Country in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Balkan Peninsula holiday map

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Montenegro on the world map: what about the products?

In Montenegro, in many shops and supermarkets, you will hardly find goods from local manufacturers. Most of the range - imported names. There are many Serbian, Croatian and Italian products here. By the way, due to low prices compared to most European countries Here you can buy quality items at low prices.

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Montenegro on the world map: the smallest and largest country

The inhabitants of the country selflessly love her. This is not surprising, even V. Vysotsky in his poem regretted that he lives once. Many people dream of being born in Montenegro and enjoying its beauty. The Montenegrins themselves joke about the area of ​​the country in a very funny way.

They say that there are so many mountains in Montenegro and they are so high that if they are “smoothed out”, then the area of ​​the country will exceed the area of ​​Russia.

A beautiful story, but you understand ....

Montenegro on the world map:

The name Montenegro or Black Mountain is fully justified. It is nature that is the hallmark of Montenegro and attracts tourists from all over the world. Those who come here leave in a small hospitable country piece of your heart.

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The Balkan region is often called the "powder keg" of Europe. And not by chance. In the 20th century, wars and conflicts of various sizes broke out here every now and then. Yes and the first World War began here, after the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed in Sarajevo. Early 90s Balkan countries experienced another serious shock - the collapse of Yugoslavia. This event significantly changed political map European region.

Balkan region and its geography

On a relatively small area of ​​505 thousand square kilometers, all the Balkan countries are located. The geography of the peninsula is very diverse. Its coastline is strongly dissected and is washed by the waters of six seas. The territory of the Balkans is predominantly mountainous and heavily indented deep canyons. However, the highest point of the peninsula - Mount Musala - falls short even up to 3000 meters in height.

Two more natural features characteristic of this region: it is the presence of a huge number of small islands near coastline(mainly in Croatia), as well as widespread karst processes(It is in Slovenia that the famous Karst plateau is located, which served as the donor of the name for a separate group of landforms).

The name of the peninsula comes from Turkish word balkan, which means "big and wooded mountain range". The northern border of the Balkans is usually drawn along the line and the Sava.

Balkan countries: list

Today, there are ten state entities in the Balkans (of which 9 are sovereign states and one is partially recognized). Below is a list of them, including the capitals of the Balkan countries:

1. Slovenia (capital - Ljubljana).
2. Greece (Athens).
3. Romania (Bucharest).
4. Macedonia (Skopje).
5. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo).
6. Serbia (Belgrade).
7. Montenegro (Podgorica).
8. Croatia (Zagreb).
9. Republic of Kosovo (partially recognized state with its capital in Pristina).

It should be noted that in some regional classifications, Moldova is also included in the Balkan countries.

In the second half 19th century all the Balkan peoples were under the yoke of Turkey, as well as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which could not contribute to their national and cultural development. In the 60-70s of the century before last, national liberation aspirations intensified in the Balkans. The Balkan countries, one after another, are trying to embark on the path of independent development.

The first of these was Bulgaria. In 1876, an uprising began here, which, however, was brutally suppressed by the Turks. Outraged by such bloody actions, as a result of which about 30 thousand Orthodox Bulgarians died, Russia declared war on the Turks. Ultimately, Turkey was forced to recognize the independence of Bulgaria.

In 1912, following the example of the Bulgarians, Albania also achieved independence. At the same time, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece create the so-called "Balkan Union" in order to finally free themselves from Turkish oppression. Soon the Turks were ousted from the peninsula. Only a small piece of land with the city of Constantinople remained under their rule.

However, after defeating their common enemy, the Balkan countries begin to fight among themselves. So, Bulgaria, with the support of Austria-Hungary, attacks Serbia and Greece. The latter, in turn, provided military support from Romania.

The Balkans finally turned into a big "powder keg" on June 28, 1914, when Prince Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was killed in Sarajevo by Princip. Thus began the First World War, which involved almost all of Europe, as well as some countries in Asia, Africa and even Central America.

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia was created back in 1918, immediately after the liquidation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The process of its collapse, which began in 1991, significantly redrawn the political map of Europe that existed at that time.

Slovenia was the first to leave Yugoslavia as a result of the so-called 10-day war. It was followed by Croatia, but the military conflict between Croats and Serbs lasted 4.5 years and claimed at least 20 thousand lives. At the same time, it continued and resulted in the recognition of the new state entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

One of the last stages of the collapse of Yugoslavia was the referendum on the independence of Montenegro, which was held in 2006. According to its results, 55.5% of Montenegrins voted for secession from Serbia.

Shaky independence of Kosovo

February 17, 2008 unilaterally declared its independence. The reaction of the international community to this event was extremely mixed. To date, Kosovo, as an independent state, is recognized by only 108 countries (out of 193 UN members). Among them are the USA and Canada, Japan, Australia, most and also some states of Africa and Latin America.

However, the independence of the republic has not yet been recognized by Russia and China (which are part of which does not allow Kosovo to become a full member of the main international organization planets.

Finally...

Modern Balkan countries began their path to independence at the end of the 19th century. However, the process of forming borders in the Balkans has not yet been completed.

To date, ten countries stand out within the Balkan region. These are Slovenia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and also the partially recognized state of Kosovo.

Nature

coast

Minerals

Balkan Peninsula. origin of name

The modern name of the Balkan Peninsula comes from the name of the mountains of the same name, which in turn date back to the tour. Balkan "big, high Mountain chain, overgrown with forests", chag. Balkan"mountain range". In antiquity, the Balkan Mountains were called other Greek. Αἶμος , lat. Haemus.

Historical reference

In the 19th century a fight broke out Balkan peoples for the establishment of independence; c - as a result of the Balkan wars, the borders of Turkey on the territory of the peninsula moved to modern borders. On the territory of the Balkans, the First World War began, the direct casus belli of which was the assassination of the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

In the 1990s, the region was agitated by conflicts in the republics of the former Yugoslavia, which ended with the breakup of the country into Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia, and, partially recognized, Kosovo.

see also

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Notes

Literature

• // Military encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [i dr.]. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
• Murzaev E. M. Dictionary of folk geographical terms. 1st ed. - M., Thought, 1984.
• Murzaev E. M. Turkic geographical names. - M., Vost. lit., 1996.

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An excerpt characterizing the Balkan Peninsula

Before the opening of the campaign, Rostov received a letter from his parents, in which, briefly informing him of Natasha's illness and the break with Prince Andrei (this break was explained to him by Natasha's refusal), they again asked him to retire and come home. Nikolai, having received this letter, did not try to ask for a vacation or resignation, but wrote to his parents that he was very sorry about Natasha's illness and break with her fiancé and that he would do everything possible to fulfill their desire. He wrote to Sonya separately.
“Adored friend of my soul,” he wrote. “Nothing but honor could keep me from returning to the village. But now, before the opening of the campaign, I would consider myself dishonorable not only before all my comrades, but also before myself, if I preferred my happiness to my duty and love for the fatherland. But this is the last parting. Believe that immediately after the war, if I am alive and loved by you, I will drop everything and fly to you to press you forever to my fiery chest.
Indeed, only the opening of the campaign delayed Rostov and prevented him from coming - as he promised - and marrying Sonya. Otradnensky autumn with hunting and winter with Christmas time and with Sonya's love opened up to him the prospect of quiet aristocratic joys and tranquility, which he had not known before and which now beckoned him to them. “A glorious wife, children, a good flock of hounds, dashing ten - twelve packs of greyhounds, household, neighbors, election service! he thought. But now there was a campaign, and it was necessary to remain in the regiment. And since this was necessary, Nikolai Rostov, by his nature, was also pleased with the life he led in the regiment, and managed to make this life pleasant for himself.
Arriving from vacation, joyfully greeted by his comrades, Nikolai sent for repairs and brought excellent horses from Little Russia, which pleased him and earned him praise from his superiors. In his absence, he was promoted to captain, and when the regiment was put on martial law with an increased kit, he again received his former squadron.
A campaign began, the regiment was moved to Poland, a double salary was issued, new officers arrived, new people, horses; and, most importantly, that excitedly cheerful mood that accompanies the outbreak of war has spread; and Rostov, conscious of his advantageous position in the regiment, devoted himself entirely to the pleasures and interests of military service, although he knew that sooner or later he would have to leave them.
The troops retreated from Vilna for various complex state, political and tactical reasons. Each step of the retreat was accompanied by a complex play of interests, conclusions and passions in the main headquarters. For the hussars of the Pavlograd regiment, this whole retreat, at the best time of summer, with sufficient food, was the simplest and most fun thing to do. They could lose heart, worry and intrigue in the main apartment, but in the deep army they did not ask themselves where, why they were going. If they regretted that they were retreating, it was only because they had to leave the habitable apartment, from the pretty lady. If it occurred to anyone that things were bad, then, as a good military man should, the one to whom it occurred to him tried to be cheerful and not think about the general course of affairs, but think about his immediate business. At first they cheerfully stood near Vilna, making acquaintances with the Polish landowners and waiting and serving reviews of the sovereign and other high commanders. Then the order came to retreat to the Sventsians and destroy the provisions that could not be taken away. The Sventsians were remembered by the hussars only because it was a drunken camp, as the whole army called the camp near Sventsians, and because in Sventsians there were many complaints against the troops because they, taking advantage of the order to take away provisions, took away horses among the provisions, and carriages, and carpets from the Polish pans. Rostov remembered Sventsyany because on the first day of entering this place he changed the sergeant-major and could not cope with all the people of the squadron who got drunk, who, without his knowledge, took away five barrels of old beer. From Sventsyan they retreated further and further to Drissa, and again retreated from Drissa, already approaching the Russian borders.

BALKAN PENINSULA, in Southern Europe. The area is about 505 thousand km2. The length from west to east is about 1260 km, from north to south - 950 km. It is washed from the west and southwest by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, from the southeast by the Aegean and Marmara, from the east by the Black Sea. northern border runs from the Gulf of Trieste to the Sava River and further along it and the Danube (to the mouth). The following states are partially or completely located on the Balkan Peninsula: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Turkey, Croatia.

The coastline is heavily indented, especially in the Aegean Sea, adjacent waters (except for the Black and Seas of Marmara) abound in islands. In Greece - large peninsulas Peloponnese and Halkidiki. The shores are predominantly high, steep, with alternating rocky cliffs and bays with sand and pebble beaches, on Black Sea coast- flat, with a few capes, sandy beaches are common almost everywhere.

Relief. The surface is predominantly mountainous. A combination of numerous ridges, massifs, uplands, plateaus and intermountain depressions is characteristic. In the northeast are the Stara Planina Mountains. To the south of them, separated by longitudinal basins, are the Rhodope Mountains, the Rila mountain range (altitude up to 2925 m, Mount Musala - highest point Balkan Peninsula) and the Pirin mountain range (up to 2914 m). In the western part, parallel to the coast Adriatic Sea, there is the Dinaric Highlands, to the south turning into the mountains of Pindus (height up to 2637 m, Mount Zmolikas) and the mountains of the Peloponnese peninsula (height up to 2404 m). Karst landforms are widely developed, especially in the western and northwestern parts of the Dinaric Highlands (Karst Plateau). The plains are located in the north of the Balkan Peninsula (the southern part of the Middle Danube Lowland and the Lower Danube Lowland), in the east (Lower Thracian Lowland), in intermountain depressions (Upper Thracian Lowland, Thessalian Plain, etc.), in some places along the coasts.

Geological structure and minerals. Balkan Peninsula located within the Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt. The Serbian-Macedonian Late Precambrian-Paleozoic crystalline massif extends along its axis, which separates the two branches of the Alpid. To the west of the massif along the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the Dinaric fold-cover system (Dinarids) extends, which continues in Albania and Greece with an arcuately curved Ellinid system. The Ellinid arc is underlain by a zone of subduction (underthrust) of the crust of the Ionian and Levantine basins. It is associated with the high seismicity of the Balkan Peninsula and the volcanism of the basin Aegean Sea. To the east of the Serbian-Macedonian massif is the Balkan fold system (Balkanides).

Oil and gas deposits (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece), coal deposits (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina), nickel- and cobalt-containing iron ores (Albania, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro), manganese ores ( Greece, Bulgaria), chromites (Albania, Greece, Macedonia), bauxites (Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), tungsten ores (Bulgaria), copper (Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro), molybdenum, antimony (Serbia and Montenegro), lead and zinc (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro), rock salt (Bulgaria, Albania), asbestos (Greece, Albania), barite (Bulgaria), sulfur, magnesite, marble (Greece). Numerous mineral springs in Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro.

Climate. In the west, south and southeast, the climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The average temperatures in January are 7-11 °С, in July 25-27 °С. In central and northern regions the climate is temperate continental. Average temperatures in July are about 20 °С, in January from 0 to -3 °С. In the mountains - altitudinal climatic zonality; snow cover persists for several months. Most hydrated western slopes Dinaric highlands - up to 2000 mm of precipitation per year (in the area of ​​the Bay of Kotor - up to 5000 mm); in the east and southern parts(with the exception of high mountains) - less than 1000 mm, in some places less than 400 mm.

Rivers and lakes. Most major rivers- Velika Morava, Iskar, Drina (Danube basin), Maritsa, Struma, Vardar (Aegean Sea basin), as well as the border Danube and Sava. Most of the rivers are mountainous in nature, their maximum flow falls on the period from March to June, low water - from August to September. Large lakes- Shkoder (Skadar), Ohrid, Prespa - located in tectonic depressions. There are many karst lakes, in the Rila mountains there are lakes of glacial origin.

Soils, vegetation and animal world . in the mountains and foothill areas in the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, mountain forest brown and mountain forest humus-carbonate, as well as brown forest soils are developed. On the Middle Danube and Lower Danube lowlands - chernozems and soils transitional from brown forest to brown, on the Upper Thracian and Lower Thracian lowlands - black fused soils of smolnitsa. The southern part of the peninsula is dominated by subtropical brown, mountain brown typical and carbonate soils; on Adriatic coast red-colored soils of terra rossa are widespread. In the north and central regions forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, spruce, fir and pine predominate. In the south and southeast - evergreen xerophytic forests and shrubs. IN northeastern parts of widely developed steppe communities. Grow olives, citrus fruits, grapes, tobacco; cereals (wheat, corn) and cotton are cultivated on the plains.

The fauna is quite rich and varied, especially many birds, amphibians, reptiles, and insects. From mammals there are a bear, a wolf, a fox, a jackal, a red deer, a roe deer, a wild boar, etc., rodents are numerous.

Lit.: Karri-Lindal K. Europe. M., 1981; Ananiev G.S., Leontiev O.K. Geomorphology of continents and oceans. M., 1987; Khain V. E. Tectonics of continents and oceans (year 2000). M., 2001.

V. V. Bronguleev; V. E. Khain ( geological structure and minerals).

Peninsula in Southern Europe. The area is about 505 thousand km2. The greatest length from west to east is about 1260 km, from north to south 950 km. It is washed with the Z. Adriatic and Ionian seas, with the V. Black, Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, the Aegean ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan Peninsula. Rhodes island. View of ancient acropolis. BALKAN PENINSULA, in the south of Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, most of Greece, part of Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Croatia). Area 505 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

In Yuzh. Europe. The name is from the oronym Balkan mountains or Balkans used in the past (from Turkic, balkan chain steep mountains); Now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved. place names world: Toponymic Dictionary.… … Geographic Encyclopedia

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km². It juts out into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black Seas. The northern border runs from the Trieste Hall. to the river Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The coast is strong ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

In the south of Europe. 505 thousand km2. Protrudes into the sea for 950 km. It is washed by the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Marmara, Aegean and Black Seas. The northern border runs from the Gulf of Trieste to the river. Sava and further along the Danube to the mouth. The coast is strong ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Southeastern tip of Europe, where European possessions Turkey, the principality of Bulgaria, the kingdoms of Serbia and Greece, and the regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina occupied by Austria under the Berlin Treaty. See these articles. MAP OF THE BALKANS ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Balkan Peninsula- Balkan semi-island ... Russian spelling dictionary

Balkan Peninsula- in Yuzh. Europe. The name is from the oronym used in the past Balkan mountains or the Balkans (from the Turks, balkan a chain of steep mountains); Now the mountains are called Stara Planina, but the name of the peninsula has been preserved ... Toponymic Dictionary

Balkan theater of operations World War I ... Wikipedia

Books

• Slavic sword
• Slavic sword, F. Finzhgar. The novel by the Slovenian writer Franz Saleshka Finzhgar refers to that critical moment in the history of the Slavic tribes, when they crossed the Danube and poured into the Balkan Peninsula to ...