. Kanchenjunga, 8.586 meters

Mount Kanchenjunga with a height of 8.586 meters is located in the Himalayas on the border of India and Nepal. The summit was first reached by a British expedition consisting of Joe Brown, George Bend, and Charles Evans (leader) in 1955. For some time, Kanchenjunga was considered the highest peak in the world, but after accurate measurements, it was in third place.

2. Chogori, 8.611 meters

The second highest mountain in the world, this Chogori in the Himalayas on the border of Pakistan and China has a height of 8.611 meters. The peak was first conquered by the team of Italian climbers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni in 1954. Chogori is one of the most difficult peaks in the world to climb, where the mortality rate of people who dare to climb is 25%. It is much more honorable for climbers to climb Chogori Peak than to climb the highest peak in the world, Chomolungma.

1. Chomolungma/Everest, 8.848 meters

The highest peak on earth, Chomolungma, with a height of 8.848 meters, is located in the Himalayas, on the border of Nepal and China. The peak was conquered in 1953 by Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander Edmund Hillary. Every year, more than 500 people try to conquer the peak and it takes about two months. At the beginning of the year, 4042 climbers climbed Chomolungma, of which 2829 climbed the mountain twice.