Show the map of Switzerland in Russian. Medical assistance and insurance. Switzerland on the map of Europe
Switzerland is a mountainous European federal republic. Already because state languages Switzerland are German, Italian and French it becomes clear what Switzerland is in principle. disputed territory that the great powers amicably torn from themselves, fixing neutrality behind it.
The neutrality of Switzerland is confirmed by a powerful banking system, which actually originated in this state. Governments can fight each other, blow up cities and wipe out the inhabitants, but the money deposited in Swiss banks remains inviolable. And when cataclysms fly by, they can be used. In particular, somewhere in Swiss banks lies Nazi gold worth about 4 billion dollars. And if someone lays claim to it, it will be returned to use.
In Switzerland, in folk tales all sorts of gnomes and kobolds appear, which for centuries have been stacking gold and jewelry in secluded places. But modern gnomes are much wiser. Swiss banks are actively turning over capital, increasing the financial strength of the country. This state is rightly called the financial cerebellum of the planet, since it is the Swiss banks that monitor the balance of the planet's economy.
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Switzerland has a high-tech manufacturing-oriented economy. In addition, tourism is very developed here, especially skiing. Accordingly, the road network is widely developed. From any house through the automatic gate dorkhan you can go to the magnificent highway. Whether the road is at least an 8-lane highway, even a mountain serpentine, the quality of the coverage is excellent.
SWITZERLAND
(Swiss Confederation)
Geographical position. Switzerland - Mountain country located in the southern part Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. Switzerland borders on Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein. The total length of the borders is 1882 km.
Square. The territory of Switzerland occupies 41,284 sq. km.
main cities, Administrative division. The capital of Switzerland is Bern. Largest cities: Bern (600 thousand people), Zurich (830 thousand people), Geneva (650 thousand people), Basel (500 thousand people), Lausanne (450 thousand people), Lucerne (200 thousand . pers.). Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).
Switzerland is a federal republic. The president, the head of state, also heads the government (Federal Council). The legislature is the Federal Assembly, consisting of the Council of Cantons and the National Council.
Relief. The highest of mountain peaks Switzerland - Mount Dufour - 4634 m. There are several more four-thousander mountains. Swiss Alps occupy about 60% of the country's territory. The Alps (averaging 1700 m above sea level) are a variety of staggered landscape zones: valleys, terraces, rocks, passes, mountain ranges and corridors.
In the Alps there is the largest glacier in Europe - Aletsch. Mittelland - a hill (an average of 580 m above sea level) - forms a belt between the Alps and the Jura mountains, stretching from Lake Geneva to Bodensky. The Jura is a massif (an average of 750 m above sea level) formed by mountain ranges with hills and valleys stretching from Lake Geneva to Schaffhausen am Rhein.
Geological structure and minerals.
The mountainous area provides Switzerland with a large hydroelectric potential.
Climate. By virtue of its geographical location Switzerland is influenced by four climatic zones: mid- and north-Atlantic, Mediterranean and continental. The Alps are a barrier to cyclones that carry moisture, so the level of precipitation in the intra-alpine regions (53-59 cm) is significantly lower than in the outer regions (more than 200 cm). Average annual temperature indicators are not the same for different regions Switzerland. For Zurich, the largest city, these figures look like this: January - from -4°С to +2°С, July - from +12°С to +23°С.
Inland waters. Such major European rivers as the Rhine, Danube, Po, Adige and Rhone originate from the glaciers of the Swiss mountains. They flow in opposite directions - to the North Sea and to the Mediterranean Sea.
There are 1,484 lakes in Switzerland. The surface of one of them - Lake Maggiore - is the lowest mark on geographical map country (193m above sea level).
Soils and vegetation. Switzerland is one of the richest countries in Europe in terms of flora and fauna diversity. Here there are species that grow and live both in cool Arctic Scandinavia (mosses and lichens) and in hot subtropical Spain (palms and mimosas). Alpine slopes are most characterized by wide belts of fir, spruce, and beech forests. The lower levels are dominated by hardwoods. Depending on the region, the upper limit of the forest ranges between 1,800 m and 2,300 m.
Animal world. For birds, the climate of the Alps provides a unique opportunity for rapid seasonal migrations, so there are a lot of them here. There are a lot of swans and ducks on the lakes and in the floodplains - for example, on the Biensky (Bilsky) lake. In order to save rare species of fauna from destruction, as early as 1909, the Swiss National Park was created in the canton of Graubünden along the border with Italy.
Population and language
Average density The population of Switzerland is 154 inhabitants per 1 sq. km. km. The distribution of the population across regions is very uneven.
Switzerland - the only country in Europe, where 4 national languages have the status of official state: German, French, Italian and Romansh. For the German speaking population cultural centers are the cities of Basel, Zurich and Bern, for the French-speaking - Geneva and Lausanne, and for the Italian-speaking - Lugano.
According to the latest estimates, 74% of Swiss citizens consider German as their mother tongue, 20% - French, 4.5% - Italian, about 1% - Romansh.
Religion
Catholicism - 50%, Protestants - 48%.
Brief historical sketch
Archaeological finds suggest that the first human settlements in the Saleva caves arose about 10 thousand years ago. Images of humans and animals on the rocks, stone religious buildings, burials in crevices have been preserved. Over time, people began to settle on the shores of lakes.
In 58 BC. e. not far from Genava (Geneva), a battle took place between the legions of Caesar and the army of the Helvetians, a tribe of Celtic origin who came to the Alps from the middle Rhine. The Romans gained the upper hand and soon after that subjugated all the lands of the Helvetians - areas roughly coinciding with the borders of the western part of present-day Switzerland (hence another name for Switzerland - Helvetia). Caesar founded the Roman colony-colony Julia Equestris with the main city of Noviodunum (modern Nyon), Aventicum (between Lausanne and Bern, modern Avenches), the colony of Raurica (near modern Basel).
From the 4th century Christianity penetrated the territory of modern Switzerland. From the middle of the 5th c. in the capital of the current canton of Graubünden, the city of Chur, is the residence of the Roman bishop.
After the victory of Charlemagne over the Lombards (774), Helvetia went to the Frankish Empire. Since 843, these territories have been part of the East Frankish Empire, then come under the rule of the king of Burgundy, and since 1032 they are integral part German Reich.
From the 13th century the Alpine lands fell into the sphere of interests of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, and the war began. On August 1, 1291, the three "forest" cantons of Uri, Schwitz and Nidwalden, enter into an "Eternal Alliance", the meaning of which was reduced to mutual support in the fight against external enemies, and primarily with the Habsburgs. Thus the Swiss Confederation was founded.
November 15, 1315 a significant battle took place between the Swiss and the detachments of Leopold of Habsburg. The Austrians were utterly defeated and forced to recognize the independence of the Alpine communities.
Twice, in 1386 and 1388. - The Habsburgs were forced to confirm the independence of these lands, however, with the proviso that they renounce them in favor of Burgundy.
8 km from Aventicum is the town of Murten, under the walls of which the Swiss in 1476 defeated the army of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold, who was trying to subdue the Confederation. January 5, 1477 in the battle of Nancy, Charles the Bold was killed.
In 1487, the canton of Solothurn joins the Confederation, in 1501 Basel and Schaffhausen, in 1513 Appenzell. During the Swabian War (1499), the three lands of Grisons, separated from the Holy Roman Empire, enter into an alliance with the Confederation.
During the war between the dukes of Milan and French kings(1500-1516) the Swiss, allies of the dukes, suffered a major defeat. France
then forced the Swiss Confederation to sign an agreement under which the Swiss cantons pledged, in particular, to allocate 6,000 soldiers for the French army in peacetime and 16,000 in wartime. The Swiss began to offer themselves as mercenaries to the rulers of other countries, primarily France and Italy, outside the framework of agreements.
A noticeable mark in the life of the Swiss Confederation was left by the era of the Reformation. Two of its most famous leaders lived here: X. Zwingli (1484-1531) and J. Calvin (1509-1564).
Heldrig Zwingli, educated in Vienna and Basel, a friend of the famous philosopher Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a canon in Zurich. He opposed the dogmas Catholic Church, having developed a system of religious reform, and at the same time reform political system. He rejected the entire church hierarchy, indulgences, worship of sacred images and relics of saints, fasting, monasticism, celibacy of the clergy. Zwingli condemned the mercenarism common in Switzerland at that time, and was a staunch republican. Such views could not but arouse the wrath of the Vatican. Zwingli and his supporters had to fight against the cantons that remained Catholic (Lucerne, Friborg, Wallis, Zug, Schwyz, Uri, Tessin, etc.). In the course of the war, Zwingli himself was killed, but his followers were able to secure certain freedoms for themselves. After Zurich, Zwinglism won in Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, Glarus and St. Gallen. These cantons united in a religious-political union.
John Calvin lived in Geneva. His teaching (Calvinism) found supporters far beyond the borders of Switzerland - in France, Scotland, Holland. Calvin was one of the first translators of the Bible into modern French.
In the spring of 1798, Napoleon's troops entered the territory of the Swiss cantons. Switzerland became the Helvetian Republic, with Geneva, Jura and Mühlhausen ceded to France. In May 1800, Napoleon with 40,000 soldiers passed through the Great St. Bernard Pass to Italy. Napoleon himself almost died on the ascent to the pass.
Napoleon's failures led to the fact that Switzerland since 1815 already consisted of 22 cantons - the new cantons of Geneva, Wallis and Neuenburg entered the Confederation. The Congress of Vienna proclaimed the "perpetual neutrality" of Switzerland.
In 1848, Switzerland adopted a new constitution. Then it was approved National flag Switzerland. In 1874 the Federal Constitution was updated. According to its provisions, each of the 26 cantons retains its own flag and coat of arms.
For 170 years, Switzerland has remained out of European and world military conflicts. Switzerland is known as a center of diplomatic activity. Geneva is home to the European branch of the United Nations, the headquarters of many international specialized organizations: the International Telecommunication Union, the World Meteorological Organization and a number of others. In Bern, the capital of the country, the Universal Postal Union is located, in Lausanne, the International Olympic Committee.
Brief economic essay
Switzerland is a highly developed industrial country with intensive agriculture, one of the largest exporters of capital and financial centers peace. The industry is characterized by non-mass production of high-quality products for export. Mechanical engineering and metalworking (forging and pressing equipment, high-precision metalworking machines, electrical products), large-scale watchmaking, chemical and pharmacological, textile (thin cotton and silk fabrics, ribbons, embroideries), sewing, knitwear, footwear, paper, printing, food ( cheeses, chocolate, concentrates) industry. More than three-quarters of agricultural production comes from animal husbandry (mainly dairy). Main crops: wheat, barley, sugar beets, potatoes, fodder grasses. Mountain logging. Export: engineering and metalworking products, including watches, chemical, textile goods, clothing, food. Foreign tourism. Currency unit- Swiss frank.
A Brief Outline of Culture
Art and architecture. Over 600 museums are registered in Switzerland. At the foot of Monte Bre on the coast Lake Lugansk located unique Museum Swiss customs officers.
In Switzerland, many monuments from the era of the Roman conquests have been preserved. These are ancient settlements (in Avenches, Geneva, Lausanne, Saint-Maurice, Martigny, Sion, Brig, etc.), fortified passes, such as the Great St. Bernard, Simplon. Most Famous places archaeological sites- is founded in 44 BC. e. the city of Augusta Raurica near Basel, the camp of legionnaires near Brugg. The most ancient basilica of Saint Maurice dates back to 515.
The Carolingian era is represented by rich frescoes in the chapel of St. John in Münster Cathedral. From the monuments of Romanesque architecture, the Zurich Grossmünster (the largest place of worship Romanesque in Switzerland). Other Romanesque monuments: the Dome Cathedral in Chur, the Church of St. Biaggio in Bellinzona, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Biasca.
Switzerland is the richest architectural monuments gothic style. In Lausanne, the Cathedral of Notre Dame has been preserved. There are many Gothic fortresses and castles in Switzerland (especially in the western cantons).
The Renaissance in the architecture of Switzerland is primarily the town halls of Sion, Yverdon, Zurich, the city walls and gates of Bern, Fribourg, Biel, etc.
On the outskirts of Bern, Basel, on the slopes of the mountains near the Geneva, Biel and Neuchâtel lakes, baroque country villas were built and preserved.
Rococo architecture is widely represented in Switzerland. These are the houses of the patricians.
Architects of the early 20th century paid great attention residential buildings. The Swiss have developed projects<щомов-раковин», хорошо изолирующих их жителей от городского шума, «домов-лестниц», оригинально использующих возможности склона горы или холма. Швейцария подарила миру гения архитектуры, Шарля-Эдуарда Жаннере, известного под именем Ле Корбюзье (1887-1965).
The science. O. Saussure (1740-1799) - one of the founders of descriptive geology; K. Jung (1875-1961) - psychologist and philosopher, founder of "analytical psychology"; W. Pauli (1900-1958) - theoretical physicist, one of the creators of quantum mechanics and relativistic quantum field theory.
Literature. M. Frisch (1911-1991) - a writer whose work is marked by vivid experimentation (the plays "Biedermann and the arsonists", "Andorra", the novels "Hoto Raber", "Stiller"); F. Dürrenmatt (1921-1990) is a writer who grotesquely and satirically portrayed modern morality (the tragicomedy The Visit of the Old Lady, the detective novels The Judge and His Executioner, The Promise, Justice).
Switzerland map with landmarks
Switzerland on the world map
Switzerland map detailed
Switzerland map
Switzerland on the world map is located in Western Europe. The country is bordered by Germany, Italy, Austria and France. In addition, a map of Switzerland will show the border with the dwarf state of Liechtenstein. Another name for the country, Helvetia, sometimes used in Russian, comes from the Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. Although the map of Switzerland does not use this name, its abbreviation (CH) can be found as a designation for the national currency and country domain on the Internet.
The state is famous for its neutrality, banks and ski resorts. Any map of Switzerland with attractions will show the famous tracks in Davos or Saas Fee. Mountains, lakes and beautiful valleys spread throughout the country. If you have a detailed map of Switzerland at hand, you can easily make a trip route and appreciate the local natural beauties.
The country is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. For a better orientation on them, you need a map of Switzerland in Russian from Arrivo.
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The most reliable banks in the world, the most accurate clocks and the most delicious cheese - this list incredibly accurately conveys the idea of the majority of the world's population about Switzerland. This small country has become a tourist mecca for lovers of varied recreation, elegant cities, upscale ski resorts, majestic mountains and lakes with crystal-clear water.
Location, composition and cities
The Swiss Confederation, which is the full name of the country, is located in the central part of Europe. It has no access to the seas and oceans.
Administratively, the country consists of 26 cantons and 6 half-cantons.
Largest cities: Zurich, Bern, Lausanne and Geneva.
The capital of Switzerland is the city of Bern.
Borders and area
Land borders with countries such as France, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Italy.
Switzerland covers an area of 41,290 square kilometers, making it the 132nd largest in the world.
Switzerland map
Timezone
Population
7,783,000 people. According to this indicator, Switzerland is ranked 93rd in the list in terms of population.
Language
The official languages are German, French, Italian, Romansh.
Religion
48% of the population consider themselves Catholics, 46% - Protestants, the remaining 6% - representatives of other religious movements.
Finance
The official currency is the Swiss franc.
Medical care and insurance
The level of medical care is very high and no less expensive, so be sure to purchase full international medical insurance before visiting the country.
Mains voltage
220 volt. Frequency - 50 Hertz.
International dialing code
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