Prerequisites for migration. Population migration in the modern world

INTRODUCTION

1. REASONS FOR MIGRATION

2. ILLEGAL MIGRATION

3. RACISM AND MIGRATION

4. THE SITUATION OF MIGRANTS IN A CRISIS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Modern migration processes in the world are one of the key problems of all mankind. The essence of these processes is the desire of migrants for well-being and security, which are inextricably linked. The reasons for migration can be local or regional military conflicts, natural and man-made disasters, epidemics, famine, low living standards, political processes, and many others. As a global challenge, migration always poses a threat to the sustainable development of the countries where migrants arrive. Involuntary unemployment, lack of money, employment and any social status pushes migrants to earn money and material goods. A similar pattern of migration is the same on all continents. Based on the social essence of the problem of migration, it can be argued that all known negative social phenomena constantly accompany migration.

1. REASONS FOR MIGRATION

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, there has been a significant increase in such a process as migration. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were 36-42 million labor migrants in the world alone, with members of their families - 80-97 million people, and according to some estimates - even 120 million people.

What are the causes of migration, and what dangers does it bring?

Population migration - population movements associated with a change of residence. This is a complex social process that performs important functions in the life of society and the individual.

The historical role of population migration is associated with the processes of settling the earth, the formation and mixing of races and peoples; economic - with the economic development of the land, the development of productive forces, the connection of geographically distributed natural resources and means of production with labor power; social - associated with a more complete realization of the needs of the population in housing, work, social and professional advancement, etc.

Population migrations can be permanent (moving for permanent or long-term residence) and temporary, seasonal (moving for a relatively short period of time). According to the UN methodology, persons who live in a new place for more than 6 months are recognized as migrants.

The main reasons for migration are:

1. Moving people in search a better life;

2. Flight from places of warfare;

3. Flight from justice.

Among the reasons for migration, socio-economic factors prevail. However, at certain periods in different countries political, national, religious factors come to the fore. During wars (world and local), refugees and displaced persons become the main contingents of migrants.

The most popular reason for migration is, of course, migration for the sake of seeking a better life. Millions of people move to permanent place residence in other countries. The largest flows of migrants go to the United States and Western Europe. What reasons motivate these countries to accept migrants? Main the main reason is that in these rich countries it is not prestigious to engage in dirty and low-paid work, there are no potential workers for such positions, and the only way out is to attract foreign labor. Europeans need "slaves", but not in the original concept of the word "slave", but slaves who will be, for little money and for the opportunity to stay in this country, work, work hard and hard at non-prestigious jobs. Can a European be a cleaner, scavenger, dishwasher??? No. Therefore, the way out is to attract migrants - cheap labor. Few first or second generation immigrants have good wages, their own apartment or house, an expensive car...

The flight from the places of warfare and the flight from justice does not require an explanation. Refugees are removed from their places of permanent residence in search of a peaceful, safe place. Also, many people are fleeing the prosecution of justice for their crimes.

At present, experts distinguish three types of migration:

1) Internal migration, within the same country or region;

2) Interstate, when migration involves the movement of people to neighboring countries;

3) Transnational, observed in the case when migrants cross the territory of several countries, possibly in different ways, but to a certain final country.

In countries with a vast territory, diverse geographical and economic conditions, internal migration of the population is especially common, which is based on the same reasons as the external ones: the search for work and housing, differences in wages and living standards, the possibility of professional growth, national and social security, etc.

A feature of the global migration process is also the qualitative changes caused by the scientific and technological revolution, the essence of which is a significant increase in the share of qualified specialists among the migrants. Today, this process has some new features (See ibid.).

Firstly. The "brain drain" was replaced by their circulation: there was a diversification of migration directions. The US continues to be a recognized center of gravity for professionals. But at the same time, representatives of the professional elite from industrialized countries, as already noted, go to temporary work in developing countries.

Secondly. A fundamentally new phenomenon was the movement of professionals not only "toward capital", but also "simultaneously with capital or after it." First of all, this is due to the activities of TNCs and great opportunities career advancement for professionals.

Third. The current level of migration of professionals is inherent in a fundamentally different organizational level, expressed in the emergence of a kind of international corporation of "bounty hunters".

Fourth. There is an integration of the higher education system. It involves continuing education of students from many countries of the world, for example, in the USA or Japan (for Chinese students). The effectiveness of this method of training specialists for sending countries is undoubted. However, many of them do not return to their homeland.

It should also be noted that countries that had the status of a metropolis in the past are guided by the import of labor from their former colonies and dependent countries.

If in the countries of traditional migration (USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa) in the XIX century. and the first half of the twentieth century. only Europeans left, then in the 80-90s they made up an insignificant part of migrants. The immigration flows to these countries are dominated by people from Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean.

One of the characteristic features of the modern stage international migration workforce has become increasingly active state intervention in this process. It regulates transactions in the global labor market, grants entry permits and monitors the timing of the departure of migrants, recruits and creates favorable conditions for hiring foreign workers.

2. ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Common scourge - illegal migration. Almost every day, say, from Spain or Italy, there are reports that a ship has been detained, on which migrants, bypassing the law, tried to get to the "promised land", where they can live with dignity... The relevance of illegal migration is becoming important in connection with the activation of international extremist and terrorist organizations, as well as the expansion of drug smuggling.

The leaders of many countries of the world are concerned that illegal migrants have a negative impact on the socio-economic and criminal situation.

Migration like a prime example the desire of people to search for any form of income and obtain material benefits is accompanied by criminal activity. Organized crime around the world finds a huge number of "recruits" among illegal migrants. This happens regardless of race or religion. Often a person who is forced to become an illegal migrant is dissatisfied with his position and status, and has no means of subsistence.

Becoming members of criminal organized communities, former migrants quickly acquire their place and always strive to form groups of compatriots who are also involved in criminal business. The range of this criminal business is very wide. Ranging from smuggling to drugs and terrorism.

The direct connection between illegal migration and drugs has long been established and has become a headache for governments in many countries around the world. Information and statistics on the massive involvement of illegal migration in the process of smuggling and distribution of illegal drugs is reflected in the reports and reports of leading international organizations - the UN, ASEAN, IDEC, INCB, etc.

What are the disadvantages of illegal migration? First, the inter-ethnic situation is aggravated. The gulf between local residents and migrants, if they profess a different religion or have a different skin color, increases and this problem can spill over beyond the limits of patience, pouring into the streets in the form of pogroms, riots, ethnic crimes. Secondly, people from the Caucasian countries and countries Central Asia, for the most part, have no concept of honest business. There is a problem of an increased level of criminality - drug trafficking, arms trafficking, prostitution, kidnapping, murders, robberies, theft, etc. Irregular migrants are the main offenders.

3. RACISM AND MIGRANTS

We are different. And we can't help but realize it. Xenophobia is a natural human property. As natural as curiosity. Meeting with the unknown is fraught with both danger, possibly fatal, and the opportunity to gain new knowledge and skills. An individual or population that implements a successful survival strategy will always show a normal reaction to the new - a mixture of curiosity and alertness. The absence of one of the components dooms to inevitable defeat.

At the level of social, cultural or ideological groups, these statements are obvious and are not disputed by anyone. The problems start exclusively at the ethnic level.

It seems that people who categorically reject ethnic generalizations are simply deprived of the appropriate receptors responsible for recognizing "friend or foe." Color-blind people live in the world - and nothing. True, color-blind people do not demand with foam at the mouth that normal people give up their “wrong” picture of the world ...

In every society, from time to time, the balance of curiosity and alertness towards "foreigners" is disturbed. Both in that and in the other direction. The reasons are very different, but for any nation there is a threshold number of guests, beyond which the growth in the number of “outsiders” begins to be perceived as a threat to ethnic identity itself. The height of the threshold can vary depending on the economic and demographic situation, and on the political well-being of the indigenous ethnic group, and on the degree of complimentary guests and hosts. But the presence of the threshold itself cannot be canceled. If the number of migrants obviously exceeds the ability of the hosts to integrate newcomers, excesses are inevitable.

Over the past decade, there has been an alarming rapid increase in the incidence of intolerance, discrimination, racism and xenophobia in the form of open violence against migrants in virtually every region of the world. Studies show that racial discrimination in the workplace can have a serious impact on the situation of minorities and migrant workers and on the future development and careers of their children. Employees who are discriminated against on the basis of their race, color, nationality, origin and ethnicity experience stress, anger and fatigue, which can ultimately affect the quality of work

4. THE STATE OF MIGRANTS IN A CRISIS

Financial economic crisis, which has already passed into a social crisis, makes itself felt in all spheres of life and activity of European countries.

Everyone suffers during a crisis. Over the past four decades, international migration has flowed in only one direction. Year after year, millions of people moved from poor to rich countries and from rural to urban areas. Today, 200 million people are immigrants - those who risked their lives and fortunes to avoid death and achieve their dreams. But now - and this is perhaps one of the most dramatic effects of the global economic crisis - the human tide is slowing down and even beginning to roll back.

As job prospects are dim even in the richest countries, and anti-immigration measures are getting tougher, would-be Third World emigrants are abandoning plans to move "north" to industrialized countries. Migration experts predict a 30 percent drop in South-North migration this year. Perhaps more significant, waves of foreign workers are beginning to head home. According to Joseph Chamie, former head of the United Nations Population Fund, a number of countries report a net outflow of migrants, including Spain, the Czech Republic, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. "We may soon see a tsunami of migrants returning home," he says.

The turn of migration flows by 180 degrees is perhaps the most visible symbol of the end of an era.: The free flow of goods, services, money and people that set the direction of globalization and led us to an exceptional period of global growth that began in the late 1970s is coming to an end. Banks are sitting on their money, trade is slowing down, and migration is the subject of criticism. From many countries, the outflow has already begun. The British Institute for Social and Economic Research (Economic Social Research Institute) estimates that 30,000 workers, mostly foreigners, could leave Ireland, which is experiencing a depression, in the first quarter of this year. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed migrant workers from the former Soviet republics and countries of the Eastern bloc are also returning home, having earned practically nothing in a foreign land. And Malaysia, where the arrival and expulsion of hordes of foreign workers has long been commonplace, was forced to send home some 200,000 Indonesian citizens after the massive closure of factories in 2008.

As the global crisis deepens, this trend is likely to accelerate. The World Labor Organization predicts that the recession will wipe out 52 million jobs globally this year, amid lower demand in the energy sector, light industry, construction, healthcare and hotel business are all magnets for migration, both foreign and domestic. The result: up to half of the 13 million foreign oil and service workers in the Gulf States could be laid off in the coming months. They will have to go home. In Japan, where even giants like Toyota operate intermittently, 10 of Brazil's 317,000 temporary workers have lost their jobs in the past four months. Since the provision of housing is usually conditional on employment contracts many of them are now leaving.

Meanwhile, about 20 million peasants who rushed to the cities during the industrial boom years in mainland China are returning to their villages after the assembly lines stopped in Shandong, Dongguan and Shanghai. A similar phenomenon is taking place in India, where factories are closing in major cities. Worse, there is no improvement on the horizon. "This is the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, and the situation for migrants is likely to get much worse," said Demetrios Papademetriou, head of the US Migration Policy Institute.

If these trends continue, demographic experts say it could bring the end of one of the most dramatic chapters in the history of global migration closer. During the growth of the global economy over the past four decades, the most hardworking citizens of poor countries began to break free from the “poverty trap”, as scientists call it, and dream of living in foreign lands. At the same time, there was a baby boom in developing countries and "millions of babies became millions of young people," says Harvard economist Jeffrey Williamson, precisely those who are most likely to succumb to the temptations of migration. Spurred on by technological advances that have made it easier to find work in a distant country and send money home, tens of millions of people have gone abroad by sea, mountains and deserts, nearly doubling the total migrant population since 1975. According to Papademetriou, it was "one of the most colorful eras of human migration in peacetime."

Industrialized countries tended to welcome them with open arms, and by the end of the 1990s the share of migrants in the population the globe hit an all-time high of 3 percent and stayed there for the previous decade. But now, despite the growth of the world's population (albeit at a slower pace than in the past), the percentage of migrants is declining.

The growth of urbanization and the number of women in the labor market contributed to the decline in the birth rate in Third World countries, easing the demographic pressure that forced millions of people to leave their country. Improving conditions in emerging markets have convinced many people to stay at home. Today, the deepening recession in the richest countries has become a decisive factor for many people who have decided to wait it out at home. For example, in 2000-2006. 1 million Mexicans crossed the border with the United States every month. But with the US job market shrinking and Mexico expected to grow by 1 percent this year, experts predict that 39 percent fewer Mexicans will head north in 2009. Similarly, few people in India will want to take the place of compatriots who have returned unemployed from the crisis-hit Gulf states.

In countries Western Europe there is now a curtailment of production everywhere - at enterprises, in service staff, as a result of which the number of unemployed is increasing almost every day. In total this year European Union more than 5 million people will lose their jobs, and unemployment has already exceeded 8 percent of the working-age population in all countries, including Switzerland. Accordingly, unemployment hit the citizens who arrived in Western Europe from Eastern European countries. These migrants have no choice but to go back, which they do in droves.

However, the return of migrants to their country does not solve the problems of this category of workers. The fact is that the crisis creates in the countries of Eastern Europe the same problems as in Western Europe, but with the addition of even greater difficulties and complications. In these countries, most of the banks have become financially broke, as a result of which production is being curtailed, and unemployment is also rising.

All the hope of the Eastern European countries is on the senior partners in the European Union, who, however, are not able to provide them with assistance in the amount they ask for.

CONCLUSION

In the new century, the West will have to face a dangerous challenge generated by large-scale immigration from the countries of the "third" world. The historical conditions under which this challenge becomes a reality are very specific.

First, the modern West is no longer capable of those forms of external expansion that it mastered in previous historical periods. With the refusal to preserve (rather than disintegrate) European colonial empires, the trend towards mass emigration from developed countries towards the "third" world faded away. The important lesson of history is that Western social orders were not established in those countries where Europeans did not constitute a stable majority of the population. They took root only in those regions that A. Maddison, one of the most original economic historians, aptly called "stepsons" of Western civilization (Western offshoots). Thus, the first of the types of migration named at the beginning of the article seems to have exhausted its possibilities.

Secondly, the migration from the periphery to the center, so well known in the past historical eras, is now determined by the conscious individual choice of each migrant. He perceives life in an alien environment as survival; under these conditions, both parties - both migrants and indigenous people- inevitably strive to preserve their own traditions rather than to assimilate others. Thus, the potential of the second type of migration processes is exhausted.

The problem of immigration is so important today precisely because it contains a much larger question of the relationship between variability and continuity, the question of how much it is permissible to neglect one in favor of the other.

We are different. We have different behavioral stereotypes, economic ethics, songs, dances, rituals and beliefs. We must take care to cause each other less inconvenience by manifestations of this very "difference". And it is obvious that guests should take care of this much more than the hosts.

REFERENCES

1. Arkhipov Yu. A. Migration situation and its impact on the situation in the country and the region // Migration and internal security. Aspects of interaction. Collection of materials of the IX International seminar on topical issues of migration (June 23-24, 2003, Moscow). M., 2003.- S. 39.

2. Zbarskaya I. A. Preliminary results of the All-Russian population census // Migration and internal security / Collection of materials of the IX International seminar on topical issues of migration. June 23-24, 2003 M., 2003. - S. 56

3. Zorin A. Migration: a small migration of peoples / Politics and society. - 2009. - No. 2

4. Inozemtsev V.L. Immigration / V. Inozemtsev // Sociological research. - 2003. - No. 4.- P. 72.

5. Malakhov V. Racism and migrants / V. Malakhov // Emergency reserve. - 2002. - No. 5 (25).

6. Migration policy Western countries. Alternatives for Russia. M., 2003. - S. 163.

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 1

1. Essence of external migrations ………………………………………………….….. 1

2. Migration caused by political reasons ………………………..….. 3

3. Migration caused by economic reasons …………………..……… 5

References ………………………………………………………………………16

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to identify the main causes and directions that cause international, or external, migration of the population from the Second World War to the present day, as well as to identify the most characteristic features of these migrations. The work includes four sections.

The first section discusses the main concepts and provisions associated with the phenomenon of external migration, and gives a general description of this phenomenon.

The second section is devoted to external migrations caused by political reasons.

The third section deals with the most common type of external migration - economically motivated migration.

In the final, fourth, section, based on the analysis of the information presented in the previous sections, a conclusion is made about the main directions external migrations in modern world.

1. The essence of external migrations

International migration includes two main components: emigration and immigration. Emigration means leaving the country for permanent residence, while immigration means entering the country for permanent residence. International migration also includes the process of repatriation - the return to the country of origin of citizens who previously left it.

International migrants fall into five main categories:

immigrants and non-immigrants legally admitted to the country. For countries that traditionally accept immigrants, the 80s - 90s. were a period of high levels of immigration;

contract migrant workers. them by the end of the 90s. There are more than 25 million people in the world. Many countries depend on foreign labor. Arrangements for its contracting are concluded between countries with excess labor in some parts of Asia and, for example, a number of countries Middle East, Europe;

illegal immigrants. Their number in the late 90s. exceeded 30 million people. Almost all industrialized countries have illegal immigrants. Some of them cross the border, others remain in a foreign country with expired visas; they usually replace jobs at the bottom of the labor hierarchy;

asylum seekers. Until the 80s. the number of this category of migrants was extremely insignificant, then it increased markedly - up to more than 1 million people by the end of the 90s. People apply for asylum for political reasons, as well as due to the difficult economic situation in their countries;

refugees. Filed by the UN, in the world at the end of the 90s. there are more than 22 million refugees (of which about 4 million have returned to their places of former residence, but are under the patronage of the UN). Most of today's refugees live in special camps. Under the tutelage of the UN or private agencies. It is estimated that only less than 1% of refugees settle in the developed countries of the West.

In many countries of the world, external migration, i.e. emigration and immigration, have a great influence on the size of the population and its composition (and, as a result, on the economic and political situation). External migrations in the modern world, especially in recent decades, have played and are playing an important and multifaceted role in the development of mankind.

Under the external, or international, migrations of the population, it is customary to understand the territorial movements of the population with the crossing of state borders. Modern science distinguishes chronologically the following types of international migration: irrevocable, temporary-permanent (movement of the population for a period of 1 to 6 years), seasonal and so-called pendulum (caused by daily or weekly moving to neighboring countries, usually for work).

Without exception, all international migrations are caused by two types of reasons: political and economic. Migration for political reasons is a consequence of the existence (emergence, fall) in some countries of certain political regimes, or a consequence of armed conflicts, and often give rise to a large number of forced migrants, refugees, displaced persons, etc. A characteristic feature of such migrations is their irregularity. It should also be noted that politically induced migrations, although caused by non-economic reasons, lead to a redistribution of labor resources between countries, which affects the development of the economy of both emigration and immigration countries.

In terms of their scale, migrations for political reasons cannot be compared with migrations caused by economic reasons. The latter are more or less permanent in nature and involve huge masses of people. The following sections will discuss both types of migration and outline the direction of movement of migrants for each case.

2. Migration due to political reasons

The second half of the 20th century was probably the most politically turbulent period in the history of modern civilization, brought a huge number of internal and external political conflicts and, as a result, gave rise to the largest flows of international political migrants.

A classic example of migration for political reasons is the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mainly representatives of the intellectual circles of society (Albert Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger, Enrico Fermi, etc.) from Nazi Germany and Italy before World War II, as well as from Francoist Spain. In the mid-70s, after General Pinochet came to power in Chile, more than 1 million people left this country. Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, in Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, and many other countries.

As a result of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, almost 10 million Germans were resettled from the countries of Eastern Europe to the FRG, the GDR and West Berlin. After the Second World War, the largest migration flows were associated with the establishment of new state borders, the emergence of the world socialist system and the collapse of the colonial system. So, for example, according to the Postdam Agreement of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, the eastern border of Germany passed along the Oder-Neisse line, and the German population living earlier to the east of this line, as well as in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, was in the vast majority resettled in what was then the GDR and the FRG. In East Asia, about 6 million people were resettled to Japan, mainly from China and Korea.

The collapse of the colonial system in the 50-70s led to the outflow of the white population from the former colonies to the metropolis. Most of the British returned from India, Pakistan, a number of other possessions, the French - from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, the Italians - from Libya, Ethiopia, the Portuguese - from Angola and Mozambique. The formation of independent India and Pakistan on the territory of the former British India, followed by the transformation of East Pakistan into the state of Bangladesh, in total led to the resettlement of 18 million people. It was carried out mainly on a religious basis: Hindus returned to India, and Muslims to Pakistan and Bangladesh.

The political events of the late 80s - early 90s in Eastern Europe and the USSR (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the destruction of the Iron Curtain, the unification of the FRG and the GDR, etc.) gave rise to another strong wave of external migrations . Germany has become a country of mass immigration, which in 1989 alone received more than 1 million migrants, including 720,000 ethnic Germans from the GDR, Eastern European countries, and the USSR. In 1990 another 600,000 migrants arrived in the country. The Soviet Union, on the contrary, turned into a country of mass emigration: in 1987-1990, about 1 million people went abroad. If in 1980 34 thousand people left the country, then in 1990 - 316 thousand people (without children).

However, if in the case of the republics of the USSR and European states, migrations were of a relatively civilized nature, then in the second half of the twentieth century, many countries were faced with the acute problem of refugees. As a rule, these are large masses of people spontaneously leaving countries and regions engulfed in wars and conflicts, bringing significant difficulties to the host countries.

Large internal and external flows of refugees have been and are observed in many politically disadvantaged countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Cyprus, Israel), Africa (Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia , Uganda, South Africa), Latin America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru). Most of the refugees in the 1980s were accepted by Pakistan (3.6 million) and Iran (2.8 million), mainly from Afghanistan, Jordan (900 thousand), Malawi (800 thousand). All this for the most part is an "echo" of various kinds of territorial conflicts, national strife, famine, but also a sharp political struggle, often acquiring the character of long-term military operations.

The number of refugees increased dramatically in the 1980s and 1990s. The collapse of Yugoslavia and hostilities on the territory of the former Soviet republics also gave rise to refugee flows, which in total exceeded 2.5 million people.

In Africa, the number of refugees approached 12 million, in Asia it exceeded 5 million. The largest number of refugees (5 million) are from Afghanistan. Large masses of Cambodian refugees - 350 thousand - live in Thailand, 100 thousand Iraqis - in Iran, 100 thousand Myanmarans - in Bangladesh. There are about 1.8 million refugees in Europe and 1 million in the US. Civil strife in the former Yugoslavia has created the deepest crisis in the refugee movement in the last decade. In mid-1992 there were over 2.3 million internally displaced persons, 0.5 million of whom sought refuge abroad. A large flow of refugees created the collapse of the USSR - over 6 million people.

The formation of independent states in a number of cases was accompanied by large-scale migration movements. From the former colonies that became sovereign states, as a rule, the white population that previously lived there emigrated. The formation of Israel and its military actions against neighboring states led to the deportation of about 3 million people, Palestinian Arabs. Political changes in Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, military aggressions and civil wars in a number of these states have caused significant population movements.

The 20th century is often referred to as the century of refugees. In 1994 their number exceeded 27.4 million (1980 - 9.6 million). Forced migration has acquired a global character, affecting many countries. The bulk of forced migrants (83%) settled in developing countries, although many managed to get to developed and economically and politically prosperous countries.

3. Migration driven by economic reasons

Let us now consider economic migrations. Traditionally, such migrations are referred to as labor migrations in the literature. However, due to the fact that in recent decades the concept of “brain drain” has arisen and taken root, denoting the labor migration of a highly skilled workforce, in this paper the terms “brain drain” and “labor migration” are differentiated.

The main role in the modern international movement of the population is played by migrations caused by economic reasons, most often called labor migrations. People move from country to country in search of the desired job and an adequate standard of living, and the length of stay in the country of arrival can vary from a few hours or days to decades. The scale of labor migration in the world is constantly growing, and almost all countries are involved in this process. International labor migration has assumed an unprecedented character and is becoming a typical phenomenon in the socio-economic life of the modern world.

At the beginning of 1993, there were about 30 million migrant workers. Taking into account their family members, participants of commuting (“frontaliers”), seasonal migrants and illegal immigrants, the total number of labor migrants is estimated to be four to five times higher.

The possibility of international labor migration is created by national differences in wages. The need for migratory movements of wage labor from country to country is dictated by the uneven formation of relative overpopulation in the international arena. The labor force is moving from labor-rich countries to capital-rich countries. More than half of international migrants come from developing countries, 2/3 of them are in industrialized countries. The influx of new contingents of migrants to these countries is associated with qualitative disproportions in their labor markets.

In the second half of the last century, modern centers of attraction for immigrants were formed. Emigration began to go from less developed to more developed countries. The most powerful center of attraction has developed in Western Europe; as a result, it has turned from a supplier of emigrants into a center of attraction for the labor force. Already in the early 1950s, there were about 15 million migrant workers and members of their families in the EU countries. In the mid-1970s, a major center of immigration developed in the Persian Gulf region, and in the early 1990s, foreigners made up 70% of the workforce there. Israel has become a kind of center of attraction for immigrants, nationalistic in nature. Its population increased by 2/3 due to migration flows and to a large extent (by 1/3) due to immigrants from the Soviet Union. Another example of the scale of the influence of external migrations on the size and composition of the population of modern countries can be Germany (see Table 1.)

Tab. 1. Population growth in Germany, thousand people

In Latin America, Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela, with 5 to 8 million immigrants, have become the centers of attraction for the labor force. In Africa, South Africa and Côte d'Ivoire have become centers of attraction for the labor force.

The main suppliers of labor in Asia have been and are India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Lebanon in the Middle East. Jordan, Turkey, in Africa - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ghana, Mali, Chad, Guinea, Mozambique, in North America- Mexico, in Europe - Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland.

Population migration(lat. migratio - resettlement) - the movement of people from one region (country, world) to another, in some cases in large groups and over long distances .. The Russian scientist O. D. Vorobyova writes in her works that population migration is " any territorial movement of the population associated with the crossing of both external and internal borders administrative-territorial formations in order to change their permanent place of residence or temporary stay in the territory for study or work, regardless of whether it occurs under the prevailing influence of what factors - attracting or pushing.

Terminology

People who migrate are called migrants. There are external migrations (intercontinental, interstate) and internal (within the country - between regions, cities, rural areas, etc.).

Persons who have resettled outside the country - emigrants who have resettled in this country- immigrants. The difference between the number of the former and the latter is the migration balance, which directly affects the population of the country.

Different researchers put the most diverse meaning into the concept of "population migration".
The English scientist E. G. Ravenstein is the author of one of the first deep theoretical studies in the field of migration (1885). Having studied migration processes in Great Britain and North America, Ravenstein formulated eleven migration laws, on which many theories in the field of migration were subsequently based. The main ones are the following:

• most migrations are carried out over short distances;
• the larger the territorial center, the more attractive influence it has;
• each migration flow has its own counter-flow;
• height major cities to a greater extent due to the migration of the population, rather than natural growth in it;
• the scale of migration increases with the development of industry and trade, and especially with the development of transport;
• economic reasons for migration are decisive.

There are as many definitions of "population migration" as there are authors of these definitions. V. A. Iontsev counted about 36 different definitions in Russian publications alone. Based on the analysis of foreign and domestic literature, V. Iontsev also developed the most full classification directions in the theoretical understanding of population migration. It includes 17 different approaches to the study of population migration, which, according to him, combined 45 scientific directions, theories and concepts. Of these, 5 theories fall on the economic approach, 5 - on the sociological, 4 - on the purely migration, 3 - on the demographic, 2 - on the historical, typological, political, and one each - on the remaining nine approaches.

Migration ensures the connection of geographically distributed (across continents, countries, regions within countries) natural resources and means of production with labor, helps to meet the needs of the population in obtaining work, housing, livelihood, social and professional mobility, changing social status, and other characteristics of life. population status, and so on.

Statistics

According to the report of the International Organization for Migration, the number of international migrants in 2010 amounted to 214 million people or 3.1% of the world's population. If the growth of this indicator continues at the same rate, then by 2050 it will reach 405 million tons.

According to the report of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, published on September 11, 2013, the number of migrants in the world amounted to 232 million people or 3.2% of the world's population. The world's largest migration corridors were Mexico - the United States with 13 million migrated (in January - August 2013), Russia - Ukraine with 3.5 million, Ukraine - Russia with 2.9 million, and Kazakhstan - Russia with 2. 5 million

Official data on population migration do not always show the full picture of what is happening. Thus, interns and students who arrived in another country to study in another country are not officially considered migrants, tourists, some of whom, having entered the country on tourist visa are employed illegally. Also, basically no one takes into account migrants who are not registered, despite the fact that the purpose of their entry is often employment in the country of destination.

Classification of migration movement

Different types of migration include:

• external and internal;
• seasonal migration of tourists and agricultural workers;
• migration from rural areas to cities occurring in developing countries in the process of industrialization (urbanization);
• migration from cities to the countryside, more common in developed countries(ruralization);
• nomadism and pilgrimage;
• temporary and long-term;
• pendulum;
• border or transit.

Form classification:

• publicly organized;
• unorganized.

Reason classification:

• economic;
• social;
• cultural;
• political;
• military.

Classification by stages:

• making decisions;
• territorial movement;
• adaptation.

Reasons for migration

The reasons for internal migration are job search, improvement of living conditions, raising the standard and changing lifestyle, etc. Internal migrations especially common in countries with a vast territory, diverse natural, climatic and economic conditions. In countries with a vast territory, a significant place is occupied by seasonal labor migrations - temporary movements of labor to the countryside to perform seasonal and agricultural work, and from the countryside temporary seasonal movement to the city - otkhodnichestvo.

The main reason for international migration is economic: the difference in the level of wages that can be received for the same job in different countries of the world. The shortage of specialists in a particular profession in a certain region increases wages for this profession and, accordingly, stimulates the influx of migrants. For external migrations of the labor force, the increasing proportion of highly qualified specialists in its composition is characteristic. This form of migration began in the 1930s, when the United States was able to select refugee scientists from Nazi Germany. At the present stage, the main directions of migration of highly qualified specialists are from the countries of Eastern Europe to the USA, Canada, and a number of Western European countries.

Migration is partly driven by causes such as wars (emigration from Iraq and Bosnia to the US and UK), political conflicts (emigration from Zimbabwe to the US) and natural disasters (migration from Montserrat to the UK due to a volcanic eruption).

Forced migration can serve as a means of social control of authoritarian regimes, while voluntary migration is a means of social adaptation and the cause of urban population growth.

Consequences of migration

Migration is a rather complex and controversial process. Having a number of advantages and positive results for the development of receiving and sending countries, it also leads to negative consequences. How more population countries are involved in migration processes, the more acute are its consequences. For example, migration contributes to the improvement of the material well-being of families, but at the same time, the preservation of the family and the upbringing of children is hampered by the absence of one or both parents.

Current trends in international migration

• growth of illegal migration (pronounced labor character);
• height forced migration(most of all from Africa; due to the increase in armed conflicts in the world, the aggravation of interethnic relations; 80% of refugees flee to developing countries; women and children create an additional economic burden on the host countries, which requires cash costs);
• an increase in the demographic significance of international migration (in Russia, international migration plays a leading role in the demographic development of the country; in developed countries, the same trend);
• globalization of world migration flows (almost all countries are involved; countries with a predominance of immigration and countries with a predominance of emigration have been determined);
• qualitative changes in the migration flow (an increase in the proportion of people with a high level of education, many countries have special programs so that a person stays there as long as possible - the USA, France, Canada, Sweden);
• the dual nature of migration policy (tightening and regulation of migration policy against emigration; at the same time, immigration is the defining component of migration policy).

A large number of migrants are received by the oil-exporting countries in the Middle East, in which 70% of the workforce are foreigners. Also, a high migration balance in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela), South- East Asia(Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan), Africa (South Africa), and Israel have a good migration flow from Russia.

Currently, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, Mexico, Ireland, Turkey, and the CIS are suppliers of labor force on the world market.

Scientific approaches to the study of migration

• Demographic Approach

He studies migration from the point of view of reproduction and preservation of human populations, their numbers, sex and age structure. The processes taking place in this area are closely related to the demographic security of the country (A. Sovi, A. Landry, F. Notestein, D. I. Valentey, A. Ya. Kvasha, B. S. Khorev, and others).

• Economic approach

The most versatile approach. Considers migration as one of the most important regulators of the working-age population, which stimulates healthy competition in the labor market. Most types of migration are due to economic necessity and are to some extent connected with the labor market (A. Smith, T. Malthus, K. Marx, D. Keynes, etc.). Among the Russian specialists who have studied migration within the framework of this approach are L. A. Abalkin, G. S. Vitkovskaya, Zh. A. Zayonchkovskaya, L. L. Rybakovskii, and A. V. Topilin.

• Legal approach

Defines legal status different categories of migrants. Aimed at the development of legal norms and legislative acts, the regulation of the fundamental rights of migrants (V. I. Mukomel, E. S. Pain, etc.).

• Sociological approach

The main attention is paid to the problems associated with the adaptation of migrants to new living conditions. Another understanding of the role of the sociological approach is revealed in the work of T. N. Yudina "Sociology of Migration", which emphasizes the role of sociology as an integrative science and expresses the need to create a holistic special sociological theory of migration.

• Historical approach

Studies of the history of migration movements in a particular region using historical and demographic studies that describe migration in the context of the historical evolution of demographic processes (D. S. Shelestov, V. M. Kabuzan, V. A. Iontsev, etc.).

• Psychological approach

The main emphasis falls on the motivational nature of migration. Migration is considered as a way to satisfy a number of social needs, including the need for self-affirmation (V. I. Perevedentsev, T. I. Zaslavskaya, V. M. Moiseenko, etc.).

• Historical and biological approach

It was mainly developed by Russian scientists L. N. Gumilyov and others. The main concept in Gumilyov's approach is passionarity. Passionarity as a characteristic of behavior is an activity that manifests itself in the individual's striving for a goal (often an illusory one). A passionary trait is a genetic trait that is inherited and, according to the hypothesis of L. Gumilyov, underlies the phenomenon of passionarity as a feature of the human constitution. Passionaries (carriers of this trait) are distinguished by particularly active migratory behavior, their percentage in the ethnic group largely determines the migration movement of the entire ethnic group. For example, the second half of the 16th century in Russia is an era of high passionary energy of the Great Russians, which resulted in an unprecedented expansion to the east. Other examples: the beginning of the Great Migration, the Arab conquests, Viking campaigns, etc.

The historical approach developed by the Russian scientist A. V. Yurin distinguishes three main stages in the development of population migration in Europe since the Great Times. geographical discoveries Until now.

A gravity model can be used to theoretically estimate migration volumes. The gravity model of migration is a theoretical model similar to Newton's law of attraction and applied in urban studies, which is used to predict the rate of migration between two regions. Newton's law states: "Any two bodies attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them." The geographical interpretation of this law uses the replacement of the concepts of "body" and "mass" with the concepts of "regions" and "significance", where the significance can be measured in units population, the volume of the gross product, or another suitable value. The gravitational model of migration is based on the idea that with the increase in the importance of regions, the movement of people between them increases, and with increasing distance, ceteris paribus, it decreases.

Existential migration

Existential migration is a concept that arose as a result of phenomenological studies of the life of voluntary migrants who left their homes solely from the desire to live in a foreign country. The purpose of such migration is, in essence, the knowledge of certain aspects of human existence that cannot be known in any other way. Research conducted through interviews revealed a number of motives underlying this: the desire to more fully realize one's potential, the desire for freedom and independence, openness to new experience, the perception of one's otherness as an incentive to expand self-awareness. Among this group of people there is a distinct preference for everything strange and alien to everything familiar and traditional.

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Migration of the labor force is the resettlement of the able-bodied population for the purpose of employment.

Distinguish between internal labor migration occurring between regions of one state, and external migration - the movement of the population between two or more countries.

Immigration is the entry of the able-bodied population into a given country from outside its borders, emigration is the departure of the able-bodied population of the country beyond its borders. The difference between immigration and emigration is the migration balance.

Migration of labor resources is also subdivided into migration of highly skilled labor and migration of low-skilled labor.

Migration can occur from country to country, from rural to urban areas and vice versa, between regions.

The process of returning emigrants is not called repatriation.

Immigrants are divided into the following groups:

Immigrants and non-immigrants legally admitted to the country;

Contracted migrant workers who legally entered the country;

Illegal immigrants, persons who do not have the right to be in the territory of the state;

asylum seekers;

Refugees (this group usually does not function in the labor market).

The main reasons for labor migration are:

The rapid growth of the world's population;

Uneven economic development of countries;

The ratio of exchange rates of various currencies;

Development of scientific and technological progress;

Socio-political development of individual regions of the world;

Economic state of the national economy;

Unsatisfactory economic conditions of life of the able-bodied population;

Stable and relatively high wages in the main immigration centers;

Relatively high level of working conditions;

Opportunities for a more complete realization of one's abilities in countries of immigration;

Natural disasters and the level of environmental protection;

political reasons;

military reasons;

Religious reasons;

national reasons;

cultural reasons.

10 International centers of migration attraction.

International labor migration is the process of moving labor resources from one country to another, with the aim of finding employment on more favorable terms than in the country of origin.

The process of international migration, in addition to economic motives, is also determined by political, ethnic, cultural, family and other considerations. International migration includes two main components: emigration and immigration. Emigration means leaving the country for permanent residence, while immigration means entering the country for permanent residence. International migration also includes the process of repatriation - the return to the country of origin of citizens who previously left it. International migrants fall into five main categories: 1. Immigrants and non-immigrants legally admitted to the country. For countries that traditionally receive immigrants, 2. Migrant contract workers. Many countries depend on foreign labor. 3. Illegal immigrants. 4. Asylum seekers 5. Refugees. Most of today's refugees are victims of wars. MMRS is an objective process inherent in a market economy. Labor resources, in accordance with market laws, are looking for the most profitable use, which gives maximum efficiency. Centers: 1. The main flow of international migration in recent decades has rushed to the United States. In the 70s, the number of legal immigrants to this country reached 4.5 million people (20% of the population growth in the 70s), which is 1/3 more than in the 60s. immigration increased even more - it already accounted for 39% of the country's population growth. During this period, 6 million legal and 2 million illegal immigrants. In the 1990s, these scales of immigration continued. 2. Others largest center attraction of migrants is Western Europe: the average annual increase in foreign labor is 600 thousand people. (including family members, the number of migrants increases to 1.3 million people). 3. The third center is the Middle East. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 3 million foreign workers were drawn here. The intensity of the migration process is evidenced by the significant proportion of foreign labor in its total number. Thus, in the United Arab Emirates it was about 90%, in Qatar - over 80%, in Saudi Arabia- 40%, in Oman - 34%. The main exporter of labor in the region was Egypt, whose share in the total number of immigrants entering the countries of the Arab East reached 75%. 4. the fourth immigration center was formed in Latin America, where mainly Argentina and Venezuela receive workers from neighboring countries. The total number of immigrants here reaches 3 million, the vast majority of which were Hispanics. Cross-country migration takes place in both Africa and Asia. Ek consequences of migration. In general, the impact is positive. T to the labor force is the most important factor in the development of production.