Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Forced migration and peculiarities of migration processes in Russia

At present, there are no victims of forced migrations of a repressive type, i.e., there are no special settlers from among the kulaks or deported peoples. But on the other hand, a large number of victims of forced migrations of a different type appeared - non-repressive ones. These are people expelled from their places of residence and united by the common name "forced migrants". And their fate ... so let's talk about it.

Forced migrants are people who leave their places of residence out of fear of violence, persecution or natural disasters. Legally, there are two categories of forced migrants in Russia - refugees and forced migrants. Refugees - persons without Russian citizenship who arrived in Russia fleeing persecution and temporarily residing in the country. Forced migrants include Russian citizens living in Russia or abroad and forced to leave their places permanent residence due to armed conflict, persecution or natural disasters. Unlike refugees, internally displaced persons are entitled to housing, loans and other types of assistance.

Registration of forced migrants began in Russia in July 1992. The maximum number of migrants was registered at the beginning of 1998 - 1191.9 thousand people (see Table 3.8). Subsequently, the total number of registered forced migrants decreased. This is because the changes introduced to the Laws on forced migrants and on refugees in 1995-1997 limited the duration of their status to five years. In addition, the reduction in forced migration is also explained by the fact that those who were forced to leave the newly formed countries in the USSR are mostly already in Russia. At the beginning of 2000, there were 960.3 thousand status forced migrants in Russia (880.4 thousand forced migrants and 79.9 thousand refugees). The vast majority of them arrived from the CIS and Baltic countries (only 522 people arrived from other states). In general, in 1992-2000. In Russia, about 1.6 million people received the status of forced migrants and refugees.

Table 3.8. Number of refugees and internally displaced persons as of January 1, 1993–2000

The actual number of forced migrants is much higher: in the ten years since the collapse of the USSR, more than 4 million people have arrived in Russia from the CIS and Baltic countries. Most of them have not received the status of refugees or internally displaced persons, because the relevant laws contain very strict restrictions on granting the status. For example, migration from the Baltic States and Ukraine is not formally forced, and therefore a very small percentage of migrants received the status of a forced migrant. According to the FMS, in 1997-2006. 24,804 people applied for refugee status, and only 8,670 of them received refugee status.

Most forced migrants are in distress. The main problems for refugees and internally displaced persons are housing and work. Despite numerous rulings, the majority of refugees and internally displaced persons are still on the waiting list for housing or housing loans, as well as for compensation for lost property. Employment for refugees and internally displaced persons is complicated by the fact that regional rules for registration at the place of residence and stay limit the employment of people who do not have a local residence permit, and it is very difficult to get it without permanent housing.

But life is especially hard for more than 2 million forced migrants who do not have the status of refugees and forced migrants. In many respects their position is worse than that of the exiled kulaks. The evicted kulaks in accordance with the "Temporary regulation of the GULAG OGPU on the rights and obligations of special settlers, on administrative functions and administrative rights of the settlement administration in the areas of resettlement of migrants "had the right to free medical care, education, equal pay for work with other workers, social assistance. Forced migrants who do not have the status of refugees and forced migrants have nothing of the kind. Most of them drag out a miserable existence and have no prospects for improving their lives. Many of the forced migrants turn into homeless people and beggars, who in Russia, according to the chairman of the Constitutional Court V. Zorkin, there are 7 million people.

But even in Russia there are millions of illegal migrants, mainly from the former Central Asian republics of the USSR (and these are also “our” people), most of whom live and work simply in slave conditions (a long report on the terrible living conditions and the powerless situation of illegal migrants working as janitors in Moscow, was shown on March 30, 2007 by the Rossiya TV channel in the Vesti Nedeli program).

In general, the scale of displacement, suffering and disasters of forced migrants in modern Russia much more than the scale of resettlement and suffering of kulaks and deported peoples in the USSR.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

[Enter text]

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Autonomous Educational

institution of higher education

"South Federal University"

Institute of Philosophy and Socio-Political Sciences

Department of Social Technologies

FORCED MIGRATION IN RUSSIA. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

COURSE WORK

in the direction of preparation 040400 - Social work

Rostov-on-Don - 2016

Introduction

1. History and theoretical aspects of forced migration

1.1 The concept of migration, its characteristics and causes

1.2 Historical and legal review of international regulation of the problem of forced migration

1.3 Domestic experience of forced migration

2. Modern problems of forced migration in Russia

2.1 Modern problems of illegal migration

2.2 Ways to optimize modern forced migration of the population in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

List of sources used

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the topic of this term paper due to the fact that today Russia needs a clearer understanding of forced migrants, as well as the development of a unified approach to the definition of different categories of forced migration.

In modern conditions in the Russian Federation, there is a mixture of forced migration with its other types, a discrepancy international standards, especially in the light of the “near abroad” phenomenon and its reduction to political migration. migration international document refugee

In accordance with the Convention of 1951 and the Protocol of 1967 adopted by the UN and ratified by more than 100 countries, which are the main international documents in relation to refugees, persons are recognized as refugees who “because of a well-founded fear of becoming a victim of persecution on the grounds of race, religion, nationality , belonging to a certain social group or political opinions are outside the state of their nationality”, were forced to leave it, do not want or cannot return back.

In the world community today, certain concepts and legal norms have already been developed in relation to both refugees and other categories of “forced” migrants, there is a conceptual apparatus that, in my opinion, needs to be further rethought and clarified taking into account modern realities.

Particular attention should be paid to the category of “asylum seekers”, some of whom, when entering another country legally (tourism, appropriate invitations, service line, etc.), in case of refusal, may indeed find themselves in an illegal situation. However, in this situation, it is not legitimate to completely identify these groups of migrants.

IN Russian Federation There are two legislatively fixed categories of forced migrants: forced migrants and refugees.

Forced migrants should also include the so-called “internally displaced persons”, i.e. persons who were forced to leave their places of permanent residence due to systematic violations of human rights, armed conflicts, man-made or natural disasters, without crossing the established borders of the state in the international order.

The main difference between this category of forced migrants and forced migrants is the temporary nature of their migration with the possibility of returning to their former places of residence as the situation stabilizes.

Speaking about the future of forced migration, I would like to emphasize that the only way to predict the future is to be able to create it. The latter largely depends on the benevolent and positive attitude of the state and society towards each specific person, wherever he is, on the one hand, as well as on the attitude of the person himself to environment, - on the other side.

The subject of research in this course work is the social phenomenon of forced migration, and the object is the causes and consequences of forced migration in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study in this course work is to study the causes and consequences of forced migration in Russia. In accordance with the goal, a number of tasks were identified, namely:

To highlight the concept of migration, its characteristics and causes;

Conduct a historical and legal review of the international regulation of the problem of forced migration;

Consider foreign and domestic experience of forced migration;

Analyze current problems of illegal migration;

To develop ways to optimize the forced migration of the population in the Russian Federation.

The methodological basis for writing this course work was descriptive, comparative methods, analysis and presentation of statistical data.

The regulatory framework for writing a term paper was the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 115-FZ "On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation" and the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 4528-1 "On Refugees".

The theoretical basis for writing a term paper was the works of such foreign and domestic authors as Vasiliev E.K., Vishnevsky A.G., Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A., Klupt M., Malthus T.R., Russell J., Rybakovsky L.L., Starchenkov G.I., Sukhov A.N., Chizhova L.S., Yudina T.N. and others.

Course work on the structure consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

1 . HISTORY AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FORCEDMIGRATION

1.1 The concept of migration, its characteristics and causes

Migration is the movement or resettlement of people associated with a change in their place of residence for a period of at least 6 months. This resettlement can be carried out both within one state (internal migration) and from one state to another (international migration).

At the core migration processes there are social, economic, religious and other causes.

To date, there are at least three possible approaches to including various types of territorial movement of the population in migration.

First, migration is understood as the diversity of the spatial movement of the population, regardless of its goals and nature. This concept includes daily trips to study or work outside populated areas, moving from one locality to another, arriving in a certain area for temporary, as well as seasonal work, vacation trips, business trips and other movements.

Majority modern researchers exclude spatial movements from migration that occur within the same locality.

Secondly, migration also includes spatial movements carried out between settlements, which lead to a temporary or permanent change of residence and represent a two-way regular movement between the sphere of study or work and the place of residence. However, this does not take into account occasional return recreational and business trips from one locality to another.

Thirdly, migration refers to the process of spatial movement of the population, ultimately leading it to territorial redistribution. Attribution to migration of spatial movement in this case is determined by the actual resettlement from one area to another. Also, at the same time, the sphere of application of study, work or other activity is combined with the place of residence in one locality.

The regulation of migration processes on the territory of Russia, including exit and entry, makes it possible to single out the following main migration flows:

Forced migration;

illegal migration;

External migration;

External labor migration;

Internal socio-economic migration.

The subjects of forced migration are persons who seek asylum on the territory of Russia.

The key principles for the implementation of measures for the reception and further accommodation of refugees are, first of all, financial support for refugees and the allocation of the necessary funds for the adaptation of internally displaced persons.

External migration in Russia is represented by two streams:

emigration;

immigration.

Basically, the social structure of emigration is formed by highly qualified specialists, representatives of the intelligentsia and students. In turn, the national structure is represented by Armenians, Jews, Greeks and other nationalities.

The subjects of illegal migration include illegal, uncontrolled and illegal emigrants. Thus, the current problem of uncontrolled entry of foreigners has a negative impact on Current state crime situation in large industrial and administrative centers RF, and also causes complications in the socio-economic situation in a number of regions of the country and damages state security.

Reforms in the economic and political spheres have formed the conditions for entering the international labor market of the Russian Federation, which, first of all, is required by the state interests of Russia.

To date, the process of external labor migration of citizens of the Russian Federation is associated with a number of negative consequences associated with the unresolved complex of legal, organizational, economic and other issues. They include an increase in the outflow of carriers of scarce professions abroad and, consequently, an extreme imbalance in the national labor market, social insecurity of Russians working abroad, an increase in the scale of illegal labor immigration, the loss of foreign exchange earnings from citizens of the Russian Federation working abroad, incomplete use of opportunities for labor external migration with the purpose of forming an effective professional and qualification structure of employees National economy, as well as the acquisition of work experience in a market economy.

As part of the state regulation of labor external migration, it is necessary to:

Ensure the protection of the rights of Russian migrant workers;

Ensure the flow of foreign exchange funds through the transfers of migrant workers, as well as the further effective use of these funds;

Reliably protect the labor market of the Russian Federation from an uncontrolled flow of foreign labor.

A significant part of enterprises that send labor abroad do not have the appropriate permission to this species activities, which is the reason for the infringement of the rights of Russian migrants.

The complication of the socio-economic and social political situation in Russia will force Russian citizens looking for jobs abroad. Today, in the field of labor migration, it is necessary to provide effective assistance to increase social status both migrant workers and members of their families, subject to the satisfaction of the basic national interests of importing and exporting countries of labor.

Thus, population migration is a social phenomenon. In turn, the population acts not only as a set of people, but also as a specific system of social relations and connections, representing a subsystem of "society".

1.2 Historical and legal review of international regulation of PROProblems of forced migration

The problem of seeking asylum and refugees has occurred throughout the history of mankind. However, the first search for its international legal solution was initiated thanks to the activities of the League of Nations, established in 1919.

In 1918-1922, according to various sources, about three million immigrants from Russia alone dispersed around the world in search of shelter and shelter.

Already by 1923, the total number of people seeking asylum in Europe (Russians, Armenians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians) reached two and a half million people. On February 26, 1921, the Council of the League of Nations adopted the first resolution on the issue of Russian refugees.

At the initiative of the International Committee of the Red Cross in June 1926, a special post of High Commissioner for Refugees was established, the first of which was elected by the famous philanthropist Arctic explorer F. Nansen, as well as the Bureau of Refugees.

The regulation on the receipt of identity cards by Russian refugees was signed by 53 countries and later became known as the Regulations on “Nansen Passports”. A similar regulation on the identification of Armenian refugees was signed on May 31, 1924.

The concept of "refugee" was first applied to a specific group of persons and formulated in May 1926 as an addition to the Regulations on the receipt of identity cards by Russian and Armenian refugees.

In accordance with this addition, a Russian refugee was recognized as "any person of Russian origin who does not or no longer has the protection of the government of the USSR and has not acquired another citizenship."

On June 30, 1928, at an international conference convened by the High Commissioner for Refugees, an Agreement was adopted on the extension to other categories of refugees of the measures defined for Armenian and Russian refugees. This Agreement included recommendations to countries on the formation of independent and independent refugee services after agreements with national governments.

From 1922 to 1928 the French government allowed the creation of "Russian bureaus" in Marseille, Paris and Nice by the League of Nations. These organizations performed the functions of intermediaries between the authorities of the host state and refugees.

All the listed international documents were generally advisory in nature. In other words, they did not provide for an official procedure for recognizing a specific person as a refugee.

After the death of F. Nansen in 1930, the Refugee Bureau was named the Nansen International Refugee Organization. Its main functions were:

Registration of people;

Issuance of temporary travel documents to people;

The accession of as many European governments as possible to existing agreements on the issue of refugees.

The establishment of the Nazi regime and A. Hitler's coming to power in 1933 gave impetus to the international response, and also predetermined the development of an international binding agreement.

On October 28, 1933, the League of Nations adopted the Convention regarding international status refugees, which has been ratified by eight States.

For the first time in history, the provisions of this Convention were aimed at formalizing the principles of non-refoulement and non-refoulement of refugees (“Non-Refoulement”), as well as the formation and development of national committees on refugee issues.

The League of Nations High Commissioner for German Refugees existed from 1933-1938, and on 07/04/1936 the Agreement on the Status of Refugees from Germany was adopted. The Convention on the Status of Refugees from Germany was adopted on February 10, 1938, however, only three states have ratified it.

The 1936 Agreement on the Status of Refugees from Germany and the 1938 Convention on the Status of Refugees from Germany were aimed at granting refugees the right to temporary stay in the country if there is no objective possibility of accepting them on a permanent basis.

Thus, the process of introducing the principle of "Non-Refoulement" was continued, and the right of residence and movement on the territory of the host country was guaranteed to refugees.

The Additional Protocol of 1939 to the 1938 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees from Germany was the last international legal agreement concluded in the pre-war period. This protocol was designed to protect and protect the victims of Nazi persecution and Austrian refugees who flooded into European countries after the German occupation of Austria in March 1938.

Unfolded Second World War contributed to the completion of the League of Nations, while destroying the system of international refugee protection.

On November 9, 1943, in the midst of hostilities, 44 countries organized the United Nations Relief and Post-War Reconstruction Agency (“UNRRA”), the most important tasks of which were to facilitate and support the repatriation of persons displaced during the war, as well as those staying in the liberated territories and involvement in this acute problem of the military authorities, interested governments and other bodies.

The United Nations Relief and Reconstruction Agency insisted on the voluntary nature of any repatriation. Thus, according to modern scientists, the Agency managed to help two million refugees and displaced persons in Europe in a record short time.

In January 1946, at the first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN), the urgent issue of refugees was put on the agenda, which required a prompt and effective solution.

The states of the Western and Eastern blocs, formed after the surrender of Germany, approached the problem of post-war refugees ambiguously.

Thus, the countries of the Eastern Bloc tended to return people to the states of which they were citizens before as soon as possible, as well as the conclusion of special bilateral agreements on this account.

In turn, the countries of the Western bloc insisted on the need to comply with the principle of complete freedom of choice by a person of a place of residence, which implied voluntary repatriation.

international organization on Refugees (MOB) was established on December 15, 1946 on the basis of the Resolution of the UN General Assembly 62/1. This organization was attended by 18 states, including China, England, New Zealand, France, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, etc.

The MOB simultaneously assumed obligations with respect to both pre-war refugees and displaced persons who were forcibly deported during the war years from the territories of their countries for political reasons or in order to serve their labor service.

From 1947 to 1951 The MPS has facilitated the resettlement of more than a million displaced persons.

The concept of “internally displaced person” has been broadened over time, while its post-war meaning only included persons forcibly deported during the course of the war from occupied territories.

To date, the term “internally displaced person” has mainly been applied to persons subjected to forced displacement or mass expulsion as a result of various armed conflicts, internal unrest and human rights violations. At the same time, when used, this term often receives an additional semantic load, determining the locality of the movements of persons that they make within their country.

In this way, crossing the state border is singled out as a distinguishing feature of internally displaced persons from refugees.

In 1986, the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Affairs raised a burning question in its report on the initiatives of the international community towards internally displaced persons.

In the 90s. 20th century UNHCR actively joined the problem of internally displaced persons, establishing criteria for work with internally displaced persons by relevant directives.

These criteria fully coincided with similar ones for refugees in terms of directly assessing the factors and situation that led to the exodus of people, ensuring free access to these people, as well as the consent of the country concerned to provide assistance.

In 1996, the UN forces developed and adopted the Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement, which was an international declaration that included guarantees of the rights of internally displaced persons, and in particular, the right to a safe stay, the right to legal recognition, the right not to be subjected to arbitrary eviction.

Thus, the recognition of a person as a refugee was carried out with the assistance of national committees and delegations of the MPS. A Council was also set up to appeal against negative decisions to grant refugee status to persons.

For 1947-1948 a number of special agreements were concluded between a number of countries (Belgium, England, Austria) and the MOB on the use of displaced persons and refugees as labor force.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established by the UN General Assembly on December 3, 1949 on the basis of Resolution No. 319 adopted at the IV session.

The start of UNHCR activity was officially dated 01/01/1951. The International Labor Organization (ILO), which has a special mandate in relation to migrant workers, was formed in 1946 by a specialized agency of the UN.

Thus, the need for scientific understanding of the forced form of migration movement is due not only to a sharp increase in its scale, but also to the relevance of developing the most effective measures in order to effectively solve the problems of forced migrants, based on scientific developments in this area.

1. 3 Domestic experience of forced migration

The collapse of the USSR, the emergence of local armed conflicts, as well as the formation of independent states led to the active development of migration processes on the territory of the Russian Federation and the CIS. So, in the Russian Federation, a new institution of public administration emerged - the Migration Service of Russia.

Political and economic crisis late 80s. 20th century covered all spheres of public life in the country, significantly influencing the intensity and scale of the migration movement, as well as the structure and direction of flows.

Forced resettlement of the population has reached a high level, an independent social category refugees, i.e. internally displaced persons.

According to official data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, migration flows in the Russian Federation in the period 1991-1999. more than 30 million people were affected in one way or another. departed and arrived, and the balance of migration in this period amounted to more than 3.5 million people.

Today, forced mass migration is a serious factor that acts both as a limiter and as a resource that must be taken into account. Forced migration significantly enhances the relevance and severity of making the most effective decisions in the field of social policy, the relationship between the center, regions, state, society, as well as the competent choice of optimal management technologies.

Today in the Russian Federation, migration processes are the consequences of completely new circumstances or a new nature of their manifestation than it was before. First of all, one of the most controversial was the problem of interethnic relations. National tension covers almost the entire territory of the country, involving various social strata and ethnic groups in open confrontation, stimulating an increase in the number of refugees.

One of the most difficult state problems in the Russian Federation today is created by spontaneous migration processes, as a result of which thousands of forced migrants require financial and material assistance, the volume of which significantly exceeds the current economic and social capabilities of the country and its individual regions.

Obtaining the status of a forced migrant is associated with certain difficulties.

The majority of forced migrants who arrived in the Russian Federation in the second half of the 1990s 20th century - people from countries Central Asia who are striving for rapid adaptation in Russia, facilitated by their status as a forced migrant or Russian citizenship. Unlike forced migrants of the past, among whom persons evacuating from zones of military conflicts predominated, they had the opportunity to prepare in advance for their resettlement in the Russian Federation, including the sale of real estate, obtaining citizenship and the removal of property. Thus, they are repatriates who find it difficult to prove in any way the forced nature of their resettlement, which is required of them by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

By the 2000s the flow of forced migrants dried up, and about two hundred people received refugee status annually, about a hundred people received forced migrant status, about two thousand people asked for temporary asylum. By the beginning of 2014, 632 people had refugee status, and 30,834 people were officially recognized as internally displaced persons.

Let's consider the number of forced refugees and migrants in the Russian Federation who received the status in the corresponding year in the form of a graph presented in Figure 1.1:

Figure 1.1 - The number of forced refugees and migrants in the Russian Federation who received status in the corresponding year

Forced migration began to develop actively again in connection with the latest events in Ukraine. So, about 6 thousand people applied with a corresponding application for refugee status, 332 thousand people requested temporary asylum (as of April 8, 2015)

In modern conditions, the central role in organizing assistance to internally displaced persons and refugees is played by the Federal Migration Service of Russia (FMS), founded back in 1992, whose tasks include:

Protection of the rights and interests of migrants;

Regulation of migration flows.

As part of the work of this service, migrants are provided with individual and group psychological assistance, carried out within the framework of consultations. This measure, first of all, is necessary for the unemployed, who are in a state of depression, with poor health, a pessimistic attitude and reduced activity.

As a rule, such people often experience difficulties in communication both with their friends and relatives, and with possible future employers. To work with them, special psychological methods and techniques are used.

It should be noted that refugees and immigrants have significant economic potential that can be effectively used in the sphere of social production, and also, importantly, for the revival of Russian uninhabited territories, which today requires additional investment.

Thus, today in the Russian Federation as a whole there is an aggravation of the migration situation. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the Constitution of the Russian Federation secures for each person the absolute right of free movement, i.e. a person independently, based on personal motivation, makes appropriate decisions about his own migration, which greatly complicates the operation of the mechanism for regulating migration processes.

Forced migration can be transformed into forced migration if there are direct orders from the authorities to move the population (exile, deportation, camp regime, organized evacuation, etc.)

Forced migration in the Russian Federation today is the territorial movement of people who left their place of residence as a result of violence or persecution committed against them or their family members, or a real opportunity to be subjected to violence and persecution, as well as due to extraordinary circumstances of an economic, natural, technogenic or other nature. A significant part of forced migrants are refugees, asylum seekers and some other categories of migrants who need international protection of their rights and freedoms.

2 . MODERN PROBLEMS OF FORCED MIGRATION IN RUSSIA

2.1 Modern problems of illegal migration

Today, on the state border of the Russian Federation, there is a steady trend of increasing transport and passenger flows at checkpoints across the state border. Security challenges posed by illegal forced migration include:

1) An increase in the flow of illegal migration of citizens of foreign states, as well as stateless persons to the Russian Federation and EU countries in transit through the territory of the Russian Federation. The bulk of these persons are people from the Central Asian region, people from African countries, South-East Asia, Near and Middle East. The increase in migration flows contributes to the emergence of new channels for illegal migration, which can be used to carry out extremist activities.

2) The aggravation of the socio-political situation in the Russian Federation as a result of rising unemployment, illegal commercial activities, and increased social contradictions.

Thus, the ethnic structures of illegal migrants form an uncontrolled market, conduct illegal commercial activities and engage in other types of criminal acts.

3) Complication in the Russian Federation and border regions of the crime situation as a whole. The majority of illegal migrants, unable to legalize themselves in the Russian Federation, are a reserve for replenishing the criminal environment, uniting in criminal groups that maintain contact with their ethnic homeland.

4) The presence of negative demographic shifts in some regions of the Russian Federation against the background of a decrease in the number of indigenous people.

It should be noted that the settlement of world capitals by refugees from other countries leads to the rebirth of the internal tectonics of demographic centers, which provoke disintegration and separatist processes that destroy national states.

5) Deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation due to the spread of acute infections, as well as diseases that are not traditional for the Russian Federation.

The UN Office for Refugees officially announced that in October 2015 alone, 218 thousand people arrived in Europe, in contrast to 173 thousand people who arrived in September of this year.

This trend is an integral feature of the development of modern European states, despite the adoption of relevant laws that prohibit the illegal employment and stay in general of foreigners.

The largest number of illegal migrants from the countries of the Middle East and Africa is concentrated in Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland and the UK. The active growth of illegal migration is explained by various factors, both economic and political.

A significant strengthening of migration control in European countries, which affected almost all categories of migrants, significantly limited the possibilities for their legal entry and caused the search for new illegal channels of entry into Europe. Often migrants cross the Mediterranean. There are also attempts to use the territory of the Russian Federation by residents of the Near and Middle East, Africa as a transit point for penetration into European countries.

It should be noted that these migrants attempt to illegally enter the EU countries mainly in the western and northwestern sections of the Russian border, considering these directions to be the shortest and safest. In addition, the territory of the Russian Federation for illegal transit migration to European countries is actively used by citizens of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Algerian People's Democratic Republic and Iraq.

Today, there are attempts to use shortcomings in the implementation of migration control by foreign citizens when crossing the border in order to legalize their stay on the territory of the Russian Federation. For example, a feature of migration legislation is the definition of the period of temporary stay in the Russian Federation, which, in a visa-free manner, should not exceed a total of 90 days during each period of 180 days.

Foreign citizens use this provision to reset the period of stay in the Russian Federation upon receipt of a new migration card (for example, arriving without a migration card at a checkpoint), and in fact, the duration of their temporary stay may exceed the norms established by law at times.

The concept of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 defines countering illegal migration as one of the main tasks. In turn, one of the key directions of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation is the development and further adoption of programs to combat illegal migration, as well as the implementation of joint international operational and preventive measures.

To date, in order to increase the efficiency of the operational activities of the border agencies and the level of reliability of border protection of the CIS countries, the Coordinating Service of the Council of Commanders of the Border Troops (SKPV) has taken a set of measures for the practical implementation of measures aimed at creating an effective system of border infrastructure and protection of the state border.

Thus, the main modern problems generated by illegal migration include:

Complication in the Russian Federation and border regions of the criminogenic situation;

2.2 Ways to optimize modern forced migrationeleniya in the Russian Federation

The efforts of the world community for last years were aimed at the formation of a legal framework for the protection of the rights of refugees and migrants. The protection of human rights is one of the main activities of most Russian and international organizations.

Due to the aggravation of the armed conflict in the Middle East, a huge flow of forced migrants poured into Europe. Over the past 2015, more than 800,000 people filed relevant applications for refugee status in European countries.

The bulk of those wishing to obtain refugee status in the EU states are citizens of Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq. A huge number of petitions are received, including from labor migrants.

Today, EU member states are seriously concerned about the acute problems of the poorly controlled flow of migrants from the Middle East, and are striving to find the most effective methods and ways to solve the migration crisis.

The problem of forced migration has become aggravated in the Russian Federation due to the growing flow of refugees from the eastern regions of Ukraine, as well as other categories of migrants.

The Russian Federation, based on the principles of fraternal relations with the people of Ukraine and humanism, is pursuing a consistent policy " open doors” despite the significant burden associated with their intake.

Citizens of Ukraine staying on the territory of the Russian Federation were given the opportunity to legalize legal status in accordance with Federal Law No. 115-FZ of July 25, 2002 “On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 30, 2015) or apply for asylum on the basis of Federal Law No. 4528-1 of February 19, 1993 "About refugees".

The situation with citizens of Ukraine, Afghanistan and Syria arriving on the territory of the Russian Federation is currently fully controlled and is within the legal framework.

At the same time, the instability that has arisen in a number of regions of the world causes an urgent need to update regulatory and legal documents on issues of working with asylum seekers, as well as other categories of citizens.

In 1992, the Russian Federation acceded to the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, thereby assuming all relevant international obligations to grant asylum to stateless persons and foreign nationals in accordance with applicable regulations international law.

In general, the current Federal Law No. 4528-1 “On Refugees” fully complies with the listed documents, as well as international treaties that were developed under the auspices of the Council of Europe.

However, a comparative analysis of European practice, the law enforcement practice of granting asylum in the Russian Federation and the application of the current version of Federal Law No. 4528-1 “On Refugees” revealed a number of shortcomings of this regulatory legal act.

Thus, it contains a number of gaps, mostly of a procedural nature, which do not allow competently examining an application for recognition as a refugee. In addition, some norms are difficult to understand and illogical, which causes problems in the implementation of the Law at the present time.

It should be noted that the procedure for recognizing a person as a refugee is extremely lengthy. The intermediate stages provided for by the current legislation (making a decision on issuing a certificate of consideration of the application on the merits, making a decision to refuse to consider the application on the merits, preliminary consideration of the application) significantly complicate the procedure, which leads to long term consideration of the application.

Thus, it seems appropriate to exclude the stage of preliminary consideration of an application from the Federal Law No. 4528-1 “On Refugees”, turning it into a one-stage one. You should also introduce concepts such as:

- "temporary protection";

- « safe country»;

- "safe third country" at the legislative level, as well as to detail the concept of "family member", while providing for the possible combination of the procedure for granting temporary asylum and the procedure for recognition as a refugee, which will significantly reduce the period for determining the legal status of a person by three months on average.

In addition, it is expedient to develop a mechanism for the redistribution of asylum applicants across the territory of the Russian Federation, with the help of the annual establishment by the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation of special distribution quotas for applications for temporary asylum and for recognition as a refugee in the Russian Federation for the relevant territorial authorities.

For the safety of both asylum-seekers and persons recognized as refugees who have been granted temporary protection or temporary asylum on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to prohibit, without their written consent, the provision of any information about these persons to state bodies, organizations, citizens of the country of their citizenship, the media, with the exception of the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and other organizations whose statutory activities include providing assistance to these categories of citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

It is advisable to provide for the complete exclusion of the principle of non-refoulement of persons whose presence on the territory of the Russian Federation in any way threatens the national security of the Russian Federation, as well as those convicted by a court verdict that has entered into force for committing a particularly serious crime on the territory of the Russian Federation, posing a threat to public security in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1 st. 32 of the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.

At present, there is no urgent need to accept applications for

granting asylum outside the territory of the Russian Federation on the territory of third states, since in this situation, if the applicants are not recognized under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, it becomes impossible to provide them with international reliable protection and verify the validity of their applications.

In this situation, it is necessary to provide for a special procedure for considering asylum applications of persons who are in transit zone international maritime or river port, and international airport RF. The most important innovation in the bill should be the establishment of certain criteria for granting temporary asylum on the territory of the Russian Federation to foreign citizens.

In addition, it is necessary to eliminate the procedure for pre-trial appeals against decisions of territorial bodies in the FMS of the Russian Federation and clarify the procedure for considering complaints in courts.

These measures will reduce the time for filing a complaint against the relevant decisions of the territorial bodies of the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation to 15 days, and in some cases - up to seven days from the moment a person becomes familiar with a certain decision.

It is also worth noting the relevance of detailing the procedure and rules for receiving groups of migrants in a situation of their emergency arrival on the territory of the Russian Federation in search of temporary protection, while establishing the legal status of persons who have received temporary protection. Therefore, today the issues of granting international protection to asylum seekers in the Russian Federation are recommended to be resolved by making appropriate amendments, changes and additions to the current legal field.

Thus, the improvement of legislation in the field of optimization of forced migration should solve the following tasks:

CONCLUSION

Population migration is a social phenomenon. In turn, the population acts not only as a set of people, but also as a specific system of social relations and connections, representing a subsystem of "society".

It should be noted that the migration of the population affects the development of society through the implementation of its functions, i.e. specific roles that population migration play in society. Migration functions determine the properties of a given phenomenon and express its essence.

The need for scientific understanding of the forced form of migration movement is due not only to a sharp increase in its scale, but also to the relevance of developing the most effective measures to effectively address the problems of forced migrants, based on scientific developments in this area.

Today in the Russian Federation as a whole there is an aggravation of the migration situation. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the Constitution of the Russian Federation secures for each person the absolute right of free movement, i.e. a person independently, based on personal motivation, makes appropriate decisions about his own migration, which greatly complicates the operation of the mechanism for regulating migration processes.

According to the information system of the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation, a total of 15.3 million foreign citizens entered the territory of Russia for 10 months of 2015 (16.1 million - in 2014), and the number of those staying in Russia from January to November 2015 varied from 10 to 10.4 million people (11.7 million - in 2014).

Among arrivals, citizens of the CIS member states account for 70.5% of total number migrants who entered the territory of the Russian Federation from EU member states - 10.3%.

The number of citizens of the CIS who entered the territory of the Russian Federation in 2015 decreased by 8.6%, which continues the trend that emerged at the end of 2014. There is a decrease in the number of citizens of Uzbekistan who entered (by 18.8%), Moldova (by 23.4%) and Tajikistan (by 16.1%). However, at the same time, the entry of citizens of Kazakhstan increased (by 16.9%).

The leading position is occupied by citizens of Ukraine with a decrease in their entry into the territory of the Russian Federation (by 12.9%).

The main modern problems generated by illegal migration include:

Increase in the flow of illegal migration of citizens of foreign states, as well as stateless persons to the Russian Federation and EU countries in transit through the territory of the Russian Federation;

Aggravation of the socio-political situation;

Complication in the Russian Federation and border regions of the criminogenic situation;

The presence of negative demographic shifts in some regions of the Russian Federation against the background of a decrease in the number of the indigenous population;

Deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation due to the spread of acute infections, as well as diseases that are not traditional for the Russian Federation.

Improvement of legislation in the field of optimization of forced migration should solve the following tasks:

Raising the quality level of federal legislation in the field of combating illegal migration, as well as maintaining it in accordance with the most pressing tasks of ensuring national security;

Creation of legal conditions for the protection and implementation of the national interests of the Russian Federation, ensuring the security of society, the individual, the state in the field of combating illegal migration;

Improving the effectiveness of both existing and emerging legal norms in this area;

Ensuring a close relationship between Russian legislation and international law, as well as establishing compliance with the adopted new legal acts and international standards.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 4528-1 “On Refugees” dated February 19, 1993

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 115-FZ “On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation” dated July 25, 2002

3. Vishnevsky A.G. Civilization, culture and demography // ONiS. - 2014. - No. 5. - S. 47 - 66

4. Volgin N.A. Demography: textbook. - M.: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2013.- 294 p.

5. Glushkova V.G., Simagin Yu.A. Demography: textbook. - M.: KnoRus, 2014. - 289 p.

6. Dimaev A. N. Socio-political consequences of migration mobility // Public Service. - 2014. - No. 8. - S. 167 - 180

7. Eliseev I.I., Vasiliev E.K. Demography and population statistics: textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2015. - 688s.

8. Klupt M. Demography of the regions of the Earth. - St. Petersburg: Piter, 2012. - 347 p.

9. Kosov P.I., Berendeev A.B. Fundamentals of demography: a study guide. - M.: Infra-M, 2013. - 318 p.

10. Klekh I.A. Migrations. - M.: New Literary Review, 2012. - 432 p.

11. Lukin A.L. Is a “demographic world” waiting for us? // World economy and international relations. - 2014. - No. 9. - S. 68 - 80

12. Malthus T.R. Experience about the law of population, in the book: Anthology of economic classics, v.2. - M.: Infra-M, 1993. - 420 p.

13. Medkov V.M. Demography: textbook. - M.: Infra-M, 2014. - 576 p.

14. Russell J. Historical migrations of the Armenian population. - M.: Book on Demand, 2012. - 82 p.

15. Russell J. Population migration. - Moscow: Book on Demand, 2013. - 158 p.

16. Rybakovskiy L.L. Migration potential. The concept and evaluation criteria // SOCIS. - 2013. - No. 11. - S. 33 - 50

17. Ryazantsev S.V., Tkachenko M.F. World labor market and international migration. - M.: Economics, 2015. - 314 p.

18. Starchenkov G. I. Problems of employment and population migration. - M.: Nauka, 2014. - 368 p.

19. Sukhov A.N., Trykanova S.A. Migration in Europe and its consequences. - M.: Flinta, 2015. - 316 p.

20. Trykanova S. A. Organizational and legal regulation of migration in Russia and Europe. Comparative analysis. - M.: MPSI, MODEK, 2012. - 192 p.

21. Chizhova L.S. Innovative economy: employment, labor motivation, labor efficiency: monograph. - M.: Economics, 2014. - 438 p.

22. Chistyakova O.V. Problems of migration and ethno-nationalism. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 339 p.

23. Yudina T. N. Migration. Glossary of basic terms. - Moscow: RSSU, Academic Project, 2013. - 480 p.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Historical reference

Migration is a natural process that regulates the economic, social and demographic systems of society. However, there are situations when a person has to leave his native place because of natural Disasters or military events. In order to effectively manage the process, it is necessary to take into account the reasons for the movement of migration flows.

History knows examples of forced migrations, when the movement was forced as a result of violence, repressions, deportations.

For example, the export of millions of indigenous people of Africa to America in the 16th-19th centuries.

According to some reports, in 1918-1922, about 3 million Russians dispersed around the world, looking for shelter. After the Second World War, the German authorities forcibly transported almost 10 million people from the countries it occupied. When General Pinochet took over Chile in the 1970s, more than 1 million people left the country. Political emigration reached a large scale in the USSR, Vietnam, Cuba, and Cambodia.

Russia also experienced a period of forced migrations:

Collectivization and mass migration of the population of the central and southern regions of the European part of the USSR to the north, the Urals, to Siberia.
Preventive deportations (clearing state borders before hostilities).
Forced eviction of national minorities from Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia to Kazakhstan, Central Asia during the Second World War.
Repressions (transfer of citizens to the Gulag).

Russian legislation distinguishes two categories of forced migrants: refugees and (displaced persons). The main difference lies in the civil status: refugees are immigrants from other countries, and internally displaced persons are citizens of the Russian Federation.

Basic concepts

Forced migration is the involuntary movement of people outside a territorial entity. Like any migration, it can be:

The main reasons for forced migration are pushing people to look for a new home:

hostilities;
interethnic and religious conflicts;
political and other persecution;
natural disasters;
environmental and man-made disasters.

According to the Federal Migration Program adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation in 1996 (No. 935), subjects of forced migration include citizens of the USSR and post-Soviet states, other countries, stateless persons and stateless persons.

They can stay in the Russian Federation both legally and illegally.

Scale of the situation in Russia

The time when the authorities repressed kulaks and enemies of the people or deported national minorities is over. Due to the aggravation of interethnic relations and ethnic conflicts, many victims of non-repressive migrations appeared - people who left their places of residence against their will.

According to Rosstat, by 2012 the flow of refugees who flooded into the country in the 1990s had dropped significantly.

Forced migration in Russia - difficult task for the migration service, because in the last couple of years the situation has escalated again. In connection with the events in Ukraine, the FMS of Russia devotes a lot of time to considering applications for refugee status or temporary asylum.

The process of migration from Russia does not stop either, although not at the same pace as in the 1980s and 1990s. Those who could not adapt to the economic and political situation in the country moved to more prosperous states: Germany, Israel, the USA, Canada.

The right of a person to choose a place of residence is stipulated by a number of international documents. Legal regulation forced migration in the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of the Constitution and federal laws:

These laws define legal status forced migrants, the procedure for recognition of status, formulate legal, economic and social guarantees for the protection of their rights.

Problems and consequences of the process

If migration is caused by military events or environmental disasters, large masses of people move. This has positive aspects:

the growth of new cities;
increase in the urban population;
a large number of workers;
enrichment local traditions new cultural values.

But a change in the structure of the population does not always have a positive effect on the donor region, because most often able-bodied citizens leave at an effective age. In these areas, the percentage of older people is increasing.

Migration of the population (from lat. migratio) means resettlement, relocation. However contemporary meaning this term is much broader. Population migration- the process of movement, spatial movement of the population between countries, regions, settlements different types regardless of nature or purpose. This term is used to refer to both socio-economic and socio-political phenomena that are ambiguous in nature, consequences and contributing factors.

Radical changes in the territory former USSR, which began in the late 80s, were accompanied by an increase in the migration activity of the population. Soviet people encountered a previously unknown phenomenon of forced migration. In Russia, both were received ambiguously by the authorities and the common people. The most nervous reaction was shown in southern regions the European part of the country, closest to the "hot spots" of the Caucasus and receiving a relatively large number of migrants. Both in official rhetoric and in means mass media the bogey "uncontrolled migration" successfully competes with the "increase in crime", "threat to food security", "Islamic fundamentalism", etc. The result is a policy of prohibitions and restrictions, discriminatory measures on various grounds in relation to persons entering the country or moving through it .

The political and economic situation that developed after the collapse of the USSR in the former Soviet republics provoked a massive displacement of the population from there to the Russian Federation. A huge number of Russians (25 million people) who lived in the Union republics during the period of Soviet rule were not emigrants, because they were in their own country - the USSR - on legal grounds. collapse USSR predetermined the new political, economic and social role of the Russian population in the newly formed states of the "Near Abroad": they instantly turned into "colonists", "occupiers" and "invaders". The sharply changed attitude of the local, indigenous population was superimposed on the new worldview of the Russians themselves: in the changed conditions, it is necessary to look for specific ways out. Some of our compatriots found such a way out in migration to their "historical homeland" - to Russia.

While Russian politicians and analysts continue to argue whether Russia should stimulate or, on the contrary, restrain the migration of the Russian population from the CIS countries, this issue is being practically resolved there.

And yet, for all the ambiguity of their attitude towards Russia, the majority of Russians living in the new abroad, one way or another, correlate their lives with her life and politics and hope for her patronage.

In the early 90s of the last century, categories of persons appeared in the Russian Federation that were previously unknown to Russian legislation - refugees and forced migrants, who are collectively referred to as forced migrants. Often in Everyday life the terms “forced migrant” and “refugee” are used interchangeably. Meanwhile, these concepts do not coincide, and the legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons is regulated by different legislative acts.

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 1 of the Federal Law "On Refugees" of February 19, 1993 No. 4528-1 (as amended by the Federal Law of June 28, 1997, November 7, 2000, June 30, 2003) refugee– a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and who, due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality and cannot enjoy the protection of that country or is unwilling to avail itself of such protection owing to such fear; or, having no particular nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or unwilling to return to it owing to such fear.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Refugees”, the legal status of refugees consists of the rights and freedoms granted to them as foreign citizens (stateless persons) and special rights granted to them exclusively as refugees (Article 8). The rights granted exclusively to persons recognized as refugees are the rights to travel documents(Art. 28), non-refoulement (Art. 32), simplified naturalization (Art. 34), etc.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On forced migrants" of February 19, 1993 No. 4530-1 (as amended by the Federal Law of December 20, 1995, December 24, 2002 and December 23, 2003) forced migrant- a citizen of the Russian Federation who left his place of residence as a result of violence or other forms of persecution committed against him or his family members, or as a result of real danger be subjected to persecution on the basis of race or nationality, religion, language, as well as on the basis of belonging to a certain social group or political opinions that have become the reasons for conducting hostile campaigns against a particular person or group of persons, mass violations public order.

A person cannot be recognized as a forced migrant only in connection with violence or persecution against him. The concepts of "violence", "harassment" or "danger of being persecuted" are linked to the listed signs. However, it is not necessary for the applicant to have all of the listed features. It is important that they serve as a pretext for conducting a hostile campaign against a given citizen or group of persons.

The peculiarity of the legal status of a forced migrant is that he, according to general rule, is a citizen of the Russian Federation. The legislation of the Russian Federation recognizes foreign citizens and stateless persons as forced migrants if they are legally located on the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, the legal status of forced migrants consists of a set of rights granted to them as citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens or stateless persons (constitutional status) and rights granted exclusively to a forced migrant by Russian law.

It should be noted that in world law there is no concept of "forced migrant". Introducing it, Russian legislators apparently believed that in this way it would be possible to simply and clearly separate “their own” migrants coming from the former Soviet republics (that is, they could easily obtain citizenship of the Russian Federation and become forced migrants), from “strangers” - from countries far abroad, classic refugees.

So, the main difference between a refugee and a forced migrant lies in belonging to the citizenship of the Russian Federation. The factor of belonging to citizenship has a significant impact not only on the scope of rights granted, but also on the very mechanism for granting or losing refugee or forced migrant status.

True, in certain cases, the law allows recognition as a forced migrant and non-citizens of the Russian Federation. Thus, a foreign citizen or a stateless person who permanently legally resides on the territory of the Russian Federation and, due to the above circumstances, is forced to change his place of residence within the Russian Federation, can be recognized as a forced migrant.

Forced migrants are also recognized as citizens of the former USSR who previously had refugee status (due to the absence of the Law "On forced migrants"), but who lost it in connection with the acquisition of citizenship of the Russian Federation, if there were circumstances that prevented this person during the period of refugee status from arranging on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons has much in common. For both those and others, the basis of their legal status is the constitutional legal status of a person and citizen of the Russian Federation, while the status granted to them in accordance with special legislation is temporary and requires compliance with special procedures for obtaining it. At the same time: the constitutional legal capacity of internally displaced persons and refugees has its own natural differences, due to the different nature of the legal relationship with the state. For example, the constitutional and legal legal capacity of a refugee arises from the moment when he enters into specific legal relations with the state in which he wishes to receive asylum, and internally displaced persons are endowed with legal capacity from the moment of their birth.

A person is a refugee or forced migrant within the meaning of the 1951 UN Convention, the Federal Law "On Refugees" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Forced Migrants" when he meets the criteria contained in the definition. With refugees, this inevitably happens before the moment when their status is officially determined. Therefore, the recognition of refugee status does not make him a refugee, but simply declares him as such. Unlike a refugee, a person can be officially considered a forced migrant only after he has been granted the status of a forced migrant in accordance with the procedure established by law.

Thus, forced migrants and refugees, in addition to the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation or foreigners, respectively, have other specific rights and obligations, which makes it possible to single out a special legal status for this category individuals.

For a number of reasons (military situation, ethnic tension, different birth rates among different ethnic groups, rapid changes in ethnic culture towards an increase in the proportion of the titular population, ever-increasing pressure on the labor market, etc.), the former inter-republican migration has largely become forced, in not only the Russian and Russian-speaking population, but also the titular population of the republics participate in it.

When it comes to forced migration, we mean not only migrants who have received official status (refugee or forced migrant), but all migrants who are not associated with positive motivation and attractive opportunities in new places of settlement. Forced migration- an objective process of movement of people, regardless of belonging to the citizenship of the Russian Federation, both across interstate borders and within Russia, on grounds beyond their control, due to circumstances threatening violence, persecution, or due to a real danger of being persecuted, accompanied by temporary or permanent change of residence

The essential features of forced migration, in accordance with this definition, are: the commission of violence against a person, persecution, or the presence of a real risk of persecution for objective reasons, such as a sign of race, nationality, religion, language, membership in a particular social group or as a result of political opinion; forced, that is, not dependent on the will of the person, permanent or temporary change of residence both within the state and across interstate borders. The Russian Federation has assumed international obligations related to the provision of assistance to refugees and other asylum seekers. And she must help those who ended up on her territory, fleeing persecution, providing them with shelter and ensuring personal security.

Journal of International Law and international relations 2005 — № 2

international economic relations

FORCED MIGRATION: ITS CONTENT AND REASONS

Sergey Bulgak

Reviewers:
Kurilenok Kirill Leonidovich — Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Bibik Tatyana Bernardovna — Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Management of the International Institute for the Humanities and Economics

Migration of the population is a set of movements of people, different in nature, across the borders of certain territorial entities, accompanied by a permanent or temporary change in place of residence. For each territory, it is composed of emigration and immigration flows. Migration may differ: by the nature of the borders crossed (external and internal), by duration (irrevocable, temporary, seasonal, pendulum), by the reasons that caused it (voluntary and forced), in terms of compliance with the norms of the legislation in force in the country (legal, illegal ), according to the method of implementation (independent, organized).

Depending on the time for which the labor force moves, permanent or irrevocable migration is distinguished (it includes, as a rule, external migration, migration of the rural population to cities) and return migration (for example, to study, work, etc.).

History has long been familiar with the forced displacement of thousands of people from one region of the world to another. The problem of refugees appeared on earth even before Christ. e. The Assyrian army of King Sennacherib I, having joined in 1695 BC. e. on the land of Judea, immediately warned local residents that their houses will be occupied by Assyrian colonists. About 50,000 Jews hastily left their homes, moving to Egypt.

In 375 AD e. in the Roman Empire, refugees - the Goths - rebelled: about 300,000 people fled from the invasion of nomads - the Huns to the lands of Rome, where they were turned into semi-slavery. During a bloody uprising, the emperor Valens was killed, and the Goths received the right to settle where they want.

In the 7th-9th centuries. as a result of the devastating Viking invasions of Britain, about 40,000 islanders moved to France, established temporary settlements and mingled with the local population.

Refugees appeared not only during periods of war. During frequent epidemics of the plague, the population of cities and entire regions in Europe and Asia left wherever their eyes looked, waiting for the outbreak of the Black Death to end. But the real flight began in the first half of the 13th century, when the Mongol hordes passed from Pacific Ocean before mediterranean sea. There were no civilians left after them - they were either completely driven into slavery or destroyed (it happened that the inhabitants of an entire city were burned at one big fire). Many hundreds of thousands of Arabs, Chinese, Russians, Persians, Poles, Hungarians then fled to neighboring countries to escape the invasion.

In 1492, the king and queen of Spain decided to expel those who did not accept Christianity. More than 200,000 people were expelled from the country, finding refuge in North Africa and other lands.

In the XVII-XIX centuries. in connection with the development of the slave trade, there was a massive intercontinental movement of labor, as a result of which the population of Africa for 1650-1850. decreased by 22%. The largest migration flow in the XIX-XX centuries. was the departure of Europeans overseas. In the 19th century 30 million people emigrated. At the beginning of the XX century. before the First World War, over 19 million people left Europe, in 1914-1918. migration was interrupted, then resumed, and for the period 1918-1939. 9 million people emigrated. The Second World War again interrupted the overseas migration of the population from Europe. Throughout the post-war period, the direction of international migration has continuously changed following the changing economic conditions. In 1960, there were 3.2 million officially registered migrant workers in the world, and by 1995 their number had reached more than 35 million, in the second half of the 1990s. the upward trend in migration continued to intensify and by the beginning of 2000 the number of migrants had reached 45 million people.

The historical development of Belarus predetermined the specifics of the migration processes of its population. The fact is that the industrial development of Belarus in the post-reform period was carried out extremely slowly. However, the reform of 1861, having freed the peasants from serfdom, thereby gave a certain scope for the development of productive forces, which was also reflected in the acceleration of the demographic growth of cities. But the weak development of industry in Belarusian cities could not absorb the huge army of rural workers. Under such conditions, resettlement to other regions, mainly to Siberia, became an inevitable phenomenon. So, for 1885-1906. 194,164 people moved from the northwestern provinces of Russia to the Trans-Baikal region, Tomsk and Tobolsk provinces, almost two thirds of them were from Mogilev and Vitebsk provinces. Southern territories Russian Empire, such as Bessarabian, Yekaterinoslav, Tavrichansk, Kherson provinces, regions of the Don and Kuban troops and a number of others, also received immigrants from Belarusian lands. In the capital of the Russian Empire - St. Petersburg - lived immigrants from Belarus, mainly creative intelligentsia from the Minsk and Vilna provinces. Built by Belarusians and railway Saint Petersburg - Moscow .

Migration at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. has become a major factor in the economic and demographic development of Belarus. In 1897, the Mogilev and Vitebsk provinces provided 3,602 and 3,490 migrants, respectively. In subsequent years, the number of immigrants increased significantly. In 1908, the Belarusian provinces gave 17.2% of all immigrants to Russia. The intensity and scale of the resettlement movement in Belarus can be judged by the following facts. Of the 4650 thousand of all immigrants and walkers in Russia in the period 1869-1915. Belarusian provinces (Vilna, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk and Grodno) gave over 600 thousand immigrants. The significance of this fact will be especially clear if one considers that the six central industrial provinces of Russia provided only 66,000 migrants.

Only in 1904-1905. (pre-revolutionary and revolutionary years), resettlement slowed down sharply. The scale of migration somewhat decreased in 1911-1914, which is associated with the implementation of the Stolypin reform and some acceleration in the growth of the urban population, although the number of immigrants remained very significant and more orderly. The migration movement from the Belarusian provinces in the pre-revolutionary period is characterized mainly by four streams. One flow of migration from Belarus went to central part Russia, the second - to Siberia, the third - to the European South of Russia and Ukraine, mainly to the Donbass, the fourth - to the northwestern regions of Russia. The flow of migrants leaving pre-revolutionary Russia at the end of the 19th century was powerful. to the South and North America, preferable, but to the USA and Canada.

On the size of the migration of the Belarusian population, taking into account the migration of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. can be judged to a certain extent by the materials of the 1926 census. According to these data, 602.5 thousand of its natives, or about 11% of the population, lived outside of Belarus, including 222.9 thousand people in Siberia (table) .

As we can see, involuntary resettlement was associated primarily with the search for more favorable living conditions, but sometimes this was also the only way to survive.

The geography of countries that attract the attention of migrants from other countries has now changed slightly, but many countries continue to dominate.

First of all, they include the USA, Canada and Australia. Being the most economical developed country modern world The US is a major migration destination for both low-skilled and highly skilled workers. More immigrants arrive there each year than all other countries combined. The main flow of low-skilled labor is sent to the United States from nearby Latin American countries - Mexico, countries Caribbean. Highly skilled workers immigrate to the US from almost all countries of the world, including Western Europe, Latin America, Russia, India, etc. The influx of immigrants to the US and Canada by the mid-1990s. is estimated at 900 thousand people a year. 740,000 people a year legally immigrate to the United States and 160,000 people emigrate. Net immigration (migration balance) is 580 thousand people.

In second place is Western Europe, namely the most developed Western European countries that are members of the European Union. They attract labor from less developed Western European countries (Portugal, Malta, Spain), the Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics. Migration of workers from African countries former colonies Western European states - contributes to the common language.

Historically established traditional trade and other ties contribute to the growth of immigration. In the early 1990s More than 15 million foreigners and members of their families have already moved to twelve EEC countries, which accounted for more than 4% of the population of these countries. The influx of immigrants to Western Europe in the mid-1990s was estimated at the level of 180 thousand people per year. Special place V Western Europe as one of the centers of international migration is Germany. Here in 1996, mainly from Russia and Kazakhstan, 178 thousand German settlers came, in 1997 - 134 thousand, in 1998 - 103 thousand, in 1999 - about 100 thousand people. Within the framework of Western European integration, a common labor market has been created and is developing, which implies the freedom of movement of workers between countries European Union and unification of labor legislation. According to the forecasts of European experts, in connection with the creation of a single market, there will be some changes in migration flows. Poorly organized mass immigration of low-skilled workers will give way to special purpose collective agreements. Despite the fact that the predominant part will be low- and semi-skilled workers, the priority right will be given to highly qualified professionals, whose number will increase in the future.

In third place is the Middle East. The oil-refining countries of this region attract cheap foreign labor for hard, low-paid jobs. Workers come mainly from neighboring Arab countries, as well as from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Korea, and the Philippines. Share of immigrants in total labor force individual countries quite significant. So, in the United United Arab Emirates it is 97%, Kuwait - 86.5%, Saudi Arabia- 40%, i.e. overwhelming or most the entire industrial workforce.

New Phenomenon of the 90s 20th century — intensification of labor migration among the developing countries themselves. Typically, the flow of workers is directed to those countries that are moving faster along the path of economic reform. Yes, in Latin America seasonal and assembly workers are sent to Argentina and Mexico. In sub-Saharan Africa, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria and South Africa account for more than half of all immigrant inflows.

In connection with the rapid development of the states of Southeast Asia, the influx of immigrants who are hired for temporary work has significantly increased. This is especially noticeable in South Korea and Malaysia. Practically all countries to which more than 25,000 people immigrate a year are highly developed countries with a GNP of more than $7,000. US per capita. The source of emigration is developing countries, the main ones being Mexico and Asian countries.

The Russian Federation did not stand aside either. With the emergence of new independent states in post-Soviet space Russia has become one of the centers of migration, on the one hand, hundreds of thousands of former Soviet citizens emigrated from it to permanent place residence mainly in Israel and Germany, and on the other hand, there are more than 1 million foreigners on its territory every year, the vast majority of whom became such after the 1990s. It must also be taken into account that beyond state border The Russian Federation turned out to be more than 20 million Russian citizens.

Socio-political and economic changes in the territory of the former USSR have led to the emergence of new migration trends and phenomena under the influence of economic factors. Political factors also had an impact: the emergence of new countries, interethnic conflicts, military conflicts, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Europe and the Baltic states, the repatriation of Russian-speaking peoples, refugees and forced migrants. If until the 1980s migratory movement to Russia was insignificant, then already from the late 1980s-early 1990s. it has always been active. If we focus on the problem of migration in the Russian Federation, then it is characterized mainly by the flow of refugees and internally displaced persons from the former republics of the USSR, now sovereign states. Forced migration resulting from interethnic conflicts already numbers hundreds of thousands of people, and main reason This is the aggravation of national relations in a number of former republics, the desire to find protection from inequality based on nationality. Yes, since the late 1980s. this stream, caused by armed conflicts, gushed from the republics Central Asia, Transcaucasia. Conflicts between Azerbaijan and Armenia, Georgia and Abkhazia, in South Ossetia, in the Chechen Republic, in Moldova, and in Tajikistan have made hundreds of thousands of people migrants. They became refugees or forced migrants. In Russian law, a forced migrant is “a citizen of the Russian Federation who left his place of residence as a result of violence committed against him or his family members, or because of a real danger of being persecuted on the basis of race or nationality, religion, language, as well as on the basis of belonging to a certain social group or political opinions that have become reasons for conducting hostile campaigns against a specific person or group of people, mass violations of public order. A refugee in Russia is a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and who, due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her citizenship and cannot to enjoy the protection of that country or is unwilling to enjoy such protection because of such fear; or, having no particular nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or unwilling to return to it owing to such fear.

By the end of 1992, over 1 million refugees and internally displaced persons from areas of military conflicts (in the former Soviet republics) were already registered in the post-Soviet space: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, Latvia, Lithuania, Transnistria.

The conflicts that forced them to flee were not resolved and the governments did not express much desire to facilitate the adaptation of these people in new places for fear of weakening the position of countries in the negotiations on the provision of material assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons. Meanwhile, refugee aid organizations could not provide it indefinitely. A number of non-governmental organizations have begun to phase out their activities, intending to shift the burden to development organizations. The latter were not ready to take it upon themselves. As a result, the situation of the displaced worsened, their poverty level increased, as humanitarian assistance was sharply reduced, and assistance from development organizations was not provided at all. Returning to their historical homeland, many faced great difficulties in integrating into the local community. The most acute for them were the problems of lack of citizenship, housing and work. In the early 1990s laws have been passed in a number of republics state language, but the proportion of Russians who spoke the language of the indigenous nation was negligible, approximately 0.1% in Central Asia, 0.8% in Kazakhstan, a little more in other regions, and therefore, among those who came to Russia from the republics of the former USSR, Russians amounted to 78 % of the total mass. Russians left their habitable places mostly for political reasons. Russian-speaking migrants believed that their living conditions in their places of permanent residence were better than in areas where they were supposed to be evicted to Russia, but the migration flows that swept Russia included not only migrants from regions where national minorities are subject to national discrimination, but also repatriates who moved for reasons economic backwardness of the place of residence.

The national legislation of the CIS countries in the field of forced migration still requires improvement. This is evidenced, for example, by the fact that in Russia a number of regions and republics that are subjects of the federation adopted their own regulations in this area in order to temporarily compensate for the absence of federal legislation. Belarus and Ukraine, on the contrary, have a more developed legislative base in this area.

The Republic of Belarus has adopted a number of legal acts aimed at improving the national legislation in the field of forced migration. In May 2001, the Republic of Belarus acceded to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, after which a new version of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Refugees” was developed and adopted, which entered into force in July 2003, which almost fully complies with the provisions of the 1951 Convention.

Normative legal acts were also developed and adopted regulating the stay of refugees in the Republic of Belarus, the rules for the temporary accommodation and detention of foreigners in the event of their mass arrival in the Republic of Belarus, the issues of the procedure for recognizing foreigners as refugees, the rules for establishing guardianship and guardianship over minors, applying for recognition as refugees, and a number of other acts that allow us to talk about the creation of an integral system of legal and social protection persons seeking asylum on the territory of the Republic of Belarus.

The consequences of forced migration can have both negative and positive effects on the economy of the host country. The negative ones include a decrease in the price of labor in the national labor market due to a large influx of population; negative impact on the state budget in connection with the need to pay benefits, housing construction; an increase in crime and various kinds of conflicts due to discontent among local population. Positive consequences include the benefits of host country entrepreneurs, because they receive cheaper and sometimes more highly skilled labor.

LITERATURE
1. Refugees and forced migrants in the CIS states / ed. V. I. Mukomel, E. A. Pain. M., 1996.
2. Bondareva, S. K., Kolesov, D. V. Migration (essence and phenomenon). Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow Psychological and Social Institute; Voronezh: Modek, 2004.
3. Gurvich, I. A. Resettlement of peasants in Siberia. M., 1988.
4. Iontsev, V. A. International population migration: theory and history of study. M., 1999.
5. Krasinets, E., Kubishin, E., Tyuryukanova, E. Illegal migration in Russia. M., 2000.
6. Migration and urbanization in the CIS and the Baltics in the 90s. M., 1999.
7. Migration in the post-Soviet space: political stability and international cooperation / ed. D. R. Azraela, V. I. Mukomel. M.: PRIOR, 2000.
8. On amendments and additions to the law of the Russian Federation "On Refugees": Federal Law // Collection of international legal documents and national legislative acts on refugee issues. Mn.: Theseus, 2000. S. 316-347.
9. Yamzin, I. L., Voshchinin, V. P. The doctrine of colonization and resettlement. M.; L., 1926.

Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Forced migration and peculiarities of migration processes in Russia

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

1.1 The concept of migration, its characteristics and causes

Similar Documents

Historical reference

Basic concepts

Scale of the situation in Russia

Problems and consequences of the process

Journal of International Law and international relations 2005 — № 2

international economic relations

FORCED MIGRATION: ITS CONTENT AND REASONS

LITERATURE