Fishing vessels: types. Fishing boats Commercial fishing boat 7
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All nerve fibers in our body conduct signals received only at the beginning or end of the nerve. And only one single nerve perceives irritation somewhere in its middle. This is the ulnar nerve, located close under the skin at the elbow. It consists of fibers that conduct impulses when feeling pain, cold, pressure. That's why when you bruise your elbow, there is an unpleasant *mixed* sensation, like an electric shock.
Seals, as well as any other animals that can live in the sea, ocean, lake, river, etc.
General information
Currently, there are approximately four million commercial fishing vessels in the Russian Federation. However, it is very important to note here that it is almost impossible to calculate the actual number of vessels that are used for fishing, since many people are engaged in private fishing.
Division into classes. Drifter
Fishing vessels are currently divided into several classes depending on their size, as well as the method of fishing.
There is such a class as a drifter. This ship belongs to small and medium-sized ships. The name of this ship comes from the English word drift, which means drift. It was named so not by chance, but because fishing is carried out while the ship is drifting calmly. Catching prey is carried out due to a flat net, which can reach a height of 3 to 15 meters, and its length can reach 5 km. The design features of this type of ship include the fact that it has a low side, as well as a lot of free space in the bow of the deck. This place is intended for the location of devices involved in network sampling.
Trawler
Fishing trawlers are considered one of the most common. In order to increase the number of fish caught in one run, these large vessels use trawl nets - trawls. Also on these vessels, the primary processing of all caught prey takes place. Currently, all fishing vessels belonging to this type are equipped with refrigeration units and freezers, which are designed to store the caught fish while the crew is still at sea. It is worth noting here that there are several subclasses of the trawler. The main difference between these species is the way they fish.
There are side trawl fishing trawler, stern trawl fishing trawler, large fishing trawler, large autonomous trawler, etc. As their name implies, the difference between most ships lies in the location of the trawl, which also changes the process of catching fish.
It is worth noting that vacancies for work on fishing vessels are a rarity. Despite the fact that the work is very hard, even ordinary sailors are paid good money for it.
Longliners
The next type of fishing was longline fishing. Using this method involves hunting for fish such as cod, tuna, halibut, pollock. The essence of this method lies in the fact that hook tackle with bait descends into the sea. This tackle is attached to a long cable, which is called a tier. For this reason, all ships using this method of fishing are called longliners.
While the vessel is moving to the point where the fishing will be carried out, the crew is engaged in setting the bait on the hooks. The length of the coward can be up to 5 km. In this case, there are approximately 4,500 hooks that need to be baited. In order to lower tackle with hooks to the very bottom, where the fish feed, anchors are used. However, there are also more advanced longline vessels. Modernization consists in the fact that on board the ship there is an automatic system for putting bait on hooks. The bait speed reaches four hooks per second.
Seiner
Seiners are fishing vessels whose sailors fish using a method such as a purse seine. This seine is lifted out of the water by the ship's cargo crane. This method is used very actively for catching fish such as herring. The largest catch can be obtained in the spring if you fish in the city of Sitka, located in Alaska. By its design, the seiner is the simplest fishing vessel with one deck, as well as a superstructure, which is slightly offset towards the bow of the ship. At the stern of the vessel there is a working space where the seine is stored and processed, and there is also a turntable from which it is swept out during fishing. It is also worth noting that the seiner usually tows a small motor boat behind it. In order to detect a large flock of herring during fishing, this vessel has an echo sounder.
floating bases
Most often, what happens is that a fishing vessel unloads its catch onto a fish processing ship. This category is considered the most numerous, and it usually functions far from the coast. On board such vessels there is always a place for storage, as well as for processing fish. Among the characteristics of such ships, one can single out the fact that their maximum carrying capacity can reach from 2,000 to 3,000 tons. In addition, such facilities have on board equipment that is quite capable of carrying out all fish processing processes, including cleaning, cutting, freezing, etc.
The number of crew that serves this ship and works on it reaches 90 people. Photos of fishing vessels of this type are always easier to find than others, since the dimensions of this category of ship are much larger than the rest. It is worth noting that they have been in areas where fish are fished for quite a long time, and therefore they are most often equipped with floating bases. On such bases are located the administrative bodies of the fleet, crew rest areas, hospitals and means of communication with the ground.
Harpoon ships or dredges
The use of harpoon vessels is justified only in hunting very large game. Most often this game is whales. Such vessels are equipped with large harpoons, to the ends of which a rope is attached, and the tip has either pointed ends or swivel paws. It is worth noting here that whale fishing is most often carried out by more than one vessel. For this, whole whaling fleets are used, and the storage and processing of prey is carried out on floating bases.
However, at present, whale fishing is prohibited by almost all countries except Japan, Iceland and Norway. Fishing is a very profitable business, but it is worth preparing for the fact that you will have to spend most of the year at sea.
I hope each of you has ever tried fish or eaten canned food, but has anyone thought about how difficult it is to extract this product from its habitat. I will try to explain this in detail.
TO fishing boats includes boats, boats or vessels from which fishing, whales, seals or other living resources are carried out in the ocean, sea, lake or river. All of them can be divided according to the purpose of use into several types: commercial - commercial court, amateur or poaching.
There are currently about four million commercial fishing boats.
Actually the actual number fishing boats impossible to determine. In ancient times, fishermen went out to fish on rafts or boats built from the bark of trees or hollowed out from a bar of coniferous trees. The sail fixed on the mast made it possible for fishermen to go further into the sea and conduct a variety of crafts. They were considered excellent fishermen of antiquity, who created a special vessel for this fishery.
Over a long period of development, fishing developed into a separate industry, which led to the emergence of several types fishing boats: trawlers, floating bases, drifters, seiners, tuna fish and other industrial ones. Commercial fishing boats began to be equipped with the first radio navigational devices for determining schools of fish.
Last time fishing boats, meeting international standards, are becoming more and more modernized. The fishing industry is classified as a high-risk industry. In this regard, at the International Maritime Forum in 1959, under the leadership of the UN, a Convention was signed that defines acceptable standards for the design and construction of fishing vessels, and also specifies the conditions for the operation of ship crews.
Most commercial fishing boats are small ships measuring up to 30 meters, but some are up to 150 meters, as a rule, these are floating fish processing plants or trawlers. fishing boats commercial value can be classified according to way fishing.
drifters and gillnet fishing
drifters and gillnet fishing
Drifter(English "drift" - drift) - a fishing vessel designed to catch fish while drifting using flat nets from 3 to 15 meters high and up to 5000 meters long, floating freely after they are set. A feature of the architecture of such vessels is a low side, and a free deck in the bow for mechanisms that select nets. Drifters have the dimensions of small or medium-sized fishing vessels.
a commercial fishing tests the strength of even the most experienced captains. Many sailors are engaged in fishing in order to earn money, but this money comes from hard, many hours of work. They work 20 hours a day, but there are places in the world where you can earn tens of thousands of dollars in a short time.
For skilful captains, seasonal fishing in the town of Naknek generates over $130,000 in net income. The Department of Fish and Game regulates the timing and amount of salmon caught. This is done in order to maintain the delicate balance of the ecosystem and not destroy all the fish.
Fishing in Naknek is aggressive, focusing on a small body of water. For violations, captains face large fines of $15,000 or even jail.
The catch is carried out by a drifter (gill) net. It is similar to a volleyball net, only it moves with the undercurrents of the tide. The size of the cells of the drift net allows you to catch fish of a certain size by the gills. The net with a buoy at the end is thrown from the drifter into the water using a drum, from which it is unwound by a mechanical drive. The other end is at the stern of the fishing boat. The gill net is in the water for a certain time, after which it is drawn into the vessel.
trawlers and trawlers
side-trawl fishing trawler
Next type fishing boats are trawlers(from the English "trawl" - trawl, seine). This is the most common type fishing vessels, which use trawl nets - trawls for a larger catch of fish and its primary processing. Trawlers, as a rule, are equipped with refrigeration units for freezing and storing fish products, and there are also several types: side-trawl fishing trawler (MRTB), stern-trawl fishing trawler (MRTK), large fishing trawler (BRT), large autonomous trawler (BAT), large freezing fishing trawler (BMRT), canning-super freezing fishing trawler (RTMKS), medium fishing trawler (SRT), medium freezing fishing trawler (SRTM), freezing seiner trawler (STM), fishing crab fishing trawler (RKT) and freezing fishing trawler (RTM).
trawl
trawler tuna
Trawlers are equipped with trawl winches, on the drums of which up to 4000 meters of cable - warps are laid, which allows fishing at depths of up to 2 km. The trawl is lifted on board the fishing vessel through the slipway. Technological equipment trawler consists of a complex of machines and mechanized lines for cutting, washing fish, sometimes canning, as well as for the production of fish meal and fat from waste. Most modern trawlers are equipped with fish-searching equipment and trawl parameters control devices that allow you to control its movement in the water and aim at fish concentrations.
longliners and longline fishing
longline fishing
Longline fishing This is a method of industrial fishing of aquatic species (cod, tuna, halibut, pollock), which uses baited hook tackle attached to a long cable - “tier”. fishing boats using this way of fishing got the name longliners.
In the state of Alaska, 120 km from the coast lies the continental shelf, in which the largest populations of Pacific halibut and black cod live. For one five-day flight, the team fishing boat can earn about $200,000. During the year, fishing vessels make about twelve voyages to the shelf.
Bye fishing boat goes to the point, the team puts on bait on 4500 hooks attached to a cable up to 5 km long, which make up a large tackle. To explore the seabed, the captain uses an echo sounder and electronic charts. Each fish has its own habitat characteristics. Halibut loves shallow water with rocky bottoms, while cod prefers deeper, murkier water.
Tackles are lowered to the very bottom, where the fish feed, with the help of anchors. To deploy a line, fishermen first throw out signal buoys to fishing boat could have found him when he returned to catch his catch. Then the first of two anchors is thrown out, thanks to which the gear is held in one place on the seabed. After that, the fishermen pull tier, throwing kilometers of ropes with 5 cm hooks overboard. Then the tackle is pulled, and the second anchor and more signal buoys are thrown out. As a rule, two more tackles are set in this way.
On more modernized fishing boats improved ways of catching fish. On these longliners during setting, an automatic baiting system is used at a rate of four per second. Passed through a special device tier, and the team simultaneously feeds bait fish into the chute. As a result, a cable with hooks and bait appears at the exit. After the "fish" place is found, the automatic setting process begins tiers. Kilometers of baited gear are released from the stern fishing boat.
After a certain period of time fishing boats pull out their first catch. One end of the tier is attached to a hydraulic pulley system. In addition, for the normal lifting of gear in the stern there is a control panel for the vessel. The first fish picked up is sent to the pallet, where a special device removes the fish from the hook and dumps it into a container with ice. The mechanism retracts tackle and more and more fish fall into the container. A good catch depends on the number of abandoned gear. With the advent of the first fish on board fishing boat without fish processing equipment must reach the port no later than 5 days.
On fishing boat with automatic tackle, the caught fish is immediately processed. One operator controls the winch, the second - processes the fish, gutting the insides. Then it is washed with water and sorted by type and size. The fish are then completely frozen on small pallets 7 hours after being caught. When the freezers are full, the modern fishing boat proceeds to packing the catch. Frozen fish is placed in a container of water diluted with a small amount of chlorine, where it is covered with a crust, which in turn protects it from frostbite. Then the fish is placed in packages, from where it is again sent to the freezer, where the temperature is minus 15 degrees Celsius.
seiners and purse way
seiner
Seiner(from the English "seine" - purse seine) is fishing boat, the leading commercial fishing using a purse seine lifted by a cargo boom. Every spring, several of the best anglers come to the picturesque town of Sitka in Alaska. Everyone has the same goal - to catch as many herring as possible. But fishing in the area is not cheap - a permit costs about $300,000. This is fast, expensive and dangerous fishing. short period fishing decides sometimes entire destinies. For 30 minutes of fishing, one fishing boat can earn about $200,000.
The Department of Fishing and Hunting appoints certain areas and periods of time where it is possible to catch herring. Aerial reconnaissance gives an idea of how the herring will spread in the strait. The value of herring is determined not by the carcass, but by caviar and milk. The more mature the caviar, the higher the quality of the product.
Seiner this is usually a single-deck vessel with a superstructure offset towards the bow. At the stern there is a working space for storing and processing the seine and a turntable, from where it is swept out during fishing. Besides, seiner towing an auxiliary motor boat. On the radio station, the department announces the opening of the season and fishing begins.
purse way
During fishing fishing boats find large flocks of herring with the help of sonar. After detecting a flock, the auxiliary motor boat with the end of the seine attached to it moves away from the stern of the fishing vessel and surrounds the fish. The lower part of the seine is designed in such a way that it can be pulled together and turned into a trap for fish. Caught fish accumulate in a relatively small bottom part of the seine. Then the ship's crew, using devices for hauling and laying the seine, winds and compacts it, lifting the fish on board with the help of a lifting device - a crane. When the net is tightened the fluttering catch is pumped aboard mother ship- a ship with a larger capacity.
purse seine catch
transshipment of fish from a seiner to a floating base
Sometimes one catch can reach up to 900 tons. On such a catch one fishing boat can earn over $1 million.
floating fish processing plants, floating bases and transport vessels
floating base
The catch is unloaded on fish processing vessels- the largest fishing fleet operating at great distances from the coast, and having on board facilities for the storage and processing of fish. The modern floating plant performs all processing processes of harvested seafood, including cleaning, cutting, freezing, briquetting, packaging, packaging, canning, fish oil extraction, food production. The total carrying capacity of such vessels ranges from 2000 to 3000 tons, the crew number reaches 90 people.
In conditions of long stay in fishing areas remote from home ports fishing vessels, they and their teams are served by specially designed for this purpose floating bases. On such mother ships administrative bodies of the fleet, means of communication with the land, hospitals and rest houses are located.
Transportation in the fishing industry is performed. It includes the delivery of commercial fish and food products to processing centers or canneries.
fish processing
At the port, fish processing companies sort the fish once again and weigh them. After that, the fish is sent to the workshops with the help of conveyors, where it is frozen. Then, in this form, the fish is placed in boxes with an average weight of 600 kg and sent to. After that, the trucks of the fishing industry companies follow to the terminals, from where the cargo can be delivered to destinations around the world on large ships -.
harpoon or whaling ships
Harpoon ships used for hunting whales. A harpoon is a throwing weapon with a rope attached to the rear end of the stem; the tip of the harpoon is either serrated or has swivel legs, due to which it is held in the body of a whale or fish. Often they act not alone, but as part of whaling fleets, while the harpoon vessels themselves are small, and the whales they catch are processed on board the floating bases (). Now whaling PROHIBITED laws of most countries, only Norway, Iceland and Japan are still whaling.
dredge
japanese dragger
The intake part of the dredge is a series of metal scrapers, behind each of which is a wire scoop for collecting oysters and scallops raked from the seabed. The main assembly of the intake part of the hydraulic dredge for collecting molluscs are a skid with a knife in front and a chain scoop in the back; water jet nozzles located in front of the knife facilitate the removal of shellfish.
Fisheries can be a profitable industry, but for those who choose this path, they must be able to make sacrifices, because fishermen, however, like all sailors, are united by homesickness and family.
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