Religion of the Filipinos. Religion in the Philippines. Where is the Philippines

Where are the Philippines, how and when were they discovered, why did they give it such a name, what language do they speak there and what religion do they profess? What influenced the development of the Philippines? There are a lot of questions and knowing the answers to them will broaden your horizons and help you navigate geography and more.

Where is the Philippines?

The Republic of the Philippines is located in the Philippine Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean. From north to south from Taiwan to the island of Borneo they stretch for 1,170 kilometers, from west to east for 1,100 kilometers.

The Philippine archipelago consists of more than 7,107 islands with a total area of ​​311.6 thousand square kilometers. However, most of the islands are small, and the 11 largest of them occupy 96% of the total land surface area.

How did Europeans discover the Philippines?

The Philippine archipelago was discovered by Europeans in 1521 by the Spanish navigator Ferdinand Magellan during his voyage around the world. From that moment on, the Spaniards began trying to seize the islands and turn them into their colony.

How did the Philippines get its name?

In 1565, conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi landed on the island of Cebu. He managed to gain a foothold there and proclaimed the islands the possession of the Spanish King Philip II. In his honor, the archipelago was named the Philippines.

What language is spoken in the Philippines?

More than a hundred nationalities live in the Philippines, among which are the Tagalogs (a quarter of the islands' population), Cebuanos, Ilocans (Ilocans), Haligaynons (Ilongos), Bicols, Bisayas (Visayas), Pampangans, Pangasinans... All of them are Christians. Some nationalities profess Islam: Maguindanao, Sulu (Tausog), Maranao and Samal. There are several dozen small mountain peoples in the Philippines, about 1.5% Chinese.

The Philippines population speaks more than 80 local languages ​​and dialects, with 85 percent of Filipinos speaking the eight most widely spoken languages, with Tagalog, Cebuano and Ilocano languages ​​being the major languages. Since 1939, the use of a single state language, Pilipino, based on Tagalog, has been encouraged at the state level. Nowadays, more than half of Filipinos speak it.

English is widely spoken. It is used for teaching in universities, and is used by the media and authorities. Half of Filipino citizens speak English. Surprisingly, Spanish is not spoken in the Philippines, although these islands were once a Spanish colony.

What religion do they practice in the Philippines?

The Philippines is the only Asian country where Christianity predominates. It is professed by 94 percent of the country's population. Of these, 84 percent are Catholics, 6 percent are Protestants, and 4 percent belong to the Philippine Independent Church, also called Aglipayan, and the Philippine Church of Christ (Iglesia ni Cristo). Approximately 5 percent are Muslim, less than 2 percent adhere to local traditional beliefs.

What influenced the development of the Philippines?

The Philippines is different from other Southeast Asian countries. The culture and customs of the country were strongly influenced by the long reign of the Spaniards. It is reflected in music, architecture, culinary traditions, and fashion. Even the names in the Philippines are also Spanish.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Protestantism

The number of Protestants in the country is growing steadily. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, which in 1929 united Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, United Brethren, supporters of the Christian and Missionary Alliance and some Baptists. Currently includes 1.5 million believers. Baptists were brought to the Philippines by American missionaries in 1898 and now this denomination has 350 thousand believers. The Pentecostal movement is represented by the Assemblies of God, the Church of God, the Church of the Fourfold Gospel, the Church of All Nations, the Church of Jesus the Lord, the United Pentecostal Church, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, etc.

Jehovah's Witnesses are engaged in active missionary work.

Philippine Catholic Church

The Independent Philippine Church was founded by Gregorio Aglipay, a Catholic priest and Philippine independence activist, in 1902 as the Catholic National Philippine Church. Its appearance was caused by the pro-Spanish position of the Catholic church leadership during the Philippine War of Independence from Spain. In turn, the Catholic Church deprived G. Aglipay of the priesthood in 1899.

The independent Philippine Church does not recognize the supreme authority of the Vatican; it is headed by the Metropolitan. It also denies celibacy and for some time questioned the sanctity of the Trinity, but in 1947 the Aglipayans (the church is named after its founder) officially declared that they accepted the dogma of the Trinity. Among the saints of the Independent Philippine Church are many fighters and martyrs of the liberation war who fell in battles with the Spaniards and Americans.

Currently, the church has about 4 million believers in its ranks. In addition to the Philippines, Aglipayan communities also exist in the United States and Canada. The Independent Philippine Church maintains close ties with the Anglican Church and the Old Catholic Churches.

Orthodox Church

Islam

The Muslim minority (5% of the population) mainly lives in the south of the country. Relations between the Christian and Muslim communities are tense, there is competition for the minds of believers, and among Muslims there is a growing number of people who want to regain their once-lost statehood. (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao). Islam was brought to the Philippines as early as 1210 by Arab merchants and spread mainly on the island of Mindanao, where two sultanates appeared by the 15th century.

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An excerpt characterizing Religion in the Philippines

From the day his wife arrived in Moscow, Pierre was preparing to go somewhere, just so as not to be with her. Soon after the Rostovs arrived in Moscow, the impression that Natasha made on him made him hasten to fulfill his intention. He went to Tver to see the widow of Joseph Alekseevich, who promised long ago to give him the papers of the deceased.
When Pierre returned to Moscow, he was given a letter from Marya Dmitrievna, who called him to her place on a very important matter concerning Andrei Bolkonsky and his fiancee. Pierre avoided Natasha. It seemed to him that he had a feeling for her stronger than that which a married man should have for the bride of his friend. And some kind of fate constantly brought him together with her.
"What happened? And what do they care about me? he thought as he got dressed to go to Marya Dmitrievna. Prince Andrei would come quickly and marry her!” thought Pierre on the way to Akhrosimova.
On Tverskoy Boulevard someone called out to him.
- Pierre! How long have you arrived? – a familiar voice shouted to him. Pierre raised his head. In a pair of sleighs, on two gray trotters throwing snow at the tops of the sleigh, Anatole flashed by with his constant companion Makarin. Anatole sat upright, in the classic pose of military dandies, covering the bottom of his face with a beaver collar and bending his head slightly. His face was ruddy and fresh, his hat with a white plume was put on one side, revealing his hair, curled, pomaded and sprinkled with fine snow.
“And rightly so, here is a real sage! thought Pierre, he sees nothing beyond the present moment of pleasure, nothing disturbs him, and that is why he is always cheerful, content and calm. What would I give to be like him!” Pierre thought with envy.
In Akhrosimova’s hallway, the footman, taking off Pierre’s fur coat, said that Marya Dmitrievna was being asked to come to her bedroom.
Opening the door to the hall, Pierre saw Natasha sitting by the window with a thin, pale and angry face. She looked back at him, frowned and with an expression of cold dignity left the room.
- What's happened? - asked Pierre, entering Marya Dmitrievna.
“Good deeds,” answered Marya Dmitrievna: “I’ve lived fifty-eight years in the world, I’ve never seen such shame.” - And taking Pierre’s word of honor to remain silent about everything that he learns, Marya Dmitrievna informed him that Natasha refused her fiancé without the knowledge of her parents, that the reason for this refusal was Anatol Kuragin, with whom her wife set Pierre up, and with whom she wanted to run away in the absence of his father, in order to get married secretly.
Pierre, with his shoulders raised and his mouth open, listened to what Marya Dmitrievna was telling him, not believing his ears. The bride of Prince Andrei, so deeply loved, this formerly sweet Natasha Rostova, should exchange Bolkonsky for the fool Anatole, already married (Pierre knew the secret of his marriage), and fall in love with him so much as to agree to run away with him! “Pierre couldn’t understand this and couldn’t imagine it.”
The sweet impression of Natasha, whom he had known since childhood, could not combine in his soul with the new idea of ​​​​her baseness, stupidity and cruelty. He remembered his wife. “They are all the same,” he said to himself, thinking that he was not the only one who had the sad fate of being associated with a nasty woman. But he still felt sorry for Prince Andrey to the point of tears, he felt sorry for his pride. And the more he pitied his friend, the more contempt and even disgust he thought about this Natasha, who was now walking past him in the hall with such an expression of cold dignity. He did not know that Natasha’s soul was filled with despair, shame, humiliation, and that it was not her fault that her face accidentally expressed calm dignity and severity.

Manila

It’s amazing how many places in the capital of the Philippines are connected in one way or another with Orthodoxy. As we drove through the streets of Manila, Professor Philip Balingit kept showing me: “Here is the place where there was a Russian Orthodox church, destroyed by a Japanese bomb in 1945... But this huge temple and university used to be Orthodox, they were built and maintained by a rich Greek family. When it became poor, everything had to be sold to Catholics... And here is the non-canonical “United Holy Orthodox Catholic Church,” which, according to its leader, was allegedly founded by St. John (Maximovich), which, however, is not true.” In general, there are 190 officially registered organizations in the Philippines that use the word “Orthodox” in their names, but only two or three of them are related to genuine Orthodoxy. For some, the creation of such structures is simply business: for example, a former Catholic priest registers another “Orthodox church” in order to provide a special service - marrying couples on the beach, which is prohibited by the local Roman Catholic Church. All Orthodoxy comes down to its name, the rest is Latin.

Masbate Island

Early in the morning from Manila, Philip and I flew to the island of Masbate - one of the most beautiful places in Asia that I have ever seen. Coconut palm trees here are incredibly tall, their thickets densely cover the hills, on one side of the road there is a seashore, and on the other there are flashing rivers, giving way to rice fields. For the entire hour while we drove to the monastery, I enjoyed the views. We made it to the beginning of the liturgy. The only Orthodox monastery in the Philippines turned out to be quite an impressive building. In the temple and in the service everything is in the Greek style, but many of the icons are Russian. They serve in English, only some parts of the service are in Cebuano. Everyone in the temple sings. The chants are simple, but they are performed so sincerely and harmoniously that it almost makes you shiver. Almost all those who pray come to communion. The local priest, Father George, serves with great reverence.

During the festive dinner, Professor Balingit told me the sad story of Father Vincent (Escarch), who stood at the origins of Orthodoxy in the Philippines. He was a Benedictine priest and was famous in the island for his strictness in prayer and worship; founded a convent of the Benedictine Order and became its confessor. Once in the USA, Father Vincent saw an Orthodox church; interested in its architecture, he entered - and was captivated by the Orthodox worship. He tried to learn as much as possible about Orthodoxy, and his studies culminated in his entry into the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1990 along with the entire monastery - 12 nuns. Father Vincent became the first Filipino Orthodox priest. With the joint efforts of him and the abbess, Mother Theodotia, a wonderful Orthodox monastery was built (they were expelled from the former Catholic monastery as soon as it became known that they had accepted Orthodoxy); a community of newly converted local residents emerged. In 2004, due to ill health, Father Vikenty asked to retire, and his wish was granted. But subsequently, he began to accumulate grievances against the Greek metropolitan, and also developed some jealousy towards other Filipino priests ordained after him. As a result, he created his own “church”, to which he attracted some parishioners. In his practice, he mixed Orthodox traditions with Catholic ones (for example, he served on unleavened bread), and over time he introduced some occult elements. Some time ago he had an accident, injured his leg and ended up in the village hospital. Here he developed gangrene. I was told that my leg could no longer be saved. During the story, the idea arose to visit Father Vikenty, and we went to the hospital.

Smiling, he asked for forgiveness that he could not receive us with dignity, since he was very ill. We talked a little, I thanked Father Vincent for all the good he had done for Orthodoxy in the Philippines, and passed on a little help. Father Vikenty kissed my hand, as well as Father George, and thanked us for visiting him. Father George will continue to visit the patient. Sadly, but at the sight of Father Vincent, one cannot get rid of the impression that his illness is to death. Since he had previously expressed a desire to be buried in a monastery, Mother Theodotia asked him for instructions on this matter, and he said that he wanted to be buried in a simple coffin, without any pomp. Philip hopes that he will nevertheless be reconciled with the Church before he departs to another world. Readers of these lines, please pray for the seriously ill misguided hieromonk Vikenty.

Father George was worried that he had not yet received permission from the Metropolitan to confess (in the Greek Churches such permission is not given immediately), although he has been serving at Masbate for four years. And all this time the parishioners remain without confession. He explained the situation to the metropolitan and asked either to give him permission to confess, or to send another priest who was allowed this sacrament, but received no answer. I said that although in the Russian Church a priest begins to confess immediately after consecration, Father George must follow the tradition of the Church to which he belongs and patiently wait for the Metropolitan to give him permission, politely reminding him of the situation from time to time. And if now he himself shows an example of patience and obedience, then in the future he will be able to expect the same from his spiritual children.

It was already dark when we returned to the monastery and, after a conversation with Mother Theodotia, we went to bed. I remember my mother’s story about the reaction of local residents to their conversion to Orthodoxy: “Ah-ah, that means you have become communists.” They associated Orthodoxy with Russia, and Russia with communism, and as a result, something incredible came out of the two associations.

Pasig

Early in the morning, Father George took us to the airport, and we returned by plane to Manila. Here I had a lecture at the Philippine Normal University organized by Professor Balingit. For me, this was the first lecture in English, the topic was “The Spiritual Life of an Orthodox Christian.” Since the faculty is pedagogical, it turned out that the majority of students are girls. After the introductory part, I showed a selection of photographs about Orthodox life, accompanying them with comments, and at the very end I distributed icons with the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The students were interested in some aspects of the lecture, and they listened with great attention, but it is difficult to say how successful my presentation as a whole was. It seemed to me that in a Catholic country it would be strange and even offensive to talk about the need for faith as such, but from subsequent questions I realized that I was mistaken: among Filipino students and youth there is now great disappointment in Catholicism and in religion in general, so that for some Religiosity in principle is quite understandable.

In general, Catholicism is losing ground in the country. Over the past 20 years, the number of Catholics has dropped from 90% to 70% of the population. Various Protestant movements have become very popular - their churches can be found literally on every corner of Manila; “homemade” Philippine new religions also appeared; Muslim preaching is active; finally, the number of people who are not religious at all has increased.

We warmly said goodbye to the students, and many wished to be photographed for memory - Filipinos in general are very fond of photographing and being photographed.

It is worth noting that Metropolitan Nektariy took a sharply negative attitude towards the Antioch Mission, declaring it a non-canonical structure. He excommunicated all the laity who moved from the Constantinople parish to the Antioch parish and forbade his clergy and parishioners to communicate with those from Antioch. All this is a manifestation of that non-Orthodox ideology, which has recently become noticeably widespread in the Patriarchate of Constantinople, according to which the entire non-Orthodox world is the canonical territory and property of their Church. Disagreement with these ideas was expressed at the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church in 2008, and these trends are not supported in the Antiochian Church. In particular, Metropolitan Paul (Saliba), who heads the Australian and New Zealand diocese of the Antiochian Patriarchate, stated in one of his public speeches: “It is well known in educated circles that the Patriarch of Constantinople does not have the same position in the church hierarchy of the Orthodox Church as the Bishop of Rome occupies in Catholic Church. The Patriarch of Constantinople is not the Pope of Rome in the East. Even in educated Orthodox circles, it is well known that in the past there were cases when the Patriarchs of Constantinople at Ecumenical and other Local Councils were recognized as heretics... The Patriarch of Constantinople is not the voice of Orthodoxy and cannot set standards in Orthodoxy. An archbishop or metropolitan subordinate to the Holy Synod of Constantinople can even less claim primacy over the bishops and archbishops of other Local Churches. Over the past hundred years, it has been well known to everyone that the Patriarchate of Antioch and its dioceses around the world receive instructions from the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Antioch and from no one else. We do not interfere in the internal affairs of other jurisdictions. At the same time, we do not accept advice from anyone in other jurisdictions about what we should do.”

Lagoon

On the last day of my stay, we went to the town of Laguna to visit Father Philemon (Castro). He was previously a "bishop" of one of the Philippine non-canonical denominations that abuse the name "Orthodox", but in 1994, with the help of Hieromonk Vincent, he came to the Orthodox Church. He built a temple in Parañaque, a suburb of Manila; it is now the largest parish in the Philippines. However, several years ago a new priest was ordained for the temple, and Hieromonk Philemon was sent to the province. He is very active as a missionary and has established three parishes in the region. Today there are not many people in his home church of St. Sava the Sanctified, as it is a weekday. During the service, Father Philemon gives some exclamations in Tagalog. He translated the entire liturgy into this language, but it seems that only he has books with this translation now. I remembered that Hieromonk Vincent told us about his translation of the main services into Cebuano, which, however, remained in the manuscript.

Population of the Philippines

"...smart, brave and cheerful disposition..."
Petr Debel, Russian Consul in the Philippines about Filipinos, 19th century

Population

The Philippines is the 12th most populous state in the world. In 2009, more than 92 million people live in the republic. About 11 million more Filipinos are outside the borders of their historical homeland.

The expected population growth is 1.957% per year.

The average life expectancy of Filipinos is 71.23 years (73.6 for women and 69.8 for men).

Age composition:

• 0-14 years old: 35.2% (men 17,606,352/women 16,911,376)
• 15-64 years: 60.6% (men 29,679,327/women 29,737,919)
• 65 years and over: 4.1% (Men 1,744,248/Women 2,297,381) ( forecast for 2009)

Average age: 22.5 years (men: 22, women: 23 years) ( forecast for 2009)

Ethnic composition

The majority of the population (95%) are Austronesian peoples, Malays, in some places with an admixture of Chinese blood. Ethnically, the closest relatives of the Filipinos are apparently the indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan. 3-4% of Filipinos have European or American ancestors.

Main ethnic groups: Ilocanos (Ilocans), Pangasinan, Pampangans, Tagalogs, Bicols (Bicols), Visayas. In the southern regions of the Philippines live peoples who profess Islam, called Moros in Spanish (i.e., “Moors”).

A very small part of the population (about 30 thousand people) consists of the first indigenous population of the archipelago - the Negritos.

Among the large non-indigenous and mixed population groups, one can note a very large Chinese diaspora, mestizos (a consequence of 300 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines), Mexicans, Americans, Arabs, Indians, Japanese, Jews, Koreans, etc.

Languages

Most of the local languages ​​in the Philippines belong to the Malayo-Polynesian group of Austronesian languages. The most common languages ​​are Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Kapampangan, Waray-Waray. According to modern ideas, the Philippine languages ​​do not represent some kind of genetic unity, but are combined with some Indonesian languages ​​into the Borneo-Filipino language group.

The official languages ​​are Filipino (Filipino or Pilipino) - essentially a variant of Tagalog - and English.

Until 1973, Spanish was also the official language; several creole languages ​​are based on it, but there are currently not very many native speakers of Spanish in the Philippines.

Chinese, Arabic, Japanese, etc. are also in circulation.

Religion

The Philippines is the only Christian country in Asia. About 80% of the population are Catholics, 10% are Protestants of various denominations. About 5% of the population (mainly in the south of the country) professes Islam. Buddhists make up about 3%.

Filipino values

The Filipinos, throughout their rich history, have developed a set of values ​​that bind them together as a national and cultural unity. The formation of ideals was influenced by many things: Asian origin, geographical isolation, and the influence of foreigners (and especially Christianity). Some Filipino values ​​may seem like weaknesses in today's cynical world, but they continue to be a unifying link.

• Family. Family is the most important thing for a Filipino; it is truly the “unit of society” that forms the basis of the Philippine nation. Filipinos try to live in their clans and work as a family in one place. Filipinos have a special attitude towards old people.
• Politeness. Filipinos are always polite.
• Hospitality. Filipinos always try to offer the best to their guests, even at the expense of themselves.
• Gratitude. The Filipino does not forget about good deeds towards himself and tries to “repay” good for good.
• Shame. For a Filipino, his own reputation or the honor of his family are of great importance and he can do anything just not to feel shame.
• Flexibility, adaptability, resourcefulness. An optimistic outlook on life and the ability to find a way out of difficult situations are important mechanisms that allowed Filipinos to survive in various conditions. Filipinos are tolerant, calmly perceive uncertainty, and can adapt to the new.
• Loyalty. Filipinos are faithful in their relationships.
• Work. It is generally accepted that Filipinos are good workers, including in hard physical work. The Filipino is capable of great personal sacrifice.
• Humility. The Filipino is submissive to fate and believes in God.

The informal name for Filipinos both in the Philippines and abroad is pinoy

And demands that the government respect all religious beliefs equally.

About 5.6% of the Philippine population is Muslim, according to National Religious Surveys, making Islam the second largest religion in the country. However, a 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or about 11 percent of the total population. Most Muslims live in the areas of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago - an area known as the Bangsamoro or Moro region. Some of them migrated to urban and rural areas in different parts of the country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school. There are some Ahmadiyya Muslims in the country.

In 2013, the US State Department reported that the 2012 NCMF estimate indicated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, representing approximately 11 percent of the total population.

Ancient indigenous beliefs or Dayawism

During pre-colonial times, a form of animism was widely practiced in the Philippines. Each of the ethnolinguistic tribes in the archipelago practices a distinct local religion. Today, the Philippines is predominantly Catholic and other forms of Christianity, with only a few of the indigenous tribes continuing to practice the old traditions. They represent a body of beliefs and cultural mores anchored more or less in the fact that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through the worship of nature. These spirits are all around nature known as " diwatas", showing cultural connections with Hinduism (Devatas). Currently, there are 135 ethnolinguistic tribes in the Philippines according to Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino. Less than half of which still practice indigenous religions that were used before Spanish colonialism.

Some worship specific deities, such as the Tagalog supreme deity, Bathala, and his children Adlaw, Mayarí and Tala, or the Visayan deity Kan-Lan. Other ancestor worship practices ( anitos). Variations of animistic practices are found in various ethnic groups. Magic, chants and prayers are often key functions. Its practitioners were highly respected (and some feared) in society, as they were healers, midwives ( Hilot), shamans, sorcerers and warlocks ( mangkukulam), priests/priestesses ( babaylan / katalonan), tribal historians and wizened elders who provided spiritual and traditional life to the community. In Visayan regions, shamanic and animistic beliefs in witchcraft ( barang) and mythical creatures like Aswang(vampires) duwende(gnomes) and bakonawa(giant sea serpent), may exist in some indigenous peoples along with the more common Christian and Islamic denominations,

Procession to Malaybalay for the Kaamulan indigenous festival

Spanish missionaries during the 16th century arrived in the Philippines noted warrior priestesses leading tribal spiritual affairs. Many of them were condemned as pagans. Although suppressed, these matriarchal tendencies are deeply ingrained in Philippine society and can still be seen in the strong leadership roles modern Filipino women assume in business, politics, academia, the arts and in religious institutions.

Nominally, animists make up about one percent of the population. But the influence of animism permeates the daily life and practice of the colonial religions that took root in the Philippines. Elements of folk belief are blended with Christian and Islamic practices to give a unique perspective on these religions.

Just as on the path Hinduism and Shintoism began where they became a collection of different belief systems indigenous from different ethnic groups, the indigenous belief systems of the Philippines are sometimes called Dayawism. The term itself comes from the word, "dayaw", which is a root word in all the indigenous languages ​​of the country. The term means to give appreciation, to take pride in oneself and the nations themselves represent, improvement or improvement, or conviviality and pride, depending on the language. Other terms used to collect Philippine indigenous religions are Anitism And Bathalism, although these two terms are Tagalog-centric in terminology.

Preserving Dayawism Through Paiwan Models

Due to the influx of Christianity, Islam and other world religions in traditional communities, indigenous practices, rituals and spiritual beliefs and knowledge of indigenous Filipinos are rapidly disappearing. Cultural workers in the country propose the Paiwan model, which was made by the Taiwanese government to preserve indigenous religions, to preserve their indigenous religions in the Philippines. Indigenous Practices and Shamanism in Paiwan Taiwan has had the fastest decline of religion in the country. This prompted the Taiwanense government to preserve the religion and strive to establish the Paiwan School of Shamanism, where religious leaders teach their students the native religion so that it will never be lost. It became an effective medium in preserving and even uplifting the indigenous religion of the Paiwan people.

In the Philippines, shamanism is called dayawism, which means "gallant religions that give thanks to all living and nonliving things." As of 2018, not created dayawism school in the Philippines, which puts hundreds of indigenous religions in the country in great danger of extinction due to the influx of colonial-era religions. Each indigenous religion in the Philippines is different from each other, possessing unique epics, pantheons, belief systems and other intangible heritage related to religious beliefs. Because of this huge diversity of indigenous religions, a distinct school of dayawism is not possible. Most likely, the hundreds of schools of dayawism belonging to the ethnolinguistic tribe are the best addition to the current religious life in the Philippines.

Baha'i faith

Christianity

San Fernando Cathedral in Pampanga

The Catholic Church has great influence on Philippine society and politics. A typical case is the role of the Catholic hierarchy during the bloodless People's Forces revolution of 1986 by the then Archbishop of Manila and de facto The Primate of the Philippines, Jaime Cardinal Sin, addressed the public by radio as they gathered along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in support of the rebel forces. Some seven million people responded to the call on February 22–25, and nonviolent protests successfully forced President Ferdinand E. Marcos out of power and into exile in Hawaii.

Some Catholic holidays have cultural significance, like family holidays, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these are Christmas, which includes the celebration of the civil New Year, and the more solemn Holy Week, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrate All Saints' and All Souls' Day as a single holiday in honor of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning the graves of ancestors, offering prayers and feasting. As of 2018, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.

papal visits

• Pope Paul VI was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines in 1970. The assailant, a Bolivian surrealist artist named Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, rushed towards Pope Paul with a kris but was subdued.
• Pope John Paul II visited the country twice, 1981 and 1995. The event's final Mass was recorded to have been attended by 4 million people, and was at the time the largest papal crowd in history.
• Pope Benedict XVI declined the invitation of Cardinal Gaudencio Borbón Rosales and CBCP President Angel Lagdameo to visit due to busy schedules.
• Francis visited the country in January 2015, and the closing Mass at the Quirino Grandstand had nearly 6,000,000 attendees, breaking the record of Pope John Paul's Mass at the same location twenty years earlier.

Church of Christ

Central Temple Church of Christ in Quezon City

Church of Christ (English: Church of Christ, Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo listen)) is the largest fully indigenous initiated religious organization in the Philippines, containing approximately 2% of the religious affiliation in the Philippines. Felix Y. Manalo officially registered the church with the Philippine government on July 27, 1914 and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Manalo claimed that he was restoring the Church of Christ, which had been lost for 2000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76.

The Church of Christ is known for its great evangelistic missions. The largest of which was the Grand Gospel Mission (GEM), which also took place simultaneously at 19 sites across the country. The Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event. Other programs include Lingap sa Mamamayan(Aid to Humanity), The Kabayan Ko Kapatid Ko(fellow tribe, My brothers) and various resettlement projects for affected persons.

Miracle Crusade Jesus International Ministries

Miracle Cross Ministries of Jesus International (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines that believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs of miracles, wonders and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.

Members of Church of God International

Members of the Church of God International (Filipino: Mga Kasapi Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal) is a religious organization known for its television program, Ang Dating Daana(Tagalog for "The Old Path").

The church is known for its "Bible Exhibitions," where guests and members have the opportunity to ask any Bible question to the church's General Minister, Eliseo Soriano, directly from the Bible. He and his fellow servants debunk the teachings requested of religions that are not biblical and expand more knowledge about some obscure verses using old manuscripts and reliable translations of the Bible. Besides general preaching, they also established charitable works. Among these humanitarian services are charitable homes for the elderly and children - orphans and teenagers; transitional houses; medical missions; full college scholarship; seed capital for livelihood projects; vocational training for differently disabled people; free legal assistance; free buses, Jeepney and train rides for commuters and seniors as well; free Bible for everyone. In its quest to save lives, MCGI is now one of the major blood donors in the Philippines as recognized by the Philippine National Red Cross.

Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus

Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (Filipino: Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus), is an independent Christian denomination officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The Church claims to restore the visible Church founded in Jerusalem Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas including California, United States; Calgary, Canada, Dubai, UAE and other Asian countries. The church will celebrate its centenary in May 2022.

The church was founded by Bishop Theophilus D. Or in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicholas Perez, separated from the Church of Christ (Church of Christ), in 1922 they initially called their church Iglesia Verdadera - de Cristo Jesus(True Church of Jesus Christ). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicholas Perez split from the group and registered an offshoot called Iglesia ng Dios whom Kristo Hesus, Haligi in Suhay ng Katotohanan(Church of God in Christ Jesus, Pillar and Support of Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador S. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop GAMALIEL T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003-gift ). It was during the tenure of GAMALIEL Payawal that the church was renamed Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus .

Philippine Independent Church

The Philippine Independent Church (officially Spanish: Iglesia Filipina Independiente, MIN, colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination as the national church of the Philippines. His schism from the Catholic Church was declared in 1902 by members of the Patriotic Obrera Filipina-Democratic as a result of the alleged mistreatment of Filipinos by Spanish priests and the execution of the nationalist Rizal under Spanish colonial rule.

Isabel De Los Reyes was one of the initiators of the secession, and suggested that former Catholic priest Gregorio Aglipay be the head of the church. It is also known as the Aglipayan Church after its first Obispo Maximo, Gregorio Aglipay.

Typically common beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of apostolic succession exclusively to the Petrine papacy, the acceptance of the ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, admission to join Freemasonry groups, non-committal beliefs regarding transubstantiation and actual presence in the Eucharist, and promotion of contraception and same-sex civil rights between its members. Many saints canonized by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognized by the Aglipayan Church and its members.

As of 2010, Aglipayans in the Philippines numbered approximately one million members, with the majority from northern Luzon, especially in Ilocos. Communities are also found throughout the Filipino diaspora in North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. The Church is the second largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Roman Catholic Church (about 80.2% of the population), representing about 2.6% of the total population of the Philippines.

Catholic Church Apostolic

The Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC) is a Roman Catholic denomination, founded in the 1980s in Hermosa, Bataan. It formally separated into the Roman Catholic Church in 1992, when Patriarch Dr. John of Florence of Teruel registered it as a Protestant and independent Catholic denomination. Today it has more than 5 million members worldwide. The largest international parishes are in Japan, the United States and Canada.

orthodoxy

Orthodoxy has had a continuous presence in the Philippines for more than 200 years. It is represented by two groups, by the Exarchate of the Philippines (in the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople governed by the Hong Kong Metropolis), and the Antiochian Orthodox Mission in the Philippines (in the jurisdiction of the Antiochian Orthodox Church governed by the Antiochian Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Oceania All). In 1999, it was claimed that there were about 560 Orthodox church members in the Philippines.

Protestantism

Protestantism arrived in the Philippines with the takeover of the islands by the Americans at the turn of the 20th century. They currently make up about 10%-15% of the population with an annual growth rate of 10% since 1910 and form the largest Christian grouping after Catholicism. In 1898, Spain lost the Philippines to the United States. After a bitter struggle for independence against their new occupiers, the Filipinos surrendered and were recolonized. The arrival of Protestant American missionaries soon followed. Protestant church organizations established in the Philippines in the 20th century include the following:

Members of the Church of God in Jesus Christ to the whole world

Members of the Church of God in Jesus Christ to the whole world (also known as Miembro de la Iglesia de Dios en Todo El Mundo Inc. listen)) is an independent Christian organization headquartered in the Philippines led by Wilfredo "Bro. Willie" Santiago, former Bible reader Members of the Church of God International (MCGI). Willie Santiago was suspended from MCGI due to various infractions. Santiago is currently building a new church headquarters in Malolos, Bulacan.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish–American War in 1898. Two men from Utah who were members of a United States artillery battery, and who were also ordained as missionaries by the Church, before they left the United States, preaching while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the church was officially registered in the Philippines. In 1969, the Church had expanded to eight main islands and had the highest number of baptisms in any area in the Church. A temple was built in 1984, which is located in Quezon City and another in Cebu, completed in 2010. Membership was 710,764 in 2015.

Other Christians

• The Bible Students, from which Jehovah's Witnesses later developed, was introduced to the Philippines in 1912, when the president of the Watch Tower Society, Charles Russell Taze, gave a talk at the former Manila Grand Opera House. In 1993, a Supreme Court case involving the Witnesses resulted in the reversal of an earlier 1959 Supreme Court decision and in upholding "the right of children of Jehovah's Witnesses to refrain from saluting the flag, reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, and singing the national anthem." As of 2015, there were officially 201,001 active members in the Philippines in 3,156 congregations throughout the country. Their observance of the 2013 annual remembrance of Christ's death attracted an attendance of 543,282 in the country.
• The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the Name Above Every Name was founded by Pastor Apollo S. Quiboloy on September 1, 1985. Pastor Quiboloy claims that the "Ordained" Son of God, that salvation is through him, that he is the residence of God the Father, and that he is restoring the Kingdom of God to the Gentiles at a construction site.
• The Seventh-day Adventist Church was founded by Ellen G. White, who is best known for his teaching that the Sabbath, the seventh day of the week is the Sabbath, and that the second coming of Christ is imminent. Colloquially called Sabadistas to outsiders, Philippine Adventists numbered 571,653 in 88,706 congregations as of 2007, and with an annual membership growth rate of 5.6%.
• United Pentecostal Churches International (Oneness) originated in the United States as an offshoot of the Pentecostal movement in the 1920s. The church is a proponent of the faith of modalism to describe God, and is non-trinitarian in its conception of God.
• Jesus Christ to Praise God (Friends Again) was founded by Luis Ruiz Santos in 1988.
• Churches of Christ (Churches Christos 33 AD / Stone-Campbellites) is a movement of restorers, distinctively believing in a set of steps or ways to achieve salvation, among which is the sine qua non of immersion baptism.
• True Church of Jesus is a "Unity" movement that started in the People's Republic of China.
• Jesus is Our Shield Worldwide Ministry (commonly known as Oras ng Himala, "Hour of the Miracle[s]") was founded by Renato D. Carillo, who claims to be in the last times of the apostle.
• The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (UCKG Help Center) was founded by Edir Macedo in 1977 in Brazil.
• Unification Church, founded by Sun Myung Moon in what is today South Korea.