Features of different regions of the Crimean peninsula. Northeastern Crimea and the Arabat arrow
Crimea can rightly be called "little Australia". Firstly, on this unique peninsula there are three climatic zones: temperate continental climate of the steppes, mountain belt and subtropics of the southern coast. Secondly, a huge number of endemic plants grow here and many endemic animals live here. Thirdly, in a relatively small area (just over 26 thousand square kilometers) there are about 50 salt lakes and 257 rivers flowing.
High Crimean mountains, the proximity of two seas at once - the Black and Azov, ancient cities- all this led to the uniqueness of the nature of the Crimea.
Flora of Crimea
The flora of the Crimean peninsula is very unusual and original. Its diversity is astounding. So, on the peninsula there are over 2500 species of plants. For comparison: only 1,500 species of vegetation grow in the European part of Russia. In addition to endemics, there are many relict plants here - those that have not been seen for many millennia. A main feature Crimean flora is that it varies significantly from north to south.
In the north of Crimea, where it is located Kerch Peninsula- kingdom of hilly steppes. Most of them are plowed under agricultural land. Only uncultivated grain areas remained uncultivated: solonchaks, ravines, gullies, rocky plains. In this part of the Crimea, cultivated plantations and crops predominate.
If we move from here to the south, we will find ourselves in a zone of foothills, where the steppe is replaced by forest-steppe. Linden, ash, skumpia, hornbeam, a lot of juniper, pear, and hawthorn are more common here.
Even further south, the forest-steppe gradually develops into a strip oak forests. Dubnyak, by the way, occupies more than 60% of the peninsula. Among the varieties, the most popular are rocky, fluffy, pedunculate oaks. Oak forests in the Crimea are very light, sparse, with luxurious undergrowth and tall grass.
A little higher in the mountains are the richest beech forests. These mighty trees grow at an altitude of 700 to 1200 m above sea level. Beech forests amaze with their grandeur and silence. They are dense, dark, without undergrowth and grasses, only a sea of fallen leaves wraps around the roots of trees. And only on the very peaks of the Crimean Mountains, beech trees are small and gnarled. And often here they are interspersed with hornbeams.
In rocky damp places, thickets of berry yew, a relict tree that has been preserved since the Tertiary period, have been preserved.
However, the very peaks of the Crimean Mountains are usually called Yayla. Yayla is a chain of peculiar table-like flat peaks connected by deep passes. Once upon a time there were beautiful pastures with lush grass and meadow plants. Most of the Crimean endemics grow on yayla.
And further south begins the descent to the sea, and the flora in these places is simply amazing with the brightness of greenery and diversity. On the southern slopes of the mountains, beech forests give way to pine forests. Even further south, the shilyak belt begins (sparse woody-shrub forests), where fluffy oaks, juniper, pistachios, strawberries, Pontic larch, dense thickets of dogwood and prickly derzhitree meet.
But it should be noted that on the southern coast of Crimea, the shiblyak in its original form was preserved only in some places: in Laspi Bay, on Capes Martyan, Aya. Basically, this part of the peninsula has undergone significant changes due to human activities. It is here that all the health resorts and resorts of Crimea are located, and the plants in this part of the peninsula are 80% imported. But many have been growing here for centuries. So, for example, birch is an extremely atypical tree for the Crimea. It was brought here from Russia only some 200-250 years ago.
In total, the area of Crimean parks stretched over 2,000 hectares. Here you can already find exotic plants brought to the peninsula from all over the world: cypresses, figs, crocuses, almonds, over 20 thousand species of orchids, ferns, tulips and cyclamens.
Fauna of Crimea
The uniqueness of the geographical position of the peninsula also determined the originality of the fauna. There are many endemic animals in Crimea, but at the same time, the fauna is much poorer than, for example, even in neighboring regions of Russia and Ukraine.
Studies have shown that ostriches and giraffes once lived in the Crimea. Then, with climate change, reindeer and arctic foxes moved to the peninsula. Thus, the fauna of the peninsula is an amazing conglomerate of the most diverse species, many of which have adapted to local habitat conditions.
The ichthyofauna is richly represented: there are more than 200 species of marine fish, many live permanently, more than 50 species are "in transit", traveling along the coast of Crimea to the Bosphorus. In the fresh waters of lakes and rivers, zoologists have counted 46 species of fish, with 14 species being "aboriginal". The rest, such as carp, pike perch, perch, crucian carp, silver carp, grass carp were introduced and perfectly acclimatized in the Crimea.
Of the amphibians, lake and tree frogs, toads and newts are the most common. And of the 14 species of Crimean reptiles, only the steppe viper is poisonous. There are many snakes, copper snakes, there are yellow-bellied, four-striped and leopard snakes. Only one species of turtles lives in Crimea - marsh ones. They inhabit mainly mountain waters. But at once there are 6 species of lizards, among which Crimean, rocky and nimble ones are more common.
Birds in the Crimea and more than 200 species. More than 60% of them nest on the peninsula, about 17 species arrive on the peninsula for wintering. Large birds of prey have chosen to live in mountainous areas. These are eagles, ospreys, imperial eagles, golden eagles, vultures, black vultures, sea eagles, peregrine falcons, eagle owls, saker falcons, griffon vultures. Sandpipers, larks, quails are found in the floodplains of river valleys, bustards and little bustards are found in the steppe. Pelicans can be seen on the Crimean coast. But, basically, sea birds live here: gulls, terns, ducks, geese, gray herons, cormorants. And on the Swan Islands you can see a huge number of species of swans.
As for mammals, there are about 60 species of them in the Crimea. They live mainly in nature reserves, sanctuaries and mountainous areas. Their predators are weasels, foxes, badgers, martens. Hares and ferrets are found in the steppes and forests. Red deer and wild boars live in mountainous regions and foothills. Fallow deer and moufflons have been introduced recently, attempts are being made to revive the population of these animals, but so far to no avail. Once upon a time, wolves also lived in the Crimea, but the last of the wolf tribe disappeared at the beginning of the last century.
There are 4 representatives of marine animals on the coast of Crimea: these are monk seals and three species of dolphins.
Climate in Crimea
The ridge of the Crimean Mountains protects the peninsula from air masses coming from the continent, and therefore a tropical climate with warm summers, hot sun, an abundance of greenery and warm sea water is preserved on the southern coast.
Spring in Crimea is incredibly beautiful and varied. Heavy rains and fogs are often replaced by clear, fine days. Opening in May bathing season. Summer is not hot, as sea breezes cool the air considerably. The temperature "ceiling" is observed at the height of July, when the air warms up to +36°С +38°С.
Until mid-October, warm autumn reigns on the coast - sunny, velvety. And only at the end of December, winter sets in - not cold, often with positive temperatures, rains and very rare snowfalls. But in the mountains, winter reigns with might and main, sweeping tall snowdrifts. In the mountainous regions of Crimea, winter lasts 100-120 days.
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NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA The Sivash-plain region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula Region composition: Nizhnegorsky district Sovetsky district Kirovsky district
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Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and little visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This place is for those who pave the way for themselves. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, a motorcycle or an ATV, an SUV or an ordinary passenger car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
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Features of the nature of the northeastern Crimea
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STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHSKY" The virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including vast thickets of chamomile, a valuable and very popular medicinal plant, is protected in it. Lake Sivash, framing the reserve, has no less health benefits. .
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AGARMYSH FOREST More than 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest. A unique Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties of oak are under protection here: fluffy and rocky.
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SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely dissected and winding. Coastline does not have clear, stable outlines and creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Most of the narrow, elongated northeast direction peninsulas are called “tyups” or “kuts”, and land areas temporarily flooded due to surge currents are called “droughts”
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Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water, dissolving limestone, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. There is an interesting cave here. bottomless well". The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless well - an open mine. It is a failure, leading to a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which a 38-meter shaft expanding downwards begins. At the bottom there is a blocky heap, on the walls there are separate streaks. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is an increase in the concentration during the warm period carbon dioxide to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). The record content of CO2 is 7.62%. Descent only in an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases.
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ARABAT STRELKA - A narrow and long (113 km) spit extends from the Akmonai isthmus in a northwestern direction. It separates from the Sea of Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, the width is from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.
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ARMS OF REGIONS
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NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorsky (until 1944 Seitler; Crimean Tatar Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsky district. The largest and most significant enterprises of Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of mixed fodder, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a bread factory and organizations providing housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorsk are engaged in trade and construction activities
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Soviet (until 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Tatar. İçki) - an urban-type settlement in the Soviet district of the Republic of Crimea of Russia ( Autonomous Republic Crimea). In the village there are a village energy, rayagrostroy, incubator and poultry farm and other enterprises of local importance that service the agricultural enterprises of the region. The largest enterprises: a bakery, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises operating in the region. Trade services for the population are carried out by consumer cooperation enterprises and business structures.
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KIROVSKOE Kirovskoe (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean Tatar. İslâmTerek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. The center of the Kirovsky district of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kirov Repair and Transport Enterprise" (engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirov Feed Mill".
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA REGIONS The economy is based on agricultural production. last years Active work is being carried out in the region to develop the sphere of tourism and recreation. Particularly promising are the territories on the coast of Sivash. Diversity natural landscapes(floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed beds), deposits of unique therapeutic mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors create favorable ground for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism). Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes". One of them - the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervonoe (Nizhnegorsky district) - in 1974 pleased with a unique find. The burial of a woman who supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC was discovered. - first century AD The woman’s head was crowned with a golden diadem, a massive golden hryvnia with the image of griffins adorned her neck, a golden brooch rested on her chest, there were bracelets on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated with precious stones The remains of a wooden box contained gold rings, incense bottles, beads, a dolphin-shaped rock crystal earring.
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The city of OLD CRIMEA is a tourist "Mecca" of the Kirovsky district
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Stary Krym is a city in the eastern part of Crimea. The population is about 10 thousand people. The main sights of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Khan Uzbek has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of Stary Krym is the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), the revival of which has begun in recent years. In addition, the city has ethnographical museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people.
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MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK IN OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the Golden Horde throne in 1312, having become an adherent of Islam, ordered to build a beautiful mosque and the highest Muslim religious school - madrasah. The construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler EvliyaChelebi, in 1512-1513, under Mengli Giray, the mosque was a cathedral one. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilica type with an entrance from the north side and a minaret built into the northeast corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, praying, turned their faces to the south, towards Mecca.
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SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church bearing the name of Surb-Nshan was built in 1358 during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (porch) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 - a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble abode. The windows are like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looks like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.
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GREEN MUSEUM IN THE OLD CRIMEA The exposition of the museum consists of two small rooms. One of them is completely preserved in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Grin was on duty at the bedside, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a vase for flowers. In the second room - books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.
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HOUSE-MUSEUM OF K.G. Paustovsky Museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. Here the writer stayed in the 1950s. In support of this, an original open-air exposition has been created - a wonderful garden, which presents quotes from the works of Paustovsky. As if the writer himself tells the visitor about his favorite corner. The typological interior of a provincial petty-bourgeois house of the early 20th century has been recreated in four halls, and an exposition has been deployed that tells about the life and creative path of Paustovsky.
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TOPONYMS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
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Stary Krym - a city of museums Museum complex of the city Literary and Art House-Museum of A.S. Grin House-Museum of K. PaustovskyMuseum of Culture and Life of the TatarsMuseum of History and Local Lore Memorable places of Old Crimea Panteleimon Starokrymsky cemetery, including --- the grave of Alexander Grin --- the grave of Yulia Drunina Commemorative historical places Northeastern Crimea
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CLIMATE
COAST, BEACHES, estuaries
Lake Sivash
VEGETABLE WORLD
ANIMAL WORLD
MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA
The Crimean peninsula is surrounded by the sea on four sides, and only the Perekop isthmus, seven kilometers wide, connects it to the mainland. The area of Crimea is 27,000 km2. It is smaller than Switzerland, but larger than Israel or Cyprus, and its coastline is 2,500 km long.
CLIMATE
Spring in Crimea, especially on the coast, is usually long, wet and windy. The most unpleasant month is March, but rains with fogs are not uncommon in May. But autumn here is dry and sunny, besides, in good seasons temperature sea water does not fall below 18 ° C until the end of October.
Summer in the Crimea is hot, in the steppe the temperature reaches 40 °C. The coast is slightly cooler due to the sea breeze. The air warms up the most in July: on the coast, the temperature rises to 36–38 °С, and on the tops of the mountains - up to 27–32 °С. However, during the summer there are no more than 20 such hot days.
The locals call Greater Yalta an "oven". Its valleys and beaches are covered by a mountain range that does not let the cold wind through. The warm breath of the sea and the evergreen vegetation of the South Coast make the local air fragrant and healing.
Winter in Crimea is mild and snowless: a stable snow cover that would last at least thirty days occurs only in the mountains, not lower than 400-600 m above sea level. The higher - the colder: every 100 m "lower" the temperature by 0.6 ° C. On the Ai-Petri plateau, the climate is similar to that near Moscow, except that the wind is stronger here, and on the northern slopes of Babugan and Chatyrdag it is usually cooler than in the Moscow region.
Characteristic landscape: once the southern slopes of the mountains of the Crimean peninsula were completely covered with subtropical forests
In Crimea, both slow mountain-building processes and sudden planetary cataclysms left their mark. Hard volcanic rocks are presented here - gabbro-diabase, diorite, granite-porphyry and others, of which Karadag, Bear Mountain (Ayudag), Kastel are composed. Above Alupka, you can see diabase "chaos" (a natural heap of diabase blocks). But South Demerdzhi over Alushta consists of a fragile loose conglomerate - a mixture of sand, clay and crushed stone. However, the main material of the Crimean mountains is the limestone of coral reefs (mountains Sokol, Orel, Karaul-Oba, Ai-Petri) and sedimentary rocks ( most of Crimean mountains). Limestone forms funnels, wells, shafts and multi-tiered, bizarrely shaped caves - there are more than a thousand of them in the Crimea. The deepest such cave is the Soldatskaya mine on Karabi-yayla (517 m).
The central, northern and western parts of the peninsula are steppes. In the east, it passes into the Kerch hills, and near Feodosia, the Main mountain range begins - a chain of ridges, peaks and plateaus, which are called yayls here. The length of the ridge, which stretches from the southwest to the northeast of Crimea, is 180 km, and its average height- from 600 to 1000 m.
To the north of the Main Ridge is the Second (Inner) Ridge, about 600 m high. Behind the Second Ridge, there is also the Third Ridge, which is quite low. Further - only the steppe. And so beloved by vacationers South coast Crimea is a narrow, no wider than 12 km, strip of land between the sea and the foot of the Main mountain range.
Gurzuf and Ayudag in the evening
COAST, BEACHES, estuaries
From the mainland, we get to the Crimea through Sivash - a shallow bay of the Sea of Azov, whose area is 2560 km². Its shores, indented by bays, form spits and peninsulas, and in the bay itself there are about 60 islands. The depth of Sivash for the most part does not exceed 1 m and only in rare places reaches 3 m, and its bottom is covered with a thick layer of silt. The water in the bay is much saltier than sea water. Warming up to 42 ° C in summer, it emits a putrid smell, which is why Sivash is called the Rotten Sea.
Sivash is separated from the Sea of Azov by a long narrow spit of the purest yellow sand - the Arabat Spit. It starts from the Kerch Peninsula and ends in front of the Genichesk. The Genic (Thin) Strait, 100 m wide, cuts off Arabatka, linking the Sivash with the Sea of Azov.
From the northeast, Crimea is washed by the shallow - its depth does not exceed 14 m - and warm (water temperature can reach 30 ° C) Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, rich in plankton and fish. However, the most convenient shallow beaches with yellow sand for swimming are located on the eastern and western coasts of Crimea. These are Arabatka, the Kerch Peninsula, the Feodosia Bay - and another 130 km of "golden" sands around Evpatoria. But on the southern coast and on both sides of it, from Koktebel to Sevastopol, the shores are covered with broken waves, more or less run-in rock. There, the beaches are rocky - only in some places near the coast there are small pebbles - and they are all separated by capes resistant to waves. And the most beautiful capes with bays are located among the ancient coral reefs of the New World.
The best coarse sand beach on the South Coast is located in the Sudak Bay. Farther, to the west, among the wild rocks, in some places, pebble bays open with cozy beaches, but what closer mountains to the water, the fewer such places.
In Alushta there are still wide natural beaches, but in Yalta they are mostly artificial. They are quite suitable for recreation, but they are not suitable for spearfishing, diving or snorkeling. All these joys can be obtained 20 km from Yalta, in the Blue Bay.
The shores from Castel to Fiolent are rocky, the sea is deep here. Coast Western Crimea steep, in some places clayey (Kalamitsky Bay). Recently, visitors have appreciated the nature of Atlesh and Dzhangul on Cape Tarkhankut. These roughly broken rocks, grottoes and underwater caves pierced by the sea attract swimmers, scuba divers, and spearfishers.
In Crimea, there are about 50 salt lakes - estuaries, of which 26 are recognized as curative. Fat black silt accumulates at the bottom of them - peloid, or therapeutic mud. At balneological resorts, it is used to treat patients. One of the most famous such resorts is Lake Saki (it is located near the town of Saki, 20 km from Evpatoria), on the banks of which there are several sanatoriums. The first local mud bath was opened here in 1827. Lake Saki is 13 times saltier than the sea; a person can, lying on the water, read a newspaper.
Lake Sivash
VEGETABLE WORLD
There are about 2,500 species of wild higher plants on the Crimean peninsula (of which 240 are endemic, that is, growing only here), and about 30,000 species can be found in the botanical gardens and parks of Crimea.
Plain Crimea is a dry steppe, wind, lack of water. Most of the plants are undersized, withered, hard, prickly - acacia, thuja, skumpia, rarely - poplar. Often there is a goof silver. In June, it blooms, and not a single wild Crimean plant can be compared with its amazing, heady aroma. Salt-resistant grasses grow near the estuaries and Sivash. Tulips bloom in May, then poppies. The steppe is beautiful at this time.
In the mountains grows juniper, hazel, dogwood, oak, hornbeam, alder, ash, wild rose, hold the tree, wild apple and pear, cherry plum.
Dogwood in bloom. In the wild, this beautiful plant is found in the mountains and along the banks of rivers.
On the southern slope of the Main Ridge, above 600 m, a beech-hornbeam forest begins. Above Big Yalta, at an altitude of 400 to 700 m, stands Pinery, the Crimean beech grows above. In Crimean pines, the bark is thicker than in ordinary ones, the needles are longer, and the cones are larger. And the resin is formed twice as much. Therefore, the most healing, most saturated with phytoncides air is over Yalta.
On the South Shore, plants bloom all year round. In October-November, medlar blooms, roses bloom for the second time, in December, wild daisies appear on the southern mountain slopes; pale purple colchicum, mullein and tansy, sometimes snowdrops. In January, hellebore blooms in the gardens, almond and galanthus corollas may open. In February comes the time of jasmine, honeysuckle, winterflower, crocus, almond, in March - wild almond and dogwood, levkoy and milkweed, Japanese quince, crimson and Sulange magnolia with its large, lonely, pinkish-white buds. Gardens bloom in April, the main decoration of which is cherry plum, apricot and peach. In May - roses, tulips, scarlet, wisteria, "golden rain". In June, magnolia blooms, pink corollas of Lankaran acacias, tekoma, oleander, resin seed, cherry laurel, yucca appear ... And so the whole year.
Magnolia flowers - one of the symbols of a subtropical paradise
The farther east from Alushta, the poorer nature becomes: many subtropical plants simply disappear. Along the road to Sudak grow, in addition to the usual oaks and hornbeams, poplars, pistachios (wild, with inedible fruits), skumpii, hawthorn and wild rose, wild apple and pear trees, blackthorn and hold-a tree with thorns, similar to fishhooks.
ANIMAL WORLD
In Crimea, 58 species of mammals and about 300 species of birds have been found. Of the small mammals, we will mention field mice, ground squirrels, jerboas, hamsters (in the steppe part), wildly voracious shrews. Bats wintering in caves take off for summer night hunting (for mosquitoes, midges and small butterflies). A hedgehog, a teleut squirrel from Altai, a hare - everything is about the same as on the continent. There are steppe fox and mountain fox, stone marten, ferret, weasel. But wolves are rarely seen. Of the ungulates in the forest, roe deer are the most numerous, sometimes you can see the Crimean red deer and wild boars.
Vulture chick. Crimea is one of the few regions of Europe where these rare birds have been preserved.
The largest birds of the Crimea are black vultures. In second place in size are white-headed vultures. There are very few of those and others left in the Crimea, not even hundreds. Woodpeckers, hawks, falcons, owls, black crows, noisy jays, blackbirds live in mountain and lowland forests. In the steppe - bustards and almost extinct little bustards. At one time, golden pheasants were brought to the nursery near Belogorsk, and the bird settled throughout the foothills. Herring gulls, gull gulls, petrels fly over the sea, dives, shelducks and cormorants dive under the water.
Crimea is separated from the mainland by a narrow isthmus inaccessible to migration, so there are many endemics here, for example, the Crimean granular ground beetle is a large, up to 5 cm in size, harmless purple beetle.
But karakurt pose a danger to people. Small and inconspicuous, they are very poisonous. They live mainly in the steppe part of the peninsula, so that on the western and east coasts It is better not to walk barefoot on the grass.
Centipedes live in damp semi-basements. However, they may well crawl into the tent. This is a long creature, reaching 20 cm, similar to a huge centipede. On the walls, floor and ceiling, the centipede moves with frightening speed. It is advisable to avoid close acquaintance with them: after their bite, the temperature rises for several days. Of the Crimean snakes, only the steppe viper is poisonous. There are no vipers in the mountains and on the South Shore.
The rarest and most beautiful of the local lizards is the Crimean gecko. He lives only on the southern coast, from Alushta to Chersonese. From November to April, geckos hibernate, in summer they are nocturnal, eating insects and spiders, and during the day they hide in crevices among stones.
The Crimean gecko can sometimes be found on the South Shore
MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA
270 species of red, green and brown algae grow in the Black and Azov Seas. Near the Crimean shores, phyllophora and cystoseira are the most abundant.
Two types of jellyfish are found in the water column - a safe flat Aurelia and a bluish cornerot, burning like a nettle.
Small fish swim close to the shore: sea horse, sea needle, dogs, greenfinches. At the bottom lie sea cats (stingrays with poisonous spines) and foxes, flounders. On the stones - sea ruffs (scorpions), also with poisonous spines. Red mullet graze in the sand, they are also sultans. The mullet, pilengas (Far Eastern mullet), croaker, katran (Black Sea shark) live at the depths. This shark is not dangerous for a person: it never attacks him.
The most dangerous of all is a small fish, similar to horse mackerel, but with three needles in the dorsal fin. These needles contain a poison so strong that, if you prick, you can get sick for the whole vacation. The fishermen called this terrible fish the sea dragon.
At night, crabs come ashore from rocky crevices. Predatory molluscs rapana, moved to the Black Sea from southern seas, in search of food, they crawl onto a mussel, open its doors and gnaw out the contents.
Three types of dolphins live in the Black Sea: fatsena (porpoise), common dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. It is bottlenose dolphins that are usually shown in dolphinariums.
The bottlenose dolphin is one of three species of dolphins found off the coast of the peninsula
geographyinterestingclimatecrimeacognitivenatureRussia
Crimean nature
In the distant past, 200 million years ago, the Tethys Ocean was located on the site of the Crimean peninsula. The ancient ocean in the west covered Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Italy, Greece, in the east it went far beyond the Caucasus. Today, the remnants of the Tethys Ocean represent the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian, so the nature in the Crimea is very diverse and differs depending on the place.
Crimean mountains - combined in their own way geological structure located in the southern part of the peninsula. In the south-west from Cape Fiolent, Sevastopol, they originate and extend for 180 km to Cape Ilya, Feodosia. The Crimean mountains belong to the Alpine folded region, they are dissected by transverse faults, the movements of which periodically cause minor earthquakes. Due to its complex geological structure, the "Seven Geological Wonders of Crimea" are distinguished on the peninsula: the Karadag massif, the reef mountains of Sudak and the New World, the stone chaos of South Demerdzhi, Mount Ayu-Dag, Red Cave, grand canyon and Sivash with the Arabat arrow.
The nature of Crimea is changing from the south of Crimea to the north
The South Coast or the Southern Coast of Crimea is an area from Alushta to Foros, which includes more than 30 coastal towns and cities. It is here that the resort capital of the peninsula - Yalta - the Pearl of Crimea is located. A warm sub-Mediterranean climate reigns here, transparent fragrant air, unprecedented landscapes of the sea coast, magnificent outlines of the Crimean Mountains have long attracted vacationers here. From the middle 19th century The southern coast of Crimea has become a resting place for the aristocracy Russian Empire. The development and development of the southern coast of Crimea began only after the signing of the Manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia. And only after that, the nobles, members of the royal family, who received land plots and real estate on the southern coast of Crimea, began to develop Crimea. Began to build summer residences, the most famous experts laid out parks and alleys.
The most famous royal residences have survived to this day. This Vorontsov Palace in Alupka, Livadia and Massandra palaces, in which museums are now located, and everyone can immerse themselves in the atmosphere of that time. The southern coast of Crimea is generous with sights. Here, along with historical monuments- the remains of fortifications, Orthodox monasteries, churches and palaces, natural ones march - Ai-Petri mountains, Bear Mountain, Karadag waterfalls, Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Yalta Zoo, bird home, parks. The interweaving of healing air of vegetation with sea air is the main healing factor of the South Coast resorts. The swimming season begins in June and lasts the longest in Crimea, until October. Sometimes a few days a year during the swimming season, the cold current "Nizovka" comes to the shore, more often it occurs in June-July and it is simply impossible to enter the water, it is icy. The water temperature can drop below 15 degrees. Many vacationers during this period go to rest on the western or east coast Crimea.
Feodosia Bay, a lot of bays - this is the coast from Alushta to Feodosia. The mountains here are lower than on the South Coast, but no less picturesque. Excess sun, vegetation, wonderful landscapes will not leave you unattended. Mount Demerdzhi, Aluston fortress, Genoese fortress. Tsar's path, Karadag, capes Meganom, Alchak. Sights of the Southeast Coast the strongest rival of the South Coast southeast coast- these are sandy - pebble beaches, separated by capes. Feodosia is richly rewarded with healing riches: climate, mineral water, therapeutic mud and brine. On this coast of Crimea sandy beaches from frayed shells that stretched along the bay for many kilometers, stable sunny weather.
The nature of the eastern Crimea
Eastern coast of Crimea. This is the Kerch Peninsula, stretching in the east of Crimea between two seas, the Black and Azov, beautiful and attractive. There are no expressive colors and colorful tones of the South Coast here, the relief forms do not surprise with volume. Here, space, monuments of antiquity and the Middle Ages have an attractive force. Excavations of cities such as Nymphaeum, Tiritaka and Ilurat, the Royal Mound, the crypt of the goddess Demeter, Mount Midridat are all included in the excursion tourist routes. Small bays of the coast, steep coastal ledges with deep niches and grottoes, open rocks and artistic heaps of stones amaze everyone. The beaches here are called family, because the water in the bays warms up to + 30 C and you don’t have to worry about the fact that the child splashes in the water for a long time, he will not get cold in any way.
Western coast of Crimea. Kalamitsky bay. These are tens of kilometers of excellent wide golden beaches. In the resort area west coast Crimea are Evpatoria, Saki, Peschanoe, Nikolaevka. The West Bank region is a steppe, in some places with cliffs along the coast. The sea here is shallow, warms up quickly, the air is dry. The prices for rest and meals on the western coast of Crimea are low, they cannot be compared with the prices in Alushta and Sudak, and even more so in Yalta.
Here is the famous balneological resort- Saki. It is located a few kilometers from the seashore on the northeastern shore of the salty Saki Lake. There are many sanatoriums and recreation centers between Saki and Evpatoria. The city of Evpatoria has the status of the All-Ukrainian children's health resort. Here you can visit the popular ancient Muslim sights, Tekie (monastery) of the dervishes, the ancient settlement "Kerkinitida"
The northwestern coast of Crimea is the vast sea and steppe horizons, boundless velvety beaches, healing mud, mineral and thermal springs. This region includes the resorts of the Chernomorsky and Razdolnensky districts.
Tarkhankut - nature reserve
Chernomorsky district is located on the territory natural object- Tarkhankut Peninsula. Tarkhankut is the pearl of the western coast of the peninsula. Rocky coast - 30-40 meters high strikes with its picturesque, wild beauty, there are a lot of bays, grottoes. The famous Big and Small Atlesh. cape Big Atlesh this is a forty-meter arch with caves and grottoes. A hundred-meter tunnel passes through Cape Small Atlesh, penetrating the Cape through and through. The films "Amphibian Man", "Pirates of the 20th Century" were filmed in this area. Behind the Big Atlesh there is a "Bowl of Love" natural pool resembling a large jacuzzi. The brine and mud of salt lakes are suitable for medicinal purposes. The swimming season starts half a month earlier than on the South Shore, from May, because. water in shallow bays is quickly warmed up by the sun. The western coast of Crimea is characterized by low prices with the same quality level of recreation.
Razdolnensky district - the coast of Karkinitsky Bay is attractive for parents with children. In this corner of the Crimea, there are mostly shallow-water bays, so the swimming season starts early, as the sea already has time to warm up by May. An ideal area for accommodation of autotourists. The Karkinitida Gulf is distinguished by its mild climate, sea and steppe expanses, extensive beautiful beaches.
While the peninsula is in a fever with every new news regarding the construction of a bridge across Kerch Strait, in another part of the Crimea, they planned the construction of another transport crossing through the reservoir. The bridge in the Nizhnegorsk region is an opportunity to attract tourists to the northern region of the peninsula, to give new life local villages to develop infrastructure. On this moment, in the view of many tourists, Crimea is the western harbors, Tarkhankut, Sevastopol-hero, Balaklava bays, the unique Southern coast, the Crimean mountains, the gentle sea and the beaches of Feodosia, historical heritage on the coast of the Kerch Peninsula. North of Crimea for ordinary tourist- white spot on the map. Indeed, what could be interesting in the ordinary steppe, without significant sights, without unique picturesque mountains, forests and noisy entertainment resort towns. The inhabitants of Crimea hope that there will be a capable leadership that will be able to turn the northern depressive regions of the peninsula into resort area, which could compete with other tourist regions. 
An incredible miracle of nature that few tourists have seen is the Arabar arrow. It stretches from the north-west of Crimea to the east, separating the Sea of Azov from Lake Sivash. Throughout its length, the width of the arrow diverges from a minimum of 270 meters to 8 kilometers. Behind the Arabat Spit you can watch the lakes that were dug in Soviet times when sand was mined here. 
The arrow originates on the territory of Ukraine, near Genichesk, and connects with the Crimea in the Leninsky district. The longest river of Crimea, the Salgir, flows into the Sivash Bay. The most frequent visitors to the Arabat Spit are tourists - fans a relaxing holiday, clean, long beaches, lovers of yacht tourism. There are amazing sunsets and sunrises that do not interfere with observing the high Crimean mountains. A huge number of birds live in the local thickets of reeds, the lakes are filled with fish and shrimps. 
To attract tourists here, it is necessary to create a special innovative project, the basis of which is the construction of a bridge to connect the Crimean peninsula with a spit. To do this, they choose the narrowest place, and then three Crimean regions will become resorts at once - Dzhankoy, Sovetsky and Nizhnegorsky. In addition, it is necessary to make plans for the development of the recreational zone in such a way that the construction of roads and infrastructure does not destroy the local ecological state. It is planned to build a crossing almost 2 kilometers from the village of Izobilny. The future bridge will be a two-lane road, pedestrian zone and a path for cyclists. Empty areas near Sivash give a good prospect for the future construction of sanatoriums, recreation centers, hotels, resort infrastructure. There are reserves in the Soviet district therapeutic mud, on the basis of which it is possible to equip medical sanatoriums. In addition, there are opportunities for the construction of a yacht club on the Arabat Spit, which can become a competitor to Balaklava. Yachts can be delivered to the Sea of Azov by rafting along the canals and rivers flowing into it. @
