The city in which there is a golden gate. Golden Gate. Golden Gate - a symbol of the greatness of Ancient Rus'

• Question Which towns have the "Golden Gate"? How many steps are there in the "Golden Gate" When were they built?
  Description How is the present tense used?
  

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1. Answer 1.g. Vladimir Golden Gates. There is a staircase in the southern wall of the Golden Gates, facing the preserved earthen rampart. 64 steps, arranged in a six-meter thickness of the wall, lead to the gate church. An architectural monument and a museum. In the 60s of the XII century AD. in Vladimir, the festive entrance gates of the town - the Golden Gates - were built. These gates, even with their name, were supposed to show that the capital city of North-Eastern Rus' - Vladimir - is in no way inferior to Kyiv. At the end of the XVIII century. in connection with the implementation of the latest permanent layout of the town, the ramparts adjoining the walls of the Golden Gate were torn down. This weakened the design of the gate supports. To strengthen the gates, buttresses were added at the corners, enclosed in round towers.At the same time, the vaults of the gates were rebuilt from an old stone, and a brand new brick church was erected on them. Currently, only the basic cubic size of the drive-through gate is authentic; the gate church was completely rebuilt, and its initial forms are unidentified. The Golden Gate is a monument of ancient Russian fortification. Built of snow-white stone in 1158-1164. Andrey Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir, as the main battle and passage tower of the fortress he newly made. Of the 5 outer gates of the fortress, only one, the Golden ones, has survived. , bound with gilded copper. A combat platform was laid over the jumper. At the top of the tower, above the arched gap, there was the Church of the Deposition of the Robe of the Virgin - a small variation of the white stone church. An internal staircase led to the church. The bypass around the church, surrounded by a battlement wall, served as the 2nd combat platform. - the Mongol horde: the Tatars leaked into the city not through the gate, but through a breach in the wooden wall on the rampart. gate church"stood idle without singing almost all the summer." only in provincial times the building was seriously rebuilt: the ramparts were taken away from the sides, the tower was surrounded by outbuildings hiding the buttresses, and the gate church was rebuilt from brick and consecrated in 1810. The open bypass around the church turned into a closed gallery. The internal wall staircase was filled up, and was resumed only in 1870 ... http://sobory.ru/article/?object=00994Vladimir, photo: http://slavarik.narod.ru/Zolotie1.jpg (Ukr. Golden Gate) - a historical arrival in Kiev. The name "Golden Gate" is also worn by the nearby theater and Kiev metro station. The Golden Gate is the main, triumphal gate of old Kiev. They got their name from the Golden Gate of Constantinople, which performed similar functions. The Golden Gate was one of three big the city gates built under Yaroslav the Wise. The construction of the gate, together with the St. Sophia Cathedral, is mentioned in the annals under 1037. In 1240, the gate was badly damaged during the siege and capture of the town by the hordes of Batu. From the records of travelers of the 16th-17th centuries and drawings by A. Van Westerfeld (1651) it is clear that by this time the Golden Gate was dilapidated. The Golden Gate remained the gate to the city (often used for ceremonial purposes) until the 18th century, although over time it became more and more ruined. In 1832, the first measures were taken to preserve them. In the 1970s, a pavilion was built near the ruins, which housed a small museum dedicated to the history of the Golden Gate. In 1982, for the 1500th anniversary of Kiev, the Golden Gate was completely reconstructed, despite the fact that there are no reliable images or plans of how they looked in antiquity.http: //ru.wikipedia.o
   

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2. Answer The famous capital of Atlantis is traditionally called the City of the Golden Gate. Golden Gates (Ukr. Golden Gates) - a historical check-in to Kiev. The monument "Golden Gates" in Vladimir has also been preserved.
   

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3. Answer There is one in Kyiv. These gates are restored as a monument. Around the mini-park.previously used as a check-in to the city.
   

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4. Answer Jest Zolotye vorota v Kieve - glavnye triumfalnye vorota drevnego Kieva, stroitelstvo upominaetsya v letopisyax pod 1037 godom, takzhe jest vorota vo Vladimire , postroennye v 1164 godu, vsio ispolzujetsya kak pamiatniki arxitektury
   

   Natalie date: archived

5. Answer Golden Gate (USA) - the strait connecting San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean. Golden Gate - a bridge in the town of San Francisco, passing through the Golden Gate Strait. Golden Gate (Kyiv) - a historical check-in to Kyiv.. Golden Gate - a metro station in Kyiv. Located next to the Golden Gate. The Golden Gate (Vladimir) is an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture. The Golden Gate of Karadag (Crimea) The Golden Gate at the Mount of Olives (Israel) The Golden Gate. A two-step rapid on the Khangarul River in Transbaikalia.

Golden Gate Bridge in American city San Francisco - one of the most famous bridges in the world. On May 27, 2012, this bridge turned 75 years old. A darling of movies and TV shows, the Golden Gate has been the largest suspension bridge in the world for 27 years and is the most popular place suicides on earth.

A bit of history. The Golden Gate Bridge connects the city of San Francisco and southern part Marin County. Until 1937, on the site of the bridge there was only ferry crossing which greatly hampered the development of the city.

Let's see how it was built. grand building:

Here's what the bay originally looked like.

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San Francisco, 1910 (Photo national park service):

The construction of the Golden Gate Bridge began on January 5, 1933 and lasted over 4 years. (Photo Library of Congress):

The bridge was built in art deco style. Its architect is Irving Morrow. The photograph shows the start of construction in 1933. (Photo):

So the construction progressed in a year. 1934 (Photo by Redwood Empire Association | AP):

Almost 4 years later. 1935 (AP Photo):

On the morning of May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened, but only for pedestrians, and for the first 12 hours it belonged only to them. (Photo by Redwood Empire Association | AP):

Soon the first cars entered the bridge. This happened at the signal of Roosevelt himself from the White House. (Photo by Ernest K. Bennett | AP):

Golden Gate Bridge for 27 years was the largest suspension bridge in the world: from opening in 1937 to 1964. (Photo Library of Congress):

A few characteristics: the length of the bridge is 1,970 meters, the length of the main span is 1,280 meters, and the weight is 894,500 tons. (AP Photo):

The top of the support. Height above water - 230 meters, 1968. (Photo Library of Congress):

Huge cargo Ship under the bridge. (Photo by Kike Calvo via AP Images):

In 1987, the 50th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge was celebrated. On May 24, 1987, traffic was blocked and approximately 300,000 people walked across the bridge. (Photo by Paul Sakuma | AP):

An interesting fact: on May 18, 2004, a deer crossed the bridge for the first time, delaying traffic for as much as 20 minutes. (Photo Courtesy of the Golden Gate Bridge | AP):

The speed limit on the bridge is ~72 km/h. On average, once a year, accidents occur here, during which the car drives into the oncoming lane and collides with the oncoming one. January 27, 2005. (Photo by Justin Sullivan | Getty Images):

The Golden Gate Bridge is the "sad record holder" and one of the most suicidal places in the world. According to statistics, someone commits suicide on this bridge every 2 weeks. 2nd place in this indicator holds the Aokigahara forest at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan. (Photo by Robert Galbraith | Reuters):

Over the 75 years of the bridge's existence, according to unofficial data, more than 1,200 people committed suicide by throwing themselves from the Golden Gate into the water.

The fall of a person from a height of 75 meters lasts 4 seconds. The body hits the water at a speed of 142 km / h, which is almost always fatal. (Photo by Gabriel Bouys | AFP | Getty Images):

Along the bridge, there are special telephones by which suicides can call the psychological support service. The inscriptions near these phones say: “There is hope. Call. The consequences of jumping from this bridge are fatal and tragic.” (Photo by David Allen Corby):

The corporate color of the bridge. It is serviced by a team of 38 painters. (Photo by Justin Sullivan | Getty Images):

Aerobatic team in front of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, October 9, 2008. (Photo by Robert Galbraith | AP):

During the international expedition, the Russian frigate Pallada passed under the Golden Gate Bridge on July 25, 2005 in full sail. (Photo by John M. Harris | AP):

New Year's Eve-2012. (Photo by Darvin Atkeson):

In summer and early autumn, you can watch a bewitching sight, as fog covers the bay and the Golden Gate:

During the famous fogs, the Golden Gate Bridge looks especially mysterious:

Golden Gate from space. View from the ISS, November 6, 2010. (Photo by NASA):

May 27, 2012 in San Francisco was the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge. An unusual shoe exhibition was held in memory of those who jumped off the bridge to end their lives. (Photo by Noah Berger | AP):

And, of course, fireworks. San Francisco, May 17, 2012. (Photo by Ezra Shaw | Getty Images):

Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. 75th anniversary.

Well, a little more about the bridge itself ...

Golden Gate Bridge ( golden gate) during its existence has become a real symbol not only of San Francisco, but calling card USA. This suspension bridge is considered one of the largest in the world, and is a source of pride for Americans.

This bridge is distinguished not only by its aesthetic merits, but also in other ways. He connected San Francisco with Northern California, and thus saved the California economy from a deep crisis. The authorities of San Francisco did not even have to raise funds for its construction. All construction costs - and this is $ 35 million - were borne by six districts located on the other side of the strait, because now, finally, they could quickly, without much hassle, deliver their goods to The largest city state.

Back in 1921, experienced engineer Joseph Berman Strauss (1870-1938), who had already built more than one bridge, outlined his plan to build a bridge over the Golden Gate Strait, which separated San Francisco from California's Marin County. This plan was captivatingly attractive. After all, it was possible to get to the city from the northern districts of the state only in a roundabout way, having done a huge distance in a detour or crossing by ferry. However, the project also raised a lot of concerns. Never before had a bridge been built with such great length span. In addition, the strong currents that arose here at high tide made work very difficult. The question was how to fix the piles of the bridge, how to save them from collapse?

And yet in 1923, after much hesitation, the California authorities passed a law to finance the construction of the bridge. For another six years, bureaucratic delays and political debates continued. Finally, Strauss received the order.

During his life, an engineer from Cincinnati built four hundred bridges. But this time he had to come up with something special, develop a completely new technology to build a bridge across the Golden Gate.

The most difficult thing was to build the foundation for the southern pillar of the bridge. The water depth in this place exceeded 90 m; she seethed, as in the open sea. During the ebb and flow of the tide, there was such a rapid current that the work had to be stopped - it could be carried out only in those short hours when the huge waves calmed down and the tide was replaced by an ebb tide, or vice versa. In addition, the bottom in this place turned out to be rocky - the more difficult it was to lay a 34 m high foundation here. The foundation pit had to be pierced for it, exploding underwater bombs.

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Finally, when supports were built on both sides of the strait and steel cables were stretched, the bridge deck began to be erected immediately on both sides, and work was carried out at the same speed in order to avoid sagging of the cables. During the construction of this bridge, the workers were forced to wear safety helmets for the first time. A net was pulled down below, and this, in fact, saved the lives of 19 workers who accidentally slipped off the bridge. And yet, ten people could not be saved - they crashed in the fall.

This legendary bridge owes its appearance to a married couple of architects - Irvizh and Gertrude Morrow. They designed the supports, rather like towers, and developed the entire design of the bridge. It is thanks to them that he turned out so elegant and light. Irving Morrow chose both the most appropriate color scheme for the bridge and the most beneficial lighting scheme.

According to his plan, when night fell on the strait, the bridge pillars were to gradually dissolve in the darkening sky - during these hours only the illuminated canvas would stand out brightly. However, the lighting system he invented required considerable expenses and, for reasons of economy, they abandoned it, remembering it only half a century later, when they were preparing to celebrate the anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge. Then, finally, a long-standing plan was put into practice.

The Golden Gate Bridge is a classic suspension bridge typical of the second half of the 19th century. It is mounted on reinforced concrete supports, consisting of five sections. The supports rise above the water by almost 230 m. The height of the southern pylon, if we also count the foundation, will turn out to be even more than three and a half hundred meters.

The bridge is suspended on two huge cables 2300 m long; they reach a thickness of almost a meter and weigh 24,500 tons each. It is clear that in those days not a single construction crane could lift such a weight. The cables had to be twisted from individual steel strands using a pneumatic tensioner. In total, they consist of 27,500 threads with a diameter of 5 mm each; the threads are twisted into bundles (there are 61 of them in total), and those are intertwined into a single cable. The total length of all steel threads is 129 thousand km - this is enough to go around the equator three times. Numerous pairs of ropes, which descend vertically from each cable, support the bridge deck.

The Golden Gate Bridge has a six-lane freeway and a footpath. The height of the canvas is 67 m above the water level. About 120,000 cars pass the bridge every year. Its construction paid off very quickly. Already a quarter of a century after its opening, the total amount of fees collected for travel was 4 times higher than all expenses.

The bridge got its name because of the strait of the same name. "Golden Gate" - this is the name of the strait that connects Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. Such a romantic name was given to the strait by the military topographer John Fremont.

Soon after his official opening, another, not at all romantic name was assigned to the bridge - “suicide bridge”. The first suicide happened here a few weeks after the opening of the bridge, and by the end of the 20th century, the number of people who died here exceeded a thousand people! On this moment official statistics are not kept, but it is known that once every two weeks one person dies on the bridge!

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The bridge is painted bright orange. The paint for the bridge was selected by one of the architects of the project, Irving Morrow. This color not only makes the bridge highly visible even in dense fog, which is not uncommon here, but also protects it! The fact is that the composition of the paint of this color includes a number of components that perfectly protect metal structures from rust. The bridge is painted almost daily, but only in those places where it is really necessary.

Over the years, the bridge has proven to be a very solid structure. The Golden Gate's biggest test came during the 1951 hurricane. The storm wind in those days reached a speed of 130 km / h, and the bridge deviated horizontally by as much as 8 meters. When the hurricane ended, it turned out that no serious damage was found on the bridge!

Year of construction: XI century. Architectural style: Byzantine, Old Russian. Nearest metro station: Golden Gates. Location: at the intersection of Yaoslavov Val and st. Vladimirskaya.

The Golden Gate is one of the most famous and oldest defensive structures modern city Kyiv, which were built by Yaroslav the Wise in 1037, according to the mention in the Tale of Bygone Years. The main purpose of the construction of this fortification building was rather not a defensive function, but a military-political one - it was necessary to show the power Kievan Rus both to the neighboring countries and to their fellow tribesmen. Yaroslav succeeded, the effect was amazing - the Golden Gate at that time was the largest stone structure throughout Kievan Rus with a functioning church topped with golden domes.

Golden Gate

Of course, the Golden Gate fully fulfilled its purpose in protecting the city. They were part of the military defense system of the then city of Kyiv (at that time the city was named Yaroslav). The system looked like a closing ring around the city and started from the Lvov Gates (modern Lvovskaya Square), passed along Yaroslavov Val Street to the Golden Gate and descended to the Lyadsky Gates (modern Independence Square) and closed the circuit going up Malaya and Bolshaya Zhitomirskaya streets. The Golden Gate was the main entrance to the city. Before the construction of the Golden Gate, Kyiv was captured by enemies more than once, but as soon as this architectural marvel appeared, no one could pass through them. Even the Tatars, who in those days owned the latest tools for capturing buildings, could not pass through the Golden Gate. These are the outlines of the original Kyiv.

Ruin. The Golden Gate looked like this at the beginning of the 20th century.

There are several theories as to why this gate was called the Golden Gate. One of them claims that Yaroslav copied the building and the name of an almost identical building located in Constantinople - the capital of the neighboring huge power of Byzantium, which was also the source of Christianity in Rus'. Scientists consider this version the most truthful. But some also suggest that the Gates bear their name from the golden domes that adorned the church located above the gates. Another theory is inclined to believe that such a name was given because princely treasures were hidden under them.

Monument to Yaroslav the Wise near the Golden Gate.

In its original form, the Golden Gates stood for only 200 years and then were partially destroyed, but for modern Kyivans of those times they already carried a symbolic purpose. There were festive return of troops with a victory over enemies to the ringing of the bells of the Church of the Annunciation, various processions of guests of the city, including the most famous people of that time, one of them is the legendary Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

Then, with some periodicity, they tried to restore the Golden Gate, to preserve its primary appearance, but our ancestors, unfortunately, did not succeed. The current restorers had to hide the remains of the walls under thick layers of modern building materials in order to give us an idea of ​​what the Golden Gate looked like 1000 years ago.

The Golden Gate in can be called almost the main attraction of the city. The golden gate is unique monument Russian architecture, a symbol of the greatness and power of the North-East. The Golden Gate in Vladimir was built in 1164, unfortunately, it has not been completely preserved to this day.

The Golden Gates in Vladimir were built during the reign of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. The gate was part of the defensive fortifications of the city. They also performed the function triumphal arch. It was through these gates that honored guests came to the city of Vladimir, it was through the Golden Gate that Andrei Bogolyubsky solemnly returned after military successes.

Inside the arch of the Golden Gate was closed by heavy oak doors, upholstered with gilded copper (hence the name of the gate - Golden). The Golden Gate was the main entrance to the noble part of the city, where mainly princes and boyars settled. The Golden Gate was built by local craftsmen. This assumption is based on the fact that a princely sign was left on one of the stone blocks of the gate. The Golden Gates were built by builders in semi-domestic masonry. This technique of building stone products was widespread in the cities of North-Eastern Rus'. This fact is another reason to assume that they were built by Russian masters. The Golden Gate was not the only gate. In the massive walls, the Copper, Irinin, Silver and Volga gates were “cut down”. Unfortunately, these buildings have not survived to this day.

In 1238, during the raid of the Tatars on Vladimir, the Golden Gate was seriously damaged. In the 17th century, during the years, the gate again had a hard time. In 1778, there was a big fire in Vladimir, during which the Golden Gate was also damaged.

In 1785, the Golden Gates in Vladimir underwent a major restoration. These were the years of government. The Empress, together with her officials, developed plans for the development of cities. So, in the development plan of Vladimir, there was an instruction to tear down the ramparts that adjoin the Golden Gate and build a road in their place. The structures of the pillars of the Golden Gate were weakened during the breaking of the ramparts. There was a question about the next reconstruction. So, in 1795, the architect Chistyakov developed a project for the reconstruction of the Golden Gate. Now, buttresses were attached to the corners of the pylons, which were “driven” into round towers. The vaults of the Golden Gate were also reconstructed, and a new brick church was built on the vaults themselves.
Since then, the view of the Golden Gate in Vladimir has not changed. Back in the early 19th century, officials and architects tried to develop a project to restore the Golden Gate to its original form. However, this did not lead to anything.

Why else is the Golden Gate so unique and famous? Similar buildings existed in different years in major Orthodox cities - Jerusalem, Kyiv and Constantinople. And to this day, only the Golden Gates of Vladimir have survived.