Which famous ship sank in 1912. Nothing foreshadowed trouble. Power of steam engines and turbines

The unsinkable Titanic, the pride and curse of the White Star Line.

This week humanity is celebrating the anniversary of famous ship in the world: exactly 100 years ago, on May 31, 1911, the passenger liner class "Olympic", which was called beautifully and powerfully - "Titanic".

Millvina Dean (1912-2009) is the youngest passenger on the Titanic who miraculously escaped death. Millvina was two months and 27 days old at the time of the crash.

According to another (fortunately comic) theory, the Titanic sank from a collision with the Japanese lizard Godzilla.

Everyone knows that on April 15, 1912, in less than twelve months, the brainchild of the White Star Line sank in the waters of the Atlantic after colliding with an iceberg. Some, however, believe that the true causes of the disaster still remain in the shadows. In other words, for a whole century we have been fooled and deceived, but in fact “it was not like that, it was not like that at all.”

"Titanic" and "Olympic": changed!

In 1998, a book by a well-known expert on the unknown, Robin Gardiner, “Titanic”: the ship that did not sink? The absurd death of the ship and the mass of coincidences that led to the disaster forced Gardiner to look for a conspiracy in what had happened. And such a conspiracy was discovered, or rather, reconstructed in Gardiner's brain: it turns out that it was not the Titanic that sank in the Atlantic Ocean, but the Olympic, skillfully disguised as it, the first ocean liner of the same series.

In September 1911, while the Titanic was still under construction, the already launched Olympic collided near Southampton with the Royal Navy cruiser Hawke. The Olympic team was found guilty of the collision, which means that the White Star Line could not receive insurance. The company faced a huge financial gap. It was then that it was decided to go for a monstrous forgery: renaming the ships, passing off the damaged Olympic as the Titanic, sinking it and getting insurance. According to Gardiner, after the death of the pseudo-Titanic, the real Titanic continued to plow the seas under the name of Olympic until 1935, when it was finally sent to retire.

But what about the iceberg? Forget: there was no iceberg! There was a black-painted ship with its lights out, waiting for the Titanic at a predetermined spot, and in the darkness mistook the passengers for an iceberg. Of course, there were officers on board the Titanic who carried out a sinister plan. The owners of the White Star Line miscalculated in only one thing: their "unsinkable" ship sank too quickly to save all or almost all of the passengers (there would be enough lifeboats for everyone, because if the liner was sinking slowly, each boat would have time to make several raids).

Immediately upon the release of the book, specialists in the history of the Titanic did not leave stone unturned from Gardiner's theory, which does not prevent it from existing to this day. The hour is uneven, someone will also remember the third ship, the Britannic: during the First World War it was converted into a floating hospital, in November 1916 it hit a mine and sank, taking the lives of thirty people with it.

"Titanic" and "Titan": a prophecy

Immediately after the death of the Titanic, the editors of several publishing houses recalled the story of the writer-marine painter Morgan Robertson "Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan", created 14 years before the ill-fated voyage. According to its plot, the world's largest ocean liner "Titan" makes a voyage across the North Atlantic and dies on a calm April night when it collides with an iceberg, and most of the passengers drown because the ship does not have the proper number of boats. Main character, a degraded Navy officer, is hired on the Titan as a sailor, saves the young daughter of his former lover from death, and in the finale gains everything that he once lost.

According to the characteristics of the "Titan" Robertson differed slightly from the "Titanic": the length of the hull - 20 meters less, maximum speed- four knots more, passengers - 2500 (on the Titanic - 2207), lifeboats - 24 (on the Titanic - 20). Both the iceberg and the region coincided Atlantic Ocean, and a quiet night in April. True, only 13 people escaped the Titanic, while 705 passengers survived the death of the Titanic. In addition, the Titan did not sail from England to the United States, but in the opposite direction.

In 1898, when Morgan Robertson wrote Futility, no publisher dared to publish his manuscript on the grounds that it was too fantastical. The story was published in 1914 in the same collection with a story describing a future naval war between Japan and the United States, which begins with a Japanese surprise attack on American ships near the Philippines and Hawaii. In reality, kamikaze attacked the American fleet in Pearl Harbor on Oahu, an island in the Hawaiian archipelago.

How the author of "Futility" himself reacted to the death of the "Titanic" is unknown. On March 24, 1915, Robertson died at the age of 53 at the Alamak Hotel in Atlantic City. The fault was, perhaps, an overdose of mercury iodide, which was considered a medicine in those days, and was later banned from sale.

Interestingly, Robertson's story is not limited to: when the Titanic sank, the next issue of the American Popular Magazine was already sent to print with Main Clue Garnett's story "The White Ghost of Disaster" - again about a tragic collision ocean liner with an iceberg in the atlantic ocean.

Titanic, Pope and Mummy

Immediately after the disaster, numerous legends arose about the curse that lay on the ship. The press immediately connected the death of the Titanic with the fact that the bosses of the White Star Line company deliberately refused to baptize their ships. They also said that when the liner was launched into the water, the traditional bottle of champagne was not broken on the side of the ship.

In Belfast, where the Titanic was built, a strange belief arose: that the ship was assigned the number 390904, which, if you look at it in the mirror, resembles the word “NOPOPE”, that is, the call “No Pope” common among Irish Protestants - “ No to the Pope." It was believed that in this way the owners of the Harland and Wolff shipyard, which built the ship, decided to demonstrate their anti-Catholic sentiments. This shipyard was famous for hiring mostly Protestants - either because Messrs. Harland and Wolf really despised catholic church, or due to the fact that the shipyard was located in the eastern part of Belfast, where there were one or two Catholics and counted. Be that as it may, in fact, the number of the Titanic was not 390904, but 401.

There are also legends associated with the most famous (after Leonard DiCaprio) passenger of the Titanic - the British journalist and writer William Thomas Stead who died in the disaster. Stead spent his life vehemently castigating the vices of Victorian society, including child prostitution, and as a journalist earned himself a scandalous reputation. Among other things, he published the story "From the Old World to the New" (1892), in which he described (presciently?) the death of a certain ship from a collision with an iceberg.

However, in connection with the Titanic, Stead is most often referred to in the context, paradoxically, of the "curse of the mummy." According to legend, shortly before the disaster, the journalist purchased a cursed mummy from the British Museum. Egyptian pharaoh. Hiding the mummy under the bottom of the car, Stead secretly delivered it to the Titanic and allegedly told other passengers about it the night before the ship met its icy fate.

Of course, the British Museum did not sell any mummy to Stead. Another thing is that no one can forbid people to believe in the curse of the Titanic. How else to come to terms with the catastrophe, if you do not explain it by the intervention of otherworldly forces?

The reason for the collapse of the largest ocean liner of its time, the Titanic, could be a fire in the fuel storage.

The tragic legend of the Titanic

According to the British journalist Shannon Moloney, who studied the history of the ship for thirty years, the fire on board started even before the ship left Southampton, and they unsuccessfully tried to extinguish it for several weeks. During this time, the lining of the liner heated up, which is why the collision with the iceberg ended so badly.

According to The Independent newspaper, the journalist succeeded in making before the start of the Titanic's journey. Moloney found traces of soot in the area of the skin, which was subsequently damaged due to a collision with an iceberg. According to experts, with a high probability they arose due to a fire in one of the liner's fuel storage facilities.

According to the researcher, the owners of the ship knew about the fire, but hid this fact from the passengers. The team was also ordered to keep quiet about the fire. According to Shannon Moloney, as a result of the fire, the ship's skin heated up to a temperature of about 1000 degrees Celsius, which made the steel, which had lost up to 75 percent of its strength, extremely brittle.

According to the journalist, when on the fifth day of the trip the Titanic collided with an iceberg, the skin could not stand it, a huge hole appeared in the board. Therefore, the iceberg cannot be considered the only culprit of the disaster that claimed the lives of more than 1500 people on April 15, 1912.

Note, "" belonged to the British company "White Star Line". At the time of construction, it was considered the largest passenger liner in the world, and, in addition, it was considered unsinkable. May 31, 1911 the liner was launched. "The Lord himself cannot sink this ship!" - said about the ship its captain Edward John Smith.

A little over a year later, the Titanic set off on its maiden voyage. There were 2224 people on board: 1316 passengers and 908 crew members. On April 14, 1912, the ship collided with an iceberg and sank 2 hours and 40 minutes later. 711 people were saved, 1513 died ...

With icebergs, too, everything is not so simple. Typically, Greenland icebergs get stuck in shallow waters off the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland and only swim further south after they have melted thoroughly, often under the influence of the tides. However, in the case of the Titanic, several large icebergs managed to swim far south at once.

Physicist Donald Olson of the University of Texas (USA) and his colleagues investigated the hypothesis of oceanographer Fergus Wood, who claimed that the icebergs were lifted from the shallows by the tide in January 1912, when the Moon was unusually close to the Earth. By mid-April fatal ice mountain reached the collision site.

Indeed, says Olson, on January 4, 1912, the Moon approached the Earth at its most close quarters over the last 1400 years. On the eve of the Earth as close as possible to the Sun. The Moon and the Sun found themselves in such a position when their mutual gravitational influence on the Earth increased. Obeying the force of the tide, the killer iceberg broke off from Greenland and set off.

At the same time, one of the most big mysteries associated with the death of the Titanic, is more than the frivolous behavior of the captain of the liner, Edward Smith. An experienced sea wolf who repeatedly plowed the waters North Atlantic, for some reason did not pay attention to the warning about approaching icebergs. Perhaps he simply did not believe the information about them.

Although it could be something else. The hypothesis, which radically changes the history of the catastrophe, belongs to two researchers - amateur Robin Gardner (a plasterer by profession) and historian Dan Van der Wat. Having studied the archives navy for 50 years, they came to the conclusion that it was not the Titanic that actually died, but another ship - the Olympic! The latter was built almost simultaneously with the Titanic and at the same shipyards. But from the very first days, this ship was haunted by trouble. When it was launched on October 20, 1910, it crashed into a dam. The owner of the ship, Bruce Ismay, and the owner of the Harland and Wolf shipyards, Lord Pirrie, were forced to pay a considerable amount for repairs and damages, which almost ruined them.

While sailing, "Olympic" repeatedly got into accidents. After that, not a single insurance company undertook to insure the "damned ship." And then Ismay and Pirrie conceived the "scam of the century" - to send the Olympic under the name "Titanic" to sail across the Atlantic and, when it crashed, get insurance for it - 52 million pounds sterling!

The owners had no doubt that their plan would succeed. To protect the passengers, they intended to send another ship along the same route, which, supposedly by accident, would pick up passengers and crew. But, in order not to arouse any suspicion, the shipowners decided that the "rescue" ship would leave the pier no earlier than a week after the start of navigation. Alas, I had to wait only three days ...

The captain of the imaginary "Titanic" Edward John Smith was ready to fulfill any order from his superiors. So, a few hours before the tragedy, binoculars were confiscated from the on-duty observers. And a few minutes before the crash, Smith allegedly ordered the liner to be turned sideways towards the iceberg. It seemed like he was trying to ensure disaster!

The further history of the Titanic (or the pseudo-Titanic) is known to us. What happened to the real Titanic? According to Gardner and van der Wat, under a different name, he sailed safely, first as part of the Royal Navy, then he was acquired by the White Star Line. The ship was taken ashore in 1935.

Is it "his" death (or the ship that everyone took for the "Titanic")? Or was he "helped" to crash? This we will most likely never know. Of course, both the "conspiracy theory" and the "moon hypothesis" are nothing more than versions. But the fact remains: the Titanic sank. And whatever led to his demise, change tragic fate We are no longer able to use this vessel...

Did the "Titanic" (or the ship that everyone took for the "Titanic") die by "his" death? Or was he "helped" to crash? This we will most likely never know. Of course, both the "conspiracy theory" and the "moon hypothesis" are nothing more than versions. But the fact remains: the Titanic sank. And, no matter what led to its death, we are no longer able to change the tragic fate of this ship ...

April 9, 1912. "Titanic" in the port of Southampton the day before sailing for America.

April 14 marks the 105th anniversary of legendary disaster. The Titanic is a British steamer of the White Star Line, the second of three Olympic-class twin steamships. The largest passenger liner in the world at the time of its construction. During the first voyage on April 14, 1912, she collided with an iceberg and sank after 2 hours and 40 minutes.

There were 1,316 passengers and 908 crew members on board, for a total of 2,224 people. Of these, 711 people were saved, 1513 died.

Here is how the Ogonyok magazine and the New Illustration magazine talked about this tragedy:

Dining room on the Titanic, 1912

Room for second class passengers aboard the Titanic, 1912.

The main staircase of the Titanic, 1912.

Passengers on the deck of the Titanic. April, 1912

The Titanic orchestra had two members. The quintet was led by the 33-year-old British violinist Wallace Hartley, it included another violinist, double bass player and two cellists. An additional trio of musicians from a Belgian violinist, a French cellist and a pianist were hired for Titanic to give Caf? Parisien continental touch. The trio also played in the lobby of the ship's restaurant. Many passengers considered the Titanic's ship's orchestra to be the best they had ever heard on a ship. Usually, the two members of the Titanic orchestra worked independently of each other - in different parts of the liner and in different time, but on the night of the sinking of the ship, all eight musicians played together for the first time. They played the best and most cheerful music until the last minutes of the liner's life. In the photo: Musicians of the ship's orchestra "Titanic".

Hartley's body was found two weeks after the sinking of the Titanic and sent to England. A violin was tied to his chest - a gift from the bride.
There were no survivors among the other members of the orchestra ... One of rescued passengers Titanic would write later: “Many heroic deeds were performed that night, but none of them could compare with the feat of these few musicians, playing hour after hour, although the ship sank deeper and deeper, and the sea crept up to the place where they stood. The music they performed gave them the right to be included in the list of heroes of eternal glory. In the photo: The funeral of the conductor and violinist of the ship's orchestra "Titanic" Wallace Hartley. April 1912.

The iceberg that the Titanic is believed to have collided with. The photo was taken from the Mackay Bennett, a cable ship operated by Captain DeCarteret. The ship "Mackay Bennett" was one of the first to arrive at the site of the Titanic disaster. According to Captain DeCarteret, it was the only iceberg near the crash site of the ocean liner.

Lifeboat "Titanic", filmed by one of the passengers of the ship "Carpathia". April, 1912

The rescue ship Carpathia picked up 712 survivors of the Titanic. Photo taken by Carpathia passenger Louis M. Ogden shows lifeboats that are approaching the Carpathia.

April 22, 1912. Brothers Michel (4 years old) and Edmond (2 years old). They were considered "orphans of the Titanic" until their mother was found in France. My father died in a plane crash.

Michel died in 2001, the last male survivor on the Titanic.

A group of rescued Titanic passengers aboard the Carpathia.

Another group of rescued passengers of the Titanic.

Captain Edward John Smith (second from right) with the ship's crew.

Drawing of the sinking Titanic after the disaster.

Passenger ticket for the Titanic. April 1912.

You have already read and heard about the Titanic many times. The history of the creation and crash of the liner is overgrown with rumors and myths. For more than 100 years, the British steamship has been haunting the minds of people trying to find the answer - why did the Titanic sink?

The history of the legendary liner is interesting for three reasons:

it was the largest ship for 1912;
the number of victims turned the catastrophe into a global failure;
finally, James Cameron, with his film, singled out the history of the liner from general list maritime disasters and there were quite a few of them.

We will tell you everything about the Titanic, as it was in reality. About how long the Titanic is in meters, how much the Titanic sank, and who was really behind the massive disaster.

Where did the Titanic sail from and to?

We know from Cameron's film that the liner was bound for New York. The American developing city was to become final stop. But far from everyone knows for sure where the Titanic sailed from, considering that London was the starting point. The capital of Great Britain was not in the ranks of seaports, and therefore the steamer could not leave from there.

The fateful flight began from Southampton, a major English port, from where transatlantic flights ran. The path of the Titanic on the map clearly shows the movement. Southampton is both a port and a city located in the southern part of England (Hampshire).

See how the route of the Titanic ran on the map:

Dimensions of the Titanic in meters

To understand more about the Titanic, the causes of the disaster must be disclosed, starting with the dimensions of the ship.

How many meters is the Titanic in length and in other dimensions:

exact length - 299.1 m;

width - 28.19 m;

height from the keel - 53.3 m.

There is also such a question - how many decks did the Titanic have? Only 8. Boats were located on top, because upper deck called a boat. The rest were distributed according to the letter designation.

A - deck I class. Its peculiarity is limited in size - it did not lie down the entire length of the vessel;

B - anchors were located in the front of the deck and its dimensions were also shorter - by 37 meters of deck C;

C - deck with a galley, a mess for the crew and a promenade for class III.

D - walking area;

E - cabins I, II classes;

F - cabins II and III classes;

G - deck with boiler rooms in the middle.

Finally, how much does the Titanic weigh? The displacement of the largest ship of the early 20th century is 52,310 tons.

Titanic: the story of the crash

What year did the Titanic sink? The famous disaster occurred on the night of April 14, 1912. It was the fifth day of the trip. Chronicles indicate that at 23:40 the liner survived a collision with an iceberg and after 2 hours 40 minutes (2:20 a.m.) it went under water.

Things from the Titanic: photo

Further investigations showed that the crew received 7 weather warnings, but this did not prevent the ship from reducing its speed limit. The iceberg was sighted directly ahead of us too late to take precautions. As a result - holes in the starboard side. Ice damaged 90 m of hull and 5 bow compartments. This was enough to sink the liner.

Tickets for the new liner were more expensive than for other ships. If a person was used to traveling in first class, then on the Titanic he would have to transfer to second class.

Edward Smith, the captain of the ship, began the evacuation after midnight: a distress call was sent, the attention of other ships was attracted by flares, lifeboats went to the water. But the rescue was slow and uncoordinated - there was an empty place in the boats while the Titanic was sinking, the water temperature did not rise above two degrees below zero, and the first steamer arrived in time only half an hour after the disaster.

Titanic: how many people died and survived

How many people survived on the Titanic? No one will say the exact data, as they could not say this on the fateful night. The list of Titanic passengers initially changed in practice, but not on paper: some canceled the trip at the time of departure and were not crossed out, others traveled anonymously under assumed names, and others were listed as dead on the Titanic several times.

Photos of the sinking of the Titanic

It is only approximately possible to say how many people drowned on the Titanic - about 1500 (minimum 1490 - maximum 1635). Among them was Edward Smith with some assistants, 8 musicians from the famous orchestra, large investors and businessmen.

Classiness was felt even after death - the bodies of the dead from the first class were embalmed and placed in coffins, the second and third classes were given bags and boxes. When the embalming agents ran out, the bodies of unknown third-class passengers were simply thrown into the water (according to the rules, unembalmed corpses could not be brought to the port).

The bodies were found within a radius of 80 km from the crash site, and due to the current of the Gulf Stream, many were dispersed even further.

Photos of dead people

Initially, it was known how many passengers were on the Titanic, although not completely:

crew of 900 people;

195 first class;

255 second class;

493 people of the third class.

Some passengers left at intermediate ports, some called. It is believed that the liner went to the fatal route with a staff of 1317 people, of which 124 are children.

Titanic: scuttling depth - 3750 m

The English steamer could accommodate 2,566 people, of which 1,034 seats were for first-class passengers. The half-load of the liner is due to the fact that transatlantic flights were not popular in April. At that time, a coal strike broke out, this disrupted coal supplies, schedules and changes in plans.

The question of how many people escaped from the Titanic was difficult to answer, because rescue operations passed since different courts, and the slow connection did not provide fast data delivery.

After the crash, only 2/3 of the delivered bodies were identified. Some were buried locally, the rest were sent home. In the disaster area, bodies in white vests were found for a long time. From 1500 dead people found only 333 bodies.

How deep is the Titanic

When answering the question about the depth at which the Titanic sank, one must remember about the pieces carried by the currents (by the way, they learned about this only in the 80s, before that it was believed that the liner sank to the bottom entirely). The wreckage of the liner on the night of the crash went at a depth of 3750 m. The bow was thrown 600 m from the stern.

The place where the Titanic sank, on the map:

In which ocean did the Titanic sink? - in the Atlantic.

Titanic lifted from the bottom of the ocean

They wanted to raise the ship from the moment of the crash. Initiative plans were put forward by relatives of the dead from the first class. But 1912 did not yet know the necessary technologies. The war, lack of knowledge and funds delayed the search for the sunken ship for a hundred years. Since 1985, 17 expeditions have been carried out, during which 5,000 items and large plating have been raised to the surface, but the ship itself has remained at the bottom of the ocean.

What does the Titanic look like now?

In the time since the crash, the ship has been covered marine life. Rust, painstaking work of invertebrates and natural decomposition processes have changed the structures beyond recognition. By this time, the bodies had already completely decomposed, and by the 22nd century, only anchors and boilers would remain from the Titanic - the most massive metal structures.

Even now the interiors of the decks have been destroyed, the cabins and halls have collapsed.

Titanic, Britannic and Olympic

All three ships were manufactured by the Harland and Wolf shipbuilding company. Before the Titanic, the Olympic saw the world. It is easy to see a fatal predisposition in the fate of the three ships. The first liner was wrecked as a result of a collision with a cruiser. Not such a large-scale disaster, but still an impressive failure.

Then the story of the Titanic, which received a wide response in the world, and, finally, the Gigantic. They tried to make this ship especially durable, given the mistakes of previous liners. He was even launched into the water, but the First World War disrupted the plans. The giant became a hospital ship called the Britannic.

He then just managed to carry out 5 quiet flights, and on the sixth there was a disaster. Having been blown up by a German mine, the Britannic rapidly sank. The mistakes of the past and the preparedness of the captain made it possible to save maximum amount people - 1036 out of 1066.

Is it possible to talk about evil fate, remembering the Titanic? The history of the creation and crash of the liner were studied in detail, the facts were revealed, even through time. And yet the truth is only now being revealed. The reason the Titanic is attracting attention is to hide its true motive - to create a currency system and destroy opponents.

The history of the legendary liner is interesting for three reasons:

it was the largest ship for 1912;
the number of victims turned the catastrophe into a global failure;
finally, James Cameron, with his film, singled out the history of the liner from the general list of maritime disasters, and there were quite a few of them.

We will tell you everything about the Titanic, as it was in reality. About how long the Titanic is in meters, how much the Titanic sank, and who was really behind the massive disaster.

Where did the Titanic sail from and to?

We know from Cameron's film that the liner was bound for New York. The American up-and-coming city was to be the final stop. But far from everyone knows for sure where the Titanic sailed from, considering that London was the starting point. The capital of Great Britain was not in the ranks of seaports, and therefore the steamer could not leave from there.

See how the route of the Titanic ran on the map:

Dimensions of the Titanic in meters

To understand more about the Titanic, the causes of the disaster must be disclosed, starting with the dimensions of the ship.

How many meters is the Titanic in length and in other dimensions:

exact length - 299.1 m;

width - 28.19 m;

height from the keel - 53.3 m.

There is also such a question - how many decks did the Titanic have? Only 8. Boats were located on the top, therefore the upper deck was called the boat deck. The rest were distributed according to the letter designation.

A - deck I class. Its peculiarity is limited in size - it did not lie down the entire length of the vessel;

B - anchors were located in the front of the deck and its dimensions were also shorter - by 37 meters of deck C;

C - deck with a galley, a mess for the crew and a promenade for class III.

D - walking area;

E - cabins I, II classes;

F - cabins II and III classes;

G - deck with boiler rooms in the middle.

Finally, how much does the Titanic weigh? The displacement of the largest ship of the early 20th century is 52,310 tons.

Titanic: the story of the crash

Things from the Titanic: photo

Tickets for the new liner were more expensive than for other ships. If a person was used to traveling in first class, then on the Titanic he would have to transfer to second class.

Titanic: how many people died and survived

Photos of the sinking of the Titanic

The bodies were found within a radius of 80 km from the crash site, and due to the current of the Gulf Stream, many were dispersed even further.

Photos of dead people

Initially, it was known how many passengers were on the Titanic, although not completely:

crew of 900 people;

195 first class;

255 second class;

493 people of the third class.

Some passengers left at intermediate ports, some called. It is believed that the liner went to the fatal route with a staff of 1317 people, of which 124 are children.

Titanic: scuttling depth - 3750 m

The question of how many people escaped the Titanic was difficult to answer, because the rescue operations took place from different ships, and the slow connection did not provide fast data.

How deep is the Titanic

The place where the Titanic sank, on the map:

In which ocean did the Titanic sink? - in the Atlantic.

Titanic lifted from the bottom of the ocean

What does the Titanic look like now?

In the time since the crash, the ship has become covered in marine life. Rust, painstaking work of invertebrates and natural decomposition processes have changed the structures beyond recognition. By this time, the bodies had already completely decomposed, and by the 22nd century, only anchors and boilers would remain from the Titanic - the most massive metal structures.

Even now the interiors of the decks have been destroyed, the cabins and halls have collapsed.

Titanic, Britannic and Olympic