Mountains, the difference between mountains in height. Examples of medium mountains and their names

Usually under the mountain they mean the mountain tectonic origin. But there are also erosional And volcanic. Among the tectonic are folded, blocky And fold-block mountains.

tectonic mountains

tectonic mountains- these are mountain ranges that originated on seabed.

volcanic mountains

During volcanic eruptions, magma does not always manage to reach the earth's surface. If the upper layers of the earth's crust at the site of the eruption are very strong and the cracks do not reach the surface of the Earth, the magma stops and freezes, while raising the sedimentary rocks. Huge domes are formed, like mountains. Gore volcanic origin on the globe A little.

Fold mountains

Fold mountains- these are mountains in which rock layers are crumpled into folds and, as a result of vertical movements of the earth's crust, are raised above the surrounding area.

Parts of the mountains

The high parts of the mountains are called peaks, and the pointed peaks are peaks.

Rocks

mountain range

It is very rare to find a lonely mountain on the earth's surface. Usually the mountains are arranged in a row one after another for several tens and even hundreds of kilometers. Such a group of mountains, elongated in a line, is called mountain range .

mountain valley

The depression between two mountain ranges is called a mountain valley (Fig. 57).

Mountain country

Sometimes in a relatively small area there is a huge cluster of individual mountains and mountain ranges. It is difficult to make sense of such a heap of mountains, because mountain ranges stretch in all directions. This collection of mountains is called mountain country .

It is known that everything on Earth, absolutely everything, is born at some point, exists for some time, develops and then dies, is destroyed, being replaced by something new. And this applies not only to plants and animals, but also to rivers, lakes, seas, mountains. Mountains, built of very hard rocks, live their own lives.

Thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions of years pass, mountains grow old, pointed peaks disappear, and once mighty ridges more and more resemble hills. Vast plains are formed.

Alps

Alps These are the highest mountains in Europe. The peaks of the Alps are covered with snow and ice, which do not melt throughout the year. The most high mountain Mont Blanc (height 4810 m) is called “white mountain”. Glaciers descend down the mountain slopes. Taya, they give rise to mountain rivers and waterfalls- streams of water falling vertically down from steep cliffs. Deep valleys divide the mountains into separate ridges- elongated chains of mountains. The lowest parts of the ranges are called over-rolls.

How mountains are depicted physical map? Recall the mountains you have seen or depicted in the picture and talk about them.

1. Mountains. The mountain is a convex landform with a well-defined top, bottom and slopes. These are vast areas of the earth's surface highly elevated above sea level, characterized by sharp fluctuations in altitude (Fig. 41.)

Rice. 41. Peak Khan-Tengri in the Tien Shan.

Very rarely seen alone standing mountains. Usually the mountains, stretching out in succession, as if in a chain, stretch up to tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers. Mountain elevations stretched over long distances with a well-defined axis in the form of a single line, along which they are grouped greatest heights are called mountain ranges.
Mountain ranges are separated from each other by intermountain depressions - mountain valleys. Mountain ranges, grouped together, form a mountainous country.
At the same time, the area where two or more mountain ranges intersect is called a mountain junction. The mountain junction is usually located in very high and hard-to-reach places. For example, when crossing the Trans-Ili Alatau And Kungei Alatau a mountain knot is formed on the Tien Shan Shelek-Keben.
The highest mountains in the world - (Fig. 42). There is the highest point on the globe - the peak Chomolungma (Everest) - 8848 m.

Rice. 42. Himalayas.

A prime example highlands is Pamir. Mountains north of the Pamirs Tien Shan("Heavenly Mountains"). The most high point Tien Shan (Peak Pobeda) - 7439 m. Ural Mountains, dividing Europe and Asia, although not very high (up to 1895 m), but their length reaches two and a half thousand kilometers.

2. Differences of mountains in height. Mountains are classified according to their height as low, medium and high. Mountains up to 1000 m high are called low. Mountains Saryarki in the central part of Kazakhstan - low mountains.
The middle mountains are mountains, the height of which reaches from 1000 to 2000 meters. For example, the mountains of Crimea and the Carpathians.
Mountains whose height is over 2000 m are called high mountains. These mountains are Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan, Zhungarskiy Alatau And Tarbagatai.

Mountains are shown in brown on the physical map. The higher the mountains, the darker their color on the map. On the map, the height of the mountains can be determined by the height scale.
For example, using the height scale on a map of the hemispheres, you can determine that the height Himalaya mountains And Cordillera over 5000 m, and absolute heightMugodzhary mountains in Kazakhstan 500-600 meters. The height of individual mountain peaks on the map is indicated by numbers. For example, the highest peak of the Tien Shan on Kazakh soil is Khan Tengri Peak(fig. 41) - 6995 m or most high placemountains Sauyra - Muztau- 3816 m.

3.How to determine geographical position mountains? First find the mountains on the map. With the help of a degree grid determine approximately their geographical coordinates. Next, determine the direction of the length and length of the mountains. At the same time, the location of mountains relative to other objects, such as lakes, rivers, cities, is established.

1. What are called mountains? What high mountains do you know?

2. What are mountain ranges?

3. What is the peculiarity of the mountainous area?

4. What are the mountains?

5. On the map, determine which mountains in height are the Ural, Scandinavian, Alpine mountains?

6. What mountains are located in Eurasia approximately between the parallels of 40 ° -45 ° N. sh. and meridians 70°-90° E. d.?

7. Locate the mountains of the Cordillera on the map and determine their prevailing heights.

8. Mark on contour map the most large mountains on the globe.

9. Describe the mountains in your area.

Mountain systems occupy about forty percent of the surface of our planet: they can be seen on every continent, on many islands and on the ocean floor. The smallest ranges are located on the Australian continent, and almost all the mountain ranges of Antarctica are safely hidden under the ice.

Mountains are called part of the earth's crust, which, as a result of movement tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions or other processes occurring inside the planet, rose to a considerable height and began to rise above the plains. The height of some hills is small and is about three hundred meters, others rise more than eight thousand meters above sea level. The type of mountains is extremely diverse: it can be like a separate peak, or it can be the longest mountain ranges, which include hundreds and even thousands of cones.

Considering that the structure of the mountains is ten percent sedimentary, and ninety percent igneous and metamorphic rocks (appeared as a result of changes in the structure of sedimentary and volcanic rocks), geologists often discover mineral deposits inside them and under the mountain.

The relief of the mountains consists of several parts:

• Mountain (hill) - a low or high cone-shaped mountain, consisting of a peak, slopes and a sole (the place where the slopes merge with the surrounding area);
• Ridges are mountain heights strongly elongated in a line, the slopes of which, on the one hand, are often flat, on the other, are steep. They are also watersheds, since they direct the water of the rivers flowing downhill from different sides of the slopes into opposite sides. For example, Rocky Mountains elongated from the north in a southeast direction, while their length is about five thousand kilometers, due to which the Rocky Mountains are a watershed between the basins of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans;

• Saddle - a relief depression between two hills located next to each other, usually is the beginning of two hollows that go downhill in different directions;
• Hollow - an open depression in the relief lowering downhill at a slight slope, which at the bottom, when the slopes merge, forms a spillway line;
• Basin - located below sea level, a depression having a conical shape, which is characterized by a bottom, slopes and an edge line - the place where the slopes merge with the surface.

Formation theory

About how exactly the mountains of the world were formed, people throughout the history of their development put forward a variety of theories. At first it was myths, legends and tales, then the versions began to be more substantiated. For example, it has been hypothesized that mountain systems arose due to the movement of matter under the ocean floor, causing its surface to buckle, which causes the earth's crust to swell along the ocean margins.

This hypothesis did not explain in any way the presence of mountain systems within the mainland. Then they considered the version that the Earth is constantly decreasing in volume, and this happens abruptly and leads to deformation of the surface, where folding forms, some of which rise above the surface, and the other goes downhill.

Later, the idea appeared that the mountain system was formed during the drift of the continents. The idea was not bad, but it did not explain the reason for the movement of the continents, so it was forgotten. Instead, another hypothesis arose, suggesting that there are currents inside the Earth that cause the earth's crust to rise and fall (go downhill), affecting the relief of the planet. Despite the fact that many people liked the idea, no scientifically based evidence was found to confirm it.

The modern hypothesis of mountain formation arose in the middle of the last century, when the movement of lithospheric plates was proved, during the collision of which a thinner plate goes under the neighboring one, forming elevations on the earth's surface. This theory was combined with previous versions, it explained a lot and was accepted as the main one.

Age of mountains

Based on the theory of the movement of tectonic plates and soil analysis, it was found that each mountain system was formed at its own time. The age of young ranges is from 50 to 80 million years, while the old mountain systems appeared more than a hundred million years ago (for comparison, the age of our planet is about four and a half billion years).

Young mountain ranges (Rocky Mountains, Himalayas) are interesting because they internal processes are still developing.

For example, due to the constant collision of the Indian and Asian plates, the high mountains of the Himalayas grow by five centimeters per year. This process is always accompanied by earthquakes, and in some cases by volcanic eruptions. The young, growing mountain system is easily recognizable by its sharply defined relief, consisting of alternating peaks and ledges, the sharp shape of peaks, the presence of very steep and high slopes, which complicate both the ascent and descent from the mountain.

It differs from the younger ancient mountain system in that all processes inside it have long subsided, while external ones, causing erosion, continue to affect the surface of the Earth. An interesting fact: geologists have discovered more than one area on the plains, where previously there was a mountain system, from which only roots remained, securely hidden under a thick layer of sedimentary rocks. The most ancient hills of the Earth were recognized as the remains of mountains that are located in the Hudson Bay region: they appeared almost simultaneously with our planet.

As for the ancient mountains, which time has not wiped off the face of the Earth (for example, the Ural or Scandinavian), they can be recognized primarily by their height, not exceeding one and a half thousand meters, gentle slopes, and also by strong erosion. If in young mountains water streams flow in narrow gorges, then rivers old mountain flow along a well-defined wide river valley.

It is not uncommon for older mountain ranges to include young formations. For example, the Rocky Mountains, which appeared as a result of a tectonic shift from 80 to 50 million years ago, are a young part of the Western Cordillera, which began to form more than 120 million years ago. It should be noted that the Rocky Mountains are still growing, therefore, in the region where they are located, earthquakes and post-volcanic phenomena are not uncommon.

Mountain views

The answer to the question of what mountains are is not as simple as it seems: mountain ranges differ not only in age, but also in structure, origin, shape, location, height:

1. In terms of altitude, low mountains are characterized by a height of up to 800 meters, for middle mountains - up to 3 thousand meters and high mountains - more than 3 thousand meters. The height of the mountains in some cases can reach simply incredible proportions. For example, the height of Everest, which for a long time was listed in reference books as the highest mountain in the world, is almost nine kilometers. Recently, this championship was called into question, when at the bottom Pacific Ocean, a large mountain was discovered that exceeds the size of Chomolungma: the height of the inactive Mauna Kea volcano from the base to the top exceeds ten kilometers.
2. By origin - volcanic, tectonic or erosional (erosion of plains by strong river flows, for example, canyons and mesas, consisting of limestone, basalt, sandstone).
3. On top - a young high mountain usually has a peaked, pointed shape. The top of the mountain can have a plateau-like, dome-shaped or rounded shape, which is typical both for old, heavily destroyed volcanoes, and for areas where a large mountain arose as a result of a collision of plates.

Zoning

If the hill itself is low, then the nature of the mountain at its base and at the top is not particularly different. True, this largely depends on which group of altitudinal zonation it belongs to. For example, the characteristic of mountains of the continental type implies the complete absence of forests.

But giving a description of the low and medium elevations of the coastal type, one cannot fail to mention the presence of a forest landscape and meadows. If we are talking about a mountain with a height of more than three thousand meters, it is worth considering: in order to climb to its top, you must overcome absolutely all the belts of our planet. Therefore, the weather in the mountains differs significantly from the climate of the plains located near them.

This is due to the fact that temperature indicators decrease by six degrees with each kilometer traveled. In addition, the atmospheric pressure decreases, the level of solar radiation increases and the amount of precipitation changes. Accordingly, such weather in the mountains also affects nature.

How many belts a high mountain will have depends largely on in what climate zone it is located (mountains near the equator have the largest number of zonal belts). It is also important at what height these zones will be located, how the slopes are located: on the sunny side they are usually lower. Geologists share altitudinal belts into several parts.

Nival high-altitude belt

Only a high mountain can boast of the presence of a nival belt: in the tropics, it begins at an altitude exceeding 6.5 km above sea level. m., the farther north it is, the lower it is located (ascent and descent from the mountain is quite difficult and often fraught with death).

This zone is characterized by the presence of glaciers and eternal snows (Rocky Mountains or the Himalayas, which include the highest mountain in the world, Everest), while the surface, not covered with snow, is subject to severe erosion, primarily weathering. The vegetation here is extremely sparse - lichens and a few herbs. There are also few animals: sometimes predators wander here, rodents meet, birds fly in and you can see some types of insects.

Mountain-tundra altitudinal belt

Winter in the mountain-tundra zone is long, summer is short and cold. Average temperatures do not exceed +9°C. It's always blowing here strong wind, and the soil often freezes (only lichens, mosses, and low shrubs grow). This belt is not typical for all mountains: it is absent in warm latitudes, instead of it, an alpine or subalpine belt is located at this level.

Alpine altitudinal belt

The Alpine belt is characteristic of mountains of the coastal type, and almost never occurs in sharply continental latitudes. In the Himalayas, it is located at an altitude exceeding 3.6 kilometers, in the Alps and Andes - 2.2 kilometers. In the short summer period, meadows bloom profusely here, but the winter is long and the slopes are completely covered with snow.

Desert-steppe belt

It is typical for mountains that are located in desert and semi-desert areas of tropical latitudes and in temperate zones. In more arid regions it is located above the subalpine belt, in more humid regions it is above the mountain-forest zone. The landscape of this zone is first characterized by the presence of a steppe, then semi-deserts and deserts.

Subalpine altitudinal belt

In this zone, meadows are mixed with small patches of forests. Sometimes geologists combine this zone with the Alpine zone and call it the mountain-meadow belt.

Mountain-forest altitudinal belt

The mountain-forest belt is characterized by the presence of forest landscapes, while the vegetation here is extremely abundant and all its types largely depend on the latitude where the mountain is located. This belt goes downhill.

Human life in the mountains

Despite the fact that people settle mainly in the lowlands, at the base of the mountain, they have long since learned to benefit from almost the entire mountain surface and are learning to make the most of relatively small spaces. For example, in the Alps (the highest mountain is Mont Blanc with a height of 4810 m), at the foot you can often see vineyards and orchards, the middle part is sown with crops, and cattle graze in alpine meadows.

In the same mountains, thanks to the large amount of minerals, salt and precious metals, the mining industry is developed, paper and cellulose are harvested from the forest, and hydroelectric power stations were built on the banks of the rivers.

Also actively used by people and mountains located on the American continent. A striking example is the Rocky Mountains (the largest mountain of the range is Elbert, 4.4 km high). The Rocky Mountains hide in their bowels huge reserves of coal, lead, zinc, silver, shale, oil and natural gas. Despite the fact that relatively few people live here (four people per square kilometer, and the population of only a few cities exceeds fifty thousand),

The Rocky Mountains have an extremely developed agriculture and forestry. Americans and Canadians successfully use mountain lands for grazing livestock and for growing crops.

The Rocky Mountains are extremely popular place among tourists: there are a huge number of national parks, among them - Yellowstone, known for its geysers and geothermal springs.

Mountains fascinate almost everyone with their beauty. Surprisingly, they are all different. They can differ in location, presence of vegetation, and origin. There are also low, high and even medium mountains. But what is it? How is their height determined? What mountains are average? Let's try to figure it out.

Definition

In general, a mountain is a landform that protrudes strongly above the ground. It has slopes, foothills and maybe a peak. All this is part of the microrelief, which also includes passes, valleys, glaciers and moraines (depending on the type).

All mountains can be divided by origin:

• Tectonic arise as a result of the collision of lithospheric plates. In this case, a folded hill is formed, consisting of stone folds. After a long time, exposed to the action of air, winds, glaciers and water, they become less durable, faults and cracks appear. The Himalayas are considered the youngest mountains of this type, which have still retained their original strength. Interestingly, the old folded uplands are modified if the plates continue to move, then the layers overlap each other, forming blocks. Such mountains are called folded-blocky.
• Volcanic appear as a result of volcanic eruptions. That is, the outflowing magma (lava) hardens, forming a hill. This usually happens at the breaks in the earth's crust, where lava is most easily erupted. These mountains are divided into volcanic cones and shield volcanoes.
• Erosion mountains (or, in other words, denudation) arose as a result of regular erosion by water. In simple words, the stone layers were washed by flowing water for a very long time and intensively, and therefore mountains were formed. As a rule, they are part of systems of other mountain ranges.

Mountains are also divided according to the shape of their peaks: peaked, plateau-shaped and domed. They usually have different origins, so they differ in forms. Peaked - young rocky mountains, domed - more often volcanic.

By position, they distinguish: mountain belts, ridges, countries, systems, groups and single mountains.

Types of mountains by height

The medium, low and high mountains are called, respectively, low mountains, middle mountains and high mountains. They differ in height:

• The low mountains are hills up to 800 meters above sea level. Hills are one of them. However, in fact, in geography, relief irregularities above 500 m are considered mountains.
• But the highlands reach more than 3,000 meters above sea level! Such mountains are usually very young. These include the Tien Shan, the Alps, the highest mountain in the world, Everest (Chomolungma) and others.
• The middle mountains, which we will consider in our article, can be from 800 meters to 3 kilometers in height. They also include many ridges. The most interesting thing is that such middle mountains are usually characterized by a change in landscape depending on the height. That is, the foot can be grassy, ​​and the peak can be rocky and covered with snow, for example.

Now let's move on to a more detailed consideration of some well-known "representatives" of the middle mountains.

Mountains of the Middle Urals

This part of Russia is famous for its nature. In addition, there is an abundance of malachite and various colored stones and a lot of lakes, rivers and streams. The mountains here are mostly low (up to 800) meters. Such a lowland stretches almost along the entire Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. But in the northernmost Urals (north of Nizhny Tagil) there are already higher mountains. These include Oslyanka with a height of 1,119 meters, Kachkanar (878 m), on the Basegi ridge in Perm region there is a peak at 994 m.

Polar Ural

It includes the Komi Republic and the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region. Here the chain continues Ural mountains. In the very north of the Urals, the ridges reach where greater height than in the middle. The hills have clear signs of the influence of glaciation - pointed peaks, transition to the so-called moraines, which consist of ice.

In the Polar Urals, almost all ridges are high, on average they reach from 1,000 to 1,500 meters: Ochenyrd, Top of Stones, Kuutzh-Saurey. And the highest mountains include:

• Ngetenape - 1338 m.
• Payer (approximately 1,500 m) is the highest peak in the Polar Urals.
• Kharnaurdy-Keu (1,246) - located in Tyumen Region near the border of the Komi Republic. From the language of the Komi-Zyryan peoples, the name of the mountain is translated as "a steep peak from which a small eagle fell."
• Hanmei (1 333) - beautiful northern mountain. Surprisingly, there is a river with the same name.

An interesting fact is that in the Polar Urals, due to its northern location and cold, there are a lot of glaciers and mountains made of ice. For the same reason, the ridges themselves are sharp, and inside them there are often many reservoirs and snowfields.

Mountains of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

Despite the fact that these parts are located nearby, the snowy, relatively mild climate of Primorye and the severely cold weather of Yakutia meet here almost all year round. A mountain range stretches here, which is quite difficult to get to, so it has not been fully explored. The highest points are the ridge with Pobeda peak (3147 m) and Suntar-Khayata with Mus-Khai peak (2959 m).

scandinavian mountains

Another representative of the middle mountains. They are located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in the territories of Norway and Sweden. The total length is 1,700 kilometers. These mountains arose as a result of a collision of lithospheric plates, and experts estimate their age at 480 million years! For a long time they were subjected to the action of glaciers and erosion by water, which formed them as we see them now.

Due to the humid climate at the foot Scandinavian mountains very dense vegetation, there are swampy, shrubby and forest (mainly coniferous) zones. There are many fast-flowing rivers that do not freeze even in winter. There are in this middle mountains and glaciers, which are considered the highest on European continent. And the highest point of the Scandinavian mountains is Galdhepiggen, which is located in Norway. Its height is 2469 meters.

Carpathians

This is also a large mountain system. A significant part of the Carpathians is located in Romania, and the rest - in Ukraine, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is also interesting that part of this mountain system is located next to the Alps (they are separated by only 14 km).

Basically, the height of the peaks of the Carpathians is from 800 to 1,200 meters, which, of course, is called the middle mountains. Basins are often found here, mud volcanoes, river valleys. The Carpathians have a large number of divisions ( mountain ranges): Beskids, Slovak midlands, Tatras and many others. Unlike the mountains of the Middle and Polar Urals, as well as the Scandinavian ones, it is relatively warm here, there are no glaciers, so the views are picturesque and green on almost the entire mountain system.

There are several versions of the translation of the name Carpathians from different languages ​​- overflow, stone massif and rocks.

The highest mountains here are Hoverla (2,061 m) and Gerlachovsky Shtit (2,655 m).

australian alps

Another middle ground. Oddly enough, but there are Alps not only in Europe, but also in Australia. They are part of the Great Dividing Range. The highest point here and throughout the country is Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m). There is almost always snow on its top.

Appalachians

The length of this mountain system is more than 2,500 kilometers. She stretched all over North America(i.e. the US and Canada). The Appalachians are defined as rolling plateaus, but there are mountain ranges as well. The highest point - famous mountain Washington (1916 m).

New Earth

In this deserted cold archipelago in the Northern Arctic Ocean there are mountains, since the entire territory of the islands is very rocky in itself. The highest points are in the center of the land, and the highest mountain does not even have a name.

My favorite winter entertainment, both now and as a child, is to ride down a hill. You slip an ice cube or sled under you, take a run - and rush down at great speed. Wind in the face, sleeves clogged with snow to the elbow, cheeks burning from the cold - but what fun! Just for the summer ice mountains melted away. And how I dreamed of being in ordinary, snowy mountains- so that you can ride all year round.

What are mountains

Mountains are called such places on the planet that rise steeply and sharply above the surrounding territories.

The following mountain parts:

How mountains were born

Imagine that the Earth is a bun with stuffing. The filling, that is, the core and the mantle, we do not need, they can be eaten. But the shell of the kolobok - the earth's crust - is still useful.

In fact, ground surface- it is not a unified whole. If you roll it into a single layer, and then cut it into pieces, like dough - such pieces will comply lithospheric plates.

The plates are moving, collide - in general, they have no peace. If you take two pieces of dough - two plates, after which it is strongly run into one another- you get an elevation. Add here Vwind, water and volcanic eruptions that change mountainous relief- and you get a complete picture of the formation of mountains.

The largest mountains in Russia

It is worth noting that the height of mountains is measured in comparison to sea level. Otherwise, this criterion would not be fair - what if next to the mountain there are only ravines that would make it even higher?

There are plenty of mountains in Russia. I will tell only about the highest of them.

The first place among all the mountains of the country is Elbrus- also highest mountain in all of Europe. IN Lately it became very popular among climbers. Still - everyone wants to test their strength and look at such a majestic hulk. The highest point of Elbrus reaches 5621 meters.

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Mountains have fascinated and attracted me since childhood. When I stood next to them, I always felt like a small ant. Exactly this majestic miracle nature, and those who have ever visited the mountains will never be able to forget them.

And I really fell in love with them in my student years. When at the physical education lesson the teacher said that you can not go to his lessons, but attend any sports section of your choice, choosing the mountains, I began to go mountain climbing.

What are mountains

The outer shell of the Earth is very heterogeneous in structure, there are also high peaks, And deep canyons, and plains. And this happens because it is in constant motion. Because of this, some of its sections crack, change structure and rise. As a result, a geological formation is formed, and if it is more than 500 meters high, then it is considered to be a mountain, everything below is hills.

Formation of volcanic mountains

The formation of volcanic peaks is different from how folded mountains. volcanic mountains occur where molten water comes to the surface rock which is called magma.

When the magma finds no way out, it begins to press from the inside, as a result, huge “bulges” form on the surface.

Dangers in the mountains

Despite the fact that the mountains attract and give people an unforgettable experience, you should always remember about the dangers that lie in wait in the mountains. The main ones are:

• a thunderstorm, because, being at a height, you can get into the area of ​​\u200b\u200belectric charges;
• Sun rays;
• mountain rivers characterized by a strong current and low water temperature;
• rockfall, which may occur due to the movement of mountain animals, lightning discharges or a gust of wind;
• avalanche.

The most insidious of all hazards are avalanches. main reason their descent is a large amount of precipitation and a sharp change in temperature.

Once in an avalanche, you need to try to stay on the surface. To do this, you need to drop the backpack, and making movements with your arms and legs, try to “swim out”.

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When I was a student, I wanted to go hiking in the mountains for the first time. No sooner said than done. I will never forget the emotional excitement from the beauty I saw and the feeling of complete unity with nature. The most famous catchphrase from the song of V. Vysotsky: “ Better than mountains there can only be mountains that have not yet been”, - became understandable not literally, but felt to the depths of the soul. But if you plunge into a scientific explanation to the question of what mountains are, then emotions may become less, but no less interest.

Mountains: what are they and how do they form?

When a solid earth surface rises high enough (more than 500 meters) relative to the plain, then it is called a mountain.

I still remember the explanation of my school teacher how they are formed. She said: “Imagine that the handkerchief with which your fist is covered is the earth's surface, and the fist is the Earth. Move your fingers and you will see the transformation of the earth's crust and, as a result, the appearance of mountains. Likewise in nature. Only tens, hundreds of millions of times slower.”

There are three types of mountain formations:

1. If the mountains were formed as a result of a volcanic eruption, they are called volcanic.
2. It happens that stratified mountains and plateaus are very strongly affected by flowing waters. Then erosion mountains.
3. The result of the collision of lithospheric plates is the appearance tectonic mountains.

How mountains are studied in geography

Such interesting fact, like, for example, that the highest mountain in the world - Chomolungma,- famous. But how was it measured? This "somehow" :) is called - topographic survey.

The method is based on a geometric theorem: the two sides of a triangle can be calculated by knowing the value of one of its sides and two angles.

First, an accurate measurement of the distance between two landmarks is carried out (this is the base of the triangle). The third landmark is its conditional peak. Then, having determined the size of the angles adjacent to the base of the triangle, they recognize its other two sides (from the base to the top). The measured mountain is divided into many imaginary triangles, which allows you to determine its height. All measurements are carried out with special high-precision instruments.

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Aspiring to the sky snowy peakss, shrouded in clouds, majestic slopes covered with forests, hollows with stormy icy streams of water. This is how we see the mountains from the side. Feel all natural strength, power, beauty you can only find yourself in a mountainous area, overcoming a height of several hundred or even thousands of kilometers. No photographs can convey the reigning there atmosphere of grandeurI. Checked on personal experience! :)

Where did these huge giants on our planet come from, causing so much awe and admiration? What are they, what secrets do they keep? Hurry for answers with me! :)

Mountains and theories of their formation

A consequence of the shift of tectonic plates, volcanic activity or other processes occurring inside the Earth is uplift certain a piece of the earth's crust to a considerable height relative to the sea. formed hills and call mountains. This definition corresponds modern hypothesis of mountain formation taken as the main one.

And it all started with legends and myths. Later they began to put forward more substantiated versions:

1. Movement some substances under the ocean floor causes arching of the earth's crust By edges body of water . (But how then did the inland mountain systems arise?).
2. continuous hopping compression in volume globeA leads to surface deformation and wrinkling.
3. Continental drift, the cause of which has not yet been found.
4. currents inside our planets cause rise and fall of the earth's crust. (The assumption has not been scientifically confirmed.)

Healing properties of mountains

How the mountains were born, I told. But they have grown and exist not only to enchant with their landscapes. They are also well known beneficial effect on the human body. Apart from soothing effect on the nervous system and visione, mountains contribute improve well-being, increase vitality and energize. Notice residents mountainous areas have long been famous longevity, good spirits, excellent health.

Secret lies in the surrounding air containing approximately 10% oxygen And enriched with ions. Tangible healing effect achieved exactly on mark 1500 m. Insignificant hypoxia activates the internal reserves of a person, stimulates vital processes. Sometimes a thought runs through my head: “Why not move to live in some city in the mountains?” :)

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In the region where I live, there are also mountains - waste heaps. As a child, I "conquered" not one of them, but, unfortunately, I have not been to real mountains. It's a pity, it would be great to conquer another peak :(

The meaning of the word mountains

If you open a dictionary or encyclopedia, you can see the following definition: landforming over 200 meters high. The formation has pronounced slopes, as a rule, steep, and the mountains are called not a separate hill, but a large area. The relief usually has indented shape reaching significant heights. This height is determined relative to the level oceans.

Solitary mountains- a fairly rare occurrence. More often they are organized in mountain ranges, whose peaks go high into the clouds.

What are mountain systems

This is a collection of massifs, ridges, valleys, depressions of highlands. They have common origin, which is expressed in morphological unity. On our planet emit 10 largest systems :

• Andes;
• Transantarctic Mountains;
• Rocky Mountains;
• Cordillera;
• Kunlun;
• Great Dividing Range;
• Appalachians;
• Tien Shan;

• Himalayas.

Why do we need them

Mountains are the source of most mineral. They are the place where many originate rivers, feeding freshwater reservoirs of the planet. More than half of all humanity is concentrated in countries Asia, and the lives of most of these people directly depend on mountain ranges where snow and rain fall. Mountains accumulate snow during the winter, and in the summer and spring, they gradually give life-giving moisture. Their remoteness contributes to the conservation of many species as flora, and fauna that have already disappeared on plains. In addition, the mountains are favorite places for tourists, thanks to their magnificent landscapes, waterfalls and lakes.

Mythology

IN Ancient Greece, Mountains - nature goddesses. There were three of them, and each personified its season - winter, summer and spring. As a rule, they were depicted as young and beautiful maidens, surrounded by nymphs and graces. According to mythology, they are all daughters Zeus- the supreme god, and Themis- goddesses of justice.