Estonia capital head of state state language. Contemporary Estonian cinema. Restaurants worth visiting
General information
Official name - Republic of Estonia. The state is located in Northern Europe. The area is 45,226 km2. Population - 1,294,236 people. (for 2012). The official language is Estonian. The capital is Tallinn. The monetary unit is the euro.
The state is located on the northeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the east it borders on Russia (the length of the border is 290 km), in the south - on Latvia (267 km). In the west, Estonia is washed by the Baltic Sea, in the north by the Gulf of Finland. The total length of the border is 557 km, the length of the coastline is 1,393 km. Most of the country's territory is occupied by a moraine plain. In the southeastern part there is a strip of hilly hills. Glint is common on the northern coast of Estonia.
The climate of Estonia is mild and humid. The alternation of sea and continental air, the constant influence of cyclones make the weather very unstable. The weather is especially changeable in spring and autumn. According to climatic conditions, the area of direct influence of the Baltic Sea and inner Estonia are distinguished. On the coast, mild winters and moderately warm summers, inland winters are cooler and summers are warmer than on the coast. On the island of Vilsandi, for example, the average monthly air temperature in February is -3-4°С, in Tartu -7°С. In July the temperature is respectively +16 +17°С. Precipitation averages 550-650 mm, on the hills about 700 mm, on the coast in some places less than 500 mm. Snow cover lasts from 70 to 130 days a year.
Story
The ancestors of modern Estonians were tribes, mostly Finno-Ugric, who lived in the Eastern Baltic region almost 2000 years ago. In German chronicles, the term "Estland" meant "Eastern land". In the Russian chronicles, the tribes of this area were most often called "Chud".
The capital of Estonia, Tallinn, was first mentioned in 1154 in Arabic geography under the Slavic name Kolyvan, in the 13th century. the German chronicle calls the same city the Scandinavian word "Lindanise", and the Estonian name "Tallinn" (which means "Danish city") first appears in 1536. The Swedes and Germans called the future capital of the Republic of Estonia Reval, and this name has survived until 1917
The whole history of Estonia tells about how the fate of this land and the people inhabiting it was decided by other countries and peoples. Although the ancestors of today's Estonians cannot be denied militancy - they also rebuffed the Russian princes and managed to defeat the crusaders from the Order of the Swordsmen in 1211
However, the Danes and the knightly Teutonic Order, which consisted mainly of German knights, subdued the Estonian tribes. The uprisings were brutally suppressed, and by the beginning of the 16th century. serfdom was in force in the countryside. The main cities of Estonia, Revel (Tallinn), Dorpat (Tartu), Pernau (Pärnu), became members of the Hanseatic League, in which German merchants ruled everything.
, (Kingdom of Moscow) and (Rzeczpospolita) alternately fought among themselves for Estonian lands until 1721, when, according to the Nystadt peace treaty, Sweden ceded to the Russian Empire the territory of present-day Estonia, on which the Revel and Livonian provinces were formed. Peter I recognized the local aristocracy as German, or, as they were also called in Russia, “Ostsee” nobles. Estonians practically did not have their own aristocracy.
After the October Socialist Revolution of 1917, Estonia ceased to be part of Russia. In 1920, between the RSFSR and the Republic of Estonia, the Yuryevsky peace treaty was concluded, in which both sides officially recognized each other. This was the first experience of state independence for Estonia. However, in 1940, the USSR sent troops to Estonia, elections were held in the country to the legislative body of the Riigikogu, which then decided to form the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Declaration on joining the USSR. On August 6, 1940, the ESSR became part of the Soviet Union. Estonian historians often claim that the results of the elections were falsified and call the actions of the USSR "occupation".
In 1941, German troops entered Estonia, and by the end of 1944, Soviet troops occupied the last stronghold of the Nazis - the island of Saaremaa. In World War II, Estonians fought on both sides of the front - both in the ranks of the Soviet army and in parts of the Wehrmacht.
After World War II, Estonia again became a Soviet territory. Only in 1991, after the liquidation of the USSR, Estonia regained its independence and in the same year became a full member of the UN. In 2004, Estonia became a member of NATO and the European Union.
Sights of Estonia
Estonia has managed to carefully preserve the heritage of centuries. Here you can easily feel like a medieval city dweller and feel not only the atmosphere, but even the taste of a bygone time - for example, in a restaurant of medieval cuisine in Tallinn. And on the Town Hall Square of the Estonian capital, one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe has been operating for almost 600 years (with short breaks).
In this pharmacy-museum, you can not only see the exposition dedicated to the history of medicine and pharmacy, but also get treated with ancient medicines. Perhaps it will even be very tasty - after all, since the 15th century. in the town hall pharmacy they prescribe... marzipan for headaches or nervous breakdowns! Which, as the Estonians are sure, they invented here. Although the French, Spaniards and Italians claim the authorship of the delicacy now loved by mankind (and not unreasonably!) Only the Estonians indicate the exact place of the joyful event for the sweet tooth.
The preservation of medieval Tallinn makes it one of the best tourist centers in Europe for lovers of history in reality. The historical part of Tallinn is included in the UNESCO list of monuments of world importance.
The historical center of Tallinn - the Old Town - is divided into Vyshgorod, located on the hill of Toompea, where it stands - the Dome Cathedral (XIII century, was rebuilt until the XVIII century), and the Lower City, which is located southeast of it. The sights of Tallinn often have their own personal names. So, the famous weather vane on the city hall is called "Old Thomas", the fortress tower of the Vyshgorod Castle " Long German", and one of the towers defensive structures Lower City - "Fat Margaret". The highest surviving tower is called “Kik-in-de-Kok”, which means “Look into the kitchen”, from this tower it was really convenient to spy on the townspeople.
On the surviving medieval streets of Tallinn, there are houses of the 14th-17th centuries, which have practically not changed their appearance. It is not surprising that one of the favorite holidays for tourists is the "Days of the Middle Ages", which are regularly held in Tallinn in recent years - with a carnival, a medieval fair, minstrel performances and even a "School of Knights". For 2011, Tallinn and the Finnish city of Turku have been designated European Capitals of Culture.
And in the city of Pärnu, the festival dedicated to the Hanseatic League has already become traditional. In 2010, Pärnu hosts the XXX International Hanseatic Days anniversary festival, which will bring together representatives of 150 Hanseatic cities from all over Europe.
The tourism business is one of the most successful in Estonia after the country gained independence. The number of tourists is growing despite the global economic crisis, or perhaps because of it. After all, visiting a small cozy country on the Baltic Sea still costs tourists less than a similar trip to Western Europe.
Estonian Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Estonia was formed largely under the influence of German and Swedish culinary traditions, and consists mainly of simple and hearty "peasant" dishes created on the basis of pork, potatoes, vegetables, various cereals, fish (especially popular herring) and bread products . A distinctive feature is the widespread use of meat by-products (blood, liver) and a variety of dairy dishes - there are more than 20 milk soups alone.
Soups themselves are a fairly common dish - there are, for example, soup with barley groats and potatoes, with dumplings, with peas and pearl barley, bread, blueberries, herring with potatoes, and even beer soup. Seasonings and herbs are used extremely poorly, and in small quantities and in strictly defined dishes: dill - for herring, marjoram - in blood sausages, cumin - in cottage cheese, parsley, celery - in meat soups (not all). Of the flavoring seasonings, in addition to milk, cream and sour cream in its pure form, they use "kastmed" - milk and milk-sour cream sauces that accompany almost every Estonian dish.
The most popular are "cheese" - a special dish of cottage cheese, smoked trout "suitsukala", pork legs with peas, blood sausage "vereverst", "mulgi pudder", pancakes with blood "vere pakyogid", barley flour dumplings, "mulgikapsas" - pork stewed in a special way with barley and sauerkraut, piparkook, kaalikapuder rutabaga porridge, kaalikakartulipuder rutabaga and potato porridge, boiled meat with vegetables, hernetatrapuder pea and buckwheat porridge, soup with beer, blueberry soup with dumplings, variety of cheeses and kissels.
Estonia makes amazingly delicious chocolate with nuts, unusual sweets with mint, liquor, coffee, nut filling, excellent cakes and all kinds of other sweets.
The national drink is undoubtedly beer - light "Saku" and darker "Saare" from the island of Saaremaa, also the original product is honey beer and mulled wine "höegwein".
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Estonia
The historical center of Tallinn (Old Town) with architectural monuments of the 13th - 19th centuries;
Struve geodetic arc (XIX century, passes through the territory of 10 countries).
Estonia on the map
Historically, it is believed that the long dark winters have contributed to the fact that the Estonians have formed as a nation, sparing on words. But at the same time, it was precisely this inner concentration of the Estonians that contributed to their long, calm reflections and flights of fantasy.
Taciturn Estonians love to sing in the choir, and it is choral music that has become a kind of hallmark of Estonia.
The Republic of Estonia borders on Russia and Latvia, and its maritime border with Finland runs in the Gulf of Finland. It is also washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga.
State symbols of Estonia
Flag- the official state symbol of the Republic of Estonia in 1918-1940. and again since 1990. It is a rectangular panel, consisting of three horizontal equal stripes: the top one is blue, the middle one is black and the bottom one is white. The standard flag size is 105 x 165 cm.
Coat of arms- exists in two forms: large and small state emblem. On big the state emblem in the golden field of the shield are three azure leopards (a marching lion looking right). The shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed golden oak branches crossing at the bottom of the shield. Small the coat of arms is represented only by a shield.
The motif of the Estonian state emblem dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the emblem of the Estland province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.
Brief description of modern Estonia
Political system- an independent democratic parliamentary republic.
head of state- President elected for 5 years.
Head of the government- Prime Minister.
Capital- Tallinn.
Largest cities- Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Jarve.
Administrative division- 15 counties (maakonds), headed by county elders. 33 settlements have the status of cities.
Economy- The share of the service sector in Estonian GDP is 69%, industry - 29%, agriculture - 3%. The main industries are the fuel and energy complex, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering, the textile industry, the pulp and paper and woodworking industries. main industry Agriculture is animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction and pig breeding (especially bacon). Crop production is mainly engaged in the production of feed for livestock, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops. Developed fishing.
Territory- 45,226 km².
Population– 1,286,540 people Estonians make up 68.7% of the population, Russians - 24.8%, Ukrainians - 1.7%, Belarusians - 1%, Finns - 0.6%.
Official language- Estonian. The Russian language is also widely spoken.
Currency- Euro.
traditional religion- Lutheranism.
Education- divided into basic, vocational and additional education. The educational system is based on a four-level system, which includes pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education. There is a wide network of schools and educational institutes. The Estonian educational system consists of state, municipal, public and private educational institutions.
Higher academic education in Estonia is divided into three levels: undergraduate, graduate and doctoral studies.
Estonian culture
Presumably, the culture of modern Estonians was somewhat influenced by ancient Russian culture. This is evidenced by ancient borrowings in the Estonian language from Russian, such as raamat book ⁄from “gramota”⁄ and leib ⁄bread⁄. One of the first mentions in The Tale of Bygone Years about the activities of Russian princes on the territory of modern Estonia is the campaign of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich in 1030 against the Chud (as Estonia was called in ancient times) and the foundation of a city called Yuriev (now Tartu).
Estonians were also influenced to a considerable extent by German culture, since Livonia in 13th century. was captured by the Crusaders.
IN 1523. the Reformation movement reached Estonia (a mass religious and socio-political movement in Western and Central Europe XVI- start XVII centuries., aimed at reforming Catholic Christianity in accordance with the Bible). Lutheranism, which attached great importance to public education, laid the foundation for Estonian literacy and the peasant school. IN 1739. first complete translation released bible into Estonian, translator Anton Thor Helle. Great importance for the cultural development of Estonia was the restoration in 1802 of the Imperial Yuriev University in Derpt(now Tartu). The university became a conductor of Western European ideas. Such well-known scientists as astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, biologist Carl Ernst von Baer, surgeon Nikolai Pirogov studied and worked in Dorpat. The university became the cradle of the Estonian national awakening, especially after the abolition of serfdom.
One of the most famous cultural figures of this time was Johann Voldemar Jannsen. He began publishing a newspaper in Estonian, advocated the bourgeois development of Estonia, and promoted the purchase of farmsteads for ownership or their lease. He wrote the lyrics to the Estonian anthem Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (Fatherland, my happiness and my joy).
Estonian Song Festival
A nationwide and national song festival in which various choirs and brass bands take part. The festival is held every five years on the territory of the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds. The organization of the holiday is carried out by a unit specially established for this purpose under the Ministry of Culture of Estonia. It is a UNESCO Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage.
The first song festival took place in 1869. in Tartu. In memory of this, a monument was erected in Tartu.
The first seven holidays were held during the time when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire, and until the 6th Song Festival they were held on various significant dates for the empire. The festival was organized by various Estonian dance and choir societies. The first five holidays were held in Tartu, then all holidays began to be held in Tallinn.
Johann Voldemar Jannsen was the initiator of Estonian song festivals.
Estonian culture of the 20th century
Literature
Artworks Eduard Vilde laid the foundations of the genre of the novel and critical realism.
Post-war transformations in society are depicted in the stories Hans Leberecht, Rudolf Sirge, Ernie Krusten, essay-journalistic prose Juhana Smuula, Egon Ranneth and etc.
A certain trace in modern Estonian literature was left by Jene Mihkelson, Nikolai Baturin, Madis Kyiv, Maimu Berg, Hulo Matthäus. From the youngest generation stands out Tõnu Õnnepalu, Erwin Õunapuu, Peeter Sauter, Tarmo Teder, Andrus Kivirähk, Kaur Kender, Sass Henno.
Architecture and painting
At the beginning of the XX century. Art Nouveau became popular in Estonian architecture. An example of this style is the building of the Estonia Theater in Tallinn (1865), the building of the Institute of Zoology and Geology of the University of Tartu, etc.
Famous painters were Ants Laikmaa, Nikolai Triik, Konrad Mägi, Kristjan Raud.
Music
In the music of the XX century. There were two main creative schools: Artur Kappa in Tallinn and Heino Ellera in Tartu. During the period of 1940-50s. there was an intensive development of choral music. Gustav Ernesaks And Eugen Kapp created choral songs and operas on national-historical themes. In the 1950s, the singer gained popularity.
G. Ots performed parts of operettas and operas, worked in different genres with great success. Particularly popular was his role Mister X in the film "Mr. X" (dir. Yuli Khmelnitsky) - a film adaptation of Kalman's operetta "Princess of the Circus". Ots showed his hero Etienne Verdier as a person of impeccable honor, dignity, courage, an aristocrat of the spirit, a man of fine and romantic spiritual organization. Ots's personal modesty, nobility, elegance and grace were so sincere that not a single negative review of him appeared either during his life or after his death.
The most famous contemporary Estonian composer is Arvo Pärt, who emigrated to Germany in 1980, the discoverer of the "handbell style".
Recognized as a world class conductor Eri Klas. World renowned conductor Neeme Jarvi, actively promoting Estonian music abroad, emigrated to the USA in 1980.
pop culture
In Estonia, jazz began to revive and rock music developed. The orchestra was successful Modern Fox who performed dance hits from the 1930s-1950s; in the field of Estonian pop music of the 1980s, the most popular performers themselves were Anne Veski, Mariu Länik, Ivo Linna, Gunnar Graps; rock groups "Ruya", "Rock Hotel", "Orange", "Vitamin", "Radar".
Modern popular artists: Maarja-Liis Ilus (Maarja), Tanel Padar, Ines, Chalice; groups A-rühm, Genialistid, Dagö, J.M.K.E., Kosmikud, Metsatöll, Sun, Smilers, Terminaator, Ultima Thule, Urban Symphony, Vanilla Ninja, Vennaskond.
"Orange"
IN 1955 Estonian television was created.
Contemporary Estonian cinema
In the 90s, the main themes of films were the understanding of history, the categories of freedom, the connection between power and the individual. Along with the aggravated social themes, there were tendencies to complicate the language and conventions: “On Rahu Street” (Roman Baskin, 1991), “In Awakening” (Yuri Sillart, 1989), “Only Crazy” (Arvo Iho, 1990). In the entertainment genre, the film "Fire Water" (Hardy Volmer, 1994) was created. Revealing the pain point of the era, the film "Georgica" (Sulev Keedus) was a success at many festivals. Spectator records were broken by the historical epic "Names on a marble board" directed by Elmo Nykanena based on the novel of the same name Albert Kivikas. The first Estonian film screened at the Cannes Film Festival was the 2007 drama Magnus; in the same year, the film "Class" received a number of international prizes.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Estonia
Tallinn Historic Center (Old Town)
The Old Town of Tallinn is conditionally divided into Lower And upper city (Vyshgoro e). The upper city, located on the hill of Toompea, was originally inhabited by the nobility, while merchants, artisans and other, less prosperous segments of the population settled in the Lower City. Vyshgorod was separated from the Lower City by a fortress wall, most of which has also been excellently preserved to this day. The fortress walls of the city are known from 1248., but the oldest surviving walls and towers belong to 14th century. There are 39 towers in total (preserved and not preserved), each of them has its own name and its own history. Let's talk about just a few of them.
Kuldjala Tower (XIV century)
The tower is five-storeyed, has a horseshoe shape, the inner part facing the city. The upper floors had defensive functions, while the lower ones were used as storage facilities.
The tower is well preserved and is currently used by the youth organization Kodulinn for exhibitions and lectures.
Köismäe Tower ("Rope Mountain Tower") (XIV century)
The horseshoe-shaped tower is located in the western part of the fortress wall. Was built in 1360 g. and has been well preserved to this day. Since November 2003, performances and exhibitions have been held in the tower.
The tower got its name from a nearby rope weaving workshop.
Fat Margarita (XVI century)
The gun turret with 155 loopholes was built at the beginning XVI century. in front of the Great Sea Gate. It got its name for its impressive size: 25 m in diameter and 20 m in height. The tower received its current name in 1842, and before that it was simply called the New Tower.
From 1830 the tower was used as a prison. The extension was made in 1884-1885. In March 1917 the tower was burned down. In 1930, the Museum of History was set up in the empty tower. Currently, the tower has been restored, restored, it houses Maritime Museum Estonia.
Burden Tower
Four-story horseshoe-shaped tower. The thickness of the outer wall is more than 2 m, the inner wall is 1 m thick. On the third floor there was a fireplace for guards of the city guard; at the very top there is an open area for patrol or shelling with narrow loopholes in the walls and loopholes.
The second floor can be reached from the city wall by stairs. Before 17th century there was a prison: an unlit room with small windows for air, in the walls of which iron rings were embedded. At the beginning of the twentieth century. the tower was used by the city as a powder store, so double locks were installed on the doors.
upper city
The first wooden fortification on the Toompea hill was presumably built in 11th century IN 1219 the settlement of Lindanise was captured by the Danish crusaders under the leadership of Valdemar II, after which the city received the name Revel, and Vyshgorod became the residence of foreign rulers. Toompea is divided into Big Settlement, Small Settlement and adjacent territories. IN 1229. The construction of the first stone castle Toompea in the western part of the Small Settlement was completed. 4 towers were built at its corners, including "Long German".
After the capture of Reval by the Russians during the Northern War, the castle was rebuilt. Instead of the eastern wall, by order of Catherine the Great, a baroque palace was built, a moat was filled in, one of the towers was destroyed. At present, the Estonian parliament, the Riigikogu, has settled in Toompea Castle.
Vyshgorod is home to one of the oldest churches in Estonia - the Dome Cathedral, built in the 13th century. The cathedral acquired its current appearance after numerous reconstructions. Many famous people were buried in the cathedral itself, such as Pontus Delagardie And Ivan Kruzershtern.
The Dome Cathedral
Lutheran Cathedral, located in the Old Town of Tallinn. Dedicated to the Holy Virgin Mary. Is one of oldest temples Tallinn, but has undergone many reconstructions. Previously, this place was wooden church1219
The tower of the cathedral belongs to the Baroque era, and its annexed chapels belong to later ones. architectural styles. Inside the temple there are burials of the 13th-18th centuries, as well as various noble coats of arms and epitaphs dedicated to famous people of that time and related to the 12th-20th centuries.
lower city
The center of the Lower City is Town Hall Square, which is surrounded by built in 13th century. city hall in gothic style and other buildings. One of the symbols of Tallinn, weather vane "Old Thomas", decorates the spire of the town hall with 1530
According to legend, every spring in medieval Tallinn in front of the Great Sea Gate in the "Parrot Garden" a celebration was held. The best shooters of the city competed on it in shooting from crossbows and bows. Whoever knocked down a colored wooden figurine of a parrot sitting on the top of a high pole became the king of shooters. Once at a tournament, when they had just lined up and pulled the bowstring, the parrot suddenly suddenly fell down, pierced by someone's arrow. The unknown shooter turned out to be an ordinary young man from Tallinn, a poor man named Toomas. The prankster was scolded and forced to put the target back in its original place. The news spread all over Tallinn, and Toomas' mother prepared for the worst... But the young man was not punished, but offered to become a city guard, which at that time was a great honor for the poor.
Subsequently, Toomas repeatedly showed heroism in the battles of the Livonian War and fully justified the trust placed in him. And in old age he let go of his luxurious mustache and became surprisingly similar to the brave warrior who towered on the tower of the Town Hall. Since then, the weather vane on the Town Hall has been called "Old Toomas".
Opposite the town hall is Town Hall Pharmacy. The first mention of it dates from 1422, it is one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe, operating in the same building since the beginning of the 15th century. It is also the oldest commercial institution and the oldest medical institution in Tallinn.
Arc Struve
The Struve geodetic arc was measured by Struve and employees of the Derpt (Tartu) and Pulkovo observatories (of which Struve was the director) for 40 years, from 1816 to 1855, over 2820 km from Fuglenes, near the North Cape in Norway to the village of Staraya Nekrasovka Odessa region near the Danube, which formed a meridian arc with an amplitude of 25° 20′08″.
Currently, arc points can be found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia (on the island of Gogland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.
Other sights of Estonia
Lahemaa National Park
Founded in 1971. (this is the first national park in the USSR) to protect the unique landscapes of the coast, about 50 km from Tallinn. The area of the park is 72.5 thousand hectares (47.4 thousand hectares of land and 25.1 thousand hectares of the sea). Many picturesque bays, karst landscapes, areas of old agricultural development. Here is the Nõmmeveske waterfall and other interesting objects. Lahemaa is a center of mass tourism and recreation.
Kumu Museum
Art Museum in Tallinn. It is the largest in the Baltic region and one of the largest museums in Northern Europe. This is one of the four branches of the Estonian Art Museum.
Kumu has permanent collections and temporary exhibitions. The main collection covers Estonian art from the 18th century, includes works from the Soviet period (1941-1991), shows both socialist realism and official art. Temporary exhibitions present foreign and Estonian contemporary art.
Tallinn Zoo
Opened in 1939. The zoo's collection includes about 7753 individuals of 595 species/subspecies.
Pukhtitsky monastery
Orthodox convent of the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate.
Founded in 1891. The monastery has never been closed. Since the 1990s, it has had stauropegial status (a status that makes the monastery, monastery, etc. independent of the local diocesan authorities and directly subordinate to the patriarch or synod). Located in the village of Kuremäe (Ida-Viru County, Estonia). Pühtitsa means "holy place" in Estonian.
Soomaa
National park in Estonia, located in the border western part of Viljandi County. It was established in 1993 to protect wetlands, grasslands and forests. The name of the park in translation from Estonian means "country of swamps".
Estonian Open Air Museum
This is a life-size reconstruction of a rural/fishing village. 18th century., which has a church, an inn, a school, several mills, a fire station, twelve yards and sheds for nets. The museum covers an area of 72 hectares and includes 72 independent buildings. Located 8 km west of the center of Tallinn. Founded in 1957, represents 68 farmhouses united in twelve yards from the north, south and west of Estonia. Along with farms, singly and in groups, old public buildings are located in order to provide an overview of the Estonian national architecture of the last two centuries.
Church of St. Nicholas (Tallinn)
The former Lutheran church, which now houses a museum-concert hall. The building of the church is located in the Old Town of Tallinn. This temple, named after the patron saint of all sailors - St. Nicholas, was founded by German merchants in 13th century The Niguliste Museum is one of the four branches of the Estonian Art Museum.
Estonian History Museum
Founded by an apothecary Johann Burchardt VIII(1776-1838), who maintained a pharmacy known as the Town Hall Pharmacy (existing to this day). In 2011, a major reconstruction was completed in the museum. Maarjamägi Castle belongs to the historical museum. It was transferred to the museum in 1975 as a branch. The exposition of the branch covers the period from the beginning of the XIX century.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (Tallinn)
Stauropegial Orthodox cathedral church run by the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (since May 1945). It is located in Tallinn, on the rise of Toompea (Vyshgorod).
Its construction was completed in 1900, the author of the project is the architect M. T. Preobrazhensky. Erected in memory of miraculous rescue Emperor Alexander III in a railway accident on October 17, 1888.
Kadriorg
Baroque palace and park ensemble in Tallinn. Ekaterinental (Katerintal in German "Katerina's Valley") got its name in honor of wife of Peter I - Catherine I. Estonians call this place Kadriorg.
During the Northern War (1700-1721) Estonia was annexed to Russia. Revel capitulated in the autumn of 1710, and already in December 1711, Peter I, together with Catherine, visited the city for the first time. The king liked the surroundings of Lasnamägi. From here, from the cliff, there was a view of the city and the harbor under construction. In 1714, Peter bought a part of their summer estate from the widow of Drenteln into state ownership. The surviving house of this estate was put in order and adapted for the residence of the king. This house is now known as Peter's house. The modest house was convenient for spending the night and viewing the picturesque surroundings, but the modesty of its size and design did not at all correspond to its purpose. The laying of a new palace and park ensemble was started on July 25, 1718 by order of Peter I. A park was laid out at the palace, ponds were dug out.
Lake Ülemiste
Lake near Tallinn. It has been the city's source of drinking water since the 14th century. The lake is home to various types of fish, including eels, which were brought here in 1986.
According to Estonian legends, Lake Ülemiste arose from the tears of the girl Linda, who, sitting on a boulder, mourned her dead husband Kalev.
The legend of the elder from Yulemist is also widespread. He asks those whom he meets on his way: “Have Tallinn been completed yet?” If someone answers that they have completed the construction, then, according to legend, the Ülemiste lake will flood the city. For this reason, construction in Tallinn should not stop.
Naissaar Island
An island in the Gulf of Finland northwest of Tallinn. Due to the strategic position of the island on the approach to Tallinn, fortifications were built on it with 18th century., and in 1911 the island was turned into a “land dreadnought”, covering the Tallinn raid with its guns.
Until the Second World War, a commune of Estonian Swedes lived on the island, and during the Soviet period military base, civilians were not allowed on it. Currently, the base on the island has been disbanded, and it can be visited to inspect the remains of military installations and a large number of shells of sea mines.
Tallinn Botanical Garden
It was founded on December 1, 1961 in Kloostrimetsa as an institute of the Academy of Sciences. In 1992 the Tallinn Botanical Garden joined the Association of Botanical Gardens of the Baltic States and in 1994 the International Botanical Gardens Conservation Organization. The following expositions are presented in the garden: "Tropical House", "Tropics", "Subtropics", "Desert", "Roses", "Tulips", "Rhododendrons", "Rock Garden", "Mixed Forest", "Coniferous Forest".
Monastery of Saint Birgitta
Former Catholic monastery in Tallinn. The church was built in 1436 The structure was a sacral late Gothic building typical of the Middle Ages. The complex was destroyed 1575 during the Livonian War. Only the western pediment of the monastery church, 35 m high, has survived, as well as fragments of the side walls.
The peculiarity of this nunnery was that male priests were allowed to live and conduct divine services in it. The monastic community did not exceed 85 people - 60 sisters and 25 brothers.
Nowadays, the ancient ruins of the monastery have become a unique attraction and a great place to relax. The object is a historical monument of architecture. Surrounded by majestic ruins and picturesque nature, open-air concerts are held and the Day of the Monastery is celebrated annually, accompanied by a fair. Excursions are held on the territory of the ruins of the complex.
Narva Castle
Medieval castle in the Estonian city of Narva on the banks of the Narva River, founded by the Danes in 13th century. During its history, the castle belonged to Denmark, the Livonian Order, Russia, Sweden and Estonia. During World War II it was badly damaged. Today the castle has been restored and houses the Narva Museum.
Opposite Herman's castle, on the other side of the Narova River, is the Russian Ivangorod fortress.
Jagala waterfall
This is a waterfall on the river of the same name. The height of the waterfall is about 8 m, and the width is about 50 m.
Karula National Park
Created to protect and represent the hilly landscapes rich in forests and lakes typical of Southern Estonia, as well as to protect and represent the local culture. It was established in 1979, first as a reserve, and in 1993 it was transformed into a national park. In ancient times, during the retreat of the continental glacier, numerous lakes formed at the foot of the Karula hills - 38 of them are located in the park. The largest of the local lakes - Jahyarv(176 ha), and the deepest - Savijärv(18 m).
Waterfall Valaste
The highest waterfall in Estonia (height 30.5 m) and the Baltic countries. In 1996, the commission of the Academy of Sciences declared it a natural heritage and a national symbol of Estonia. The waterfall was created by an artificial channel, organized to drain excess water from the fields. Water falls from a clint composed of sandstone and ancient Silurian limestones. In cold winters, the waterfall freezes.
Valaste is one of the most popular and most visited waterfalls in Estonia. An observation platform has been built for them.
Vilsandi National Park
It includes a part of the island of Vilsandi, a number of small islands to the west of the island of Saaremaa, as well as the Harilaid peninsula of the island of Saaremaa.
Was founded in 1910. Its area is 237.6 km². Maritime climate. Vilsandi is inhabited by 247 species of birds, about 80 species of fish.
Matsalu National Park
whooper swan
Founded in 1957. on the basis of an ornithological reserve and a hunting educational and experimental farm (originally as a reserve) for the protection of natural complexes and a diverse bird fauna (about 280 species, including more than 160 nesting ones). Ornithological research has been carried out on the modern territory of the park since 1870. The fauna of the park includes 280 species of birds, 49 species of fish, 47 species of mammals and 772 species of vascular plants. One of the most important migratory routes of migratory birds passes here. Waterfowl and marsh birds are especially numerous in the reserve. Whooper swan, northern ducks and sandpipers on migration. Mute swan, gray goose nest in reeds, drakes of mallards and red-headed pochards molt. On grassy meadows, river ducks arrange their nests, there are many waders. Eiders, tufted ducks, sheldons, mergansers, scoter, gulls and terns nest on the islands.
Kassari
An island in western Estonia. An Estonian cultural heritage site is located on the island, chapel of Kassari created in 18th century. It is the only functioning stone chapel with a thatched roof. The building was built in the form of a tower, in the Gothic style.
Haapsalu Castle
Bishop's castle with a cathedral, located in the center of the city of Haapsalu in western Estonia. Was founded in 13th century as the center of the Ezel-Vik bishopric. According to the existing legend, during the August full moon, the image of the White Lady appears on the inner wall of the chapel.
Lake Pühajärv (Holy Lake)
Considered one of the most beautiful lakes Estonia.
Tourism in Estonia
In addition to visiting the sights of the country, in Estonia you can do outdoor activities: on foot and cycling, skydiving, windsurfing, rafting, sailing, geocaching, karting, golf, bowling, paintball, visit the attractions, and in winter ride on skiing And snowboarding, on sleigh And ice skating.
History of Estonia
Ancient Estonia
The life of people on the territory of modern Estonia became possible after the retreat of the glacier about 12 thousand years back. In the first millennium BC. e. the population of the territory of present-day Estonia passes to a settled way of life and builds the first fortified settlements. This period (I - the beginning of the II millennium BC) is known in archeology as the culture of stone burials.
In the picture: Bronze Age stone cemeteries in northern Estonia
Middle Ages
The first mentions of the cities of Tartu (Yuriev, Derpt) and Tallinn (Kolyvan, Lidna, Lindanis, Reval) appeared in XI And 12th century IN 1116 g. Novgorodians took the city of the Bear's Head (modern Otepya). At first 12th century. the Livonian Crusade began, which spread to the lands of Chud (Estonia): in 1202. began its conquest by the crusaders. Only in 1211. Chud defeated the crusaders on the river Yumera. IN 1212, according to the Novgorod Chronicle, Prince Mstislav made two successful campaigns against the Chud, capturing a large number of cattle in the first, and conquering the city of Bear's Head without an assault in the second.
Danish Estonia. Warband
IN 1219-1220 as a result of the Danish crusade, the Danes captured modern northern Estonia, but as a result of the uprising in 1223, it was liberated from the crusaders and the Danes. An alliance was concluded with the Novgorodians and Pskovians. By 1227, the German chivalry managed to take over the entire territory of modern Estonia. In the XIV century. Estonia belonged to the Teutonic Order. At the beginning of the XVI century. serfdom was finally established in Estonia. It was divided between Denmark, the Commonwealth, Russia, Sweden as a result of the Livonian War (1558-1583 ).
Swedish Estonia
IN 1570 on the lands of the Livonian Confederation the king Ivan IV the Terrible created Livonian kingdom led by the Danish prince, Duke Magnus, a vassal of the Russian kingdom. During the Livonian War, Russian troops approached the walls of Reval twice: in 1570 and 1577, but both times the siege ended in nothing. At first 17th century the struggle for the Baltic States between Sweden and the Commonwealth continued, and under the terms of the Altmark truce that completed it 1629 the entire Duchy of Livonia (which included modern southern Estonia and northern Latvia) went to Sweden. After the defeat in the war of 1643-1645. Denmark ceded control of Ösel and Sweden took possession of all of present-day Estonia. To end 17th century Sweden retained its position in Estonia.
Estonia within the Russian Empire (1721-1918)
At first 18th century the interests of the Russian Empire in the Baltic region collided with the interests of Sweden. The Northern War (1700-1721) ended with the capitulation of Sweden and the annexation of Estonia and Livonia (Latvia) to the Russian Empire in 1710, which was officially confirmed Treaty of Nystadt 1721 On the territory of modern northern Estonia, the Revel province was formed (since 1783, the Estland province), and modern southern Estonia, together with modern northern Latvia, formed Livland province. After the annexation of the Estonian lands to the Russian Empire, Peter I restored the rights of the German aristocracy, which they had lost under Swedish rule. By the end 18th century more than half of the Estonian population of the province can read. In 1802, the Derpt University founded in 1632, which was closed during the Great Northern War, reopened. In the same year, a reform was carried out that softened serfdom, ensured the property rights of peasants to movable property and created courts to resolve peasant issues. The abolition of serfdom in 1816 was an important step towards the liberation of Estonian peasants from German dependence, but several more decades passed before they received the right to acquire land as property.
IN 1914 140 career officers of Estonian nationality served in the ranks of the Russian army, about a hundred thousand Estonians participated in the battles of the First World War, and 2 thousand of them received officer ranks.
Estonia under German occupation
25 February 1918 German troops entered Revel, and by March 4, all Estonian lands were completely occupied by the Germans and included in the High Command Region of all German armed forces in the East.
By Peace to Brest the RSFSR renounced its rights to the Baltic regions occupied by Germany. The German occupation authorities did not recognize the independence of Estonia and established a military-occupation regime in the region, under which officers of the German army or Baltic Germans were appointed to key administrative positions. A military governorship was formed in the occupied territory.
War for independence
Estonian War of Independence during 1918-1920. Estonian and Western historians also call it the "War of Liberation". The defeat of Germany in the First World War put on the agenda the question of the evacuation of German troops from the occupied eastern lands. In 1918, units of the Soviet 7th Army, including the red Estonian regiments, occupied Narva, where the Estland Labor Commune was proclaimed on the same day. The Soviet offensive also developed from the southeast, from Pskov. Decrees of Soviet power began to operate on the territory occupied by the Red Army. But January 7th 1919. Estonian troops, reinforced by the Russian White Guards and Finnish volunteers, and with the active support of the English squadron, went on the offensive in the Narva direction, and a little later on the Pskov one. Units of the Red Army and detachments of the Estland Labor Commune were driven out of Estonia.
February 2 1920 between the RSFSR and the Republic of Estonia was concluded Yuryevsky peace treaty which both parties officially recognized each other. The border between the two countries was delimited. As a result, Estonia ended up with a rather vast territory with a predominance of the Russian population. These were mainly the areas of the Pechora Territory, the Peipsi and the territory east of the Narva River. According to the current, official position of Estonia, the Tartu Peace Treaty did not lose its legal force in 1940 with the cessation of the existence of the Republic of Estonia as an independent state, since the entry of Estonia into the USSR in modern Estonia is officially interpreted as an occupation. But the RSFSR became the first state to legally recognize the Republic of Estonia. And here is what the former minister of the Provisional Government of Russia wrote Guchkov Churchill: “Massive evictions of Russian citizens are being carried out from Estonia without explanation of reasons and even without warning ... Russian people in these provinces are powerless, defenseless and helpless. The peoples and governments of the young Baltic states are completely intoxicated with the wine of national independence and political freedom.”
Political life from 1920 to 1934 In Estonia, it was characterized by a multi-party system, an extravaganza of struggle between parties in parliament and rapidly changing governments (23 governments were replaced in 14 years).
1934 coup d'état
March 12 1934.K. Päts together with J. Laidoner, who again led the Estonian army, carried out a coup d'état. The military coup resulted in authoritarian rule and declared a state of emergency. The period called "Age of Silence". In accordance with the new constitution, the president, elected for 6 years (K. Päts), became the head of state. In 1938, "laggard camps" were created - camps for the forced labor of the unemployed. There was a prison regime, a 12-hour working day and punishment with rods. In "camps for idlers" they imprisoned for a period of 6 months to 3 years all "staggering without work and livelihood."
Accession of Estonia to the USSR
In March 1939. The USSR negotiated with England and France, realizing the real danger of the impending war. The USSR proposed measures for the joint prevention of Italian-German aggression against European countries and put forward on April 17, 1939 the following provisions obliging (USSR, England and France): to provide all kinds of assistance, including military, to Eastern European countries located between the Baltic and Black seas and bordering the Soviet Union; conclude for a period of 5-10 years an agreement on mutual assistance, including military, in the event of aggression in Europe against any of the contracting states (USSR, England and France. After the Soviet leadership recognized the failure of negotiations with England and France, the USSR began negotiations with Germany.
August 23 1939 signed a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union Molotov-Ribbentrop pact). According to the secret additional protocol on the delimitation of spheres of mutual interests in Eastern Europe in the event of a "territorial and political reorganization", it was envisaged that Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Eastern Poland and Bessarabia would be included in the sphere of interests of the USSR.
The Second World War
A significant part of the Estonians perceived the arrival of the German army as a liberation from the Soviet yoke and enthusiastically supported the occupation authorities. Collaboration organization formed "Omakaitse"("Self-Defence"), which collaborated with the German occupation regime. Members of Omakaitse, the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, as well as police battalions participated in battles with partisans, executions of civilians, robberies, the destruction of entire villages in Belarus and the mass transfer of civilians to Germany. Soviet troops liberated Estonia in 1944., and power in Tallinn passed into the hands of the government of the Estonian SSR, which returned from evacuation.
Estonia within the USSR
September 29 1960 The Council of Europe adopted a resolution condemning the military occupation of the Baltic countries by the USSR. Since that time, anti-Soviet demonstrations began, including youth ones. During Gorbachev's perestroika, protests against the system became open and frequent. November 16 1988. The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declared the sovereignty of Estonia.
Estonian independence
January 12 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin made a visit to Tallinn, during which he signed with the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia Arnold Ruutel Treaty on the foundations of interstate relations between the RSFSR and the Republic of Estonia. In Article I of the Treaty, the parties recognized each other as independent states. 6 September 1991. The State Council of the USSR officially recognized the independence of Estonia.
The capital of Estonia - the city of Tallinn - is the largest settlement in the republic. Before the declaration of independence and the establishment of statehood, it was called Revel and was considered the county center of the Estonian province of the Russian Empire. The current name was given to the city in 1919, at the same time, by decree of the Estonian government, it became the official capital of the republic. As of the beginning of 2016, the number of officially registered residents of Tallinn exceeded 439,000, which is almost a third of the country's population.
The capital of Estonia as a business and tourist center
Tallinn is the main business and tourist center of the Republic of Estonia. Here, as well as in the vicinity, the largest enterprises of the country are concentrated. Yes, and acquaintance with Estonia for many tourists begins with a visit to its capital. The most famous are the Kadriorg park, divided into two parts, founded by the Russian Tsar Peter I, as well as interactive museums - Lennusadam (seaplane harbor) and KUMU.
The capital of Estonia is also a center of culture and recreation. It is here that concerts of Russian and Western stars regularly take place, an eventful nightlife rages, mass sporting events and festivals take place. Once every five years, a large-scale song and dance festival is held on the Song and Dance Field, which attracts singers and dancers from all over Estonia.
Unlike other European capitals, Tallinn cannot boast of large sizes. However, perhaps this is precisely its advantage. The distances here are short, and thanks to the well-developed public transport system from the city center to any area can be reached without a change in no more than half an hour. By the way, buses, trolleybuses and trams are free for citizens.
Capital of Estonia – challenge title
A tradition has been established in the Republic of Estonia, according to which, several times a year, Tallinn symbolically transfers the powers of the main city to other settlements. This allows not only to diversify the local life, but also to attract the attention of tourists to other cities in Estonia. The transfer of the title occurs with the onset of the next season according to the astronomical calendar.
The title of the spring capital is annually assigned to the city of Türi. He is awarded this honor for the abundance of flowering gardens, the aroma of which creates an indescribable atmosphere. In the second half of July, the proud title of the capital passes to the main Estonian resort - the city. Until autumn, it is officially considered the summer capital of Estonia.
At the end of September, the border town takes over. Since the late 90s, it has been called the autumn capital of the republic. The last title of the main city is trying on the Otepää ski resort, which until mid-March is considered the winter capital of Estonia.
Unofficial capitals of Estonia
In addition to the listed "seasonal capitals" in Estonia, there are two more cities that have been given the symbolic title of the main cities of the republic. So, for example, the city, which is the center of Estonian students, is often called the university or student capital of the country. As you know, the most prestigious university in the republic is located here.
The title of the island's capital is borne by the city. It is located on the island of Saaremaa and is the largest located in the non-mainland part of the country. All of these cities deserve the attention of tourists, and their residents are always glad to see guests and are ready to give them a warm welcome.
The official name is the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik). Located in the northeast of Europe. The area is 45.2 thousand km2, the population is 1.423 million people. (2001). The official language is Estonian. The capital is Tallinn (500 thousand people, 2001). Public Holiday- Independence Day February 24 (1918). Monetary unit - crown (equal to 100 centimes).
Member of the UN (since 1993), Council of Europe (since 1993), EU (since 2004), NATO (since 2004), etc.
Sights of Estonia
Geography of Estonia
It is located between 22° and 28° east longitude and 60° and 58° north latitude, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, washed by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. The length of the land border is 637 km, in the south with Latvia (343 km), in the east with the Russian Federation (294 km). The nearest northern neighbor is Finland. The coastline is heavily indented - 3794 km. More than 1500 islands, the largest are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu.
Estonia is located within the East European Plain, gradually rising from the coasts of the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland in eastern and southeastern directions. Average height 50 m above sea level, highest point- 318 m - Suur Munamägi hill in the south of the country.
Estonia has a dense river network. Rivers: Narva, Pirita, Kazari, Pärnu, etc. The longest river - Pärnu (144 km) flows into the Gulf of Riga. The most abundant rivers are Narva and Emajõgi.
There are more than 1150 lakes (mostly of glacial origin) and St. 250 ponds. The lakes cover approx. 4.8% of the territory. The largest of them, Peipsi (or Peipsi), is located in the east and forms a natural and historical border with the Russian Federation (out of a lake area of 3555 km2, 1616 km2 belong to the lake). The largest inland water body is Lake Võrtsjärv (266 km2).
More than 48% of the territory is covered with mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests (pine, spruce, warty and downy birch, aspen, as well as oak, maple, ash, elm, linden). The low coastal strip is occupied by coastal meadows with specific flora that tolerate soil salinity.
There are approx. 1560 species of flowering, gymnosperms and ferns. A wide variety of mosses (507 species), lichens (786), fungi (about 2500), algae (more than 1700). There is approx. 60 species of mammals. These are: moose, roe deer, hares, wild boars, foxes, pine martens, badgers, squirrels, etc. More than 70 species of fish live in fresh water and coastal waters (carp, salmon, burbot, trout, crucian carp, tench, carp, herring, sprat , cod, flounder, sea whitefish, eel, etc.).
Estonia has a rather variegated soil cover from sod-podzolic, carbonate to stony podzolic. In general, waterlogged soils occupy more than half of the country's area, and swamps - approx. 22%.
Minerals: shale tar (kukersite), combustible shale and phosphorites (explored reserves are estimated at 3.8 billion tons, predicted - about 6 billion tons), peat, amber, limestone, clay, phosphates, dolomite.
The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, the average July temperature is approx. +17°C, February from -4°C on Lake Saaremaa to -8°C in Narva.
Population of Estonia
According to the estimated data of national statistics, at the beginning of 2003 the population of Estonia was 1356 thousand people, it decreased by 20.7 thousand people. compared to the 2000 census data.
The population in Estonia is decreasing due to both negative natural growth and emigration. From 1995-2001, the death rate steadily increased (from 11.9 to 13.5‰), while the birth rate decreased (from 13.9 to 8.7‰), while the infant mortality rate also decreased (from 18.7 to 12 , 6 people per 1000 newborns). Average life expectancy is 69.7 years, men 63.7, women 76 years. In 2001, 17% of the population was under 15, 15% over 15, 68% St. 65 years old. Men make up 47% of the population, women 53%. 67.1% of the population lives in cities. The retirement age since 2002 is 65 for men, 60 for women.
Ethnic composition: Estonians - 65.1%, Russians - 28.1%, Ukrainians - 2.5%, Belarusians - 1.5%, Finns - 1%. 75.1% of the permanent population (almost all Estonians) have Estonian citizenship, 6.2% - Russian, do not have any citizenship of St. 12%.
Estonian belongs to the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages.
Among believers, Lutherans predominate (80-85%), there are Orthodox (including Estonians), Baptists, Methodists, Seventh-day Adventists, Catholics, and Pentecostals. 8 churches, 8 parish unions and 66 private parishes are registered.
History of Estonia
The scattered Estonian tribes inhabiting the territory of modern Estonia were mainly engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing. The advance of the Germans in an easterly direction in the 12th century. influenced the fate of the Estonians, in the 13-16 centuries. their lands were conquered by the German crusaders and included in Livonia. The southern part of the country in 1224 was divided between the Livonian Order, Dorpat and Ezel bishops, the northern part belonged to Denmark in 1238-1346. The country was dominated by the Teutonic Knights, the landowning aristocracy and the local bishops of the Catholic Church, who were supported by city merchants. As a result of the war (1558-83), the Livonian Order collapsed: Northern part Estonia was under the rule of the Swedes, the south - the Commonwealth. The island of Saaremaa remained with Denmark. From 1645 the entire territory of Estonia became part of Sweden. In the beginning. 18th century Russia's interests in the Baltic region clashed with those of Sweden. After the defeat of Sweden in the Northern War (1700-21), Estonia was annexed to Russia and divided into two provinces. The Estonian Governorate was formed on the territory of northern Estonia, and South part(Pärnu, Viljandi and Tartu) entered the Livonian province.
Under the influence of the events of the February Revolution of 1917, Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies were created in Tallinn and other cities. In April 1917 the Estonian lands became an autonomous province. The first elections to the Estonian Parliament were held on July 7-8, 1917. On February 24, 1918, the Provincial Zemsky Council declared the independence of Estonia. The units of the Red Army and Estonian riflemen who entered contributed to the proclamation on November 29, 1918 of the Estonian Soviet Republic (Estland Labor Commune), which lasted until June 5, 1919, and on May 19, 1919, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the formation of an independent Estonian Republic. On February 2, 1920, a peace treaty was signed with the RSFSR. In 1934 a coup d'état was carried out, a dictatorship was established, parliament was dissolved, and political parties were banned.
On September 28, 1939, Estonia and the USSR signed an agreement on mutual assistance, which provided for the deployment of part of the Soviet troops on the territory of Estonia, and on June 17, 1940, in connection with the threat of fascist aggression, they were introduced. On June 14-15, elections to the State Duma were held, and on July 21, 1940, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed; in August 1940, it became part of the USSR. In 1941-44 E. was occupied by fascist German troops. In the autumn of 1944, after heavy fighting, Estonia was liberated by the Red Army.
In December 1988, the Estonian Popular Front was created, as well as a number of other political organizations (including the Independence Party), which put forward a demand for secession from the USSR. In November 1988, the Supreme Council of Estonia, led by the communist reformers, adopted the Declaration of the sovereignty of the Estonian SSR. On May 8, 1990, the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed, and on September 6, 1991, the independence of Estonia was recognized by the State Council of the USSR.
State structure and political system of Estonia
Estonia is a parliamentary republic. The Constitution of 1992 is in force. Administrative division - 15 counties (maakonds), 207 volosts, 47 cities. The largest cities (thousand people): Tallinn, Tartu (115), Narva (68.5), Kohtla-Järve (55), Pärnu (45).
State power in accordance with the Constitution is exercised by the Riigikogu, the President and the Government.
The highest legislative body is the Riigikogu (unicameral parliament), consisting of 101 deputies elected by universal, direct, secret suffrage for 4 years on the basis of proportional representation (over 20 parties and political organizations are registered in Estonia). The Riigikogu elects the president, discusses legislative acts, approves or rejects the candidature of the prime minister appointed by the president, forms the government of the country.
The elections for the next (10th) Riigikogu, held on March 2, 2003, demonstrated the previous trend towards the predominance of right-wing conservative, nationally oriented forces. In total, approx. 58% of the Estonian electorate, or 40% of the country's inhabitants. Almost 25% of the population, mostly Russian-speaking residents who do not have the status of citizens, were not allowed to participate in the elections. Of the 11 registered parties, only 6 made it to parliament. The Russian-speaking parties - the United People's Party of Estonia and the Russian Party of Estonia did not get the required minimum of votes. The center-right party Res Publica won (28 seats), the second place was taken by the Social Democratic Center Party, led by the Mayor of Tallinn E. Savisaar (28), the Reform Party, led by S. Kallas, was third (19), the only party from " triple alliance (reformists, moderates and the Union of the Fatherland), which has wide support after the right-wing government, because it managed to move away from the unpopular decisions of this government and actively condemned its partners, then the People's Union (13), the Union of the Fatherland "Isamaaliyt" (7) and the Party moderate (6 mandates).
The head of state is the president, elected by the Riigikogu for 5 years, but not more than two consecutive terms, approves laws, appoints a candidate for the post of prime minister, and performs representative functions. On September 21, 2001, Arnold Ruutel won the presidential election, replacing Lennart Mary.
The highest body of executive power, the Cabinet of Ministers, is formed by the Riigikogu. The composition of the new coalition government of the country was approved on April 7, 2003. The ruling coalition included representatives of the Res Publica party, the Reform Party and the People's Union. Juhan Parts, the leader of the Res Publica party, has become the new prime minister of Estonia, replacing Siim Kallas, the leader of the reformist party.
The primary tasks of the new government were: the continuation of an active campaign against corruption (refusal of personal and expensive cars of ministers and other officials), reducing the cost of maintaining the state apparatus; the fight for a balanced budget, the reduction of income tax to 20% and the establishment of a tax-free level of personal income up to 2000 thousand kroons per month from January 1, 2004; tougher penalties for drug-related crimes. In the field of foreign policy - the accession of Estonia to the EU (at the referendum held on September 14, 2003, 66.9% of the voters who took part (63.4%) voted in favor of joining the EU) and NATO, the further development of Estonian-Russian relations, cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Leningrad, Pskov and other regions Russian Federation, as well as cooperation within the framework of projects of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS).
NATO membership is one of the main objectives of Estonia's foreign and defense policy. In 2002, 2% of GDP was spent on defense. The preparation and reform of the national defense system is carried out in accordance with NATO standards. The regular armed forces number approx. 4500 people The whole of Estonia is divided into 4 military districts and 14 defense regions. The ground forces consist of 8 battalions: reconnaissance, security, peacekeeping and 5 infantry, as well as an artillery unit. They are armed with 32 armored personnel carriers, up to 60 mortars of various calibers, approx. 20 towed artillery pieces and St. 400 recoilless, 100 anti-aircraft guns and approx. 15 anti-tank guided missile launchers. Air Force has 110 people. and consist of 2 An-2 aircraft and 3 Mi-2 helicopters. The country's Navy - 300 people, one frigate, 2 patrol boats, 4 mine-sweeping ships, 2 auxiliary ships. There is also a border guard, numbering approx. 300 people on 30 patrol boats.
Estonia has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established on October 9, 1991).
Economy of Estonia
Estonia is a state with an industrial-agrarian economy. Industry employs 33% of the economically active population. The main industries are: oil shale mining and processing, light industry, food processing, woodworking, metalworking, mechanical engineering and production of building materials. Industrial enterprises in the country are concentrated in large cities. Metalworking, machine-building and instrument-making plants, light industry enterprises are located in Tallinn. In Narva there is a well-known large cotton mill (Krenholm Manufactory), in Sillamäe there is a plant for the production of rare metals (Silmet). The cities of Kohtla-Järve, Sillamäe and Narva have the main fuel and energy complexes. Small enterprises in the food and woodworking industries are evenly distributed throughout the country. The industry is experiencing crisis phenomena associated with structural changes, reorientation to the production of competitive products that meet the requirements of the world market.
In agriculture, St. 12% of the economically active population, the area of agricultural land is 2.57 million hectares. The main directions are meat and dairy farming, bacon production. They grow potatoes, vegetables, cereals and fruit crops. Agriculture remains the most backward sector of the economy, despite the measures taken. Estonia has lost the market for agricultural products in the east, and the export of products to the west is limited by various quotas. Only 1/3 of livestock and pig products are exported. The slow pace of privatization also had a negative impact on the state of the industry. In the last decade, the area of arable land has been declining, arable land occupies 25% of the country's territory, pastures - 11%.
Industry in 2002 accounted for 19.7% of GDP (including manufacturing - 18.6%), transport and communications - 15.9, trade - 14.6, services - 12.6, construction - 6.4 , other areas of activity - 30.8%.
There is a fairly developed and extensive transport network. The total length of the broad gauge railway is 1018 km (it was privatized in 2001), highways- 49,480 km (10,935 km coated, 38,545 km unpaved), navigable waterways - 320 km, gas pipeline - 420 km. There is a year-round sea (ports and harbors: Haapsalu, Kunda, Muuga, Tallinn) and air traffic (5 airports, the largest one is in Tallinn).
Estonia has consistently pursued economic reforms coordinated by the IMF and the World Bank and is a market economy country seeking to join the EU to strengthen economic security. One of the main conditions for joining the EU is WTO membership (Estonia joined this organization in 1999). Another important condition is macroeconomic stability.
Over the years of sovereign existence, the country has experienced a fairly long (5 years) and deep economic recession. In 2000, GDP in Estonia amounted to 85% of the 1990 level, the volume of industrial production decreased by 35%. The Russian monetary and financial crisis of 1998 had a negative impact on the development of the Estonian economy. Russian market. Every sixth firm, exporting primarily food, chemical products, building materials, computers, suffered. Many Estonian enterprises were forced to almost halve their production volumes (in the processing industry - by 40%, in the electronics industry - by 55%). The volume of exports to the Russian Federation decreased by 59%, while to the EU countries it increased by 10%. The sharp decline in food exports to the Russian Federation led to the development of a crisis of food overproduction in Estonia. Unemployment has increased. Slow growth in industrial and agricultural production began in 2000.
GDP dynamics in Estonia in the 1990s had a trend inherent in all transition economies: a strong decline gave way to unstable growth. At the same time, exports and foreign investment remained the main sources of growth in the face of limited domestic demand.
The volume of GDP (in constant prices) in 2002 amounted to 96.9 billion kroons, an increase compared to 2001 - 5.8%. Industrial output increased by 4.5%. The volume of production in the mining and processing industries amounted to 939.7 million kroons (an increase of 10.6%), in the manufacturing sector - 16,746.4 million kroons (9.8%). The largest growth was observed in the production of computers, office equipment (24.7%), electrical machines (20%), paper (20.3%) and textile (14.7%) industries.
The volume of work in construction increased by 14.7% and amounted to 5,551 million kroons, while the volume of retail and wholesale trade increased by 10.1% (12,896 million kroons). Income from the service sector increased (restaurant and hotel services - by 12.7%, financial activities - by 8.5%).
In agriculture and hunting, in 2002, a decrease in production by 4.7% was recorded. The livestock industry produced 92 thousand tons of meat, 1% more, eggs (247.3 million units) - 11% less, milk (620.7 thousand tons) - 9% less. In crop production: 543.7 thousand tons were harvested (a decrease of 2.7%), potatoes - 285.7 thousand tons (6.7% less).
The volume of foreign trade turnover of Estonia in 2002 compared to 2001 increased by 3%, amounting to 136.4 billion kroons, exports accounted for 42% (56.9 billion kroons), imports - 58% (79.8 billion kroons). Exports of Estonian goods decreased by 2.1%, while imports increased by 6%. Estonia's foreign trade deficit amounted to 39.7% of exports (in 2001 - 33%). The EU countries accounted for 68% of exports and 58% of imports, the CIS countries - 5 and 10%, respectively. The main export partners were: Finland (24.8%), Sweden (15.3%), Germany (9.9%), Latvia (7.4%), Great Britain (4.8%), Denmark (4, 4%), and for imports - Finland (17.2%), Germany (11.2%), Sweden (9.5%), Russia (7.4%), China (5.2%), Italy ( 4.6%). The negative balance in trade with the EU countries amounted to 5.6 billion kroons, the CIS - 5.1 billion kroons.
The unstable dynamics of the world economy and the negative trends in the development of the EU countries (economic slowdown) have had an impact on the Estonian economy in recent years. This is directly related to the shrinking export opportunities and the constant growth of imports. Estonia managed to partially compensate for losses in the EU markets by entering the markets of the CIS countries, mainly in the Russian Federation. In 2002, exports to the Russian Federation increased by 39.5% compared to 2001. Mechanical engineering products (about 60%) and foodstuffs are a major export item. Almost 50% of imports from the Russian Federation are mineral products (oil, oil products, gas, mineral fertilizers). Large import positions are metals (mainly ferrous and aluminum) and products made from them, as well as chemical products, timber products, primarily wood for the production of sawn timber, exported to the West.
There are no large investments from the Russian Federation in Estonia, shareholders from among legal entities and individuals are registered in 266 Estonian companies. Relatively large investments were made by RAO "Gazprom" in the petrochemical enterprise "Nitrofert" in Kohtla-Jarve. On the basis of the Nitrofert gas processing enterprise, with the participation of large Western companies and banks, work is underway on a project to create a modern high-tech chemical production. The products of this enterprise (fertilizers, methanol, etc.) will be exported to the markets of Western countries.
The transit of Russian cargo remains an important element of the Estonian national economy. The volume of these services significantly exceeds commodity exports to the Russian Federation in value terms. The Russian Federation is provided with services for the transportation and transshipment of oil and oil products, fertilizers, metals and a number of other goods. Income from the transit of these goods is up to 25% of the Estonian budget.
The reduction in demand in foreign markets had a downward effect on the dynamics of consumer prices. The trade deficit increased markedly. The increase in the balance of payments deficit was counteracted by a very tangible influx of investments from abroad. The volume of accumulated at the beginning. 2002 foreign direct investment (FDI) was $2.7 billion, or $1.8 thousand per capita. The largest foreign investors - Finland and Sweden - invested St. 2/3 of all foreign investment, Germany - 10%.
The economic development of Estonia in 2003 will continue to be determined by the dynamics of demand in the domestic market. Some growth in consumption will be possible due to an increase in wages, expanding opportunities for obtaining loans from commercial banks.
The Estonian banking system consists of the Bank of Estonia and a network of commercial banks (7), whose assets amounted to USD 3.78 billion (September 2002). Hansapank is one of the largest banks in the country. According to the Bank of Estonia, the deficit of the country's balance of payments in 2002 amounted to 13.3 billion kroons (930 million dollars), or 12.5% of GDP, 2 times more than in 2001. The increase in the deficit is caused by the ever-increasing import of services, indicating for active investment activities. Estonian external debt at stake. 2002 amounted to 12.3 billion kroons, or 11.6% of GDP (in 2001 - respectively 9.2 billion kroons, or 10% of GDP).
In 2002, GDP per capita reached 5,000 euros, which is 37% of the EU average. The average monthly wage was $337, the minimum wage was $103, the average pension was $92, and the average family income per person was $131. Food accounted for 32% of all expenses.
The number of employed in 2002 amounted to 586 thousand people, which increased by 1.4% compared to 2001. 67.2 thousand unemployed were registered (in 2001 - 83.1 thousand). The unemployment rate remains quite high, but there is a downward trend from 13.6% in 2000 to 10.6% in 2001 and 10.3% in 2002.
Science and culture of Estonia
In Estonia, the share of those with primary, basic (9 grades) and secondary education in the economically active population is 35.6%, secondary specialized (vocational) education - 35.3% and higher education - 29.1% (2000).
At the beginning of the 2001/02 academic year, 207.6 thousand people were studying in general education schools in Estonia. (26.2% - in Russian), in vocational schools - 29.8 thousand people. (35.3%) and in universities - 60.4 thousand people. (11.2%). In the field of vocational and higher education, a significant share of state funding remains. The number of students in higher education has increased dramatically due to paid education (both in public and private educational institutions).
Since 2002, a new system of funding state-funded places in higher education has been in operation. It provides for the conclusion of agreements between the Ministry of Education and the university for the entire nominal period of budgetary education (up to graduation, obtaining a master's or doctoral degree) for a certain number of places.
The country has 6 public and 8 private universities, 34 universities. The largest and most famous of them are: the University of Tartu (founded in 1632), the Tallinn University of Technology, the Tallinn Pedagogical University, the Estonian Agricultural Academy in Tartu, the Tallinn University of the Arts, and the Estonian Academy of Music and Art in Tallinn.
Spending on science is 0.7% of GDP (2001). The leading scientific center of the country, the Estonian Academy of Sciences, was reorganized into a personal academy, and its 19 institutes were transferred to universities. A major center of science is the University of Tartu, where special attention is paid to research in the fields of Estonian philology and literature, history, ethnography and medicine.
Of the 114 museums in the country, the largest is the Estonian National Museum, founded in 1909 in Tartu, which has a rich collection of ethnographic materials. Estonia has approx. 600 libraries. The largest of these are the University of Tartu Library, the National Library in Tallinn and the Estonian Academic Library in Tallinn.
Estonian culture was formed under strong Scandinavian and German influence. In the beginning. 19th century Estonian literature began to emerge. The publication in 1857-61 by F. Kreutzwald of the national epic "Kalevipoeg" ("Son of Kalev") was a significant event. Poetry was developed in the 2nd half. 19th century L. Koidula (the founder of Estonian dramaturgy), A. Reinvald, M. Veske, M. Under and B. Alver gained the greatest fame. In the beginning. 20th century the poet G. Suits headed the Young Estonia cultural movement, such poets as P. Rummo (the play Cinderella's Game) and J. Kaplinsky gained fame.
The greatest achievement of prose in the 20th century. is a five-volume epic novel by A. Tammsaare "Truth and Justice", written in 1926-33. The historical novels of the most famous Estonian writer J. Kross reveal the moral problems of Estonian society. The national writer of Estonia is Juhan Smuul (1922-71).
An important role in Estonian culture is played by folklore, which is the inspiration for writers, artists, sculptors, and musicians. Artist J. Köhler and sculptor A. Weizenberg, Estonian graphic artists T. Vinta, V. Tolli and M. Leis can be attributed to the founders of Estonian national fine arts. Among Estonian composers, the most famous are E. Tubin (1905-82), A. Pärt (b. 1935), conductor N. Järvi (b. 1937)
It is an Estonian tradition to hold song festivals (in recent decades, the number of performers has reached 30 thousand people, and listeners and spectators up to 300 thousand people).
Estonia has approx. 30 large and small theaters - state, municipal and private (National Opera House "Estonia", State Russian Drama Theater, Theater "Vanemuine", etc.). Famous singers - Georg Ots (1920-75), Anne Veski.
