Internal migration concept. Migration processes in the world

NIZHNY NOVGOROD COLLEGE
ECONOMICS OF STATISTICS AND INFORMATION

GOSKOMSTAT OF RUSSIA

REPORT

ON THE SUBJECT: WORLD ECONOMY

ON THE TOPIC: MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE WORLD

Group 79 students

Zyuzina O. V.

Checked by teacher:

Vorobieva V. A.

2000

INTRODUCTION

The second half of the 20th century is characterized by a further increase in the scale economic activity, expanding links between various countries deepening of the international division of labor. There are no countries that would not interact with each other economically, would not be included in the system of production relations and interdependencies. At present, the whole world is an arena of interconnected economic activities of people. In economic literature and in everyday speech, the concepts of "world economy", "world (global) economy" are widely used. It is obvious that the world, with all its complexity and inconsistency in economic terms, is a certain integrity, unity.

In the economic literature there is no common understanding of the terms "world economy", "world economy". Since these terms have a wide scope, researchers emphasize aspects that are important from their point of view. Several approaches can be distinguished in the domestic literature.

1. The most common understanding of the world economy as a set of national economies interconnected by a system of international division of labor, economic and political relations.

In this definition, nationally isolated countries are dominant, regardless of whether their production is for the domestic or foreign market. With this approach, the reasons that determine the relationship, the state and prospects for the development of the world economy are obscured.

2. According to another point of view, the world economy is interpreted as a system of international economic relations, as a universal connection between national economies. Many Western researchers adhere to a similar concept, in particular, believing that the international economic system includes both trade and financial relations, as well as an uneven distribution of capital resources and labor. In this case, production, which largely determines international economic relations, falls out of the field of view of researchers.

3. A more complete interpretation of the world economy defines it as an economic system that is self-reproducing at the level of productive forces, production relations and certain aspects of superstructural relations, to the extent that the national economies included in it have a certain compatibility at each of the three named levels. It reflects the main components of the economy, including the material base, the implementation of various forms of ownership and a certain order of the functioning of reproductive processes.

As you can see, all researchers recognize that the world economy is a certain system. The basis for the emergence and existence of the system is its integrity, which implies the economic interaction of all the components of the system at a fairly stable level. Only in this case is it possible to regularly circulate a reproduced product on a global scale and ensure constant activity, viability of the system, its self-regulation and development. This unity of the world economy, the circulation of a reproduced product is ensured by national and international markets with their inherent commodity-money relations and the multiplicity of prices.

World economy refers to the number of complex systems characterized by the multiplicity of its constituent elements, hierarchy, multi-level, structural. Economic power is distributed very unevenly in the world. Three states - the USA, Japan and Germany, with 9% of the world's population - accumulate half of the world's income and have more than 1/3 of the purchasing power of all countries in the world.

The system is based on international and national production of material and spiritual goods, their distribution, exchange and consumption, limited by the framework of individual states. Each of these phases of the world reproduction process, both on a global scale and within individual states, depending on their place and role as a whole, has an impact on the functioning of the entire world economic system. The latter also has certain directions of its development inherent in it as a whole, but it does not develop outside of national economies.

The system is understood ambiguously. With one approach, it must have a common goal, which acts as the driving force of its development. Within such a system, there may be separate sectors - subsystems that have specific characteristics, but nevertheless are subordinate to the organizing goal of the system as a whole. Another understanding of the system comes from the fact that it consists of a number of separate subsystems with different and even opposite goals. But the subsystems included in it must be interconnected and mutually influence each other. Such a structure of systems can be of a temporary, transitional nature, since the most viable subsystems transform or subordinate others to their goals. Otherwise, the system breaks up.

The world economy as a system has a common goal. Ultimately, its functioning is aimed at meeting human needs (demand), but in different subsystems this goal is modified due to various socio-economic conditions. The creation of new enterprises cannot be an end in itself. It can be justified if it improves the living conditions of the population.

The world economy as a system cannot develop without a certain order based on the norms of international public and private law that regulate economic relations between states, economic associations, legal and individuals. Compliance with established convention and customary norms is ensured by the states themselves and collective forms of control over compliance

international law engaged in various kinds international organizations. These rules are specified and revised in accordance with the needs of the development of world productive forces and individual subsystems and elements.

The world economy is a historical and political-economic category. This is explained by the fact that each specific historical stage is characterized by a certain scale and level of production, the internationalization of economic life and the socio-economic structure. It is a complex economic system. Its subjects are transnational companies, national economies, international integration associations, which themselves are systems with their own regulation.

The relations between the individual elements of the world economy are levels. Relations between states are international level which is governed by international rules and regulations. Out-of-bounds relationships national boundaries, form a transnational level - the sphere of activity of firms and groups with their internal information systems. This area also includes a network of flows of informal activities: drug trafficking, weapons, underground migration. Many elements that make up the world economic system operate there simultaneously. Between the centers of power there are clashes, agreements, associations. There are features of an oligopoly that extend their strategy either to the whole world or to individual areas.

In socio-economic terms, the world economy is heterogeneous. Leading place it is occupied by industrialized Western countries, or, according to the definition of A. Sauvy, the First World. Special place occupied by developing countries - the Third World, which largely retain the dependent nature of their economies on industrialized countries. Great specificity in their development have Eastern European countries with economies in transition and a number of other states. In general, the world economy is a complex socio-economic entity.

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE WORLD

A great influence on the size of the population and its composition in many countries, their labor force is exerted by external migration, i.e. emigration and immigration. They have played and are playing a multilateral role in the development of mankind, acting as a form of adaptation of man to the changing conditions of his existence.

International population migration refers to the territorial movement of the population across borders. The following types of international migration are distinguished: irrevocable, temporary-permanent (from 1 to 6 years),

seasonal, pendulum (daily, weekly moving to work in a neighboring country).

International migration is caused by reasons of economic and political, military order. The former are more or less permanent in nature, the latter are associated with coordinating political events in individual countries, as well as with wars that give rise to forced migrant refugees and displaced persons.

Forced migration. Although forced migrations of the population are caused by non-economic reasons, they also lead to the redistribution of labor resources between countries, which affects the development of the economy of both emigration and immigration countries.

In the post-war period, larger migration flows were associated with the establishment of new state borders, the emergence of the world system of socialism and the collapse of the colonial system. So, for example, according to the Postdam Agreement of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, the eastern border of Germany passed along the Oder-Neisse line, and the German population living earlier to the east of this line, as well as in the countries of Central and South- of Eastern Europe, was overwhelmingly resettled on the territory of the then GDR and the FRG. In East Asia, about 6 million people were resettled to Japan, mainly from China and Korea.

Education independent states in some cases it was accompanied by large-scale migration movements. From former colonies, which became sovereign states, as a rule, the white population that previously lived there emigrated. The formation of Israel and its military actions against neighboring states led to the deportation of about 3 million people, Palestinian Arabs. Political changes in Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, military aggressions and civil wars in a number of these states have caused significant population movements.

The number of refugees increased dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. In Africa their number approached 12 million, in Asia it exceeded 5 million. The largest number of refugees (5 million) are from Afghanistan. Large masses of Cambodian refugees - 350 thousand - live in Thailand, 100 thousand Iraqis - in Iran, 100 thousand Myanmarans - in Bangladesh. There are about 1.8 million refugees in Europe and 1 million in the US. Civil strife in the former Yugoslavia has created the deepest crisis in the refugee movement in the last decade. In mid-1992 there were over 2.3 million internally displaced persons, 0.5 million of whom sought refuge abroad. A large flow of refugees created the collapse of the USSR - over 6 million people.

The 20th century is called the century of refugees. In 1994 their number exceeded 27.4 million (1980 - 9.6 million). Forced migration has acquired a global character, affecting many countries. The bulk of forced migrants (83%) settled in developing countries.

Work migration. The main role in the modern international movement of the population is played by labor migration. Its scale is constantly growing, and almost all countries are involved in this process. Intercountry labor migration has assumed an unprecedented character, becoming a typical phenomenon socio-economic life modern world. Early 1993

there were about 30 million migrant workers. Taking into account the members of their families, participants in the commuting migration (frontaliers), seasonal workers, illegal immigrants the total number of labor migrants is estimated to be four to five times higher.

The possibility of international labor migration is created by national differences in wages. The need for migratory movements of wage labor from country to country is dictated by the uneven formation of relative overpopulation in the international arena. The labor force is moving from labor-rich countries to capital-rich countries. More than half of international migrants come from developing countries, 2/3 of them are in industrialized countries. The influx of new contingents of migrants to these countries is associated with qualitative disproportions in their labor markets.

Labor migration flows have undergone certain changes over a long period of time. In the last century, international migration was directed mainly to capital-poor colonies, and above all to North America and Australia. Mass immigration in certain regions of the world led to the emergence and development of migrant societies there, which gave impetus to the development of the world economic system. The movement of immigrants, means of production and financial resources contributed to education in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. groups of resettlement states, the main directions of social development of which were determined by the European powers. During this period, there were also significant population movements from China and India, mainly to the South East Asia and areas of the Indian Ocean.

In the second half of the last century, new centers of attraction for immigrants were formed. Emigration began to go from less developed to more developed countries. The most powerful center of attraction has developed in Western Europe; as a result, it has turned from a supplier of emigrants into a center of attraction for the labor force. Already in the early 1950s, there were about 15 million migrant workers and members of their families in the EU countries. In the mid 70s major center immigration took shape in the Persian Gulf, and in the early 90s, foreigners made up 70% of the workforce there. Israel has become a kind of center of attraction for immigrants, nationalistic in nature. Its population increased by 2/3 due to migration flows and to a large extent (by 1/3) due to people from Soviet Union. IN Latin America Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela became the centers of attraction for the labor force with the number of immigrants from 5 to 8 million people. In Africa, South Africa and Côte d'Ivoire have become centers of attraction for the labor force.

The main suppliers of labor in Asia were India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Lebanon in the Middle East. Jordan, Turkey, in Africa - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ghana, Mali, Chad, Guinea, Mozambique, in North America - Mexico, in Europe - Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland. In the 1990s, the countries of Southern Europe - Greece, Italy, Spain - turned from countries of net migration into countries of net migration.

Impact of migration on host countries. International population migration plays an important role in the demographic development of individual countries and regions. As a result of migration flows, a number of industrial developed countries leveled the narrowed reproduction of the population. In the 1980s, the share of external migration in the total population growth in countries such as Canada, Australia, France, exceeded 25%, and the USA - up to 50%. On the other hand, significant emigration led in a number of countries to the process of depopulation, which was observed in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal in the 1960s, despite the high population growth in these countries. In the second half of the 80s, Lebanon lost 1/10 of the population, Mexico - about 1%. The famous French demographer A. Sauvy equated emigration with mortality.

International migration has a major impact on the age and sex structure of the populations of donor and host countries. Among immigrants, people of working age predominate. The share of immigrants in the labor force is usually higher than in the population. In the mid-1980s, foreign workers made up a significant part of the working-age population in the countries Western Europe, especially in Switzerland (17% in 1987), West Germany (8.1%), France (8.6).

In theory, the free movement of labor between countries leads to the equalization of wages and an increase in the gross world product. IN real life all major benefits from labor migration accrue to host countries. It is not easy to assess their scale, since not all of them can be quantified. They consist of savings on the training of specialists in the host countries. The value of products and services, respectively, created by immigrants in the host country, tax revenues. Immigrants, especially illegal ones, contribute more to the country's income than they receive from the public sector. Immigrants are younger than the average population, and they fund part of the social costs of permanent residents.

Different categories of immigrants have a different impact on the reproduction of the gross domestic product. The "brain drain" exerts a noticeable influence on the economic development of the industrial capitalist countries. This category includes scientists, engineers, doctors. In the 1950s and 1960s, the "brain drain" went mainly from some developed countries to others, mainly to the United States. Since the 60s, the emigration of scientific, technical and other highly qualified specialists began to be carried out from developing countries, and in the 90s - from Eastern Europe.

At least 2/3 of the influx of "brains" falls on the United States. The share of immigrants among specialists is 17% there, including 40% of engineers and computer specialists, a large number of technical teachers at universities and colleges. According to estimates, the net gain for the United States from attracting one "average" humanities scientist to the country in the 70s was 230 thousand dollars, a scientist in the field of social sciences - 235 thousand dollars, an engineer - 253 thousand dollars, a doctor - 646 thousand dollars. As a result, the US savings only in the field of education and scientific activities amounted to at least 15 billion dollars. The profit received by Canada in the process of exploiting the minds of emigrants is 7 times more than the volume of its assistance to developing countries. In Britain, the benefits of attracting foreign

specialists are three times the size of its economic assistance to the countries of Asia and Africa.

An analysis of the situation in the United States shows that the influx of immigrants is not associated with an increase in competition in the labor market and an increase in unemployment among the indigenous population. Moreover, indirectly through the expansion of demand and directly through the development of new entrepreneurship, it stimulates the creation of new jobs. Immigration does not significantly affect the average wage level and income differentiation. Only in some cases increased competition within certain professional and qualification groups leads to some reduction in wages. Immigrants are usually used in the so-called secondary segment of the labor market, which is characterized by difficult working conditions, low wages and lack of opportunities for professional growth. These circumstances limit the social mobility of migrants and create the basis for their segregation. In the primary sector of the labor market there are only migrants related to scientific and technical workers. Usually their assimilation takes place quite gently in the society of the recipient countries. And only the deterioration of the economic situation usually leads to an aggravation of contradictions between the indigenous and newcomers.

Socio-economic consequences of migration. The impact of migration on sending countries is not being adequately addressed. Research has shown that international migrants generally have an average income-earning potential in their home country. Most often they do not belong to the poorest strata. The lowest income groups in poor countries lack the prospects, funds and information to engage in international migration on a large scale, although there have been instances of the opposite trend. Often, as a result of emigration, countries lost the most skilled labor force, and the resulting vacancies were replaced by less trained workers, which affected the efficiency of production. Similar cases were typical for Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, Lesotho and other countries. Thus, according to estimates for the 70s, the Philippines lost over 12% of trained specialists, South Korea- 10%. 90% of newly trained doctors in Zimbabwe have gone abroad since 1980.

Emigration often causes heavy damage to the intellectual potential of donor countries, which is the most valuable substance of any society. The essence of this problem lies not so much in the number of specialists leaving abroad, but in their significance. The departure of one or another informally leading researcher can paralyze the work of a creative team. Brain drain exacerbates imbalances scientific and technical development of the main subsystems of the world economy and individual countries.

Migration of labor force based on differences in levels economic development, at the same time contributes to the mitigation of a number of problems of emigration countries. In particular, for a number of countries, especially small ones, emigrants' remittances play an important role as a source of their foreign exchange earnings. IN major countries– India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines they account for 10-27% of export earnings. Emigrant workers are characterized by a high rate

savings. Their average propensity to save ranges from 35% for Turkish emigrants to 70% for Pakistanis. The average propensity to transfer to the country of origin is lower, ranging from 11-50%. It decreases as the length of stay of an immigrant in the host country increases.

Remittances stimulate domestic demand, which can lead to higher output and employment. In a number of countries with narrow domestic markets, they can increase inflationary pressure and cause an increase in imports. Studies for Bangladesh and Pakistan have shown that only a small proportion of remittances is spent on productive investment. In the social sphere, the positive effect of migration is usually associated with an increase in the well-being, if not of the entire society, then at least of some part of it. When temporary migrants communicate with more advanced technologies used in countries of immigration, higher standards of work ethics can have a positive impact.

The international migration of labor resources has little effect on the redistribution of income in the world economy, and even more so on the leveling of levels of economic development. The labor force is still an immobile factor of production compared to capital, which moves more freely in the world economic system. This situation is predetermined primarily by the policy of the industrial capitalist countries, which has a pronounced immigration character. Starting from the 1970s, Western countries began to tighten measures to restrict immigration, almost in parallel with this, Western countries, and above all the United States, launched a campaign for the freedom of movement of people as part of the policy of protecting human rights. The selectivity of admission has increased based on the goals of foreign policy and the solution of their economic problems. Immigration rules are being revised to encourage the influx of scientific and highly qualified individuals. In this regard, the proposals of a number of countries to develop a mechanism for compensation for the use of labor immigration seem justified. Send an application with the requirements right now to find out the cost and the possibility of writing.

Population migration(from the Latin migratio - resettlement) is the movement of people (migrants) across the borders of certain territories with a change of residence forever or for a more or less long time. The migrant population constitutes the migration flow (the total number of migrants or migrations having a common area of ​​arrival and departure during a certain period of time). Identification and analysis of migration flows makes it possible to rationalize the study of migration processes. So, for example, from total number arrivals in any area, it is possible to single out separately the flows of arrivals from each other area. Allocate straight And reverse migration flows, i.e. flows directed to and from a particular area, respectively. Comparative analysis oppositely directed flows allows you to highlight dominant flow, and denote the less intense flow as opposite. In addition, when characterizing migration flows, the concepts "clean stream"(this is the difference between dominant and opposite flows) and "population exchange between the two districts"(this is the sum of the dominant and opposite flows).

In addition to the term "population migration", a number of other terms are used as synonyms to refer to the movements of people in theoretical studies and practical work: "migration movement of the population", "population movement", "population resettlement", "redistribution of the population and labor resources".

The process of population migration includes three stages:

1) potential migration of the population (when a future migrant develops motives for migration);

2) actual migration of the population (i.e. the process of resettlement to a new place of residence);

3) adaptation of the population to living conditions in new places of settlement.

Representing a complex social phenomenon, population migration is the subject of interdisciplinary research. As a special process of population migration, the following sciences study: history and geography, economics and sociology, and statistics. As one of the factors that have their determining impact on certain social, political, economic, etc. processes, population migrations are studied within the framework of such disciplines as demography, ethnography, anthropology, sociology, social psychology, social hygiene, etc.

Source database of information about migrations population is primarily government statistics, which includes the current accounting of migration, census materials, the results of sample surveys. In addition, a significant amount of information on population migration contains various types of other sources: annals, legislative sources, acts, office materials, materials of fiscal, administrative and economic accounting, planning materials National economy, documents of political parties and public organizations etc.

Classification of population migrations . Due to the complex, ambiguous nature of migration processes, it is impossible to classify them based on any one criterion. It is possible to indicate many possible classifications, which are based on one or another sign or characteristic of population migration, taken as a classification criterion.

Firstly, in accordance with the fact that one of the main signs of migration of the population is the crossing of the administrative border of the territory (state, region, settlement), we can distinguish:

1. external migration(i.e. migration, which is associated with crossing the state border), which is divided into two types: emigration– leaving the country for permanent residence in other countries, immigration– entry into the country for permanent residence.

2. internal migration(intersettlement movements of the population).

It should be noted, however, that since external migration associated with crossing the state border, it received another name - international migration of the population. Geographical position country determines the division of migrations of this type:

· for intercontinental migration;

· intracontinental migration.

As for internal migrations, it should be noted that no intra-settlement movements (change of residence within the same city, village, etc.) are considered as population migration.

Secondly, depending on the territory within which migration is carried out, can be distinguished.

In the context of globalization of the modern world, expansion of integration processes, changes in the geopolitical situation, destruction of the bipolar (capitalist - socialist world) system, increasing separation between developed, developing and poor countries of the world, demographic imbalance (due to a decrease in natural population growth in developed countries and overpopulation in developing and poor countries of the world), migration, the development and implementation of migration policies are coming to the fore in domestic and foreign policy many countries of the world.

At the end of the twentieth century. in the migration movement of the world's population, the following migration flows came to the fore:

1) in the USA - from China, countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines), India, countries of South and Central America(Brazil, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, El Salvador, Mexico, etc.);

2) to European countries (EEC countries) - from countries Balkan Peninsula(Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania, Turkey), North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), the republics that were formerly part of the USSR. Within the EEC, there is a migration flow from Portugal (the poorest of the EEC countries) to other countries European Union;

3) in Arab countries Persian Gulf zone ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United United Arab Emirates etc.) - from poorer countries, mainly the Islamic world (Pakistan, Egypt, Bangladesh, India);

4) in South Africa - from countries bordering South Africa in the north (Zambia, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia);

5) to Argentina - from Bolivia.

The allocation of these flows as dominant allows us to conclude that the United States is still the most attractive country not only for residents of Asian and Latin American countries, but also for Europeans. At the same time, an increase in the intensity of migration flows between the countries of the South and the North can also be noted. Their intensity is associated with an ever-growing gap in the level of development of developed and developing countries. Among the latter in the last decades of the twentieth century. A group of countries has emerged whose economy has fallen into a state of deep depression, and whose population is experiencing a lack of basic means of subsistence. Among such countries are Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Bangladesh and others. The state of their economy, destroyed as a result of long civil wars, interethnic, religious conflicts, allows them to be classified not as developing countries, but as fourth world countries. The developed countries of the world, international organizations, while shaping and implementing their policies towards the countries of the fourth world, are faced with the need to solve the dilemma, which consists in the fact that an increase in assistance to poor countries further increases their dependence on rich countries, and the rejection of implementation of such assistance leads to a sharp intensification of migration processes, immigration of the population from poor countries to the countries of Western Europe and North America.

Currently, more than 20 million only legal immigrants from other regions of the world already live in Western Europe. Civil wars, economic, political instability in the developing and poor countries of the world each time lead to the emergence of more and more waves of migration that hit the countries of Europe and North America. The leader of the Chinese Communist Party Deng Xiaoping once pointed out how much political instability can affect migration processes and, in turn, political and economic stability in the developed countries of the world. In particular, he wrote that political instability in China could cause mass migration of the Chinese population to nearby countries. In this case, according to Deng Xiaoping, about 500 thousand Chinese will move to Hong Kong, 10 million people - to Thailand, 100 million - to Indonesia. How many will move to Russia and the CIS countries through transparent and practically unguarded borders is unknown, but this figure, only by rough estimates, could amount to several tens of millions of people.

Significant scales of migration can make significant changes in the demographic, ethnic, religious, economic, cultural, political landscape of the modern Western world. In many ways, these changes form the objective basis for the growth of aggression and racism in the environment of Western society in relation to immigrants. Or, as modern Western researchers A. King and B. Schneider call it, “demographic aggression” and “defensive racism”.

However, European countries, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and a number of other countries, due to demographic and other problems, are showing interest in the influx into their territory of certain categories of migrants who meet certain professional, intellectual and other requirements. It is significant that, for example, in the United States at present, out of every 10 people receiving a doctoral degree in natural and technical sciences, almost one in ten comes from Asian countries: China, Taiwan or Korea. Even more significant is the proportion of scientists and engineers who come from European countries and the former USSR.

In the spring of 2000, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs prepared a report titled "Replacement Migration: Is it the Solution to Population Declining and Aging?".

"Replacement migration" is migration growth, which compensates for the lack of births necessary to maintain the constancy of either the number or any other demographic indicators (for example, the ratio of sex or age groups of the population) in a given country for a certain period of time. concept "replacing migration" used in three different senses:

4) this is a migration increase, in which Population does not change;

5) this is a migration increase, in which working-age population does not change;

6) this is a migration increase, in which proportion of people at older ages does not increase.

According to the authors of the report, in the absence of replacement migration, population decline in the developed world is inevitable. An increase in the birth rate to the amount necessary to ensure simple reproduction of the population in the coming decades seems unlikely. Only immigration can prevent population decline in all the countries featured in the report. The amount of immigration required to do this varies considerably across countries, depending on their demographic background (see Table 2).

table 2

Average annual migration growth for 1990 - 2000 and necessary for the invariance of the population in 2000 - 2050.

The theory of three stages of the migration process, developed in the 1970s - 1980s. A.A. Rybakovsky. It proceeds from the fact that irrevocable migration is a process that is a series of migration events fixed in space and time. This fixation is carried out at the time of registration (in the past - registration) of migrants. Each single resettlement is fixed (registered) twice: first as a departure and then as an arrival. Formal milestones (departure and arrival registration) divide the migration process into three stages (phases): initial, main and final.

At the first, preparatory stage, the formation of migration mobility, certain migration attitudes, and psychological readiness for resettlement takes place.

Migration mobility is a state that characterizes the ability of an individual to migrate, formed as a result of the accumulation of migration experience (a set of movements in which a former migrant participated). Mobility depends on the number of resettlements made, the duration of residence in the exit area or the place of resettlement. It is largely related to the participation of the population in other types of migration, in tourism, in commuting, and in trips for seasonal work. A combination of different circumstances can lead to the fact that persons with less migratory mobility will be among the potential migrants, while well-established new settlers with many experiences of movement behind them will become part of the permanent population. Nevertheless, persons with greater migratory mobility, as a rule, also have a greater psychological readiness for resettlement. A person with extensive migration experience is more likely to decide to relocate if he is not satisfied with the living conditions in the last place of residence than someone who was born in the area and lived there all his life.

The second stage of the migration process is the main one and represents the actual resettlement of the population. It acts as a mass process, the "bricks" of which are individual events - the facts of departure and arrival. Moreover, for each participant in migration processes, the departure and arrival is a single event associated with a change permanent place residence. But for events taken in their mass and localized in space and time, the departure and arrival of migrants are not identical processes, even in terms of the composition of the participation of migrants. Therefore, the migration of the population can be considered both from the side of its participants, and from the side of those territorially defined populations of people who receive and send migrants. On a specific territory, a series of events - arrivals and departures - take place in each period of time. Each of these series constitutes one side of the migration process. In this understanding, the migration process is presented as the interaction of two oppositely directed, relatively homogeneous series of events.

Domestic and foreign studies of the structure of migration flows made it possible to identify certain patterns in them. Thus, due to the increased migration mobility of men compared to women, the proportion of men in migration flows is always higher than in the composition of the population of both exit areas and places of migrant settlement. Men outnumber women in migratory flows even if their share in the country's population is much lower than that of women. In areas whose population is formed by migrants, the proportion of men is higher than in areas whose population is formed by internally resettled persons. Not only men, but also people of working age have increased migration mobility - they make up the main share in the flows: They also have a higher proportion of single people. The predominance of non-family men among migrants leads to the fact that in areas of new development, where the population is increasing to a large extent due to migrants, a deformed age and sex structure is created. The increased proportion of men, people of working age and single people in migration flows compared to the country's population as a whole - these are the most common socio-demographic features of the migration structure. They are due to different migratory mobility of different socio-demographic characteristics of population groups. Other features are geographical: the migration flow is divided depending on the location of the places of exit and places of settlement of migrants. Moreover, the more territories there are in migration interaction, the more complex the migration flows are structurally. The power of migration flows depends, as a rule, on two conditions: on the population of the areas between which the migration exchange is carried out, and on their location. The larger the population of the territories between which the migration exchange is carried out, the more powerful the migration flows; the closer the territories are located, the more intense the migration links between them.

The third and final stage of the migration process is an increase in the survival rate of new settlers. Settlement is that part of the migration process, the beginning of which is the transformation of a migrant into a new settler, and the end - in the transition of a new settler to the old-timers (the border of the transition of new settlers to the permanent population in Russia is about 10 years). Sometimes, instead of the term "survival", the term "adaptation" is used. Meanwhile, these concepts are different, just as the phenomena they reflect are different. Survival - an objective social process of changing the existing way of life by improving the new social environment through social activity; in contrast, adaptation is the process of adapting a person to new living conditions for him. Moreover, activity in this case is entirely on the side of the subject. Naturally, adaptation to new conditions is dual in nature, just as human nature is dual: on the one hand, this is an adaptation of a person as a living being, and on the other, as a person, a social phenomenon.

Source: Demographic Dictionary / Ed. A.A. Rybakovsky; Center for Social Forecasting. M., 2003. S. 173-176.

Other related news.