On the roads of Switzerland. What Switzerland is famous for: the most famous sights, cultural objects and interesting facts What Switzerland is famous for in everything

Switzerland - the most detailed information about the country with a photo. Landmarks, Swiss cities, climate, geography, population and culture.

Switzerland

Switzerland is a state in Central Europe. This is one of the most beautiful and richest countries in the world, most of the territory of which is occupied by mountains (Alps and Jura). Switzerland borders Italy in the south, Germany in the north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, and France in the west. This is a federal parliamentary republic, which is divided into 20 cantons and 6 semi-cantons. The population speaks German, French, Italian and professes Christianity (while the proportion of Catholics and Protestants is approximately equal).

The name of the state comes from the canton of Schwyz, one of the three cantons that founded the Confederation. Switzerland is a country of amazing alpine landscapes and picturesque small towns, blue lakes that reflect mountains and glaciers, and green valleys. This is a country of banks and watches, cheese and chocolate, which has maintained its neutrality for many centuries. Switzerland is famous for its remarkable cultural heritage, stunning nature and world-class ski resorts.

Useful information about Switzerland

The official languages are German, French, Italian and Romansh (or Swiss).
Currency - Swiss franc.
Visa - Schengen.
The standard of living is very high.
The population is more than 8 million people.
Area - 41,284 km².
The capital is Bern.
Time - UTC +1, summer +2.
Switzerland is one of the safest countries in the world with a very low crime rate.
Tax Free - only possible with purchases worth more than 300 francs.
Holidays: January 1 - New Year, January 2 - St. Berthold's Day, Good Friday (April-May), Easter (April-May), Monday of Bright Week (the first after Easter), May 1 - Labor Day, Ascension of the Lord (in May -June), Pentecost and Spirits Day (May-June), Feast of the Body of the Lord (usually in June), August 1 - Swiss National Day, August 15 - Assumption of the Virgin Mary, November 1 - All Saints Day, December 8 - Immaculate Conception Day of the Blessed Virgin Mary, December 25 - Christmas, December 26 - Boxing Day.

Geography and nature

Switzerland is located almost in the center of Europe and occupies an important strategic position between the North and South of the continent. Geographically, the country can be divided into:

The Jura is a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Switzerland.
The Swiss Plateau or Mittelland is the central part of the country, sandwiched between the Alps and the Jura. It is a hilly plain.
The Alps are the largest mountain range in Switzerland, which occupies 61% of its territory. They are divided into the Pennine Alps, the Lepontine Alps, the Rhaetian Alps and the Bernina Massif.

In terms of relief, most of Switzerland is mountainous. The average height above sea level exceeds 500 meters. The highest point in Switzerland is Peak Dufour (4634 m), the lowest is Lake Maggiore - 193 m.

In the mountains of Switzerland are the sources of the largest rivers in Europe: the Rhone and the Rhine. Also, the country is known for a large number of picturesque lakes: Geneva, Firwaldstet, Thun, Zurich, Biel, Neuchâtel, Lago Maggiore. Most of them are of glacial origin. By the way, there are many glaciers in the mountains of Switzerland.

The nature of Switzerland is quite rich and varied. 1/4 of the country's territory is still covered with forests. Oak and beech predominate in the forests, spruce, pine, and fir in the mountains. Deer, roe deer, chamois, foxes, hares, partridges live in the mountains and forests of Switzerland.

Climate

The predominant type of climate is continental. The climate of mountainous regions is determined by altitudinal zonality. In the west of the country the climate is much milder, while in the east and south it is much more severe.

Best time to visit

Switzerland is open to tourists all year round and every season is good in its own way. If the main goal is its ski resorts, then you need to come in winter. The off-season is quite suitable for exploring the country's cultural heritage and attractions. For trips to the mountains and lakes, it is better to visit Switzerland in the summer.

Story

Switzerland has been inhabited since the Stone Age. During the existence and flourishing of the Roman Empire (from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD), Celtic tribes (Helvetians) lived here. The east of Switzerland was inhabited by the Rhaetians, who were related to the Etruscans. In the 2nd century BC, local tribes raided the Roman Empire and even inflicted several defeats on the Romans. Switzerland was subjugated in 52 BC when the revolt of the Gauls against the power of Rome was put down. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans begin to lose their positions under the onslaught of the Germanic tribes. By the 5th century, the north of Switzerland was taken over by the Alemanni and the west by the Burgundians.

In the Middle Ages, Switzerland was fragmented into several kingdoms, which were subjugated by the Franks during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. The Christianization of the population began in the 4th century. In 843 the territory of Switzerland was divided between Italy and Germany. At the beginning of the 10th century, the entire territory of the country was subordinated to the German kings and in 1032 became part of the Holy Roman Empire, under whose rule it remained for 3 centuries.

In the 11th-13th century, trade develops in Switzerland and new cities appear. This led to the emergence of new trade routes. One of the main trade arteries of Switzerland was of great importance and passed through the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, Grisons and the St. Gotthard Pass. During this period, the Habsburgs came to power in the Holy Roman Empire. Fearing their oppression, on August 1, 1291, a military treaty was concluded that united Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. This date is considered the foundation of the Swiss Union and Swiss statehood. In the 14th century, the Habsburgs repeatedly tried to take control of the cantons, but suffered several defeats.

In the 14th century, the composition of the Swiss Union was replenished with Zurich, Lucerne and Bern. This led to an increase in tension between the cantons, which resulted in the Zurich War. It is interesting that large cities within the confederation received the status of freemen, had broad autonomy and carried on a brisk trade with other cities of Europe. In the 15th century, new cantons joined the Swiss Union. In 1499, the Holy Roman Empire tried to regain control of the recalcitrant territories, but was defeated. By the way, around this period, the first principles of Swiss neutrality were laid down.

In the first half of the 16th century, the Reformation began in Switzerland. In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, which secured the independence of Switzerland. In the 17-18 century, life in the state was peaceful. During this period, industry develops in Switzerland, and the country itself grows rich on loans, turning into one of the main financial centers of Europe.

At the end of the 18th century, a revolution broke out in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland. The German-speaking cantons, led by Bern, tried to suppress it, but this led to the occupation by France and the formation of the Helvetic Republic. During this period, the first constitution was adopted on the model of the French. After the withdrawal of French troops in 1802, the restoration of the old order began. In 1803, Napoleon returned feudalism to Switzerland, gave a new constitution and increased the number of cantons. In 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris secured the independence of Switzerland and its neutrality.

In 1848, a new constitution was adopted in Switzerland. Since 1850, the franc has become the single currency, and the capital is Bern. In 1844 the first railway was built from Basel to Strasbourg. In the First and Second World Wars, Switzerland took the side of military neutrality. Although during the Second World War she collaborated with the Nazis. In 1999 a new constitution was adopted. Switzerland is currently one of the richest countries in the world. One of the largest physical laboratories, CERN, operates on its territory. It was also in Switzerland that the Internet was born. Here the first website, browser and web server were developed.

Administrative division

In administrative-territorial terms, Switzerland is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. The cantons are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into cities and communities.

obwalden
Nidwalden
Neuchâtel
Ticino
Thurgau
Aargau
Graubünden
St. Gallen
Glarus
Friborg
Solothurn
Basel-Stadt
Basel Land
Schaffhausen
Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Appenzell-Innerrhoden

Regionally, the country can be divided into:

Northwestern Switzerland - Basel, Aargau, Solothurn.
Zurich region.
Central Switzerland - Lake Lucerne and the cantons of Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz.
Eastern Switzerland - the area between the sources of the Rhine and Lake Constance (Thurgau, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, St. Gallen).
The Lake Geneva region is the French-speaking part of Switzerland (the cantons of Geneva, Bern, Valais, Fribourg).
Southern Switzerland is an Italian-speaking region (Canton of Ticino).

Population

Interestingly, 90% of the Swiss population consider themselves ethnic Swiss. At the same time, the country does not have a single language. Language composition: German Swiss (65%), French Swiss (18%), Italian Swiss (10%). Therefore, the most common language, nevertheless, is German. Religiously, the vast majority are Christians (half of whom are Catholics and the other half are Protestants).

Transport

The largest airport in Switzerland is located in Zurich. Other international airports are located in Basel, Geneva, Lugano, Bern and St. Gallen. The country is connected by modern highways with Germany and Austria.

A vignette is required for driving on Swiss motorways. Its cost is 40 francs and it is valid for one year. The fine for not having a vignette is 200 francs.

Switzerland has one of the most developed rail networks in Europe, so getting around the country by train is very convenient. Also, many railways are very scenic. Regular rail links are available to almost all neighboring European countries. You can also get to Switzerland by bus from some countries of Eastern Europe, Spain and Portugal.

Speed limits: 50 km/h - built-up areas, 80 km/h - outside built-up areas, 120 km/h - motorways. Speeding fines are very high.

It is permissible to control the vehicle with a blood alcohol content of not more than 0.5‰.

Swiss cities and popular destinations

The capital of Switzerland is Bern. This is a picturesque old town with a beautiful medieval historical center, which is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The largest city and transport hub in Switzerland. It is one of the most dynamic Swiss cities with beautiful architecture, plenty of entertainment and leisure opportunities.

The capital of the canton of the same name, located on the shores of the picturesque Lake Geneva. It is a city of banks and museums, parks and galleries, where the headquarters of the UN in Europe is located.

The cultural capital of Switzerland with a beautiful old town and vibrant nightlife. This city is located on the river Rhine on the border with France and Germany.

Other popular cities:

Lausanne is the capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud. This small town is the seat of the International Olympic Committee and a major university center.
- one of the most beautiful and popular cities in Switzerland. It is located on the shore of the lake of the same name on the border of the Alps.
Lugano is the capital of Southern Switzerland and the canton of Ticino. It is famous for its picturesque nature and cultural component of recreation.
Interlaken is a small resort town located between the Thun and Brienz lakes.

Switzerland strikes with a whole scattering of picturesque small towns that seem to have come off a postcard.

Landmarks of Switzerland

Old cities and historical sights

The old town of Lucerne is located on the shores of a picturesque lake surrounded by mountains. It is a medieval core with old houses, bridges and sights. Lucerne's main symbols are the 14th-century bridge chapel and the famous "Dying Lion" sculpture.

For great scenery and views, visit the lookouts.

Chillon Castle in Montreux is a magnificent castle on the shores of Lake Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and for a long time remained the residence of the Savoy dynasty.

Saint-Pierre is a cathedral, the pearl of the old city of Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and contains a large number of Romanesque and Gothic elements.

Cathedral of St. Nicholas - a beautiful gothic church in the city of Friborg. Friborg itself is considered one of the most beautiful medieval cities in Europe.

The old town of Sion is one of the most picturesque in Europe. It is located on the river Rhone and has a charming medieval atmosphere. The most famous sights are the Cathedral, the Witches' Tower and the Bishops' Castle.

Oberhofen is a romantic medieval castle on the shores of Lake Thun, turned into a museum. A large and beautiful park adjoins the castle.

Notre Dame Cathedral is the most outstanding example of Swiss Gothic, a grandiose medieval cathedral located in Lausanne.

Bern's Old Town is a labyrinth of cobbled streets and old houses, the tallest cathedral in Switzerland and a medieval clock tower.

The charming old town of Zurich with beautiful architecture and interesting sights. Here you can find more than 50 museums and 100 art galleries. Bahnhofstrasse in Zurich is one of the best shopping streets in Europe with trendy designer shops.

Natural attractions of Switzerland

The Matterhorn is one of the most famous mountains in Europe. This legendary peak is located in the Pennine Alps and has a height of 4478 m.

Jungfraujoch is one of Switzerland's most popular natural attractions, located in the Bernese Alps. At an altitude of 3445 meters there is an observatory and an observation deck, as well as the largest glacier in Europe and the famous trail to Mount Eiger. At the foot of the mountains is the picturesque ski resort Grindelwald.

Interlaken is one of the most popular summer resorts in Switzerland, located between picturesque lakes. Offers over 45 scenic mountain railways, cable cars and ski lifts.

Lake Geneva is the largest alpine lake located on the border of Switzerland and Austria.

St. Moritz is one of the most famous ski resorts in Switzerland. Nestled among beautiful alpine lakes, jagged peaks and forests.

Lake Lugano is the pearl of the canton of Ticino. Here, among the Alpine peaks, subtropical plants grow, and the surroundings are saturated with the flavor and atmosphere of Italy.

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Central Europe. Located near the town of Schaffhausen.

Accommodation

Finding accommodation in Switzerland is not a problem. The country is a very popular tourist destination, so there are a large number of hotels, guest houses and even campsites of different price categories. On average, the cost of living in Switzerland is quite high. Although if you start looking for housing in advance or come in the off-season, you can find great options.

Kitchen

Swiss cuisine was formed under the influence of the culinary traditions of Italy, Germany, France. Switzerland is historically an agricultural country, so most traditional dishes are easy to prepare. Many cantons have regional cuisine.

Popular food:

Fondue - melted cheese with slices of bread.
Raclette is a dish similar to fondue.
Rösti is a popular potato dish.
Birchermuesli - muesli.
Älplermagrone - casserole with onions and cheese.
Zürcher Geschnetzeltes - veal with mushrooms in a creamy sauce.
Malakoff - fried cheese balls or sticks.
Apple Rösti is a sweet dish with apples.
Tirggel - Christmas biscuits.
Polenta, risotto and pizza in Southern Switzerland.

Traditional products: cheese, sausages, chocolate, meringue, wine.

Packages and tours

about country

Holidays in Switzerland- one of the most respected in the world. Switzerland is famous not only for the most reliable banks and the most accurate clocks, but also for first-class hotels and resorts, where there is everything for the brightest, most memorable vacation.

You can wander through the quiet old streets of Swiss cities, enjoy the beauty and silence of nature, or you can choose an active holiday in ski resorts in the majestic Alps.

Switzerland has an amazing mix of cultures, languages and traditions. Even the nature in different parts of the country is completely different: mountains, plains, waterfalls, lakes...

Every time you come to rest in Switzerland, you will open it again and again.

Nature and geography

Switzerland is a small country in Central Europe. The official name of the state is the Swiss Confederation (Confederation Helvetica).

Switzerland shares borders with Germany in the north, and the Principality of Liechtenstein in the east, west and south.

Most of the country is located in the Alps, where the highest point in Switzerland - Mount Dufour (4,634 m) is located. The Jura Mountains lie to the northwest. The Swiss Plateau is located in the central part. The main rivers of the country are the Rhine with its tributary Aare, Rhone, Ticino. The largest lakes in Switzerland are Geneva and Constance.

Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government, but the rights of the cantons are limited by the federal constitution.

The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

Time is 2 hours behind Moscow time.

Lake Geneva and Lake Constance are very picturesque, as well as the Rhine Falls (Rheinfall) in Eastern Switzerland - the largest waterfall in Europe. In addition, this part of the country is replete with unusual colorful flower carpets of flowers, including alpine roses (rhododendrons), edelweiss, saxifrage, and breakwort.

Mount Matterhorn, shaped like a pyramid, is a famous miracle that has become a symbol of Switzerland.

Not far from the Great St. Bernard Pass is a monastery that gave its name to the world-famous dog breed. St. Bernards were bred specifically to save people affected by avalanches.

The main attraction and symbol of Bern is the Zeitglokenturm bell tower (XII century), which used to be the western gate of the old city. The eastern facade of the tower is decorated with the famous clock by Kaspar Brunner. The clock shows not only the time, but also the day of the week, month, zodiac sign and phases of the moon. Every hour a rooster sings, and figures of bears and fabulous creatures appear.

In Zurich, it is worth visiting the ethnographic and archaeological museums, museums of tin figures and fine arts, constructive art and clocks, a contemporary art center, and a technology park. In the historical center of Zurich - Niederhorf - there is the church of St. Peter's with the largest clock face in Europe and the Flaumünstkirche church, for which Marc Chagall painted colored stained glass windows.

In Lucerne there is the Musegmauer rampart (1400) and the Baroque Jesuitenkirche, and in Montreux there is the Chillon Castle.

Architectural attractions are the Saint-Pierre Palace (XII-XIII centuries) and the altar of Konrad Witz in the Museum of Art and History. A unique clock with a diameter of 5 meters was also built here. Their dial is made of 6.5 thousand fresh flowers, and the length of the second hand is 2.5 meters.

Swiss cuisine and its features

Despite the fact that in the minds of many people Switzerland is strongly associated with cheese and chocolate, these products are not the main ones in the national cuisine of the country. Switzerland is famous not only for its national and cultural diversity, but also for its rich selection of French, German and Italian cuisine. But melted cheese dishes - fondue (Fondue) and raclette (Racklette) - are typically Swiss. Fondue was first prepared in Neuchâtel using local wine, which is why this dish is most often called Neuchâtel fondue. Grated cheese (equally - Emmental and Gruer) is boiled in white wine, corn or potato starch and kirsch cherry vodka are added. Slices of bread are dipped into this boiling mixture, planted on a fork with a long wooden handle. Raclette is a melted cheese served on a well-warmed plate.

You should also try the famous Zurich minced veal (Zuercher Geschnetzeltes) with traditional Swiss "Rosti" potatoes. In the area of Lake Geneva, you will be offered a traditional perch fillet fried in oil. The fillet is served with lemon slices, and garnished with boiled potatoes or roasted almonds.

A very unusual and tasty Minestrone thick vegetable soup, which includes tomatoes, beans, rice, potatoes, carrots, peas, cauliflower, leeks and grated Sbrinz cheese - the Swiss analogue of parmesan. Minestrone soup is a traditional dish in Ticino. Another famous first course is Graubünden Barley Soup, made from smoked beef, cabbage, and, of course, barley.

Alpine pasta is a somewhat unusual combination of pasta and potatoes, seasoned with sour cream and grated cheese, and topped with crispy fried onions.

For dessert, try the Zuger Kirstort cherry cake. It is made of puff pastry and soft butter cream, soaked in cherry liqueur and sprinkled with nuts.

Switzerland makes good wines. Of the white wines, "Dezaley", "St.-Saphorin", "Fendant", "Johannisberg", "Twanner" are popular. The best varieties of red wines are considered "Rose der Ceil-de-Perdrix", "Dole", "Pinot Noir" and "Merlot". But the best wines - Sassella, Grumello, Inferno - are made in Grisons.

Among alcoholic drinks, Kirsch, Pflumli and Williamine liqueurs are also popular.

Population, language, religion

The population of Switzerland is multinational, it consists of: German-Swiss - 63%, French-Swiss -17%, Italian-Swiss - 3.5%, Italians - 7%, Germans - 3%, Spaniards - 2%. In addition, 60,000 French, 50,000 Romansh, 45,000 Austrians, 30,000 Portuguese, 10,000 Turks, 10,000 Greeks, and others live in the country.

Official languages of Switzerland: German, French, Italian, Romansh. Almost all the staff at the resorts speaks English.

The inhabitants of Switzerland profess mainly two religions: Catholic (more than half of the population) and Protestant.

Customs regulations, visa, currency, embassies

More than 16 million tourists visit Switzerland every year. For most of them, Switzerland is initially associated with watches, chocolate, Swiss cheese and ski resorts. However, tourists very quickly realize that this country has unique medieval architectural buildings, amazingly beautiful nature, a large number of attractions, the annual international automobile show in Geneva, as well as excellent thermal resorts.

Geography of Switzerland

The Swiss Confederation is located in the center of Europe, it has no access to the sea. Switzerland borders France to the west, Italy to the south, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. The total area of this country is 30,528 sq. km., and the total length of the border is 1,850 km.

The territory of Switzerland is divided into three main geographical regions - the Alps (occupy 60% of the country), the Swiss Plateau (30% of the country's territory) and the Jura mountains in the north of the country (about 10% of the territory). The highest peak in the country is Dufour Peak in the Alps (4,634 m).

Several rivers flow through Switzerland - Rhone, Limmat, Rhine, etc. But tourists are more interested in Swiss lakes - Zurich in the east, Geneva, Thun, Firwaldstet in the south, Neuchâtel and Biel in the north of the country.

Capital

Since 1848, the capital of Switzerland has been the city of Bern, which is now home to about 135 thousand people. Bern was formed in 1191 by order of Duke Berthold the Rich.

Official language

Switzerland speaks four languages. The most common of them is German (more than 67%). Next come French (more than 20%), Italian (6.5%) and Romansh (0.5%) languages.

Religion

More than 38% of the inhabitants of Switzerland belong to the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants (31% of the population) and Muslims (4.5%) also live in this country.

State structure of Switzerland

Switzerland, according to the 1999 Constitution, is a federal parliamentary republic. The head of state is the President, elected from 7 members of the Federal Council for 1 year. It is the Federal Council that has the executive power in the country.

Legislative power has for many centuries been vested in a bicameral parliament - the Federal Council, consisting of the Council of Cantons (46 representatives, two from each canton) and the National Council (200 deputies).

Administratively, the Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons.

Climate and weather

In general, the climate in Switzerland is temperate, continental, but it has regional differences. In the west of Switzerland, the climate is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, in the Alps the climate is mountainous, alpine. South of the Alps, the climate is almost Mediterranean. The average annual temperature is +8.6C. In winter, there is a lot of snow in Switzerland, which guarantees a long ski season.

Average air temperature in Bern:

January - -1С
- February - 0С
- March - +5С
- April - +10С
- May - +14C
- June - +17C
- July - +18C
- August - +17C
- September - +13C
- October - +8C
- November - +4C
- December - 0C

Rivers and lakes

Switzerland has several large rivers - the Rhone, Limmat, Rhine, as well as the most beautiful lakes - Zurich in the east, Geneva, Thun, Firwaldstet in the south, Neuchâtel and Biel in the north of the country.

History of Switzerland

People on the territory of modern Switzerland lived 5 thousand years ago. In 58 B.C. Roman legions led by Gaius Julius Caesar defeated the troops of the Helvetian tribe living in Switzerland. In 15 B.C. the Roman emperor Tiberius conquers the tribes in the Swiss Alps, and from that time Switzerland becomes part of Ancient Rome.

In the early Middle Ages, Switzerland was under the rule of the Franks, and was divided into two parts - Middle Francia and East Francia. Only in 1000 AD. the Swiss territories were reunited under the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1291, the three Swiss cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden united to resist external enemies, and by 1513 this confederation included 13 cantons. The first half of the 16th century in Switzerland was marked by religious wars.

Only in 1648, according to the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognized the independence of Switzerland from the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1798, revolutionary French troops conquered Switzerland and gave it a new constitution.

In 1815, the independence of Switzerland was again recognized by other states. Switzerland has since become a neutral country.

In 1847, some Swiss Catholic cantons tried to create their own union by separating from the rest of Switzerland, but they did not succeed. The civil war in 1847 in Switzerland lasted less than a month and killed about 100 people.

In the 20th century, during two world wars, Switzerland remained a neutral country. However, during the Second World War in Switzerland, the mobilization of men into the army was announced, because. there was a strong threat of invasion by German troops. An important role during the Second World War was played by the International Red Cross, whose main office was in Geneva.

The first Swiss cantons granted women the right to vote in elections in 1959. At the federal level, Swiss women gained the right to vote in 1971.

In 2002, Switzerland became a full member of the UN.

Culture of Switzerland

The culture of Switzerland was greatly influenced by neighboring countries - France, Germany, Austria and Italy. However, Swiss culture is now very distinct and unique.

Until now, the Swiss zealously preserve their ancient traditions, the “soul” of which is expressed in music, dances, songs, embroidery and woodcarving. Even small Swiss villages have several musical folklore ensembles or dance groups.

In the mountainous regions of Switzerland, yodel, a type of folk singing, is popular (as in Austria). Every three years Interlaken hosts the International Yodeling Festival. A typical Swiss folk instrument is the accordion.

Art Basel
Geneva Auto Show
Montreux Jazz Festival
Omega European Masters
White Turf Events
Lucerne Festival
Locarno International Film Festival
Ascona Music Festival

Kitchen

Swiss cuisine is characterized by precision and accuracy in the preparation of dishes. Swiss cuisine uses a lot of vegetables and herbs. In general, Swiss cuisine is formed on the basis of numerous regional traditions. However, in every canton of Switzerland, cheese is often used in cooking. In general, dairy products are very popular among the Swiss.

About 450 types of cheese are produced in Switzerland. Each Swiss eats an average of 2.1 kilograms of cheese annually.

The national Swiss dishes are “rösti” (“roshti”), which is grated potatoes fried in a pan (i.e. a kind of potato pancakes, they are served with herring, scrambled eggs or cheese), and “fondues” (“fondue” ), prepared from cheese and meat.

The Swiss are very fond of chocolate. Each Swiss eats more than 11.6 kilograms of chocolate every year. Now Swiss chocolate is famous all over the world.

Landmarks of Switzerland

Switzerland has not been at war with anyone for a long time, and given that the Swiss are very thrifty and economical, it becomes clear why a large number of various historical and architectural monuments have been preserved there. The top ten attractions in Switzerland, in our opinion, include the following:

Chillon Castle on the shores of Lake Geneva. The famous Chillon Castle was built in 1160 and belonged to the Dukes of Savoy for a long time. The famous English poet George Byron, after a trip to Chillon Castle in 1816, wrote his famous poem "The Prisoner of Chillon".
Swiss national park. The Swiss National Park was formed in 1914. It covers an area of 169 sq. km. In this reserve, deer, chamois and mountain goats are found in large numbers.
Jet d "Eau fountain in Geneva. The Jet d" Eau fountain was built in 1881. It hits from Lake Geneva to a height of 140 meters. Now the Jet d "Eau fountain is considered one of the symbols of Geneva.
Medieval villages in the canton of Grisons. There are many old villages in the canton of Graubünden with houses dating back to the 13th century.
Monument to the Duke of Brunswick. A monument to the Duke of Brunswick was built in Geneva in 1879. Not far from this monument is the Jet d "Eau fountain.
Cathedral of St. Peter in Geneva. The construction of the Gothic St. Peter's Cathedral in Geneva lasted from 1160 to 1310. It is in this cathedral that the chair of the famous reformer of the Catholic Church, Han Calvin, is located.
Museum of ceramics and glass "Ariana". The Ariana Museum is located near the Palais des Nations, in the Ariana Park in Geneva. The museum presents works of art from ceramics, porcelain and glass from around the world.
Bastion Park in Geneva. Parc de Bastion is the oldest botanical park in Switzerland (it was founded in 1817). The magnificent building of the University of Geneva is located in this park.
Russian Orthodox Church in Geneva. This church was built in 1866. Now she is one of the decorations of Geneva.
Rhine Falls. In the canton of Schaffhausen, on the border with Germany, there is the famous Rhine Falls (i.e. this is a waterfall on the Rhine River).

Cities and resorts

The largest Swiss cities are Geneva, Basel, Zurich, Lausanne, and, of course, Bern.

Switzerland is, apparently, the classic country of ski resorts. The skiing season in Switzerland starts in November and lasts until April inclusive. The most popular Swiss ski resorts are Zermatt, Saas-Fee, St. Moritz, Interlaken, Verbier, Crans-Montana, Leukerbad, Villars/Grillon.

For many tourists, Switzerland is associated with ski resorts. However, in this country there are a lot of balneological resorts on thermal waters. The most popular Swiss balneological resorts are Leukerbad, Bad Ragaz, Yverdon-les-Bains, Baden, Ovronna, etc.

Souvenirs/Shopping

Useful data for tourists about Switzerland, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Switzerland, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Switzerland.

Geography of Switzerland

The Swiss Confederation is a state in central Europe bordering Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.

Almost all of Switzerland lies in the mountains of the Alps and Jura. The highest peak is Dufour Peak (4634 m) in the south of the country.

State

State structure

Federal republic (confederation), consisting of 23 cantons, each of which has its own constitution, parliament and government. The head of state is the president. The legislature is the bicameral Federal Assembly (National Council and Council of Cantons). Executive power is exercised by the Federal Council (Government) of 7 Federal Councilors (Ministers).

Language

Official language: German, French, Italian

In the northeast of the country, they speak Retroman. Most Swiss speak English.

Religion

About 48% are Catholics, 46% are Protestants, and 6% are other religions.

Currency

International name: CHF

The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Many stores accept convertible currency and accept all major credit cards and traveler's checks. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at the exchange offices of large department stores, airports and some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is too high.

History of Switzerland

The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snows, under the onslaught of global warming, began to free itself from ice. Gradually, the white cover changed into green, and the "revived" earth found its first inhabitants from the human race.

In ancient times, Switzerland was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Helvetii, hence its ancient name - Helvetia. Around the 1st century BC, after the campaigns of Julius Caesar, the country was conquered by the Romans and gained worldwide fame. In the 5th century AD, during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, it was captured by the Alemanni, Burgundians and Ostrogoths; in the VI century - the Franks. In the 11th century, Switzerland became part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

Initially, the Swiss were not a single nation, while Switzerland itself was a union of communities (cantons) that aspired to self-government. At the beginning of August 1291, the peasants of the forested cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, who lived on the shores of Lake Firwaldstet, entered into an alliance and swore an oath to help each other in the struggle against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty; in a stubborn struggle they defended their independence. The Swiss celebrate this joyful event to this day: August 1 - the National Day of Switzerland - salutes and fireworks illuminate the Swiss sky in memory of the events of more than seven centuries ago.

In the 16th century, a severe crisis began in Switzerland. The reason for this was a split in the Christian church. Geneva and Zurich became centers of activity for the Protestant reformers Calvin and Zwingli. In 1529, a religious war broke out in Switzerland. Only a serious danger emanating from outside prevented the complete disintegration of the state. In 1798, the French invaded Switzerland and transformed it into a unitary Helvetic Republic. For fifteen years the country was under their rule. The situation changed only in 1815, when the Swiss introduced their own constitution with equal rights for 22 sovereign cantons. In the same year, the Peace Congress of Vienna recognized the "permanent neutrality" of Switzerland and determined its borders, which are still inviolable. However, the unity of the union of cantons was not reliably ensured by the organization of a sufficiently strong central authority. Only under the constitution of 1948, the fragile union turned into a single state - federal Switzerland.

The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snows, under the onslaught of global warming, began to free itself from ice. Gradually changed the white cover turned into green, and the "revived" earth found its first inhabitants from the human race....

Popular Attractions

Tourism in Switzerland

Where to stay

Switzerland is a country with a high standard of living, which has not bypassed such an area as the tourism business. All hotels in this country have their own classification and are characterized by a high level of service.

The highest category - Swiss Deluxe - includes hotels located in old historical buildings, completely renovated and adapted to the needs of guests. The windows of such a room will offer a beautiful view, the interior will delight the eye with sophistication. The hotels of this category operate not only first-class restaurants, but also golf courses, SPA centers and much more.

The SWISS Quality standard includes five classes of hotels (similar to stars), which are located in large or resort cities. Five stars, or SWISS Quality Excellence, is given to hotels with a high level of service, meticulous interior design, upscale restaurants, etc.

Four stars, or SWISS Quality Superior, are hotels in which, in addition to special comfort, guests will be offered to use a restaurant, a modern conference room, a gym or spa services. Hotels that are awarded three stars also please with good service and are suitable for both tourist groups and businessmen.

The campsites in Switzerland, which are located in the picturesque corners of the country, also have a gradation from 1 to 5 stars. Please note that unauthorized placement outside the campsite is fraught with a police visit and a fine.

In small towns, you can rent a room in private hotels or live in a real peasant house. For those who prefer some extreme sports, there is an opportunity to spend the night in a real hayloft.

In winter, mountain chalets are very popular. However, keep in mind that they must be ordered in advance.

Popular hotels

Tours and attractions in Switzerland

Elegance and impeccability - this is how you can describe Switzerland in a nutshell. It is an amazing country in Western Europe with stunning natural landscapes and breathtakingly gorgeous landscapes. Switzerland is the majestic Alps with slopes overgrown with dense forests, snow-capped peaks and world-famous ski centers, picturesque Jura Mountains, numerous rivers and lakes with the purest water, stunningly beautiful glaciers and waterfalls, as well as banks, watches, cheese and delicious chocolate! Switzerland is famous for its abundance of interesting historical, architectural and cultural sights.

The actual capital of Switzerland, as well as the political center of the country, is the picturesque city of Bern, located in the Aare river valley. Of particular interest is the historic center of the city (included in the UNESCO World Heritage List) with its charming medieval streets with multiple arcades, fountains, beautiful architectural structures and a lot of attractions. Among the most interesting sights of Bern, it is worth noting the Cathedral, the Clock Tower, the City Hall, the Parliament Building, the Niedegkirche Church, the Historical Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Bear Pit and the magnificent Rose Garden. No less interesting are the Albert Einstein House-Museum, the Museum of Antiques, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, the Dutch Tower, the Botanical Garden and, of course, the famous Bernese fountains - “Child Eater”, “Zähringer”, “Messenger”, “Moses”, "Anna Sailer" and others.

Zurich, the largest city in Switzerland, the world financial center and the center of the country's cultural life, is especially popular among tourists. The city is located in a picturesque valley on the banks of Lake Zurich and the Limmat River. Zurich is a city of museums and galleries, beautiful architectural and historical monuments, trendy shops and fashionable restaurants, with a vibrant nightlife and an abundance of a wide variety of cultural events (festivals, concerts, theatrical and musical performances, exhibitions, etc.). You should definitely take a walk along the narrow medieval streets of the "old town", which are built up with charming Gothic houses with many cozy cafes, excellent pastry shops and antique shops. Among the main attractions of Zurich, it is worth highlighting the Grossmunster Cathedral, the Fraumunster Church, St. Peter's Church, the Town Hall, the Swiss National Museum, the Zurich House of Arts (Kunsthaus), the University, Lindenhof and the Opera House - one of the best theaters in Europe. Also worth visiting are the Wasserkirche and Predigerkirche churches, the Dinosaur Museum, the Toy Museum, the Tram Museum, the Emil Bührle Foundation Collection and the Zoo. You can enjoy stunning panoramic views of Zurich and its surroundings from the observation deck on Mount Uetliberg.

Of course, such interesting sights as the Chillon Castle a few kilometers from the famous Swiss resort of Montreux, the castles of Bellinzona and the Benedictine monastery of St. John in the village of Mustair deserve special attention. However, you will get a lot of pleasure and unforgettable impressions by visiting such charming Swiss cities as Geneva, Lausanne, Lucerne, Basel, as well as Neuchâtel, Interlaken, Aarau, Saas-Fee and St. Gallen with its famous monastery.

Among the abundance of natural attractions in Switzerland, it is worth noting the Matterhorn and Pilatus mountains, Lake Geneva, the Jungfrau mountain and the Aletsch Glacier, the Giessbach waterfall, the Trümmelbach waterfall, the Beatus caves, Lake Lugano, the Firwaldstet (Lucerne) lake, the Mage valley, as well as the Rhine and Reichenbach waterfalls. The Swiss National Park is also very popular.

Tips

Despite the fact that in a restaurant a service charge is included in the bill, if you want to thank for good service, you can leave a few coins for the waiter or round up the amount of payment. It is customary for porters in hotels to leave 1-2 francs.

Visa

Office Hours

Banks are open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (some until 6 p.m.) on weekdays, with a break from 12 a.m. to 2 p.m. Once a week, banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8 am to 10 pm, often around the clock.

Shops are open on weekdays from 8.30 to 18.30, some are open until 22. On Saturday, all shops are open from 8 to 12 and from 14 to 16. In large cities, some shops are open without a lunch break, but are closed on Monday morning .

Purchases

Value Added Tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.5%. In hotels and restaurants, all taxes are included in the bill. When buying in one store for more than 500 francs, you can get a VAT refund. To do this, you need to get a "Tax-free Shopping Check" check at the store (a passport is required), according to which, when leaving the country, you must pay VAT at the bank at the airport or stamp it. In this case, upon returning home, the stamped form must be mailed in order to receive a receipt with a VAT refund. In large stores, VAT is refunded on the spot upon presentation of a passport.

Safety

The crime rate in Switzerland is very low. However, beware of pickpockets and bag snatchers.

Emergency Phones

Police - 117
Fire services - 118
Ambulance - 14

Questions and opinions about Switzerland

Question answer

shopping

In the minds of a huge number of people, Switzerland is associated with cheese and watches. And, of course, people come here to make sure that the Swiss cheese is the most delicious, and the clock is the most accurate. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that this is so.

A tourist can try Swiss cheeses and dishes based on them in any corner of the country. But many people go to Geneva specifically to buy watches and jewelry. By the way, you can buy original products here on any main street.

The spring months in Switzerland are especially attractive for those who love to shop for designer items. The fact is that it is at this time that many manufacturers make discounts (up to 70%!) On their goods - from clothes to souvenirs. You can buy things from famous designers in Ticino, in the south of the country.

Among the largest shopping centers are Shop Ville (Zurich) and Fox Town Faktory (Mendrisio). The latter is the largest shopping complex in Europe.

Great pleasure will give you shopping in Bern. In shopping boulevards up to 6 kilometers long, you can find everything from souvenirs to cakes.

As for the schedule of the shops, you will have to get used to it. First, on Sunday, most institutions do not work. On Saturday, the working day lasts, as a rule, until 16:00. Stores usually close on Wednesdays, especially in rural areas, but on Thursdays they are open longer, until about 21:00. The Swiss are quite strict with lunch: from 12:00 to 14:00, most institutions do not work.

Out of competition - gas stations: open every day from 08:00 to 22:00. True, food and drinks are more expensive here.

Transport

The largest international airports in Switzerland are located in Zurich, Basel and Geneva. They are operated by the Swiss company.

In general, transport links in Switzerland are one of the densest. Trains leave approximately every half an hour. Major cities have a very dense network of buses and trams. Most of the subway lines in Switzerland resemble our tram lines: they run above ground. Only in 2008, the first underground metro was opened in Lausanne.

Intercity transportation is also well established. Even remote settlements regularly want buses. You can get to any place in the city and country quickly, easily and on the transport that you prefer.

Ferries run on the numerous lakes of Switzerland exactly on schedule. There are cable cars in the mountains: not only very convenient, but also exciting!

In general, transport in this country works - pardon the pun - like a Swiss watch.

As for the roads, traveling in your own car can also be a lot of fun. At least because of the landscapes that stretch around. In addition, you can not complain about the quality of coverage and infrastructure. An important role is played by roads that pass through mountain passes.

An important point: to travel by car on some highways, your car must be equipped with a special ticket. It can be bought at the entrance to Switzerland, at customs. It costs around $30. Permissible speed on highways - 120 km/h, up to 80 km/h - outside settlements, up to 50 km/h - in settlements. There are video cameras on all roads that help catch violators, so be careful. By the way, for speeding in Switzerland can judge. You can even pay a fine for exceeding the speed limit by 5 km/h.

Helpful Hint: Don't drive with sunglasses on. The fact is that there are a lot of tunnels on the roads of Switzerland. Entering the tunnel on a sunny day, you will find yourself in total darkness, which is unsafe for you and, possibly, for a vehicle moving towards you.

Connection

Communications in Switzerland, you guessed it, also work smoothly. Moreover, modern public telephones offer very unusual opportunities for many tourists. So, they have a touch screen, through which you can not only make a call, send an email or look through the telephone directory, but also order train tickets.

As for mobile communications, the GSM standard is used here.

Internet access can be found everywhere: in public access areas or in a virtual cafe - for free or for a couple of francs.

Post offices are open on weekdays (Monday-Friday) from 07:30 to 18:30 (lunch - from 12:00 to 13:30). In the lobby of most hotels there are one or two computers connected to the Internet that you can use.

Safety

Tourists who intend to spend a vacation in Switzerland with accommodation or a hotel need a tourist visa. To obtain it, you need to submit the following documents: a foreign passport and a copy of its first page, a completed application form with a signature and a photo, an original and a copy of a round-trip ticket, confirmation of prepaid housing, confirmation of the availability of funds. In some cases, the Embassy may require other documents.

Switzerland is considered a safe country, and yet experts recommend getting insurance, which can save you from paying impressive amounts for emergency medical care (you never know). And if your property is stolen, insurance will help repair the damage.

In general, the crime rate in Switzerland is very low. However, you should still beware of pickpockets, especially at the height of the season or during exhibitions and conferences. Particular caution is advised at train stations and during night train journeys.

In case of theft, immediately contact the police station for a report. It is better to always have your passport with you if you want to avoid problems with the police. By the way, the representatives of the law here do not differ in angelic character.

The level of road safety in this country is also very high. However, winding mountain roads can pose an increased risk, especially during the summer and winter holidays, when congestion increases.

Business

Switzerland is the richest country in the world. In addition, it is one of the most important financial centers in the world: a huge number of branches of foreign banks operate here. The secret of the reliability of Swiss banks is simple: they are located in a country with a stable economic and legal system, and therefore cannot go bankrupt.

It seems completely logical that a country with such a status annually hosts international conferences and exhibitions, which attract tens, hundreds of thousands of people from different parts of the world. So, the most popular of the exhibitions are: FESPO ZURICH (“Recreation, travel, sports”), SICHERHEIT (“International Safety Fair”), IGEHO (“International exhibition of the supply industry, hotel and restaurant business”), Internationaler Automobil-Salon Genf ( "International Automobile Salon"), Blickfang Basel ("Furniture Design, Jewelry and Fashion Exhibition") and many others. Conferences on political, financial, banking, industrial and cultural issues are regularly held here.

Real estate

Switzerland has long been considered one of the most closed countries for property buyers from abroad. It is impossible to buy real estate here if you do not have a category B residence permit (and this is a permanent visa extension for 10 years). Moreover, the buyer is still obliged to comply with the rules of the "game" of the state: the acquired property cannot be used for commercial purposes. A foreigner is allowed to use housing only for his own needs, and with a restriction on residence time - 6 months a year. You can live permanently in this house only by obtaining a residence permit in this country. There is also an area limitation.

Houses and apartments in Switzerland are very expensive, and the country's real estate market has demonstrated its resilience even during the crisis. Experts even noted a slight increase in prices for a number of objects.

The cost of housing in Switzerland depends on many factors. One of the most important is location. So, a small apartment in Villars, in a residential complex, can be purchased for some 60 thousand euros. Apartments in more expensive resorts can cost from 150 thousand to 800 thousand euros (depending on the area and the view from the window). Those who have more serious means and are looking for solitude in the bosom of nature and a huge personal space, of course, choose luxury villas and chalets. Such housing will cost about 5-8 million euros.

Contrary to popular belief, a trip to Switzerland is no more expensive than a trip to Germany or Italy. It's just that the Swiss understand very well that "good money" equals "good service". In this country, a tourist always gets what he paid for.

If you want to spend as little as possible, then the best option is to live in a camp site, cook for yourself, travel short distances and only by bike. With such a rest, you can spend about $ 30 per day. You will not spend much more if you eat at fast food restaurants or student canteens at universities: lunches are relatively inexpensive there (7-9 $).

Comfortable conditions within reason - a three-star hotel or inn - "pull" about $ 100 per day. Lunch at a restaurant can significantly lighten your wallet. By the way, tips there (+15%) are included in the bill. The same goes for the cost of taxi services.

A visit to a museum or an acquaintance with some attraction will cost about $ 4. About the same amount you will spend on moving around the city by public transport.

Visa information

Citizens of the CIS and the Russian Federation to travel to the territory of Switzerland, which is part of the Schengen countries, need a visa. A short-term Schengen visa (category C) can be tourist (when booking a hotel or tour around the country), guest (when visiting relatives or friends), business (if necessary, meetings with business partners) and transit (when traveling in transit to those countries that are not members of the Schengen area).

In addition, the Swiss embassy issues study visas for people who are going to study for more than 90 days, and work visas for people who are employed.

The Swiss Embassy in Moscow is located at: per. Ogorodnaya Sloboda, 2/5. You can also contact the Consulate General in St. Petersburg (Chernyshevsky Ave., 17) or the Visa Department of the Embassy (Moscow, Prechistenskaya Embankment, 31).

Story

For two centuries, Swiss troops have been victorious over the feudal armies of dukes, kings and kaisers. Provinces and cities began to join the original union. The united allies sought to expel the Habsburgs, gradually expanding their borders. In 1499, after the victory over Kaiser Maximilian I of Habsburg, Switzerland freed itself from the domination of the empire. In 1513, there were already 13 cantons in the union. Each canton was absolutely sovereign - there was no common army, no common constitution, no capital, no central government. In the 16th century, a severe crisis began in Switzerland. The reason for this was a split in the Christian church. Geneva and Zurich became centers of activity for the Protestant reformers Calvin and Zwingli. In 1529, a religious war broke out in Switzerland. Only a serious danger emanating from outside prevented the complete disintegration of the state. In 1798, the French invaded Switzerland and transformed it into a unitary Helvetic Republic. For fifteen years the country was under their rule. The situation changed only in 1815, when the Swiss introduced their own constitution with equal rights for 22 sovereign cantons. In the same year, the Peace Congress of Vienna recognized the "permanent neutrality" of Switzerland and determined its borders, which are still inviolable. However, the unity of the union of cantons was not reliably ensured by the organization of a sufficiently strong central authority. Only under the constitution of 1948, the fragile union turned into a single state - federal Switzerland.

National Features

Switzerland is a highly developed country with intensive agriculture. It is the largest exporter of capital, the financial center of the capitalist world. Swiss banks are the most reliable. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the country has never joined any blocs. It has been and remains a stable country in Europe.

In Switzerland, four languages are spoken and written: German (various local dialects of Swiss German and literary High German are spoken by 65% of the population), French (18%), Italian (mainly one of the Lombard dialects, 12%), and in Romansh (in five different dialects). Having the opportunity to learn all the languages of the country at school, every Swiss, as a rule, understands them, although he is not always able to express himself in all.

The Swiss are very religious: according to the 1980 census, about 50% profess the Protestant faith, 44% - Catholic, 6% adhere to other religions or atheism. Traveling in Switzerland, one cannot fail to notice the world-famous virtue of the Swiss - the love of cleanliness and order. They vacuum the streets! James Joyce once remarked that soup here can be eaten without plates, straight from the pavement. In Switzerland, it is impossible to pass by Swiss watches, which have become the epitome of precision, elegance, a kind of world standard. For this small country, watches have become the most prestigious and significant export.

culture

In Eastern Switzerland is the Rhine Falls (average water flow - 1100 cubic meters per second). Near the waterfall is the city of Schaffhausen. This part of the country is replete with colorful flower carpets: alpine rose (rhododendron), edelweiss, saxifrage, breakwort. Most of the plants are perennial herbs and shrubs. Their flowers are relatively large and bright; both the flowers and the plants themselves are often fragrant. Small towns and villages with an unobtrusive charm fit perfectly into such a natural landscape. In Central Switzerland, you can admire Mount Pilatus - a favorite vacation spot for both residents of the country and foreign tourists.

Switzerland is an amazing country. In a small space, both the beauties of nature and the outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated in it. At every step - traces of different civilizations. The ruins in Nyon and Avenches remind of the Romans, in particular the amphitheater for 10,000 visitors. In Basel, Geneva and Lausanne, a variety of Romanesque and Gothic architectural monuments attract attention. The fortress Castello di Montebello (Castello di Montebello) of the Renaissance has been preserved - one of the places of pilgrimage for tourists. The baroque is richly represented, mainly the monasteries of Einsiedeln (Einsiedeln), Engelberg (Engelberg) and the churches of Kreuzlingen (Kreuzlingen) and Arlesheim (Arlesheim).

The architectural appearance of the city of Schaffhausen is dominated by Baroque and Rococo, and the oldest surviving buildings date back to the late Gothic period. Along a stone-paved path you can climb to the ancient fortress of Munot. The center of Eastern Switzerland is the city of St. Gallen, which, according to legend, owed its birth to the Irish monk Gallus. During the construction of the skete, Gallus was helped by a bear; his image can be seen today on the city coat of arms. The famous cathedral in St. Gallen and the monastery library are considered the main monuments of the Baroque style in Switzerland.

The cultural life of the country is diverse and rich. Every big city has its own theater and symphony orchestra. Of the musical theaters, the most famous are the Opera House in Zurich, the Grand Theater in Geneva and the Basel City Theater. Summer in Switzerland is the time of festivals, they take place in Lausanne, Zurich, Montreux and many other cities. In addition to world-famous international music festivals, Lucerne annually hosts a carnival. The holiday always begins on Thursday and lasts until the first Wednesday of Great Lent.

Swiss cuisine

Swiss cuisine enjoys well-deserved recognition among gourmets all over the world, and the Swiss themselves do not shy away from luculla delights at home. So, the favorite pastime of the inhabitants of Zurich is a walk through restaurants and cafes, and if they praise you any of the eateries, you can safely go there. The local cuisine has been strongly influenced by its neighbors, primarily the "older French cousin" and Italian cuisine, as well as a purely Swabian table, but still it has enough of its own delicacies that have become widespread in other countries. A quintessentially Swiss dish, the famous fondue is best enjoyed when it's cold outside and it's raining or snowing. Then sit comfortably in front of the fireplace and, after chopping pieces of bread crumb on a long fork, dip them in melted cheese. It is best to drink this delicacy with white wine or tea.

Another well-known cheese dish that has become widespread is the Vallis raclette. The very name of the dish ("raclette" (fr.) - a coarse grater) gives out the principle of its preparation. The cheese is rubbed on a coarse grater or broken into small pieces, heated and served with potatoes. However, in order to enjoy the taste and aroma of cheese, it is not at all necessary to warm it up. The best examples are the Emmental (more often called Swiss) and Appenzell cheeses, which enjoy well-deserved recognition among gourmets, as well as Greyerz cheese. Exquisite taste and aroma distinguish "Vasheren" - which is prepared only in winter, and "Schabziger" - cheese with herbs from Glernerland.

Among the Ticinese delicacies, first of all, it is necessary to name small soft formagini cheeses, which are cooked from cottage cheese, as well as various varieties of mountain cheese, the most famous of which is Piora. Another famous Swiss delicacy is the Zurich schnitzel (veal in a creamy sauce). Those who like to eat hearty prefer the Bernese appetizer (Berner Platte) - a dish of sauerkraut with beans and fried potatoes. Bern is also considered the birthplace of the famous Rosti - thinly sliced fried potatoes with cracklings.

And now it's time to think about soups, for example, Basel flour broth, barley soup from Bünden or Busekka - Ticinese tripe soup. The national dish of sunny southern Switzerland is, of course, polenta, a dish of corn grits with cream and pieces of fruit. To the south of St. Gotthard, risotto is very popular - a rice dish prepared in Milanese (with saffron), mushrooms or peasant style (with vegetables).

The menu of Swiss cuisine also includes fish dishes: rudd, trout, pike and egli (freshwater perch), which are prepared differently everywhere. In late autumn and winter, many restaurants offer game delicacies such as roe deer back. And another delicacy, famous on both sides of the Swiss border, deserves your attention. This is Bunden-style meat, beef jerky, cut into very thin slices. Those who first tasted it in Valais, and not in Graubünden, call this dish “Welsh meat”.

The Alpine Republic is famous for its wines. Widely known are white wines - Dezaley and St.-Saphorin, Fendant and Johannisberg, Twanner. The best varieties of red wines are the exquisitely thin "Rose der CEil-de-Perdrix", the strong "Dole", "Pinot Noir" and "Merlot". But, perhaps, the best Bünden wines are made in the Italian town of Veltalin, which since 1815 has become the Swiss canton of Graubünden. "Sassella", "Grumello", "Inferno" - these are the names of strong ruby-red wines, which owe their luxurious bouquet to the generous southern sun. It remains only to say a few words about all kinds of sweets served for dessert, afternoon tea, and evening coffee. These are fruit pies, and Zug cherry cake, and carrot cake, and Engadine walnut cake, and of course, the famous Swiss chocolate.

Economy

Switzerland is one of the most developed and wealthy countries in the world. Switzerland is a highly developed industrial country with intensive, highly productive agriculture and an almost complete absence of any minerals. According to Western economists, it is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of economic competitiveness. The Swiss economy is closely connected with the outside world, primarily with the EU countries, with thousands of threads of industrial cooperation and foreign trade transactions. OK. 80-85% of Swiss trade is with EU countries. More than 50% of all cargoes from the northern part of Western Europe to the south and in the opposite direction pass through Switzerland in transit. After a noticeable increase in 1998-2000. The country's economy has entered a recession. In 2002, GDP grew by 0.5% to CHF 417 billion. fr. Inflation was at around 0.6%. The unemployment rate reached 3.3%. The economy employs approx. 4 million people (57% of the population), of which: in industry - 25.8%, including in mechanical engineering - 2.7%, in the chemical industry - 1.7%, in agriculture and forestry - 4.1% , in the service sector - 70.1%, including in trade - 16.4%, in banking and insurance - 5.5%, in the hotel and restaurant business - 6.0%. The policy of neutrality made it possible to avoid the devastation of two world wars.

Policy

Switzerland is a federal republic. The current constitution was adopted in 1999. The federal authorities are in charge of issues of war and peace, foreign relations, the army, railways, communications, money emission, approval of the federal budget, etc.

The head of the country is the president, who is elected every year on a rotating basis from among the members of the Federal Council.

The highest legislative body is a bicameral parliament - the Federal Assembly, consisting of the National Council and the Council of Cantons (Equal Chambers).

The National Council (200 deputies) is elected by the population for 4 years under the proportional representation system.

The federal structure and the constitution of Switzerland were enshrined in the constitutions of 1848, 1874 and 1999.

Now Switzerland is a federation of 26 cantons (20 cantons and 6 half-cantons). Until 1848 (except for a short period of the Helvetic Republic) Switzerland was a confederation). Each canton has its own constitution, laws, but their rights are limited by the federal constitution. Legislative power belongs to Parliament, and executive power belongs to the Federal Council (government).

There are 46 deputies in the Council of Cantons, who are elected by the population according to the majority system of relative majority in 20 two-mandate constituencies and 6 single-member constituencies, that is, 2 people each. from each canton and one from the half-canton for 4 years (in some cantons - for 3 years).

All laws adopted by Parliament can be approved or rejected in a popular (optional) referendum. To do this, after the adoption of the law, 50 thousand signatures must be collected within 100 days.

The right to vote is granted to all citizens who have reached the age of 18.

The highest executive power belongs to the government - the Federal Council, consisting of 7 members, each of which heads one of the departments (ministries). Members of the Federal Council are elected at a joint meeting of both houses of parliament. All members of the Federal Council alternately serve as president and vice president.

The foundations of the Swiss state were laid in 1291. Until the end of the 18th century, there were no central state bodies in the country, but all-union councils - tagsatzung - were periodically convened.