15 20 m with strong wind. Flying and non-flying weather

Interestingly, the idea of ​​"non-flying weather" for passengers and pilots can sometimes be very different. What is “heavy fog” for a passenger may turn out to be “a veil over which a bright sun shines” for a pilot. And in the same way, what is “normal weather” for the passenger, for the pilot “the inability to land the plane at the destination due to strong crosswinds and icing on the runway.”

"Non-flying weather" is not just a natural phenomenon like a downpour, heavy snowfall or fog.

This term refers to several factors, such as:

Technical parameters of the aircraft,

Technical equipment and condition of a particular airport,

pilot training,

direct weather conditions.

The technical parameters of an aircraft are the data set by the manufacturer, under which the safe operation of the aircraft is possible. That is, for example, if the airport is well equipped and can handle flights in heavy fog, and a particular aircraft is not equipped with sufficiently modern navigation devices for landing in very low visibility conditions, then the flight cannot be operated. Since a 100% successful landing cannot be guaranteed, and this poses a threat to passengers and crew. Roughly speaking, the aircraft on instruments may "not see" the runway.

Maldives Airport is a single runway on an island in the open ocean.

Runway at Hulule Airport, Maldives

There are airfields equipped with the latest technical innovations, and they can receive flights in conditions of almost zero visibility. And there are airports where the minimum visibility should be, for example, 600 or 800m. And even if the aircraft is equipped with the latest technology, in conditions of poor visibility, the flight to this airport cannot be performed.

When performing any flight, of course, the professional training of pilots is taken into account. It is not enough that the aircraft be "the latest model with all the technical innovations." It would be nice if the pilots knew how to use these same innovations and had supporting documents. Then, "and we will fly away into the fog, and we will sit down in the rain."

Well, the most interesting - weather.

By weather conditions, we passengers, as a rule, mean heavy rain or snowfall, strong wind, hail, lightning, fog.

For pilots, three factors are decisive:

- runway condition,

- visibility,

- wind.

Runway condition- this is both the state of the strip itself, and the consequences of weather conditions on this strip, such as icing or heavy snowfall, which can negate all the work of cleaning the strip. Under such conditions, takeoff and landing may be impossible.

Visibility is affected fog, rain, snow, dust, smoke, in general, everything that lowers this very visibility. And it is not so important what exactly caused the poor visibility. The main thing is how well the runway is visible in specific conditions.

Here it is still necessary to clarify such a moment as the height of the decision, or, as they say, the point of no return - this is the height to which, when descending, the pilot can still go around. That is, before this altitude, the pilot must decide whether he can land or is forced to climb again.

Wind is a very important factor, influencing the decision "to take off or not to take off". Side wind can be a danger, because to compensate for it you have to turn the plane a little into the wind. And when landing, at the moment of adhesion to the runway, the aircraft must be sharply turned around and directed along the axis of the landing line, which can be difficult to do.

Also great importance has a wind direction. Planes take off and land against the wind. This reduces the takeoff and run distance, that is, it allows you to take off earlier during takeoff or reduce the speed of the aircraft faster during landing.

But there are airports where it is impossible to change the direction of takeoff / landing due to geographical features. For example, on one side of the runway the sea, on the other - the mountains. If the wind blows towards the sea, then it is possible to land (towards the mountains), but it is no longer possible to take off (a tailwind does not make it possible to quickly get off the ground). Therefore, it is sometimes not clear to passengers why some planes fly (that is, they land), while others do not (that is, they do not take off).

There is one more nuance in the question “to fly or not to fly”. All flights are conditionally divided into 2 categories: flight duration up to 2 hours and more than 2 hours. In the first case (for short distances), pilots are allowed to rely on the actual weather and ignore the forecast. In the second option (long distances), they are guided, first of all, by the forecast, and only then they look at the actual weather at the airfield.

The final decision on takeoff and landing is always made by the aircraft commander.

And if he decides not to fly, trust me, it's for your own good.

Don't blame the airline, or the pilots, or the airport, but thank everyone for your life.

Travel safely!

And have a good rest!

Leading specialist of the Phobos Center Evgeny Tishkovets told REN TV that at the moment Boeing crash-737 in Rostov-on-Don, the weather conditions were critical for landing the aircraft.

"Western-southwest wind, 12-14 m/s, in gusts up to 17 m/s. As for the actual weather, all of the above is not a dangerous weather phenomenon that restricts or prohibits takeoff or landing aircraft. At least - such as Boeing. It remains to understand with what course he went. The fact is that in Rostov-on-Don the direction of the runway is northeast-southwest. You need to understand what limitations he had. If we draw an analogy with our domestic types of aircraft, then a side wind of 10, maximum 17 m/s is, for example, critical for the Tu-154. Anything above this will disallow landing.", - explained Tishkovets.

An eyewitness to the Boeing crash told REN TV about what the plane had seen coming in to land. According to the man, at that moment he was sitting in the car, which.

Let's remind, Boeing-737-800 of FlyDubai airline crashed today at 3:50 Moscow time. According to preliminary data, the plane caught fire while still in the air. This is confirmed by the frames,. They show how a bright object falls to the ground, after which a powerful explosion is heard.

Before the crash, the liner circled over the airport for about two hours. There were 55 passengers and 7 crew members on board, all of them died.

Boeing-737-800 is one of the latest models in the 737th line, the most widely used passenger aircraft throughout history civil aviation. The Boeing-737 is so widely used that 1,200 aircraft of this family are in the air at the same time, and one 737 takes off or lands every 5 seconds. Over the entire history of operation, more than 170 liners of this type have been lost, almost 4,000 people have died in accidents.

In Russia, four such aircraft were lost, and all the crashes occurred during landing. The first disaster occurred in Perm in September 2008. Then 88 people died, among the victims of the crash were Hero of Russia Colonel-General Gennady Troshev, First Vice-President of the All-Russian Sambo Federation Vladimir Pogodin. The second incident in Kaliningrad in October of the same 2008 was without casualties - during landing, the crew forgot to release the landing gear. There were 144 people on board, all of them survived. The disaster on November 17, 2013 in Kazan claimed the lives of 50 people. Boeing-737 crashed while entering the second circle. Everyone on board died, including the son of Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov and the head of the local FSB Alexander Antonov.

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1 kilometer per hour [km/h] = 0.277777777777778 meter per second [m/s]

Initial value

Converted value

meter per second meter per hour meter per minute kilometer per hour kilometer per minute kilometers per second centimeter per hour centimeter per minute centimeter per second millimeter per hour millimeter per minute millimeter per second foot per hour foot per minute foot per second yard per hour yard per minute yard per second mile per hour mile per minute mile per second knot knot (Brit.) speed of light in vacuum fresh water the speed of sound in sea ​​water(20°C, depth 10 meters) Mach number (20°C, 1 atm) Mach number (SI standard)

Bulk charge density

More about speed

General information

Speed ​​is a measure of the distance traveled in a given time. Velocity can be a scalar quantity or a vector value - the direction of motion is taken into account. The speed of movement in a straight line is called linear, and in a circle - angular.

Speed ​​measurement

average speed v find by dividing the total distance traveled ∆ x on total time ∆t: v = ∆x/∆t.

In the SI system, speed is measured in meters per second. Also commonly used are kilometers per hour in the metric system and miles per hour in the US and UK. When, in addition to the magnitude, the direction is also indicated, for example, 10 meters per second to the north, then we are talking about vector speed.

The speed of bodies moving with acceleration can be found using the formulas:

• a, with initial speed u during the period ∆ t, has a final speed v = u + a×∆ t.
• A body moving with constant acceleration a, with initial speed u and final speed v, It has average speed ∆v = (u + v)/2.

Average speeds

The speed of light and sound

According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest high speed with which energy and information can move. It is denoted by the constant c and equal to c= 299,792,458 meters per second. Matter cannot move at the speed of light because it would require an infinite amount of energy, which is impossible.

The speed of sound is usually measured in an elastic medium and is 343.2 meters per second in dry air at 20°C. The speed of sound is lowest in gases and highest in solids. It depends on the density, elasticity, and shear modulus of the substance (which indicates the degree of deformation of the substance under shear loading). Mach number M is the ratio of the speed of a body in a liquid or gas medium to the speed of sound in this medium. It can be calculated using the formula:

M = v/a,

Where a is the speed of sound in the medium, and v is the speed of the body. The Mach number is commonly used in determining speeds close to the speed of sound, such as aircraft speeds. This value is not constant; it depends on the state of the medium, which, in turn, depends on pressure and temperature. Supersonic speed - speed exceeding 1 Mach.

Vehicle speed

Below are some vehicle speeds.

• Passenger aircraft with turbofan engines: cruising speed passenger aircraft - from 244 to 257 meters per second, which corresponds to 878–926 kilometers per hour or M = 0.83–0.87.
• High-speed trains (like the Shinkansen in Japan): these trains reach maximum speeds from 36 to 122 meters per second, that is, from 130 to 440 kilometers per hour.

animal speed

The maximum speeds of some animals are approximately equal:

human speed

• Humans walk at about 1.4 meters per second, or 5 kilometers per hour, and run at up to about 8.3 meters per second, or 30 kilometers per hour.

Examples of different speeds

four dimensional speed

In classical mechanics, the vector velocity is measured in three-dimensional space. According to the special theory of relativity, space is four-dimensional, and the fourth dimension, space-time, is also taken into account in the measurement of speed. This speed is called four-dimensional speed. Its direction may change, but the magnitude is constant and equal to c, which is the speed of light. Four-dimensional speed is defined as

U = ∂x/∂τ,

Where x represents the world line - a curve in space-time along which the body moves, and τ - "proper time", equal to the interval along the world line.

group speed

Group velocity is the velocity of wave propagation, which describes the propagation velocity of a group of waves and determines the rate of wave energy transfer. It can be calculated as ∂ ω /∂k, Where k is the wave number, and ω - angular frequency. K measured in radians / meter, and the scalar frequency of wave oscillations ω - in radians per second.

Hypersonic speed

Hypersonic speed is a speed exceeding 3000 meters per second, that is, many times higher than the speed of sound. Solid bodies moving at such a speed acquire the properties of liquids, since due to inertia, the loads in this state are stronger than the forces that hold the molecules of matter together during a collision with other bodies. At ultra-high hypersonic speeds, two colliding solid bodies turn into gas. In space, bodies move exactly at this speed, and engineers designing spacecraft, orbital stations, and spacesuits must take into account the possibility of a station or astronaut colliding with space debris and other objects when working in outer space. In such a collision, the skin of the spacecraft and the suit suffer. Equipment designers conduct hypersonic collision experiments in special laboratories to determine how strong collisions can withstand spacesuits, as well as skins and other parts of the spacecraft, for example fuel tanks And solar panels testing them for strength. To do this, spacesuits and skin are subjected to impacts with various objects from a special installation with supersonic speeds exceeding 7500 meters per second.

Beaufort scale- a conditional scale for visual assessment of the strength (speed) of the wind in points according to its effect on ground objects or on waves at sea. It was developed by the English Admiral F. Beaufort in 1806 and at first was used only by him. In 1874, the Standing Committee of the First Meteorological Congress adopted the Beaufort scale for use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years, the scale has changed and refined. The Beaufort scale is widely used in marine navigation.

Takeoff is the most difficult part of flying. Of course, the automatic takeoff mode after the release of the brakes is not difficult, but the crew of the aircraft, led by the commander, must be tuned to critical moments. Can a flight be canceled due to rain? ? You will find out in the process of reading the article.

Objective assessment

Do planes fly in the rain? Yes. But in order for the flight to be successful, there are strict regulations for pilots and controllers who allow the aircraft to fly and land. For each side and airfield, the rules are individual, but with similar indicators:

• minimal visibility. Determined both vertical and horizontal visibility with the level of illumination;
• runway coverage. Ice on the airfield is unacceptable;
• the ability of pilots to receive instrument signals of adverse weather conditions.

Normally, the weather forecast should correspond to the meteorological minimum so that the pilot has the opportunity to take emergency action in the event of a critical situation.

Paramount parameters

What is meant by meteorological minimum? These are the conditions that apply in relation to visibility, cloudiness, wind speed and direction. These criteria can be dangerous when flying, especially when it comes to thunderstorms, downpours and severe turbulence. Of course, most thunderclouds can be bypassed, but frontal thunderstorms stretching for hundreds of kilometers are almost impossible to bypass.

If we are talking about minima, then the criteria for visibility at the aerodrome and the decision height (CHL) are determined. What is this indicator? This is the level of altitude at which the aircraft crew is required to turn to extra circle when the runway is not defined.

There are three types of minima:

• air transport - acceptable criteria for the safe flight of an aircraft under adverse weather conditions, established by the manufacturer;
• aerodrome - depends on the type of installed navigational and technical systems on runway and in the surrounded area;
• crew - admission of pilots in accordance with their training program for specific weather conditions and practical flying skills.

Do planes fly in the rain? To allow an aircraft to take off or not, is determined only by the aircraft commander. To make a decision, you should first familiarize yourself with the provided meteorological data for the destination aerodromes, as well as alternate ones, and evaluate them.

Thunderstorm is not a hindrance to flight

A thunderstorm is a rather dangerous phenomenon, but for modern liner it is not the cause of the disaster. Technique and people have learned to overcome huge distances safely in all weather conditions.

In his practice, every experienced pilot has repeatedly encountered thunderclouds, which significantly complicate the landing and takeoff of an aircraft in the rain. During the "entry" into the clouds, the crew loses the visual perception of the machine in space. Therefore, flight in "non-flying" weather can only be carried out according to technical instruments. In some cases, an unpleasant situation may arise - the electrification of the aircraft. Here, radio communication deteriorates sharply, which causes great inconvenience even to professional pilots.

But most of all, "non-flying" weather complicates the landing of liners. In such a crew is maximally loaded. The captain, even in modern rain, glances at aviation equipment up to 200 times per minute, focusing on each fixture up to 1 second. Low cloud cover in combination with a thunderstorm is a serious obstacle to the correct movement of the aircraft. Therefore, it is extremely important to have a good knowledge of the clouds, their state and the nearest changes. The deterioration of the weather begins if there is:

• accelerated drop in atmospheric pressure;
• a sharp change in the direction and speed of the wind;
• an increase in various types of cloudiness and its rapid movement;
• "growth" of cumulus clouds in the evening;
• the formation of colored circles around the satellites of the Earth.

You can’t play with a thunderstorm, you need to bypass it as far as possible, according to the regulations. In addition, when climbing or descending, the pilot must correlate information on the development of the elements with the capabilities of the aircraft.

When there are clouds in the sky

Is it dangerous to fly in the rain on an airplane? The passenger liner passes the way along the given air routes. In case of bad weather, the coordinates may change upon agreement with the controller at the flight control center. The flight altitude is about 11,000 meters. For this reason, it becomes comfortable due to the greater It is this flight altitude that allows aircraft rise above the clouds - sources of rain or snow. Therefore, moving the aircraft to high altitude completely independent of weather conditions. Often you can observe how the rays of the sun enter the window of the liner, and when landing it is dark and it is raining.

Do planes fly in the rain? Yes. Theoretically, raindrops can affect aircraft engine performance. But rain is not the amount of water that can provoke a short circuit. In tests, the engine compressors are subjected to a good "gulf", which is not compared with natural phenomena.

We take into account

Do planes fly in thunderstorms? The precipitation itself does not pose any danger to the flight. Another thing is visibility. But at heavy rains Windshield wipers come to the rescue. Aircraft windshield wipers are different from car wipers. First, they have a completely different design. Secondly, the windshield wipers operate at a very high rate, which provides a perfect view.

How do planes land when it rains? The most critical in bad weather are "atmospheric disturbances". The landing aircraft has a low speed and can easily be affected by the movement of air masses. To overcome the adverse effects during this phenomenon, pilots spend a lot of time "in simulators", honing their skills. If in such weather the danger of an accident is great, then the landing is postponed or the ship is sent to another airfield.

Another important factor in rain is traction. Wet coating reduces its coefficient, but this situation is not recognized as critical. It is much more dangerous if the water on the asphalt freezes, and the value of the coefficient decreases. Most similar cases The airport does not allow aircraft to take off or land.

Other natural barriers

In addition to the main weather phenomena, there are other important criteria that limit the capabilities of aviation:

• wind - requires special care and dexterity from the pilot, especially on the runway;
• remu - vertical movement of air, throwing up an aircraft, forming "air pockets";
• fog is a real enemy during flights, limiting visibility and forcing pilots to navigate by compasses;
• glaciation - on the ice-covered runway, the movement of aircraft is strictly prohibited.

Thanks to the developed electronic devices and systems, she is ready to overcome any weather conditions. The movement on the runway is safe, because in critical situations the liner simply does not depart for the flight or remains in certain waiting areas.

Heavy flight criteria

Cumulus clouds in cold weather and at high altitude in summer can be a hazard to aircraft. It is here that the probability of aircraft icing is quite high. In cumulus clouds, the flight of heavy aircraft is complicated by turbulence. If the likelihood of adverse events persists, the flight is postponed for several hours.

Indicators of bad stable weather are:

• atmospheric pressure with low rates, which practically do not change or even decrease;
• high wind speed;
• clouds in the sky are predominantly of a scatter or scatter-rain type;
• prolonged precipitation in the form of rain or snow;
• small fluctuations in temperature during the day.

If the problem with rain can be solved more quickly, then heavy precipitation, especially in the form of drizzle, will create difficulties. They take a lot large areas and it's almost impossible to bypass them. In such a zone, visibility is significantly reduced, and at low temperatures, icing of the aircraft body occurs. Therefore, at low altitude in such situations, flight is classified as difficult.

On duty

In order not to expose themselves and passengers on board to danger and fear, the crew of the aircraft must perform a number of important actions before departure:

• listen to information from the duty meteorologist about the upcoming weather conditions along the established route: cloudiness data, wind speed and direction, the presence of dangerous zones and ways to bypass them;
• receive a special bulletin containing information about the state of the atmosphere, the weather forecast along the route and at the landing site;
• if the flight is delayed by more than an hour and a half, the pilot must receive new information about the state of the weather.

However, the duties of the crew do not end there.

Additional terms of commitment

During the flight, the pilot must carefully monitor the weather, especially if the route passes near dangerous areas or worsening weather is expected soon. The attentiveness and professionalism of the navigator will allow you to correctly assess the state of the atmosphere and, in which case, make the right decision.

In addition, a few hundred kilometers before the landing point, an inquiry should be made about the meteorological situation at the aerodrome and the safety of the landing should be assessed.

The natural "opponent" of the flight

It's great when the flight takes place in a clear sunny weather. But if it snows or rains, and overboard low temperature? Here begins the icing of the body of the aircraft.

Ice, like armor, increases the weight of an aircraft, reducing its lift by several times and reducing engine power. If suddenly the crew captain, studying the meteorological situation, determined that the hull of the liner was covered with a crust, then a command comes to clean the ship. The processing of the aircraft is carried out. Moreover, attention is paid to the entire hull of the vessel, and not just the wings and nose.

Reliability above all

Thunderstorm or rain is a romantic phenomenon only in literature. Aviation considers a natural phenomenon as an emergency. The elements can bring great human casualties, so it is extremely important to approach flights with high accuracy and literacy. A flight in adverse conditions is a great responsibility and great worries not only for your life, but also for the life of hundreds of passengers.