Where can you go without a visa? Countries where a visa is obtained at the border. Entry with an internal passport

Last minute tours to visa-free countries are more popular than travel to states where strict visa control. And this is not surprising. Many Russian tourists, going on vacation abroad, more than once faced bureaucratic red tape associated with the need to obtain entry documents. Going through all the formalities takes a lot of time and effort, so when planning their next vacation, Russians are already consciously choosing visa-free tourist destinations. This not only allows you to save on the cost of the tour, but also save your time and nerves. Let's talk in this article, which countries for Russians in 2017 were included in the list of visa-free states? We will also tell you where a visa will be issued under a simplified scheme?

Every year, more and more states demonstrate a loyal attitude towards visiting their territory by Russian citizens. So, there are countries with simplified visa access, the procedure for issuing a visa occurs upon arrival at the place, which is very convenient. Indeed, in this case, you initially do not have to settle issues with the travel agency and the consulate regarding obtaining permits. When passing through control at the airport of arrival, it will be enough to present a passport, in isolated cases it will be necessary to confirm the reliability of intentions and show a sample form travel voucher or return flights.

When passing through control, in addition to your passport, you may be asked to present a return ticket, voucher, medical insurance, an invitation and confirm their solvency by having a certain amount of money. There is no universal period of stay without a visa for all visa-free states, so each country decides this issue separately. Usually the period is 30 days, in some countries - up to 90 days, sometimes - only two weeks.

Where can you go on vacation without a visa?

Let's take a closer look at what visa-free destinations you can choose to holiday in 2017 and tell about these countries. The list of the most popular and inexpensive visa-free countries includes:

  • Turkey. Such favorite vacation spots for Russians as Kemer, Antalya and Alania need no introduction. A visa is obtained at the airport of the country of arrival, valid for 60 days.
  • Egypt. Although the political situation here can hardly be called stable, many Russians remain true to their choice and continue to relax in Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. A visa is automatically issued to everyone upon arrival, for a period of 30 days.
  • Thailand. Anyone who is going to stay in Thailand for 30 days or less is stamped on their passport at the airport on arrival. A visa should be issued only to those who want to spend 2-3 months in this country, for example, all winter. A single entry visa for 60 days will cost $40 and then it can be extended for another 30 days.
  • Russians can stay in Vietnam without a visa for 15 days. If the period is longer, then here, as in many countries, you can apply for a Visa on arrival/Visa on arrival for free right at the airport.
  • Israel. Russians can enter Israel with one passport, while the maximum stay in this country is 90 days for our tourists.
  • Georgia. A passport is sufficient for entry.
  • Tunisia. A popular visa-free country for our citizens. To visit, you only need a passport valid for more than 3 months from the date of application.
  • Morocco. The popularity of Morocco among Russian tourists began to grow about 3-4 years ago, since then the trend has not weakened. In many ways, this became possible due to the fact that you do not need a visa to visit this country.
  • Dominican Republic. To get to the Dominican Republic, it is enough to issue a tarjeta del tourista - a tourist card and pay a fee of 10 euros for it. It allows you to stay in the republic for up to 30 days.
  • Cuba. You do not need a visa to travel to Cuba. A passport must be valid only for the duration of the trip.
  • China (Hainan Island). If a tourist from Russia flies to Hainan on his own, then he can apply for a visa upon arrival at the airport. If in the composition tourist group, then the Russians do not need a visa.
  • Mexico and India. These countries require a formal visa. It is easily done online.
  • Jordan. You do not need to apply for a visa before traveling to Jordan. Tourists receive a permit for 40 dinars right at the airport.

Which countries in Europe are easy to get a visa to?

Cyprus. Aphrodite's Island attracts tourists luxurious beaches, ancient architecture and amazing nature. To get to heaven on earth, you need to apply for a visa online, valid for 90 days.

Bulgaria. Happy holders of a valid Schengen visa will not have to receive a visa, the period of stay is limited to 3 months. If there is no multivisa, then a permit document is issued at the visa center of Bulgaria or the visa department at the consulate.

Montenegro. In this country, stay without a visa is allowed for 30 days, from here you can visit any visa-free neighbor - Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina.


Serbia. You can safely travel around Serbia without a visa if your trip does not exceed 30 days.

Macedonia. Visa-free entry to Macedonia for Russians will be valid until at least March 2018.

Bosnia and Herzegovina. If you are traveling to this country with a tourist purpose and not more than 30 days, then you do not need to obtain a visa.

Greece. A short-stay visa to Greece costs 35 euros. And although the procedure for obtaining a document is almost the same as in the case of obtaining a visa to any other country of the Schengen Union, Greece is the most loyal to tourists from Russia.

Which countries can I travel to with a Russian passport?

Don't Forget the Most Popular resort countries, entry to which is allowed on the internal Russian passport. Feel free to go there for new experiences, but remember that the period of stay for Russian tourists on their territory is limited to 90 days.

  • Abkhazia is a sunny land with amazing mountain nature, ancient caves and healing mineral springs.
  • Belarus - that's exactly where neither acclimatization nor the language barrier can prevent you from enjoying your vacation to the fullest.
  • Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Average prices for last-minute tours to visa-free countries from Moscow

Traveling to countries without a visa on a last-minute tour is the ideal and most common vacation option. The cost of such vouchers is really lower by 30-40% compared to the usual options, and the visa-free regime makes it easy to organize the trip itself. You can choose a tour 4-5 days before the expected date, buy it and quickly pack up. No need to worry about whether you will be issued a visa or not.

in many exotic countries visa-free entry, they are slightly less popular among tourists, since holidays in them are more expensive. But nevertheless, last-minute tours departing from Moscow are sold in them more often than in countries where Schengen is required.

With the onset of the holiday season, Russians often face the question of choosing a destination for travel and recreation. The fact that modern tourism developed in many countries quite strongly, allows you to provide a wide range of recreation programs with a different cultural focus and vivid impressions in any country of the world.

Tourism to European countries

The choice of a European destination is a guarantee of comfortable conditions, high service, goodwill local population and rich opportunities to experience different cultural epochs harmoniously preserved in a small area and covering a long period.

Numerous monuments of architecture, warm climate, picturesque relief with various bays, lowlands, mountain slopes and elevations allow you to create special atmosphere for a varied holiday. The fact that Europe is located close to Russian borders, makes this direction especially attractive for Russian tourists.

Tourism for Europeans is the main activity and income for almost all walks of life. Therefore, Europeans are trying to create favorable conditions for the entry of tourists from different countries peace. At the same time, they themselves travel a lot and within European countries they simplify the registration procedure as much as possible when crossing borders between them.

For example, the Schengen Agreement, signed in 1985, created a special zone that today includes 26 European states, has a similar structure with a single state, where a visa is required for everywhere and exit at the external border. At the same time, the internal borders between the countries of the Schengen zone are transparent and you can move freely without reissuing documents during their transition.

The Schengen area is constantly expanding, many European countries that are not yet part of it are striving to join the agreement. But the requirements for a country's entry into the zone are quite strict, and experts from the EU conduct an assessment of compliance with the necessary standards.

The assessment includes the readiness of the country in the main areas:

  • air borders;
  • data protection;
  • visas;
  • law enforcement cooperation.

This agreement greatly facilitates travel for tourists with Schengen visas. But Russian tourists have the opportunity to enter Europe without a visa. They got such an opportunity to enter after Russia signed an agreement with many European countries on visa-free regime.

The concept of a visa-free regime includes:

  1. The ability to visit certain countries without obtaining visas in any form.
  2. Entry to certain countries and visa processing at the place of arrival.
  3. Simplified obtaining a visa to individual states.

The visa-free regime agreement allows Russians to freely visit European countries not only in the Schengen area, but also outside the Schengen area.

Visa-free European countries available for Russians in 2017, list

The list of countries that Russian tourists can visit without a visa includes several neighboring countries that were not so long ago part of a single state. And in Europe itself, in addition to the Schengen countries in 2017, you can choose a direction to any of the four states for a trip without a visa.

Visa-free countries of Europe near abroad:


Visa-free European non-EU countries:

Rest in Europe today is available to many Russian citizens. Any chosen direction promises many impressions and unforgettable discoveries. Any European country or old light" It has rich history and saturated unique heritage, which will not leave indifferent the Russian tourist.

On the other hand, they support Mountain peaks covered with emerald cypress plantations. Original mountain settlements lurk here, where life proceeds in a completely different way than on “ big land". The coastal towns of Budva, Becici, Petrovac beckon with exquisite beaches, hospitality, high service and extensive cultural baggage. The streets of Montenegro are filled with Venetian palaces and cathedrals, European basilicas and Orthodox churches, monasteries and chapels. And at a distance lazily settled down Bay of Kotor, inviting guests to plunge into the coolness sea ​​waves.
Turkey

The swimming season in Turkey traditionally opens in May. On charters to your favorite resorts on May holidays there were no more places in March, because Turkish hotels have always been excellent value for money. The one-year gap after the closure of the direction at the government level made itself felt: many whole year they didn’t go anywhere at all, they saved up for an all-inclusive tour to Turkey. For European service, hotel guests fly to Marmaris, Bodrum and Fethiye, that is, to the Aegean coast. Behind the party sandy beaches and shopping on the Antalya coast. Here you will find popular Kemer, Belek, Antalya itself, Side and Alanya.

Abkhazia

Thailand

A universally recognized place for any holiday. In this colorful, hospitable and diverse country, there is enough warmth for seekers of summer bliss. Thailand's beaches attract not only bathers, but also surfers, divers and other lovers water sports. More adventurous seekers won't be disappointed either. All kinds of fights and folk performances, erotic shows, sex adventures and trips to ancient Thai shrines, crazy parties do not interfere at all, but complement each other. Beach capital of Thailand Phuket island. Fans of "strawberries", as well as night parties and new sensations, go to Pattaya. For island romance to the island of Krabi. Those wishing to get away from civilization should visit the islands of Koh Samui and Koh Phangan.

Vietnam

Mastered the basic resort places Thailand and longing for new beach discoveries? Welcome to Vietnam! Americans are traditionally coldly received here and Russians are greeted with special cordiality, and the country's climate seems to have been specially created for year-round relaxation on virgin beaches. When monsoons and rains rage in the north of Vietnam, in busy Nha Trang, in the south, in Phan Thiet, absolute serenity reigns: there are no waves or wind on the sea, and tourists bathe in the rays of the velvety Asian sun.

Cuba

Cuban passions capture tourists from the first minutes of their stay on the island. Unreal beauty beaches, Coral reefs And original culture. Time seems to have frozen here many years ago, which does not prevent guests from having fun in quite modern bars, discos and restaurants. The resort gold of Cuba Varadero, consisting of a 20-kilometer coastal strip and premium hotels. However, on any Cuban resort you can admire medieval buildings, sail on the sea on a yacht, dive in the Caribbean Sea and learn the basics of diving.

Maldives

It is no coincidence that the Maldives is called earthly paradise silvery sand, golden placers of the sun all year round, evergreen vegetation, nature has generously endowed each of the 1200 atolls. Despite the wild popularity, a calm, peaceful atmosphere and a feeling of complete isolation from the rest of the world remain here. It offers prudently open SPA centers, restaurants and diving clubs. But the main pastime is lazy reclining on the beach and sipping exotic cocktails.

Dominican Republic

The beaches of the Dominican Republic have turned the heads of many travelers and discoverers. White sand mounds, azure expanse caribbean and palm romance to the rhythms of merengue. Most resorts in the Dominican Republic consist of wide beaches and luxury hotels adjacent to them. The best of them are unanimously recognized as Puerto Plata, Punta Cana and the expanses of the island of Samana. The main directions here are snorkeling, diving, surfing and lounging, justified by the thirst for a tan. In addition to the beaches, the Dominican Republic is attractive for its outstanding medieval heritage, which was built here by the European colonialists. Create local color national shows, incendiary

A trip abroad for a vacation is always a lot of pleasant experiences and great pleasure for everyone. The only thing that can upset a Russian planning his vacation is getting a visa, the execution of which entails not only additional expenses but also takes a lot of time. In addition, there is not always a guarantee of obtaining a visa to a particular country.

What, then, should our fellow citizens do who are going to spend their holidays outside the country? The answer is pretty simple. Choose a country where you can enter without a visa. For example, a beach holiday in visa-free countries for Russians in 2019 is incredibly popular. Finding out which countries do not need a visa is not at all difficult, since any more or less adequate tour operator can provide such information.

Countries on the coast that do not require a visa

For a long time the most popular destinations beach holiday were abroad Turkey and Egypt. They were quite budgetary, and, therefore, accessible to the majority of the population of the Russian Federation. Today they are countries where Russians do not need a visa in 2019. Previously, for a Russian tourist, a visa to Turkey was necessary, but at the moment this procedure is not required, which has become an additional plus to choose this particular place to stay. In Egypt, a visa is issued without any problems immediately upon arrival at the airport of the destination country and its cost is $ 25.

Politics also interfered in the tourism sector, so that for some time the Russians had to be left without the gentle sun and hot beaches of Turkey and Egypt. During this time, our compatriots have managed to choose other world resorts for themselves, and the prices for trips to Antalya and Hurghada have become even more democratic and affordable. This means that the problem of where to go without a visa in August for our compatriots is practically solved.

Where else to go without a visa to the sea? There are many options here, and the price can vary quite widely. It all depends on the size of the wallet and your desire. Today, without difficulty, getting to the sea without a visa is easy and simple in the beloved by many exotic Thailand, a trip to which can turn the life of a vacationer into a real fairy tale for a short time. Fantastic hotels and beaches with coconut trees and cozy blue lagoons will not leave indifferent any tourist. Vacationers from abroad are given the opportunity to stay in this paradise without a visa for a whole month.

But a trip to Thailand may not be affordable for everyone, so you can go to Tunisia or Morocco where for much less money you can enjoy the beautiful mediterranean sea and soak up the hot sun. North Africa attracts residents of Russia, both with affordable prices and a high level of tourist service.

Hassle-free and inexpensive vacation in Morocco and Tunisia it is provided for a period of 90 days, for which there is no need to make a visa.

IN Lately tours to the Asian continent, namely to countries where a visa is not needed, are becoming more and more popular. Now it's Vietnam, Indonesia and Maldives. The price of holidays in these countries is quite high, but the flight takes most of the cost of vouchers, because flying from Moscow to Hanoi is quite expensive. But the high cost of vouchers will more than pay off with the splendor of nature, the beauty local flora and fauna, the opportunity to go diving among the amazing coral reefs. To the pluses Maldives you can also include the opportunity to relax here at any time of the year, so wonderful holiday on the beaches of the Maldives is possible in September, and in June, and in December.

What are the advantages of traveling to visa-free countries?

As already mentioned, obtaining a visa entails certain difficulties:

  1. People who decide to go on vacation abroad are deprived of the opportunity to buy "last-minute vouchers", since it takes a long time to get a visa and there are no more vouchers by that time;
  2. Excessive duration of visa processing, which leads to additional queues of potential tourists in the summer and during holidays;
  3. The need to collect a certain package of documents, which is sometimes not possible to collect by the deadline;
  4. The high price for opening a visa in a number of countries, which may be too expensive for a whole group of Russian tourists.

What European countries are available for holidays without a visa for Russians in 2019

Where to rest without a visa for an ordinary Russian? For those who have decided not to bother with issuing visas and relax in Europe, where the Schengen agreement is in force, the situation does not look so rosy, but there are options here too. Here is a list of European countries where you can enter without a visa:

In the rest of Europe, a tourist from Russia has yet to apply for a Schengen visa on his own, go to the official Visa Center or send an email request.

Where to fly without a visa and without a passport

If suddenly you only have a Russian passport, then without visas you can go or fly only to Belarus, Kazakhstan or Abkhazia. The choice is small, but even in this case there is no need to despair, since the same Abkhazia can offer very inexpensive and quality rest. Believe me, a seaside vacation in September without a visa for warm and sunny resorts this hospitable little country will cost only 35 - 40 thousand rubles, and in the season (July - August) - no more than 50 thousand.

So the question is where to go on vacation without a visa in September budget tourist is not so sharp: better family vacation For such little money, you simply can not find. Yes, getting here is pretty easy. It is enough to take a ticket to Adler, and there it is within easy reach to the Abkhazian border (only some 10 km). It's very good conditions rest, and it does not matter where you stay: in Gagra, Pitsunda, the capital of the camp of Sukhumi, or New Athos. Each of the tourists expects not only a warm sea and a mild southern climate, but also an extensive The cultural program which includes tours of unique caves New Athos, trips to places with many historical sights and architectural monuments, with which any city is rich here.

Each family will be able to appreciate all the delights of the Abkhazian resorts and no one will want to leave here, despite the possible end of the holiday. It must be understood that a vacation in Abkhazia will seem free in comparison with a trip to South America or Southeast Asia.

Holidays abroad without a visa and some rules for visa-free entry

When entering most countries, any Russian citizen must have a foreign passport with him, in which, upon arrival at the destination airport, a visa is placed, valid for the periods stipulated by the legislation of the state in which the tourist arrives. Therefore, you need to follow a few simple rules, which will not allow you to make stupid and unpleasant mistakes. Their list is small, but very important:

  1. Check the validity of your own passport. All visa-free states for citizens of Russia determine mandatory requirements To foreign passport. Some of them require just a valid document to enter the country, others require a passport that is valid for another 3 or 6 months. This moment you need to find out even before the trip, after using the website of the embassy of the country where you are going to enter or get the necessary information from additional sources. This will avoid unpleasant situations at the airport upon arrival and issue a visa in a few minutes.
  2. Find out exactly what documents the host country requires from Russians. So, at the airport, a visitor in some countries may be required to return tickets, hotel booking, a certain number of blank pages in the passport, an invitation from citizens of the country of entry or confirmation of financial means;
    You need to understand that these are just standard security measures, so first prepare evidence that you have the ability to fully provide yourself in tourist trip and do not expect to stay in this country longer than expected, and will have to leave the country on time.
  3. Do not stay in the country longer than the period established by law. Usually countries that do not need a visa limit the period during which Russian citizens can stay on their territory without a visa.
    In most states, such temporary periods of stay for Russians are limited to one or two months. In Laos and Vietnam, permission to be in the country is limited to 15 days from the date of arrival, so exceeding the deadline even by one day can turn into serious troubles for the tourist, which cannot be resolved quickly. Try to leave or fly away on time and then problems can be avoided.

Where can you go without a visa from Russia

Holidays on the beaches of Italy, Greece and other European countries are sometimes seen as the most attractive, some countries without Schengen for Russians in 2019 offer to take advantage of interesting offers to visit a certain state. Most of the options for a beach holiday are located on other continents, as a result of which Schengen is not needed in this case. There is no way to call such a budget vacation, but the impressions from the trip will remain for the rest of your life. Here the choice of offers is incredibly wide:

  • Seychelles located in the west indian ocean and named, thanks to the white-pink beaches, clear water And amazing nature, "a little heaven on earth". A trip to the Seychelles will leave an indelible mark on your life;
  • Costa Rica considered one of the most attractive places in the globe at the expense colorful beaches With azure water on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and an ideal climate;
  • Cuba with luxurious beaches and fantastic diving opportunities that everyone should visit;
  • Malaysia, representing tropical paradise with cozy islands with dazzling white sand and picturesque bays;
  • Mexico, washed by two oceans at once: the Atlantic and the Pacific, with a favorable climate for recreation, stunning resorts and unforgettable national cuisine;
  • Kenya, a rare representative of the African continent, washed by the warm waves of the Indian Ocean and rare in beauty national parks, where are contained in natural environment a huge number of animals;
  • Bahamas offering real exotic vacation V Atlantic Ocean among the rarest beauty of coral reefs, white sandy beaches, azure waves ocean and the beauty of pristine nature.

And this is just a small list of the most popular places where you can go without a visa from Russia in 2019 to rest by the sea. The list of visa-free countries is constantly changing, so there is always the possibility that states on the world map will be included in it, visiting which today requires a Schengen visa. It is possible that soon it will be easy to go abroad without a Schengen visa to a number of other countries, despite Trump's possible migration decrees and the sanctions lists of various European countries.

Video: how to travel without visas

As time shows, the crisis for the Russians did not become a reason for refusing to leave in the near and far abroad. But sometimes obtaining a visa turns into an expensive adventure for Russian citizens with unpredictable results.

Where to go in the near abroad

Countries where Russians are open visa-free entry many, they are quite enough to rest there and travel in the coming years. On post-Soviet space according to the Russian passport for 90 days our compatriots are accepted:

  • Republic of Abkhazia;
  • Kazakhstan;
  • Belarus;
  • South Ossetia.

The main thing is that the document should not be overdue. Without a visa, you can stay in Georgia for 360 days plus 5 days, but only if you cross the Russian-Georgian border.

An attempt to enter the country from South Ossetia or Abkhazia is regarded as an unauthorized border crossing, which is punishable by law.

According to the international passport, Russians are allowed to visit some of the former Soviet republics. Countries where a visa is not required, but the period of stay is limited, except for Georgia, include:

Unfortunately, visa-free entry is no longer possible in Turkmenistan And Baltic republics.

To Europe without a visa

You can get to some European countries without issuing a visa or having a visa to other EU countries. States where Russians do not need a visa:

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina;
  • Macedonia;
  • Turkey;
  • Serbia;
  • Montenegro.

In 2017, Russians need a visa to Albania, Bulgaria and Croatia. An exception is made for those who already have "Schengen". Holders of a Cypriot or Romanian visa can also travel to Bulgaria and Croatia. A visa is required for the island of Cyprus, but you can apply for it via the Internet. For entry to Northern Cyprus enough for our compatriots international passports.

When entering European countries, our tourist must present:

  • tourist voucher;
  • a document confirming his solvency;
  • return tickets;
  • hotel reservation.

Some states require an invitation from the host if the trip is not tourist, but private. You may also need medical insurance.

Countries that provide the possibility of visa-free transit:

  • United Kingdom - for a day;
  • Romania - for a day;
  • Bulgaria - for 36 hours.

Transit through London has its own characteristics. Travelers flying through England have the opportunity to go to the city in between flights. At the same time, they must have a ticket for a flight to another country and its visa in their hands. Visa-free transit is allowed only for air passengers.

Visa-free beach and active holidays

For beach and active rest Russian tourists have the widest choice. These are popular now Vietnam And Thailand, some African countries and island states.

Where to go in Asia

List Asian countries where you can sunbathe and get acquainted with local attractions:

A country Length of stay (in days) Special conditions or additional documents
Vietnam 15 Without the right to travel to another country
Philippines 14
Hong Kong Solvency confirmation
Israel 90 Medical policy
Indonesia 30
UAE 30
Hainan Island (China) 15 1 color photo like a passport
Laos 15
Malaysia 30 Availability for each tourist at least $ 500
Mongolia 30
Thailand 30
Sri Lanka 30 electronic authorization obtained from the website of the Department of Immigration and Emigration of Sri Lanka
South Korea 60

Everywhere you need a passport with a validity period of 6 months from the end of the trip. For some states, it is enough that it be valid for the duration of the trip or for another 3 months. As well as in European countries at the border you will need a hotel reservation, a ticket and return tickets.

To enter Vietnam for more than 15 days, a visa is required, but for Russians it is completely free and is issued at the airport upon arrival.

Visa-free travel allows China through the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Chongqing. Time of stay - no more than 3 days. IN Singapore transit can be no longer than 96 hours. This is quite enough to see all the sights of the city-state.

Africa travel

Do you want to go on an African safari or see diamond mines South Africa? Most of countries of the "black" continent is open to Russians:

  • Republic of South Africa;
  • Swaziland;
  • Ethiopia (requires proof of solvency);
  • Uganda;
  • Tunisia;
  • Tanzania;
  • Namibia;
  • Mozambique;
  • Gambia;
  • Morocco.

The minimum stay is 30 days. Entry documents are the same as for other states.

Holidays on the islands

Most island states provide Russian citizens with free entry. On Barbados You can stay 28 days without a visa Northern Mariana Islands - 45, on Mauritius- 2 months.

On the beaches Bahamas, Haiti, Grenada and Fiji tourists can soak up to 3 months. It is possible to stay in Dominica on a foreign passport for 3 weeks, and in the Dominican Republic, the Seychelles, Maldives, Jamaica and Cuba - a month.

Visit to the countries of Central and South America

You can also visit the famous Brazilian carnivals, get acquainted with the culture of ancient Indian civilizations, feel the temperament and hospitality of Latin Americans without a visa. This list includes almost all the states of the South and Central America. The term of stay in them is up to 90 days.

IN Mexico you can safely go for six months, but you need to issue an electronic permit from National Institute of Migration.

Conditions for visa-free visits to foreign countries Russian citizens valid for 2018.