Chapter x. aircraft flights. Sky online. World map of flights

Article 66

1. An aircraft is allowed to fly if it has state and registration or accounting identification marks, which has undergone the necessary training and has the appropriate documentation on board.

2. The procedure for admission to flights of civil aircraft established by federal aviation regulations.

3. The procedure for admission to flights of state aircraft and experimental aircraft is established by the specially authorized body in the field of defense and the specially authorized body in the field of defense industry, respectively.

Article 67. Documentation available on board the aircraft

1. Every civil aircraft must have on board the following documentation:

1) ship's documents:

certificate of state registration;

certificate (certificate) of the operator (copy);

airworthiness certificate (certificate of airworthiness);

on-board and sanitary magazines;

permission for an on-board radio station, if the aircraft is equipped with radio equipment;

flight manual;

2) relevant documents for each crew member;

3) documents provided by a specially authorized body in the field civil aviation.

2. State aircraft and experimental aircraft must have on board the documents, the list of which is established by the specially authorized body in the field of defense and the specially authorized body in the field of defense industry, respectively.

Article 68. Preparation for flight of an aircraft and its crew

The flight of an aircraft must be preceded by the preparation of the aircraft and its crew. The rules for preparing an aircraft and its crew for flight and control over their readiness are established by the relevant specially authorized body.

Article 69

Air traffic services, as well as meteorological, radio, electrical and lighting engineering, aviation engineering, airfield, search, rescue and other support for aircraft flights are carried out on uniform conditions for a fee, unless otherwise provided by law Russian Federation.

Article 70. Aircraft flight plan

1. The flight of the aircraft is carried out in accordance with the flight plan submitted by the user airspace to the relevant authority of the unified air traffic management system, if there is a permit for the use of airspace, with the exception of an aircraft flight performed in cases of repelling an air attack, preventing and stopping violations state border of the Russian Federation or an armed intrusion into the territory of the Russian Federation, rendering assistance in emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature, search and evacuation of spacecraft and their crews, prevention and (or) termination of violations of federal rules for the use of airspace, as well as the flight of an aircraft performed in special areas determined in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

2. Deviation from the flight plan of an aircraft is allowed on the basis of the permission of the relevant air traffic services (flight control) body, except for the cases provided for in Article 58 of this Code.

Article 71. Radio communication with an aircraft

1. An aircraft with radio communication facilities and the relevant air traffic services (flight control) body are required to communicate with each other.

2. Radio communication during air traffic maintenance within the territory of the Russian Federation shall be carried out in Russian. During aircraft flights on international air routes within the territory of the Russian Federation, including in areas of airfields open for international flights, as well as in areas above open sea where the responsibility for air traffic management is assigned to the Russian Federation, radio communications can be carried out in English and Russian. The procedure for radio communication is established by federal aviation regulations.

Article 72

The flight of an aircraft over populated areas must be carried out at an altitude that allows, in the event of an aircraft malfunction, to land outside settlements or on specially provided for these purposes take-off and landing sites within the limits of settlements. Deviations from this flight rule are determined in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 73. Demonstration flight of an aircraft

The demonstration flight of an aircraft is carried out in accordance with the aircraft flight safety requirements established by the relevant specially authorized body. The procedure for organizing and conducting demonstration flights of aircraft is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 74 supersonic speed

The flight of an aircraft at supersonic speed is allowed at an altitude at which the dangerous effect of a sonic boom on environment. Rules for the performance of aircraft flights at supersonic speeds are established by federal aviation regulations.

Article 75

The use of photography and filming and other methods of remote sensing of the earth from an aircraft is allowed in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 76. Lease of communication channels

1. To ensure flights of aircraft and other activities for the use of airspace, citizens and legal entities, having the right to provide communication services, lease on the basis of contracts to the relevant specially authorized bodies, at their request, the necessary communication channels.

2. The specially authorized body in the field of communications, the communications authorities of the federal executive authorities, as well as citizens and legal entities entitled to provide communication services, ensure the provision of priority communication channels for ensuring flights of aircraft and other activities using airspace and accept urgent measures to replace communication channels and restore them in case of damage.

Article 77

The procedure for using general-purpose communication facilities for aircraft flights is established by a specially authorized body in the field of communications in agreement with a specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation, a specially authorized body in the field of defense or a specially authorized body in the field of defense industry.

Article 78

1. In order to carry out radio technical support for aircraft flights and radio communications with them, the specially authorized body in the field of defense, in accordance with the established procedure, allocates radio frequencies that must be protected from interference.

2. Citizens and legal entities that have installations and devices that interfere with the means of radio-technical support for aircraft flights and radio communications with them are obliged, at the request of a specially authorized body in the field of communications or its divisions, to eliminate interference on their own and at their own expense, and before them elimination, stop the operation of such installations and apparatuses.


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Page creation date: 2016-03-24

Details Oleg Nekhaev

This is a unique page. The map below shows scheduled aircraft in this moment in the air, in flight. In real time! All over the world! By moving around the map and scaling its fragments, you can see the situation with air traffic in any corner of our planet. (It takes time to load the schema. It is better to use the Google Chrome browser. Transmission interruptions occur.)

FIND TICKETS YOU BUY

You can switch to the large format version of the map. She is posted.

Refresh the page if the flight broadcast is interrupted (Ctrl+F5).

Explanations. Not all aircraft are visible on the schematic map. Only those that are equipped with special transponders and are located in flight zones where there are appropriate receiving stations. For example, the territory of Europe (EEC countries) is covered almost completely. Comprehensive information about passenger flights of aircraft comes from here.

But, even in those regions where there is no great saturationground stations, major air routes are mostly covered. This is xor osho can be seen from the numerous silhouettes of aircraft on differentcontinents tracked in real time. But, we recall that for the reasons indicated at the beginning, flights of old modifications of ships, for example, Boeings (727, 737-200, 747-100, 74 7-200, 747SP) and Soviet Tu-134, Tu-154, Il-62, Yak-42... (with the exception of some modifications - "M") But the new Russian liners - Sukhoi SuperJet 100, IL-96, Tu-204 - are displayed without problems.

Recommendations. By moving the map with the cursor and zooming it with the mouse wheel, you can move to the region of interest. If you hover over the silhouette of an aircraft, it will change color. Click the left mouse button and a panel will open from which you can find out the name of the airline operating the flight, flight number, airport of departure and arrival, type of liner ( type) , height ( Altitude) in feet (1000 feet = 0.3 km.) and airspeed (ground speed ) in knots (one knot equals 1.852 km/h), time of departure and arrival according to the schedule (respectively -- departure and arrival ) ,actual time of departure and arrival (actual and estimated).

When switching to the panel, a line (track) of the aircraft's previous movement appears on the map, the color of which changes depending on the flight altitude. Color matching is shown below. For a convenient continuation of the overview of the flight map, close the left column (you may have to click on the silhouette of the activated airplane for this).

The flight map provides not only informative information, but can also become a real tool for civil control of air traffic. Now you can check the accuracy of the information provided to passengers by employees of airlines and airports. You can evaluate the accuracy of the schedule performance by air carriers and plan a real meeting of arriving passengers. And when there are problems with flying weather, you yourself will assess the situation with the "openness of ports" ... The provision of this information is lawful and does not violate the laws of any of the countries from which information about flights is received.

Note. Helicopter flight information is not displayed. There is no information about the presence of military aircraft in the air, with the rarest exception, which is allowed by the creators of this program fromflightradar.

Attention! Due to lack ground stations in some sparsely populated regions, over the ocean, and when there are problems with signal transmission, the display of aircraft silhouettes on the schematic map may temporarily disappear and not reflect the real situation. The silhouette can also disappear when the aircraft is a few tens of meters from the ground (directly during takeoff and landing). But in other cases, you can perfectly see the planes while taxiing, accelerating along the runway and climbing. Information data during the flight about the characteristics of the aircraft may not be fully reflected. orange color Aircraft began to be marked, which are displayed on the map with a five-minute delay. For security reasons, technical services of some US airports began to resort to these measures (mainly) in order to deprive intruders of reliable information.

Selected for YOU:

1. International flight of an aircraft - flight of an aircraft in the airspace of more than one state.


2. International flights of aircraft in the airspace of the Russian Federation are carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, generally accepted principles and norms international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.


3. Rules for international flights of aircraft, aeronautical information regarding international air routes, international airports and aerodromes open for international flights of aircraft, as well as other information necessary for international air traffic, are published in the Aeronautical Information Collection of the Russian Federation.


4. International flights of aircraft are carried out on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation or permits issued in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.


5. Identification marks of aircraft of foreign states must be reported by operators to the authorized body in the field of civil aviation before the start of international flights.


6. To carry out flights of aircraft of foreign states in the airspace of the Russian Federation, operators are required to provide the authorized body in the field of civil aviation with information on insurance or other liability for causing harm to third parties and aircraft. The conditions for such provision are established by the authorized body in the field of civil aviation.




Comments to Art. 79 VZK RF


The main international document regulating relations in the field of civil aviation, in addition to international treaties concluded by Russia with various states, is the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, December 7, 1944). Russia ratified the Convention on October 15, 1970.

In accordance with the above document, international air traffic refers to air traffic carried out through the airspace over the territory of more than one state. The state (hereinafter referred to as the state party), on the territory of which international flights are carried out, upon accession to the Convention, agrees that all aircraft of other states that are not aircraft engaged in scheduled international air services have the right, subject to the provisions of international acts, to carry out flights into its territory or transit non-stop flights through its territory and to land for non-commercial purposes without the need to obtain prior permission and provided that the state over whose territory the flight is being flown has the right to require a landing. However, each State Party to the Convention reserves the right, for reasons of air safety, to require aircraft that intend to fly over areas that are inaccessible or without adequate air navigation facilities to follow prescribed routes or to obtain a special permit for such flights. Such aircraft, when engaged in the carriage of passengers, cargo or mail for reward or hire, but not in scheduled international air services, shall also enjoy the privilege of taking on or discharging passengers, cargo or mail, provided that any State where such loading or unloading shall have the right to lay down such rules, conditions or restrictions as it may consider desirable.

In the case of regular international air communications, it is necessary to obtain a special permit or other sanction from the state in whose territory the flight is carried out. A State party to the Convention has the right to refuse permission to aircraft of other States to take on board in its territory passengers, mail and cargo carried for reward or hire and having another destination within its territory. Furthermore, each Contracting State undertakes not to enter into any agreement which specifically grants any such privilege on an exclusive basis to any other State or to an airline of any other State, nor to receive any such exclusive privilege from any other State.

An aircraft capable of flying without a pilot is not entitled to fly without a pilot over the territory of another state, except with the special permission of that state and in accordance with the terms of such permission. Each State undertakes, when such an aircraft is flown without a pilot in areas open to civil aircraft, to ensure such control of this flight as to make it possible to exclude danger to civil aircraft.

If a State has restricted zones on its territory, it may, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, restrict or prohibit on a uniform basis the flights of aircraft of other States over certain zones of its territory, provided that no distinction is made in this respect between those employed in scheduled international flights. air traffic by aircraft of this state and aircraft of other states engaged in similar communications. Such exclusion zones shall be of reasonable size and location so as not to unnecessarily obstruct air navigation. Descriptions of such exclusion zones in the territory of a State, as well as any subsequent changes to them, should be sent to other States Parties to the Convention as soon as possible and international organization civil aviation.

A State Party may temporarily restrict or prohibit flights over all or any part of its territory, provided that such restriction or prohibition applies to aircraft of all other States, regardless of their nationality, in exceptional circumstances or during a period of public emergency or in the public interest. security.

Any aircraft that enters the territory of a State Party shall, if required by the rules of that State, land at an airport designated by that State for the purpose of passing through customs and other controls. When departing from the territory of a State Party, such aircraft shall depart from a similarly designated customs airport. Information about all of the customs airports published by the State Party and sent to the International Civil Aviation Organization for transmission to all other States Parties. Each State Party undertakes to take measures to ensure that every aircraft flying or maneuvering within its territory, as well as every aircraft bearing its national mark, wherever such aircraft may be located, comply with the laws in force. this place rules and regulations concerning the flight and maneuvering of aircraft. Each State Party undertakes to maintain the greatest possible uniformity between its own rules in this field and those established from time to time under the aforementioned Convention. Over the high seas, the rules of the Convention apply.

From the point of view of Russian air law, an international flight is any flight associated with the crossing by an aircraft of the state border of the Russian Federation and another state or performed in the airspace of another state (states).

International flights are divided into:

Regular, scheduled, and additional to the schedule;

Episodic (one-time): charter and special.

International flights of civil aircraft of the Russian Federation are carried out on the basis of and in accordance with the terms of international agreements on air traffic, special permits for regular and single flights issued by the competent authorities of foreign states.

In international air traffic, Aeroflot acts as a single and independent aviation enterprise which is a legal entity. International flights of Russian civil aircraft are carried out under State flag. International flights of foreign aircraft in the airspace of Russia are carried out along established international air routes and to airfields allocated for servicing these flights, unless otherwise established. Lists of international air routes and airports (aerodromes) open for international flights are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and published in the Aeronautical Information Collection. International flights of civil aircraft of the Russian Federation are carried out along established international air routes, determined by the permission of the relevant authorities of foreign states.

Each aircraft performing an international flight must have on board the relevant ship's documents, the list of which is established by law. To store ship's documents, the aircraft must be equipped with safes (metal boxes). Departure of aircraft performing international flights from Russia, as well as their landing after entering the airspace of the Russian Federation, is carried out at airports (airfields) open for international flights, where there are checkpoints of border troops and customs institutions. A different procedure for the departure and landing of aircraft is allowed only with the permission of the competent authorities.

Aircraft, their crews and passengers arriving and departing from Russia, as well as property imported or exported from Russia on aircraft, are subject to passport, customs, currency, sanitary, quarantine and other entry and exit rules, respectively, and also import and export of property and transit through the territory of the Russian Federation. Before departure and after the completion of an international flight, crew members of aircraft of the Russian Federation must undergo customs clearance, passport control and other procedures established by the relevant government bodies, V international airports(aerodromes) on the territory of the Russian Federation and in foreign states. Each international flight must be carried out in the presence of a departure permit received in the prescribed manner from the GC EU ATC and in accordance with the flight plan (flight plan) submitted to the air traffic control authorities. Aircraft performing international flights must cross the State Border along the established air flight corridors of the State Border of Russia.

Article 66

  • 1. An aircraft is allowed to fly if it has state and registration or accounting identification marks, which has undergone the necessary training and has the appropriate documentation on board.
  • 2. The procedure for admission to flights of civil aircraft is established by federal aviation rules.
  • 3. The procedure for admission to flights of state aircraft and experimental aircraft is established by the authorized body in the field of defense and the authorized body in the field of the defense industry, respectively.
  • (V

Article 67. Documentation available on board 1 aircraft

  • 1. Every civil aircraft must have on board the following documentation:
  • 1) ship's documents:

certificate of state registration;

certificate (certificate) of the operator (copy), except for the cases provided for in paragraph 4 of Article 61 of this Code;

  • (harm. airworthiness certificate;
  • (V on-board and sanitary magazines, flight manual (when operating ultralight civil aircraft, the availability of on-board and sanitary magazines, flight manuals is optional);
  • (harm. Federal Law of July 18, 2006N 114-FZ) permission for an on-board radio station, if the aircraft is equipped with radio equipment;

paragraph is invalid. - Federal Law of July 18, 2006 N 114-FZ;

  • 2) relevant documents for each crew member;
  • 3) documents provided by the authorized body in the field of civil aviation.
  • (V
  • 2. State aircraft and experimental aircraft must have on board the documents, the list of which is established by the authorized body in the field of defense and the authorized body in the field of the defense industry, respectively.
  • (V ed. Federal Law of August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ)

Article 68

(as amended by Federal Law No. 114-FZ of July 18, 2006)

The flight of an aircraft must be preceded by the preparation of the aircraft and its crew. The procedure for preparing an aircraft and its crew for flight, the procedure for monitoring their readiness and the procedure for performing a flight are established by federal aviation rules.

Article 69

  • (V ed. Federal Law of 04.12.2007N 332-FZ)
  • 1. Air navigation services for aircraft flights (organization and maintenance of air traffic, provision of aviation telecommunications, provision of aeronautical and meteorological information, search and rescue), as well as radio and lighting, engineering and aviation, airfield, emergency rescue and other support for air flights courts is carried out on uniform terms with the collection of fees, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
  • (V ed. Federal Law of July 13, 2015 N 254-FZ)
  • 2. The rules and conditions for air navigation services, as well as for the provision of aircraft flights, are established by federal aviation rules.
  • 3. The procedure for reimbursement of expenses for air navigation services, provision of flights of aircraft of airspace users exempted in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation from the collection of fees for air navigation services, provision of aircraft flights, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
  • (P. 3 in ed. Federal Law of 05.04.2011 N 46-FZ)

Article 70. Aircraft flight plan

  • 1. The flight of the aircraft is carried out in accordance with the flight plan submitted by the user of the airspace to the relevant body of the unified air traffic management system, with permission to use the airspace, with the exception of the flight of the aircraft, performed in cases of repelling an air attack, preventing and stopping violations of the State borders of the Russian Federation or an armed intrusion into the territory of the Russian Federation, assistance in emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature, search and evacuation of spacecraft and their crews, prevention and (or) termination of violations of federal rules for the use of airspace, as well as the flight of an aircraft performed in a notification procedure for the use of airspace, an aircraft flight performed in special areas determined in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
  • (harm. Federal Law of 18.07.2006N114-FZ)
  • 1.1. The conditions, procedure and form for submitting flight plans are established by the federal rules for the use of airspace. (Clause 1.1 was introduced by Federal Law No. 114-FZ of July 18, 2006)
  • 2. Deviation from the flight plan of an aircraft is allowed on the basis of the permission of the relevant air traffic services (flight control) body, except for the cases provided for in Article 58 of this Code.

Article 71. Radio communication with an aircraft

  • 1. The commander of an aircraft or another member of the crew of an aircraft with radio communication means, when performing a flight, must use a certain radio frequency to receive information. IN in cases stipulated by federal aviation regulations, the aircraft commander or other member of the aircraft crew and the relevant air traffic services (flight control) body are required to communicate with each other by radio.
  • (P. 1 harm. Federal Law of July 18, 2006N 114-FZ)
  • 2. Radio communication during air traffic maintenance within the territory of the Russian Federation shall be carried out in Russian. During aircraft flights on international air routes within the territory of the Russian Federation, including in areas of airfields open for international flights, as well as in areas over the open sea in which the Russian Federation is responsible for organizing air traffic, radio communication can be carried out in English and Russian. The procedure for radio communication is established by federal aviation regulations.

Article 72 The flight of an aircraft over populated areas must be carried out at an altitude that allows, in the event of an aircraft malfunction, to land outside populated areas or on specially designed landing sites within populated areas. Deviations from this flight rule are determined in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 73. Demonstration flight of an aircraft

The demonstration flight of the aircraft is carried out in accordance with the aircraft flight safety requirements established by the relevant authorized body. The procedure for organizing and conducting demonstration flights of aircraft is established by the authorized federal executive body.

(as amended by the Federal Laws of 22.08.2004 N122-FZ, of 23.07.2008 N160-FZ)

Article 74. Flight of an aircraft at supersonic speed

The flight of an aircraft at supersonic speed is allowed at an altitude at which the dangerous impact of a sonic boom on the environment is excluded. Rules for the performance of aircraft flights at supersonic speeds are established by federal aviation regulations.

Article 75

The use of photography and filming and other methods of remote sensing of the earth from an aircraft is allowed in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 76. Lease of communication channels

  • 1. In order to ensure flights of aircraft and other activities for the use of airspace, citizens and legal entities entitled to provide communication services lease the necessary communication channels to the relevant authorized bodies at their request on the basis of contracts.
  • (V ed. Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004 (as amended on December 29, 2004))
  • 2. The authorized body in the field of communications, the communications authorities of the federal executive authorities, as well as citizens and legal entities entitled to provide communications services, ensure the priority provision of communication channels for the provision of aircraft flights and other activities for the use of airspace and take urgent measures for the replacement of communication channels and their restoration in case of damage.
  • (V ed. Federal Law of August 22, 2004 N122-FZ)

Article 77

The procedure for using general-purpose communication facilities to ensure aircraft flights is established by the authorized body in the field of communications in agreement with the authorized body in the field of civil aviation, the authorized body in the field of airspace use, the authorized body in the field of defense or the authorized body in the field of defense industry.

(damage of Federal laws of 22.08.2004 N 122-FZ, of 04.12.2007N 332-FZ)

Article 78

  • 1. For the implementation of radio technical support for flights of aircraft and radio communication with them, the authorized body in the field of defense, in accordance with the established procedure, allocates radio frequencies that must be protected from interference.
  • (V ed. Federal Law of August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ)
  • 2. Citizens and legal entities that have installations and devices that interfere with the means of radio technical support for aircraft flights and radio communications with them are obliged, at the request of the authorized body in the field of communications or its divisions, to eliminate the interference on their own and at their own expense, and until they are eliminated stop the operation of such installations and devices.
  • (V ed. Federal Law of August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ)

Article 66

Commentary on article 66

In paragraph 1 of Art. 66 of the VC, the legislator emphasized that aircraft that have not passed the appropriate registration or registration and do not have state identification marks are not allowed to fly. In addition, aircraft must undergo the necessary training in accordance with regulatory enactments and have documentation on board in accordance with the provisions of Art. 67 VK.

Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Art. 66 VC takes into account the specifics of flights in civil, state and experimental aviation. These paragraphs establish that the procedure for admission to flights of civil aircraft is established by federal aviation regulations, which must be approved by the Ministry of Transport of Russia, and the procedure for admission of state and experimental aircraft - by the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, respectively.

Each registered (recorded) aircraft must have documents confirming its fitness (admission) for flights. The maintenance of each aircraft during operation in a condition that meets the requirements of airworthiness standards is assigned to the enterprises, institutions and organizations operating the aircraft (see commentary to Article 37 of the VC).

The issuance, replacement or extension of the validity period of the certificate of airworthiness of the aircraft is carried out for the period of operation of the aircraft until the next repair, but not more than for two years. Until a permanent certificate of airworthiness is obtained, an aircraft may be operated on the basis of a temporary certificate of airworthiness issued by the customer's representative at the manufacturer for a period of two months. The basis for the distillation of the aircraft to the airline after a major overhaul is the acceptance certificate.

Flights of aircraft without a valid registration certificate and certificate of airworthiness, as well as without state registration identification marks, are prohibited, with the exception of aircraft undergoing factory, state and operational tests.

Article 67. Documentation available on board the aircraft

Commentary on article 67

In the commented article, the legislator determined that each aircraft, when performing flights, must have the appropriate documentation on board.

1. Paragraph 1 is based on the provisions of art. 29 of the Chicago Convention of 1944 and art. 67 VK. This paragraph specifies that the following ship's papers must be carried on a civil aircraft:

certificate of state registration (original);

certificate (certificate) of the operator (copy). It is allowed to have a copy of the operator's certificate (certificate) on board, since the operator has the original of this document in the singular, and, as a rule, there are several aircraft (from units to several hundred). At the same time, the legislator made an exception for light and ultralight general aviation aircraft, since in accordance with paragraph 4 of Art. 61 VC individuals and legal entities using such aircraft are not required to obtain an air operator's certificate (licence);

on-board and sanitary magazines, flight manual. At the same time, the legislator made an exception for ultralight aircraft, determining that the presence of such documents on these aircraft is not necessary due to the practical difficulties of their use on board such aircraft (in international practice, in this case, aviation standards and rules provide for the use of plates with the main flight parameters and restrictions);

permission for on-board radio stations, if any, on board the aircraft (permission for on-board radio stations can be issued in the form of a record of telephone and telegraph call signs assigned to the aircraft).

The legislator did not give an exhaustive list of documents that should be on board a civil aircraft, giving the authorized body in the field of civil aviation the right, if necessary, to expand the list of such documents at its own discretion (subclause 3, clause 1, article 67 of the VC).

It should be noted that neither in the commented article, nor in other articles of the VK, nor in the federal aviation rules, the question of the language in which ship documents must be executed is legislatively regulated. The urgency of this problem is aggravated due to the increasing use by domestic operators of aircraft designed and manufactured abroad.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 26 directly provides for "the right to use one's native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity", in other words, the restriction of this right of a citizen in the form of his obligation to work on documentation in a foreign language is contrary to the Constitution, and Art. 68 establishes that "the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian". Civil and, as already noted, the Air Codes do not contain rules on the working language of technical documentation. Federal Law No. 53-FZ of 01.06.2005 "On the state language of the Russian Federation" does not contain direct rules on the area under consideration here. Only in Art. 3 is a reference to other laws:

"Article 3. Spheres of use of the state language of the Russian Federation

1. The official language of the Russian Federation is subject to mandatory use...

4) in constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative proceedings, proceedings in arbitration courts...;

11) in other areas defined by federal laws..."

In other words, in order to use the norm of paragraph 11 of Art. 3, it needs to be specified in a law or a government decree. Such Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 15, 1997 N 1037 "On measures to ensure the availability of information in Russian on non-food products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation" was adopted, and it can be interpreted as a mandatory norm for the submission of technical, including ship's, documentation in Russian :

"In order to strengthen the control of quality assurance and safety ... of imported non-food products ...:

1. Establish that from July 1, 1998, it is prohibited to sell imported non-food products on the territory of the Russian Federation without information about them in Russian. Availability of information... in Russian is provided by organizations and individual entrepreneurs who import them into the Russian Federation.

Information on non-food products... must contain the following information in Russian...

purpose (field of use), main properties and characteristics;

rules and conditions for efficient and safe use;

other information about the goods in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the requirements of state standards for certain types of non-food products and the rules for their sale.

The information must be ... set out in the technical (operational) documentation attached to the product ... "

However, the widespread practice of using documentation in English by operators of imported aircraft indicates that this Decree is not applied in aviation. The legitimacy of the current situation should be judged by law enforcement agencies.

It should also be noted that the rules AP-21 "Procedures for the certification of aviation equipment" in paragraph 4.7.5 contain the rule: "Application for the issuance of a type certificate and other materials and documents are submitted to the Aircraft Register in Russian or English." This predetermines the need for knowledge in English specialists working with such documentation. However, the status of this document in the system of air legislation of the Russian Federation is not defined, since the Order of the Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation, by which this document was adopted as temporary FAR of the Russian Federation (dated July 5, 1994 N 49), was not registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

Thus, in legal terms, the issues of mandatory translation of documentation or permission to use it in Russia in a foreign language are not regulated.

2. Depending on the specialty, level of preparedness and work experience, flight personnel and other aviation personnel are assigned a class and a certificate is issued. In accordance with sub. 2 p. 1 art. 67 VC, all crew members on duty must carry a valid aviation personnel certificate.

3. By paragraph 2 of the commented article, the legislator, taking into account the specifics of flight operations, granted the right to determine an exhaustive list of documents that state and experimental aircraft should have on board, the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade, respectively.

Article 68

Commentary on article 68

In this article, the legislator determined that without the appropriate training of any aircraft and its crew, regardless of their belonging to the types of aviation, flights cannot be carried out. The general procedure for preparing, performing and supporting flights for all types of aviation is determined by the FAR of flights (see commentary to article 2 of the VC). At the same time, due to the huge variety of types of aircraft and the flights they perform, the procedure for preparing an aircraft and its crew for flight, the procedure for monitoring their readiness and the procedure for performing a flight are referred to the competence of authorized bodies, which, in the documents they issue (federal aviation rules, manuals , instructions, etc.) specify the specified procedure and rules for the preparation, control and performance of flights. As an example, we can cite the FAP for the production of flights by state aviation, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Defense dated September 24, 2004 N 275. However, all these documents must comply with the FAP for flights.

These documents provide that each flight must be preceded by a thorough training of the aircraft and crew. All crew members, regardless of their position and flight experience, are required to undergo training and flight readiness checks. Preparation for the flight is divided into preliminary and pre-flight.

Preliminary training is the main type of flight preparation and is carried out in full crew under the leadership of the flight unit commander or his deputy, with the participation of the necessary specialists. The procedure for conducting and the content of preliminary training are determined by the governing documents in force in civil, state and experimental aviation.

Pre-flight training of the crew before each flight is organized and conducted by the aircraft commander, taking into account the specific air navigation situation and weather conditions. The crew must begin pre-flight preparation no later than one hour before the scheduled departure time, and at intermediate airports for short-term stops - from the moment the crew arrives.

Control over the readiness of aircraft and their crews for flights is the final stage of preparation for flights and is carried out by higher commanders and chiefs in accordance with the established procedure.

The procedure for performing flights on air routes and local air routes is the same for all aircraft, regardless of their belonging to the types of aviation.

The procedure for performing flights outside the airways and local overhead lines(areas of airfields and air hubs, special zones, areas and routes of flights, areas of polygons, blasting) is determined by the authorized bodies in whose interests such zones or areas are established.

The procedure for performing flights (the ban on their performance) in the above elements of the airspace structure is established by regulatory enactments and published in aeronautical information documents.

Article 69

Commentary on article 69

In paragraph 1 of the commented article, the legislator determined that air navigation services for aircraft flights, as well as radio engineering, aviation engineering, airfield, emergency rescue and other flight support are carried out on uniform conditions for a fee, providing that an exemption can be made by law. At the same time, in paragraph 3 of this article, the legislator decided that there could be no free air navigation services, instructing the Government of the Russian Federation to establish a procedure for reimbursement of expenses in such cases. With regard to other types of flight support, the legislator did not provide for the possibility of such compensation (see commentary to paragraph 1 of article 50 of the VC).

The provision of flights with aeronautical information consists in the timely provision of aeronautical information to aviation personnel associated with the provision and performance of flights. The main aeronautical information documents for aircraft crews and ground services organizing and providing flights are:

lists of air routes of the Russian Federation, international flights and airfields;

collections and regulations of aeronautical information on air routes;

annexes to aeronautical information publications (airfield minima for take-off and landing of civil aviation aircraft);

collections of aeronautical information;

collections of aeronautical information on international air routes;

collections of aeronautical information on local airlines;

radio navigation charts;

corrections and notices of AIS, warning sheets, etc.;

NOTAM of Russia and foreign states.

Responsibility for the reliability of data submitted for publication in aeronautical information documents rests with the commander of the aviation enterprise (head of the airport), who is in charge of airfields, airways, communications and radio-electrotechnical flight support. Aeronautical information service bodies are obliged to timely notify airlines and organizations of other departments about changes in aeronautical information documents by issuing and distributing AIS amendments and notices (NOTAM). Aircraft crews are provided with aeronautical information documents along the entire flight route from the departure aerodrome to the destination aerodrome, taking into account alternate aerodromes. The direct provision of crews with documents of aeronautical information at civil aviation airports is carried out by the navigation service of airports, and in its absence - by officials of the traffic service. Crews flying on international flights, as well as those departing from airports of the 4th and 5th classes, are notified orally, by notification, without handing out warning sheets.

The meteorological support of flights consists in the timely communication to the command and control, flight personnel, traffic service employees and other civil aviation officials of the meteorological information necessary to fulfill their duties.

Engineering and aviation support includes:

timely and high-quality maintenance of aircraft;

establishment of a high level of safety, regularity of flights and passenger service;

analysis of the causes of failures and damage to aviation equipment and the implementation of measures to prevent them;

improving the technical knowledge of the flight and engineering staff and practical skills in the technical operation of aviation equipment;

planning the use of aircraft, their maintenance, repair, special inspections and design improvements of aviation equipment;

control over compliance with the rules for the technical operation of aircraft by specialists of services and organizations;

implementation of measures for the safety of aviation equipment on the ground.

Persons of the engineering and technical staff and other specialists who have a certificate of admission to maintenance are allowed to work on the operation of the aircraft. If aircraft flights are performed at airfields and landing sites where their maintenance is not provided, the crew shall inspect the aircraft. The results of the inspection and the work performed when troubleshooting are recorded in the on-board technical log.

Aerodrome support includes a set of measures to maintain the airfields of airfields in constant operational readiness for takeoff, landing, taxiing and parking of aircraft:

preparation of the airfield and areas of radio beacon landing systems;

other jobs.

Electrical lighting support for flights provides for:

planning the use of electrical lighting equipment, as well as their maintenance;

accounting and analysis of failures and malfunctions of electrical lighting facilities, development and implementation of measures to improve the reliability of these facilities;

training and admission of the engineering and technical staff of the ESTOP service to the technical operation of electrical lighting equipment.

Electrical lighting support for flights is carried out in accordance with the regulations for the maintenance of lighting equipment, the rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations and the safety regulations for the operation of consumer electrical installations (PTE and PTB), the rules for electrical installations (PES), the manual on lighting support for flights and electrical installations in civil aviation ( NASTOP GA). The organization of the operation of electric lighting support for flights is carried out by the services of the ESTOP of airlines and the OENS of the CAA. All electrical lighting equipment must meet the standards of serviceability in the Russian Federation for civil airfields; lighting equipment must be registered in the prescribed manner.

Ornithological support of flights is aimed at preventing collisions of aircraft with birds and provides for:

ornithological survey of the airfield area;

elimination of conditions conducive to the accumulation of birds at airfields, and measures to scare them away;

conducting visual and radar observations to ensure control over the ornithological situation;

collection and evaluation of information about the actual ornithological situation in the aerodrome area in order to determine the danger posed by birds to aircraft flights;

bringing information to the crews about the ornithological situation and timely warning about its complication and the occurrence of ornithological danger at aerodromes (in the area of ​​aerodromes), on routes (in the area of ​​flights);

conducting classes in aviation ornithology with flight personnel, ATC specialists, aerodrome service and other services related to ornithological flight support.

Article 70. Aircraft flight plan

Commentary on article 70

Paragraph 1 of Art. 70 VK, the legislator established that the flight of an aircraft must be carried out in strict accordance with the flight plan.

Paragraph 2 of this article allows deviation from the flight plan based on the permission of the air traffic services or flight control authority under whose control the aircraft is located. As an exception, the legislator allowed the pilot-in-command to deviate from the flight plan, flight task and instructions of the air traffic services or flight control authority under whose control the aircraft is located, in cases of a clear threat to the safety of the aircraft's flight, in order to save lives and prevent damage environment (subclause 1, clause 1, article 58 of the VC).

The flight plan is submitted to the relevant authority of the unified air traffic management system:

regional center - when planning a flight within its region;

to the zonal center - when planning a flight outside the ATC area, but within the same ATC area;

to the main center - when planning a flight outside one ATC zone, as well as for all international flights and flights with a special status (letter flights).

The conditions, procedure and form for submitting flight plans, as well as the procedures for compiling formalized applications for the use of airspace - aircraft flight plans are established in accordance with Appendix No. 1 of the FPIVP.

The flight of an aircraft can be performed only after obtaining permission from the relevant authority of the unified air traffic management system.

In paragraph 1 of the commented article, the legislator listed all cases when a flight can be performed without the permission of the body of the unified air traffic management system, namely in cases:

repel an air attack;

prevention and termination of violations of the State Border of the Russian Federation;

armed intrusion into the territory of the Russian Federation;

assistance in natural and man-made emergencies;

search and evacuation of space vehicles and their crews;

prevention and (or) termination of violations of federal rules for the use of airspace.

All of the above cases are extreme, requiring immediate action. Submission of applications (flight plans) and obtaining permits for their implementation is impossible due to the acute shortage of time and the unpredictability of such flights.

The legislator also excluded from the general rule the need to file an application - a flight plan and obtain permission for an aircraft flight, performed in a notification procedure for the use of airspace, and an aircraft flight, performed in special areas. This is due to the fact that such flights are carried out in accordance with a predetermined and approved procedure, and notifications of the beginning and end of such flights are sufficient to ensure the safety of air traffic.

Article 71. Radio communication with an aircraft

Commentary on article 71

The commander or other crew member of an aircraft with radio communication facilities and the air traffic services (flight control) body that directly controls the flight of this aircraft are required to communicate with each other by radio. Radio communication is carried out on a strictly defined frequency. The order and boundaries of the transition from one frequency to another when transferring control from one point to another are established and published in aeronautical information documents, which the aircraft crew must study in preparation for the flight. There are reserve and emergency radio frequencies that are used when necessary (radio communication failure on the main frequency, emergency, etc.).

The procedure for conducting radio communications, the general rules for radio communications between the crew of the aircraft and the ATS (flight control) and the phraseology are established by the FAP "Implementation of radio communications in the airspace of the Russian Federation" (approved by Order of the Director of Rosaeronavigatsia dated November 14, 2007 N 109). Such rules are adopted and adjusted on the basis of clause 5.2.53.3 of the Regulations on this Ministry.

Air traffic control units are prohibited from transmitting any messages to the aircraft during takeoff, final approach or landing roll, except in cases due to safety considerations.

The pilot-in-command is prohibited from changing his call sign during the flight. When there is a possibility of misunderstanding due to the use of similar call signs, ATC flight control may instruct the pilot-in-command to temporarily change his call sign.

The commander of an aircraft in distress has the right to introduce a silence mode for all ground and airborne communication radio stations operating on the frequency of his radio exchange with the control body. Aircraft crews are obliged to refrain from conducting radio traffic on the frequency at which radio traffic is conducted by the crew of an aircraft in distress.

The aircraft crew is obliged to inform the appropriate ATS (flight control) unit of the need to switch from one frequency to another.

Article 72

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