The meaning of cyclopean structures in the modern explanatory dictionary, bse
Megaliths (Greek μέγας-λίθος - "big stone") are ancient stone structures, or separately installed monoliths. In science, there is no clear classification of megaliths. So the same megalithic monuments in various literature can be attributed to different types. Which is a little confusing. The classification of megaliths here is rather conditional. So, on the territory of Georgia were seen:
Menhirs (from Breton menhir, from men - stone and hir - long). There are many of them in Georgia. According to archaeologists, the vertically placed monoliths were a place of worship for pagan gods. With the advent of Christianity, crosses appeared on some of them.
stone boxes . These types of structures can only be attributed to megaliths with some reservations. Usually these are burials in the form of stone boxes built from huge stone slabs.
Dolmens (from Bret. taol maen - stone table). The simplest structure of this type is two or more stones (slabs) covered by another slab on top.
cairns (heap of stones). Also a very conventional name for some megaliths. These are usually several stones or stone slabs stacked one on top of the other.
cromlechs (crom - circle, lech - stone). These are huge boulders laid out in the shape of a circle. Not particularly common in Georgia. One example is the burial ground of the Bronze Age in the Baiburt tract (Tsalka district).
Cyclopean structures . Structures (fortresses, houses) built without the use of cement.
An example of such settlements are: Beshtasheni, Ozni, Avranlo and partially Gokhnari (Lodovani) II.
III group. The third group includes the fortresses of Ashkala, Beshtasheni, where the settlements are also surrounded by fortress walls, and the citadel stands out in them as a separate wall. The presence of the citadel speaks of the emergence of the ruling elite - the leader of the tribe and his family - which is typical for Transcaucasia in the first half of the 1st millennium BC.
IV group. The fourth group includes fortresses characterized by undulating walls with semicircular towers and partial stone processing. The population here no longer fits inside the fortress and settles around. Archaeologists date this type of fortress to the end of the 1st millennium BC.
This group includes such fortresses as Nardevani, Gumbati, Santa.
Group V. The last group represents a certain transformation of cyclopean structures. Unlike more ancient fortresses, smaller stones are used in masonry, often processed. The configuration of the fortresses and dwellings allows them to be attributed to the early Middle Ages (5th - 9th centuries AD). The book does not specify the features of the configuration of buildings characterizing this era, but we will take the word of the authors. An example of such buildings are Shaori and Abuli (Koroglu). It should be noted that this statement regarding the dating of Shaori and Abuli is rather controversial. Some archaeologists suggest that these fortresses date back to the Bronze Age.
In conclusion, I would like to comment on some points that raise questions. It is not entirely clear that Beshtasheni is mentioned three times in the book (I - III groups). Perhaps we are talking about different layers of this building, belonging to different eras. This issue is still to be sorted out on the spot. So far, the author of the article does not have the required amount of material.
Gokhnari (Lodovani) is also mentioned more than once. When visiting this monument, the site team saw the remains of dwellings that can be attributed to the 1st group, as well as traces of the fortress wall, which make it possible to attribute this structure to the 2nd group.
List of megalithic monuments on the territory of Georgia
Due to the huge number of megaliths, this section provides an incomplete list, which will be replenished over time. The coordinates of some monuments from the list will also be specified.
Menhirs
Entel "Stone Man"
Samtskhe-Javakheti. Akhaltsikhe municipality.
The monolith is located south of the village of Uraveli. On the mountain, at the end of the gorge.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°32"18.54"N 43°3"23.34"E
(DM) 41°32.309" N 43°03.389" E
(DD) 41.5385 N 43.0565 E
Kat Kar (Dzukva or dzuzus qua)
Samtskhe-Javakheti. Akhalkalaki municipality.
"Kat Kar" in Armenian means milk stone. In the Georgian version, the monolith is called "dzudzus kva" or abbreviated "dzukva" - "stone - chest". The menhir is located in the village of Murdzhakheti, 4 km south of Akhalkalaki. A monolith with a bas-relief (presumably depicting a veshap) can be found in the old cemetery.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°21"39.06"N 43°28"19.26"E
(DM) 41°21.651" N 43°28.321" E
(DD) 41.3608 N 43.472 E
Stone of Saint Sarkis (Ganzani)
The menhir is located in a small church east of the village of Gandzani. A cross is carved on the menhir. Perhaps the cross appeared in the era of early Christianity. And the menhir itself was erected in the pre-Christian era.
Menhir coordinates:
(DMS) 41°21"16.02"N 43°44"17.46"E
(DM) 41°21.267" N 43°44.291"
(DD) 41.3545 N 43.7382 E
Stone of St. Sarkis (Vladimirovka)
The menhir is located on the outskirts of the village of Vladimirovka, next to the cemetery. 50 meters from the menhir ruins old church(foundation and tombstones scattered around, cladding elements, etc.)
Menhir coordinates:
(DD) 41.41368 N 43.76045 E
"Stone Bride"
Megalith in the form of a cross. It is located near the megalithic settlement of Gokhnari (Lodovani), next to a small church.
Menhir coordinates:
(DMS) 41°40"54.174"N 44°18"22.3704"E
(DM) 41°40.9029" N 44°18.3728" E
(DD) 41.681715 N 44.306214 E
Chivchav menhir
A fragment of the monolith is located near the highway, east of the village of Chivchavi. There is a bas-relief on the monolith. What exactly is depicted is difficult to say. Perhaps Vishap.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°32"9.65"N 44°26"8.195"E
(DM) 41°32.161" N 44°26.137" E
(DD) 41.5360 N 44.4356 E
Samshvilda menhir
Kvemo Kartli. Tetritskaro municipality.
This megalith with a cross and an inscription in Armenian is located inside the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God (mid-11th century) on the territory of the Samshvild settlement.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°30"27.72"N 44°29"47.76"E
(DM) 41°30.462" N 44°29.796" E
(DD) 41.5077 N 44.4966 E
Rekh menhir
A fallen menhir with a petroglyph is located near the church, km. southwest of the village of Reha.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°40"46.72"N 43°50"34.88"E
(DM) 41°40.779"N 43°50.58"E
(DD) 41.6796 N 43.843 E
Teji menhir and fortress
Chikian menhir
Kvemo Kartli. Tsalka municipality.
It is difficult to say which era of the pre-Christian period the monument belongs to. The menhir is installed at the place where volcanic glass (obsidian) comes out. A circle of stones is laid out around the megalith.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°29"49.44"N 43°52"33.18"E
(DM) 41°29.824"N 43°52.553"E
(DD) 41.4971 N 43.8759 E
stone boxes
Armaziskhevi
Mtskheta-Mtianeti. Mtskheta municipality.
At the site of the excavation of the residence of the Pitiakhshas (princes) of Iberia, among the sarcophagi, the foundations of various buildings, one can see stone boxes.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°50"19.7"N 44°40"30"E
(DM) 41°50.328" N 44°40.5" E
(DD) 41.8388 N 44.6750 E
Samtavr burial ground
Mtskheta city.
Burials near Samtavro cover the period from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. until the 10th century AD Since the burial ground covers a rather long period, there are burial structures of various types in it. Among them there are also stone boxes.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°51"5.12"N 44°43"7.41"E
(DM) 41°51.0853"N 44°43.1235"E
(DD) 41.8514 N 44.7187 E
Dolmens
Gokhnari (Lodovani)
Bronze Age settlement. Among the remains of dwellings there are dolmen-like structures.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°40"25"N 44°17"55.32"E
(DM) 41°40.42" N 44°17.922" E
(DD) 41.673611 N 44.298785 E
Cairns (heap of stones)
Samshvild cairn (tetralite)
Cairn is located near the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God on the territory of the Samshvilda settlement.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°30"23.69"N 44°29"53.23"E
(DM) 41°30.3948" N 44°29.8872" E
(DD) 41.5066 N 44.4981 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
Samshvild cairn
A pile of stones at the lake. Madatapa
So far, there is no information on this megalithic structure. As well as the exact coordinates. The lake itself is located southeast of Ninotsminda, almost at the border with Armenia.
The coordinates are being confirmed.
Samtskhe-Javakheti. Ninotsminda municipality.
cromlechs
Cromlech in the Bayburt tract
Burial ground of the Bronze Age (Trialeti culture) in the Bayburt tract. Investigated by Kuftin. The burial ground is located just to the west of the village of Samadlo. stone circle in diameter is 14-15 meters. Near the mound there are three more smaller mounds, also marked with stone circles.
Coordinates:
(DD) 41.654708 N 44.098606 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tsalka.
Cyclopean structures
The ratio of Cyclopean fortresses to megaliths is rather conditional. Most classifications are limited to menhirs, cromlechs, dolmens and sometimes cairns. The rest is a special case of the above types. Nevertheless, in some books devoted to archeology or the history of Georgian architecture, structures of this type are referred to as megalithic monuments.
Cyclopean settlement of Gokhnari (Lodovani)
Dated to the Bronze Age. The settlement was also used in later periods. It is located near the Tsalka highway, 6-7 km west of Manglisi.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°40"25.32"N 44°17"55.32"E
(DM) 41°40.422" N 44°17.922" E
(DD) 41.673611 N 44.298785 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
Cyclopean structures near the lake. Tba
The cyclopean wall is located near the ancient settlement of Gokhnari (Lodovani). The facility is located near the Tsalkinskaya highway, southeast of Lake Tba (Georgian ტბა - "lake"). Today it is partially used by shepherds. One of the buildings has been converted into a toilet (!). Shepherd's camp is a good reference point. The buildings look ancient. Possibly the Bronze Age.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°39"43.2"N 44°16"48.72"E
(DM) 41°39.72" N 44°16.812" E
(DD) 41.6620 N 44.2802 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
Cyclopean settlement of Dageti
Cyclopean structures are located 4 km south of the village of Dageti, on the right bank of the Khrami River. At the fork in the road leading to Bolnisi, not far from the bridge, you can see the ruins of a church. Traces of settlements in its vicinity. The rest of the settlement is quite large area(~ 500x200 m).
Coordinates of the dolmen-shaped structure:
(DMS) 41°30"5.27"N 44°32"24.31"E
(DM) 41°30.0878" N 44°32.4052" E
(DD) 41.5015 N 44.5401 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
"Freezers of Queen Tamara"
A cyclopean settlement somewhere 17-18 km northwest of Tetritskaro. Near the village of Patara Kldeisi.
The buildings appear to be from the Bronze Age. The name "Queen Tamara's Freezers" is clearly popular. apparently local population used ancient rooms as glaciers. Why exactly "Tamara" is unclear. More than once you can meet historical objects, named after her, and having nothing to do with her.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°35"44" N 44°16" 22" E
(DM) 41°35.73" N 44°16.3667" E
(DD) 41.5956 N 44.2728 E
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
Cyclopean wall on Mount Sameba
Kvemo Kartli. Municipality: Tetritskaro.
A cyclopean structure on Mount Sameba (Georgian სამება - Trinity) northeast of the city of Tetritskaro.
Coordinates:
(DMS) 41°33"59.8764"N 44°31"7.2825"E
(DM) 41°33.9979" N 44°31.1214" E
(DD) 41.5666323 N 44.51868959 E
Fortress Santa
Kvemo Kartli. Tsalka municipality. (!!! coordinates inaccurate error ~ 500 m)
The megalithic fortress is located on a mountain north of the village of Santa.
Coordinates (!!! coordinates inexact error ~ 500 m)
(DMS) 41°39"21.1968"N 44°1"7.7376"E
(DM) 41°39.3533" N 44°1.129" E
(DD) 41.655888 N 44.018816 E
Avranlo fortress
Kvemo Kartli. Tsalka municipality.
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First of all, explain what is hidden behind the intriguing name "cyclopean wall"?
Cyclopean buildings are structures made of huge unhewn stone blocks of mortarless masonry of a horizontal plan. The ancient Greeks attributed them to the Cyclopes, hence the name. On the territory of mountainous Ingushetia, such buildings were found at the beginning of the 20th century in the region of the Assinskaya basin. They were studied by prominent scientists: Leonid Semenov, Evgeny Krupnov, but the dating results are ambiguous. The fact is that fragments of ceramics were found next to them, the age of which Vladimir Markovin dated to the Middle Bronze Age - the second millennium BC. I agree with this assessment, since not far away, in the village of Egikal, archaeologists have found crypts of the same time. They were built of processed stone and covered with megaliths. We know that if there are funerary monuments, then settlements of the same period must also be located in the same zone.
By the way, Ingush legends also indirectly indicate their dating, according to which these buildings were erected by giant vampals, who were popularly called "devs". Perhaps the legends about giants originated among the Ingush because of the size of these stones. People could not explain who lifted and turned such massive stone blocks.
But what were these buildings for?
Issues of war and peace have been relevant at all times, and the stone was the best protection. Dimensions stone structures could depend on the mythological component, cult, religious, their construction required collective efforts. But I can not give a definite answer - they are little studied. There is no mass material on these objects, although Professor Maksharip Muzhukhoev worked for several seasons at objects of this type. These structures are very interesting for science, and our center has been planning their study for several years, we are waiting for funding. Research will allow not only to date the monuments, but also to trace material culture population, understand the evolution of construction.
And you, as an archaeologist, admit the existence of giant people in the past?
I will not take the liberty of talking about giants in the form in which we imagine them from fairy tales. But there is a very interesting scientific fact. Recently, we, together with colleagues from the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology. Miklouho-Maclay conducted anthropological research. In the crypts of the Bronze Age in the Assinsk Basin, which we spoke about above, they found burials of people who turned out to be much taller than those buried in the medieval ground crypts of the same zone and modern people. The difference in height averaged about 20 cm. Moreover, we measured not one skeleton, but several. Anthropologists were very surprised. I know of a case when a skeleton of a man 220 cm tall was found in a crypt of the Middle Bronze Age. Very large tibia bones were also found. Travelers of the 18th-19th centuries also reported on huge bones that were kept in the temple of Tkhaba-Yerdy and taken out during a drought, after which it rained. There is also a three-meter stone stele, which, according to legend, was put in its height by the ancestor of the Ingush teip of the Tumgoevs - Giy. And yet these are particulars. To talk about the growth of people of that era, we need, of course, more facts and research.
Significance of CYCLOPIC CONSTRUCTIONS in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB
CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES
buildings from large hewn stone blocks without a binder solution; the ancient Greeks attributed them to the Cyclopes (Cyclops). Relate for the most part To Bronze Age, are known in the Mediterranean, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea, etc.
TSB. Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB. 2003
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES
buildings from large hewn stone blocks without a binder solution; the ancient Greeks attributed them to the Cyclopes (Cyclops). Relate mostly to the bronze ... - CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES
structures, cyclopean structures, buildings made of huge boulders without a binding solution (cement, lime, etc.). The name was given by the ancient Greeks like... - CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- CYCLOPIC STRUCTURES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
buildings from large hewn stone blocks without a binder solution. They were built from the end of the Neolithic to the early Iron ... - CYCLOPIC in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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(from hydro ... and technology), a branch of science and technology that studies water resources, their use for various economic purposes ... - WATER SUPPLY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a set of measures to provide water to its various consumers - the population, industrial enterprises, transport, etc. (see Water consumption). Complex of engineering… - ARCHITECTURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(lat. architectura, from the Greek architekton - builder), architecture, a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people, ... - AZERBAIJANIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republics), Azerbaijan. I. General information The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28, 1920. From March 12 ... - YANINA, LAKE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Janina) - a lake in Lower Albania (Epirus), in European Turkey, at an altitude of 520 m above sea level, occupies the bottom of a huge ... - POWER PLANTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I. General concepts. — II. Types of E. stations for the production of E. energy. — III. Their classification. - IV. Buildings and… - SIBERIAN RAILWAY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I History of the building. Question about construction in Siberia railway was raised for the first time in the late 1950s. XIX table. at … - SARDINIA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Sardegna, Sardi) - one of the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, which are part of the Italian kingdom; lies between 38°52" and 41°16"N. sh. … - ROMAN ART in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
It is customary to call the Romanesque style the style of architecture and other branches of art that arose in Western Europe at the end of the 10th century and lasted ... - LATINS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(historical) - latin tribe(Latini) inhabited a plain bounded by C south current Tiber, in the Apennines, in the south of the Massik mountain ...
Cyclopean structures are ancient stone structures, the construction of which used cyclopean masonry. This type masonry is typical for Mycenaean architecture and dates back to the XIV - XIII centuries BC. e. The peculiarity of these architectural creations is that they were built from huge limestone boulders, stacked on top of each other. At the same time, a fastening solution was not used, and the boulders themselves were only slightly processed. The gaps between them were filled with small pieces of limestone.
Such buildings were held due to the gravity of huge stones and were distinguished by amazing strength. This is evidenced by the fact that some of these man-made creations have survived to this day, having stood for almost 3.5 thousand years.
An example of cyclopean masonry
An example here is palace complex found on the territory of Boeotia in Gla. Experts attributed it to the Mycenaean period, and in terms of its area it was 10 times larger than Athens. Archaeologists have unearthed fortification walls, which were built using cyclopean masonry. The length of the discovered walls was 2.8 km with a height of 3-5 m and a width of 6.75 m. In some places, the walls were built directly on the rocks. This building dates back to the 14th century BC. e.
Many cyclopean structures have been discovered in Sicily. Their greatest concentration is observed in the eastern part of the island. In the southern part of Cyprus in modern Larnaca, the city-state of Kition, erected in the 13th century BC, was excavated. e. Its city walls were also built using cyclopean masonry.
There are similar structures in Sardinia. In particular, these are Nuraghi - megalithic towers. It is estimated that about 20 thousand of them were built. All of them were made of large limestone stones, not fastened with mortar. Mention should also be made of the Cyclopean walls erected at Mycenae and Tiryns. It is known about them from the descriptions of the ancient Greek traveler and geographer Pausanias, who lived in the 2nd century AD. e.
This respectable person in all respects wrote that he saw parts of the city wall of Mycenae and a gate on which stood lions. There were similar walls in Tiryns. They were made during the time of Preta (mythical king of Argos and Tiryns, father of Perseus). The walls are made of huge uncut stones, so large that even a pair of mules could not move them.
Further, Pausanias stated that the data majestic buildings made the Cyclopes - mighty one-eyed giants. People simply would not have the strength to build something like that. Since then, with the light hand of Pausanias, such man-made creations have been referred to as cyclopean structures.
The entrance gate of the acropolis of Mycenae with a bas-relief depicting lions, and fragments of the city walls have survived to this day. This is a monumental ancient architecture, and it weighs many hundreds of tons. It is quite understandable that this begs the question of how ancient people could build such a huge structure without owning modern technologies. This remains a mystery, since experts have no rational explanation.
Lion Gate in Mycenae, but in this case we see not cyclopean, but hewn masonry
In 1898, Harry Thurston Peck, a professor at Columbia University, systematized the Cyclopean masonry, dividing it into 4 categories:
1. The oldest masonry, consisting of uncut stones of various sizes. Between them there were free spaces, which were filled with small stones.
2. Polyhedral stones, which were processed at the points of contact with each other, and there were no free spaces left.
4. All stones are rectangular. They are hewn, but not always had the same height. Such masonry was common in Attica ( historical area centered in Athens).
This classification has now changed. Cyclopean structures are considered as such if they are completed in accordance with category 1, 2 or 3. But the 4th category no longer applies to cyclopean masonry. It is considered as masonry using hewn stones (hewn masonry). But for any category, the building material was not fastened with mortar, and the structure retained its solidity due to gravity.
